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Culture Warriors Go to Court: the Supreme Court and the Battle for the “Soul” of America

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Culture Warriors Go to Court: the Supreme Court and the Battle for the “Soul” of America ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: CULTURE WARRIORS GO TO COURT: THE SUPREME COURT AND THE BATTLE FOR THE “SOUL” OF AMERICA Michael Odell Spivey, Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Dissertation Directed by: Professor Wayne McIntosh Department of Government and Politics The notion of a “culture war” has become a fixture in the academic writing about current American politics, in the popular press and in the cultural zeitgeist. Theorists have suggested that there is a cultural fault line dividing cultural progressives and religious traditionalists. This fault line, it is argued, stems from a basic epistemological disagreement as to whether there is transcendent “truth.” According to James Davidson Hunter, these different worldviews lead to policy polarization and cultural warfare. Hunter goes on to suggest that courts (and especially the Supreme Court) are focal points for this conflict. This work analyzes the nature and scope of battles over culture war issues in the United Supreme Court. It relies on a popular description of key culture war issues: God, guns and gays. The Supreme Court’s treatment of each of these issues is analyzed in turn. In addition, the Supreme Court’s abortion jurisprudence is also examined. With respect to each issue, key Supreme Court cases are identified. The briefs filed by the parties are then summarized and coded, identifying key “modalities” of arguments and specific arguments themselves. All amicus briefs are similarly analyzed and coded. The key Supreme Court decisions are then analyzed in light of arguments raised by parties and amici. Based upon this analysis, it appears that there is not one culture war but rather an interrelated set of cultural battles. Relatedly, there has been an evolution of cultural warfare over time. Some issues have become largely settled (at least within the Court’s jurisprudence); others are on their way to being settled and still others present continuing opportunities for cultural clashes. The work concludes by suggesting that the sexual revolution lies at the heart of cultural warfare. Moreover, cultural battles are over the “meaning” of America, that is, what social values will be protected under law. CULTURE WARRIORS GO TO COURT: THE SUPREME COURT AND THE BATTLE FOR THE “SOUL” OF AMERICA by Michael Odell Spivey Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 Advisory Committee: Professor Wayne McIntosh, Chair Professor Karen Kaufmann Professor Frances Lee Professor Irwin Morris Professor Susan Dwyer ©Copyright by Michael Odell Spivey 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Charts ............................................................................................ iv Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................1 War or Rumours of War? .......................................................................................3 The Supreme Court and Culture Warfare ...............................................................7 Models of Judicial Behavior .................................................................................10 Constitutional Interpretation and the Culture Wars ..............................................19 Dissensus or Cultural Warfare ..............................................................................23 Methodology .........................................................................................................27 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................40 A Brief History of the Court and Culture War Issues ..........................................40 How Important Are Culture War Issues in the Supreme Court ............................43 Does “Party” Matter in Court Decisions? ............................................................46 Amici, the Culture War and Conflict Extension ..................................................49 Do Amici Matter? .................................................................................................55 Methodology .........................................................................................................58 Chapter 3: Guns ..........................................................................................................68 Gun Rights and the Culture War ..........................................................................69 Heller (and McDonald) ........................................................................................73 The Parties and their Arguments ..........................................................................75 Amici and Their Arguments .................................................................................79 Amici and the Culture War ...................................................................................92 The Court, History and Ethos ...............................................................................96 Whither Hunter’s Culture War? .........................................................................104 Chapter 4: Gay Rights ..............................................................................................107 Bowers v. Hardwick: The Parties’ Briefs ...........................................................111 Amici and Their Arguments ...............................................................................115 The Court’s Decision ..........................................................................................121 Bowers Revisited: Lawrence v. Texas ................................................................123 The Parties and Their Arguments .......................................................................125 Amici and Their Arguments ...............................................................................132 The Court’s Decision ..........................................................................................144 Lawrence and the Culture War over Gay Rights ................................................150 Chapter 5: The Battle Over Abortion .......................................................................157 Roe v. Wade: The Parties’ Briefs ........................................................................162 Amici and Their Arguments ...............................................................................172 A Clash of Moral Worldviews ...........................................................................176 ii Roe v. Wade: The Decision ................................................................................184 Rethinking Roe ...................................................................................................189 Overruling (?) Roe: Planned Parenhood v. Casey .............................................198 The Parties Briefs ...............................................................................................199 Amici Fight the Culture War ..............................................................................205 Overruling (?) Roe: The Court’s Decision .........................................................214 Abortion and the Culture Wars ...........................................................................220 Chapter 6: God: The Battle Over Religion in Public Life ........................................225 Religious “Schisms” and the First Amendment .................................................226 Employment Division v. Smith: Peyote and the Free Exercise of Religion ........235 Hobby Lobby: A New Front in the Culture Wars ..............................................241 The Parties’ Arguments ......................................................................................245 Amici and Their Arguments ...............................................................................252 The Court’s Decision ..........................................................................................268 The Shape of Cultural Battles to Come ..............................................................274 Chapter 7: The Least Polarized Branch? ..................................................................281 Is Cultural Warfare Increasing? .........................................................................283 Cultural Fault Lines ............................................................................................287 The Quest for Constitutional Certainty ..............................................................290 “Balancing” (Or Not Taking Sides in the Culture War) ....................................293 A Sexual Revolution, Not a Culture War ...........................................................298 Constitutional Stories .........................................................................................303 The Future of the Culture Wars ..........................................................................309 Appendix 1: Number of Briefs Filed in the 38 CQ Culture War Cases ...................311 Appendix 2: Organizations Filing Amicus Briefs in CQ Culture War Cases ..........312 Bibliography .............................................................................................................327 iii LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS Chart 2.1: Organizations Filing Briefs Most Frequently (Main Author) ...........................52 Chart 2.2: Topic Briefs of Organizations Filing the Most
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