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JULIANA BREDA GOMES.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ JULIANA BREDA GOMES AS REDES TRANSNACIONAIS DE ADVOCACY EM DIREITOS HUMANOS: ATUAÇÃO EM TORNO DA “QUESTÃO PALESTINA” CURITIBA 2018 JULIANA BREDA GOMES AS REDES TRANSNACIONAIS DE ADVOCACY EM DIREITOS HUMANOS: ATUAÇÃO EM TORNO DA “QUESTÃO PALESTINA” Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Pós- Graduação em Ciência Política, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência Política. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexsandro Eugenio Pereira Prof Dra Samira Kauchakje CURITIBA 2018 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELO SISTEMA DE BIBLIOTECAS/UFPR-BIBLIOTECA DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS COM OS DADOS FORNECIDOS PELO A AUTORA Bibliotecária: Rita de Cássia Alves de Souza – CRB9/816 Gomes, Juliana Breda As redes transnacionais de advocacy em direitos humanos: atuação em torno da “questão palestina” / Juliana Breda Gomes. – Curitiba, 2018. 151 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política. Orientadores: Prof. Dr. Alexsandro Eugenio Pereira e Profa. Dra. Samira Kauchakje. 1. Comunicação de massa – Aspectos sociais – Palestina. 2. Redes transnacionais de advocacy. 3. Relações árabe-israelenses. 4, Direitos humanos – Palestina. I. Título. II. Universidade Federal do Paraná. CDD 306.089927 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao fim dessa extensa e laboriosa pesquisa é necessário um breve agradecimento a todos aqueles que colaboraram ou que de alguma forma me apoiaram durante esse processo. Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer meu estimado orientador, Dr Alexsandro Eugenio Pereira por ter sido sempre um orientador impecável. Por todo o conhecimento compartilhado, não apenas durante a orientação desse trabalho, mas durante todo o curso de pós graduação. Também a estimada prof Dra Samira Kauchakje pelo auxílio na elaboração deste trabalho. Aos parentes e amigos que tiveram paciência e me apoiaram durante esse período muitas vezes conturbado e laborioso me incentivando a sempre continuar. À Capes pelo auxílio financeiro sem o qual não teria sido possível a realização do presente trabalho. RESUMO A presente pesquisa visa testar empiricamente a grounded theory desenvolvida por Margaret Keck e Kathryn Sikkink, acerca das redes transnacionais de advocacy, buscando verificar se estão presentes as características que as autoras apontam como comuns a todas as redes. Optou-se assim, pela análise dos atores transnacionais mobilizados em torno da Questão Palestina em questões relativas a Direitos Humanos, estudando-se sobretudo, suas campanhas, como forma de verificar se tais atores formam uma rede transnacional conforme descrita na teoria das autoras. A metodologia escolhida foi o estudo de caso e a técnica de análise o process tracing, uma vez que sua força analítica reside justamente na possibilidade de se produzir testes de hipóteses, não apenas observando a correlação entre as variáveis, mas dos mecanismos causais descritos na teoria. A coleta de dados se deu através da análise de documentos e observação direta participante, com pesquisa de campo relizada na Cisjordânia pela pesquisadora entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2017. Conclui-se que as organizações da sociedade civil promovendo a agenda palestina em âmbito local e internacional se comportam como uma rede transnacional de advocacy e são eficazes em apresentar Israel como um Estado violador de direitos perante o sistema internacional, porém com pouca força para promover mudanças na postura deste. Palavras-chave: redes transnacionais; advocacy; Palestina; direitos humanos ABSTRACT The present research aims to empirically test the grounded theory developed by Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink on transnational advocacy networks, seeking to verify if the characteristics that the authors point out as common to all networks are present. The analysis focus on the transnational actors mobilized around the Palestinian Question especially on human rights issues, through an analysis of their campaigns one seek to verify whether these actors are able to create a network as described by the theory. The methodology chosen was the case study and the process tracing will be used as analysis technique, since its analytical strength lies precisely in the possibility of test hypothesis, not only observing the correlation between the variables, but also the causal mechanisms as described in the theory. Data collection was done through document analysis and participant direct observation, with field research conducted in the West Bank by the researcher between January and February 2017. It is concluded that civil society organizations promoting the Palestinian agenda at the local and international level behave as a transnational advocacy network and are effective in presenting Israel as a State that violates Palestinian rights but with little force to enforce change in the posture of Israel. Keywords: transnational networks; advocacy; Palestine; human rights LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES MAPA 1 – ACORDOS DE OSLO ÁREA A, B E C................................................................46 MAPA 2 – BARREIRA DE SEPARAÇÃO E CHECKPOINTS NA CISJORDÂNIA.......................62 MAPA 3 – TERRA RESTRITA AO ACESSO PALESTINO NA ÁREA C...........................71 MAPA 4 – ASSENTAMENTOS NA CISJORDÂNIA............................................................72 TABELA 1 – FORMA DE ATUAÇÃO DA OSC...................................................................88 TABELA 2 – LOCAL DE ATUAÇÃO DA OSC....................................................................90 LISTA DE SIGLAS ACRI – Association of Civil Rights in Israel AIC – Alternative Information Center ANP – Autoridade Nacional Palestina BDS – Boicote, Desinvestimentos e Sanções (Movimento) BNC – BDS National Committee (Comitê Nacional do BDS) CEIRPP – United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People CLP - Conselho Legislativo Palestino EEAS - European External Action Service IDF – Exército Israelense (Israel Defense Forces) JNF – Jewish National Fund OI – Organização Internacional OLP – Organização pela Libertação da Palestina OMS – Organização Mundial de Saúde ONG – Organização Não-Governamental ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas OSC - Organizações da sociedade civil PACBI - The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel PNGO Net - Palestinian non-Governmental Organizations Network TPO – Territórios Palestinos Ocupados UE – União Europeia UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNISPAL - United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine UNOCHA-OPT - United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Occupied Palestinian Territorry UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East WATC - Women’s Technical Affairs Committee SUMÁRIO 1. Introdução ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Estratégias metodológicas aplicadas na pesquisa .................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Estudo de caso e process tracing ......................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Coleta de dados - Técnicas ................................................................................................ 5 1.1.3 Observação direta participante ............................................................................................ 5 1.1.4 Objeto e Corpus ................................................................................................................... 6 2. Conceitos e teorias fundamentais na compreensão das redes transnacionais de advocacy8 2.1 Introdução ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Transnacionalismo.................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Atores transnacionais não estatais ................................................................................... 11 2.3 O indivíduo como ator internacional ...................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 O Estado como fonte de ameaça à incolumidade dos indivíduos ..................................... 15 2.4 Sociedade civil global e a Teoria Crítica das Relações Internacionais .................................... 20 2.5 Normas, princípios e práticas internacionais .......................................................................... 26 2.6 Ação coletiva transnacional.................................................................................................... 29 2.7 Rede transnacional de advocacy............................................................................................. 31 2.7.1 O padrão Boomerang ....................................................................................................... 34 2.7.2 Empreendedores políticos e o crescimento do contato internacional ................................ 35 2.8 A teoria das redes transnacionais de advocacy de Margaret Keck e Katryn Sikkink ............ 36 2.9 Considerações finais ............................................................................................................... 42 3. A configuração histórico-política da região ..........................................................................
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