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Reading the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. Through Multiple Realities a Thesis Presente

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Reading the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. Through Multiple Realities a Thesis Presente Reading the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. Through Multiple Realities A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Darby R. Libka April 2021 © 2021 Darby R. Libka. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Reading the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. Through Multiple Realities by DARBY R. LIBKA has been approved for the Geography Department and the College of Arts and Sciences by Timothy G. Anderson Associate Professor of Geography Florenz Plassmann Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract LIBKA, DARBY R., M.A., April 2021, Geography Reading the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. Through Multiple Realities Director of Thesis: Timothy G. Anderson This project explores three memorial “realities” at two memorials in Washington, D.C. - the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the World War II Memorial. The three realities explored are the planning reality, in-person experiential reality, and the online reality, here expressed by analysing Instagram. Upon uncovering themes present in each of the realities for each memorial, the themes are compared through a space-time progression from planning to in-person experiences to Instagram. In this thesis, the author discusses the transfer of themes between these three realities, which themes are transferred, and which themes are not transferred. The author further describes how themes can manifest differently or disappear entirely as the memorial progresses temporally through the various realities. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that different memorials have varying levels of “success” in transferring the original planning reality intentions and themes through to the in-person experience and, ultimately, to the Instagram reality. Dedication Dedicated to my Brookfield Church family: Thank you for walking with me into new life and showing me so much love. I am forever grateful for your faithfulness. Acknowledgments I am so grateful for everyone who has joined me on this journey and given me their support on the way. Firstly, I thank God for His guidance and grace that have allowed me to successfully reach this place in life. I want to thank the Ohio University Geography Department for giving me the opportunity to pursue this study and encouraging me as I explored my interests along the way. I am thankful for the guidance of Dr. Perkins in Geography 5000 as my concept was first developing, and I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Whitson and Dr. Buckley for their support and many helpful suggestions as I moved further in the thesis process. I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. Anderson, my advisor, for his encouragement from the graduate application process and touring the Department to his help in these final steps. Your enthusiasm and support as I have gone through my graduate school journey have been invaluable, and I am so thankful. Of course, any thank you to the Geography Department would be incomplete without expressing my appreciation for the care and support of my fellow graduate students. This thesis would not be where it is today without late nights in the grad office, many coffees and conversations, as well as the opportunity to relax at hockey games together. I am especially grateful for the “Goat Herd”- Ivan, Tyler, Grant, and Amanda- for their friendship and for cheering me on. Thank you to everyone at Ohio University Geography for your care and support! I could not have made it without you all. I want to thank the incredible family and friends who supported me and loved me through this entire experience. First, I would like to thank my family for your love, especially Mom, Dad, Brooke, Grandmama, Grandpapa, and Great-Grandmama. Your 6 prayers and support mean the world. I also wish to extend my appreciation to John for his support from our second day at Mary Washington and onward. Thank you for always cheering me on, sending me pictures of Bear, and all of our wonderful adventures. I am so grateful for our many years together. I could not have made it through the grad school process without my beloved Brookfield Church family and friends. An, thank you for loving me from day one. To my small group leaders: Regina, Justine, and Caleb, I want express my deep appreciation for your leadership in my life. Thank you to the Wintle family for loving me and supporting me throughout my time in Athens. I am also so thankful for the many prayers, coffees, and hammock sessions shared with Rebecca, Cara, Maeve, and Gabriella as I have made my way through school. My life is so much better for having such wonderful women as yourselves in it. Finally, I want to extend my most sincere gratefulness for the friendship and love of Sarah, Madison, and SMurphy. Thank you for countless prayers and laughs, and for doing life with me. I love you all dearly. 7 Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 10 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Questions.............................................................. 12 Research Questions: .................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 15 Memorials and Meaning ............................................................................................. 15 Collective Memory and Identity ................................................................................. 16 The National Mall ....................................................................................................... 18 Social Media ............................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................... 26 Memorial Planning...................................................................................................... 26 In-Person Experience .................................................................................................. 27 Instagram..................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 4: Planning the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ...................................................... 33 Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 33 Process ........................................................................................................................ 35 Location ...................................................................................................................... 44 Design ......................................................................................................................... 46 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 50 Chapter 5: Planning the World War II Memorial ............................................................. 51 Commemoration ......................................................................................................... 51 World War II ............................................................................................................... 53 Planning Process and Design ...................................................................................... 57 Participation in the Process ......................................................................................... 62 Site and Design ........................................................................................................... 69 Site ........................................................................................................................ 69 Design ................................................................................................................... 73 8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 77 Chapter 6: In-Person Experience on the National Mall .................................................... 79 Introduction and Impacts of Covid-19 ........................................................................ 79 The Vietnam Veterans Memorial ................................................................................ 80 World War II Memorial .............................................................................................. 84 Comparison of Experiences and Representation at the Memorials ............................ 91 Structure ...............................................................................................................
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