A Abiogenesis, 340, 341 Absorption Lines, 7, 38 Accretion, 10, 29, 55, 58

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Index

A Atmosphere, 8, 13, 45, 46, 72, 73, 173–179, Abiogenesis, 340, 341 182, 187, 201, 202, 234, 271, 322, Absorption lines, 7, 38 324–328, 343, 344, 348 Accretion, 10, 29, 55, 58, 63, 95, 96, 178, 204, A-type, supergiant, 25 205, 331, 347 Auger, 14, 48–51, 70–73 Aether, 287 Australia, 37, 118, 127, 146, 152, 206, 348 Afterglow, 37, 61, 197 Axion, 9, 11, 79, 80, 82 AGASA. See Akeno Giant Air Shower Array Ayers Rock, 266 (AGASA) Airbus, 133 Air-showers, 45, 62, 70, 72, 73 B Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA), 14, Baade-Wesselink, method, 38 70, 71 Babcock, Horace, 128 Alchemist, 290 Balloon, 45, 143, 146, 148, 152, 178, 270, 324 Almagest, 303 Barnes, Julian, 268 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 14, 146 Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), 32, Aluminium, 178, 346, 347 36–37 American Museum of Natural History Becquerel, Paul, 341 (AMNH), 260, 262, 263, 265, 266 Belgium, 132 Andromeda, 23, 24, 29, 95 Bell, Jocelyn, 10 Anisotropy, 14, 15, 50–52, 54, 62, 64, 71, 80 Bell Telephone Laboratories, 126, 127, 130 Ankle, 44 BeppoSax, 37 Antimatter, 13, 14 Bernal, J. D., 343 Apollo program, 176, 322, 344 Beta decay, 17 Arc, gravitational, 271–274 Bethe, Hans, 8 Arcsecond, 174, 213 Big Bang, 6, 8, 11, 24, 30, 32, 98, 148, 164, Aristotle, 287 313, 314 Arrhenius, Svante, 341 Binary, 11, 15, 17, 28, 34, 87, 88, 90–97, 101, Asteroid, 113, 126, 175, 176, 182, 264, 335 194, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207 Astrobiology, 154, 328, 338, 340, 344 Bioastronomy, 338, 344 Astrochemistry, 154 Black hole, 12–13, 15, 17, 29, 58, 63, 90–97, Astrologer, 124, 289, 291–293, 296–299, 302, 101, 153, 164, 177, 178, 180, 234, 265, 304, 305 275, 277, 318 Astrology, 285–305 Bohr, Niels, 17 ASTRONET, 16, 134, 160–172, 246 Boksenberg, Alec, 271 Astrophysical Journal, 140, 262 Bolometer, 130 ATLAS detector, 6 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 288

J.-P. Lasota (ed.), Astronomy at the Frontiers of Science, Integrated Science 351 & Technology Program 1, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1658-2, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 352 Index

Brahe, Tycho, 28, 113, 170, 290 Dauvillier, A., 343 Brane, 98, 275 DAWN, 175, 179 Broadway, 261 δ Cephei, 26 Bruno, Giordano, 286, 290 Decadal survey, 16, 164, 170–172 B-type, supergiant, 25 Degeneracy, 10 Density, critical, 30 de Sitter, space-time, 311 C Detector, 6, 8, 14, 15, 22, 30, 46, 47, 56–57, Cabbala, 289, 290 59, 61, 64, 88, 89, 96, 128, 130, 177, Camera, 22, 130, 131, 142, 175, 193, 194, 184, 185 196–198, 200, 205–207, 220, 224, 225, Detonation, 34, 35 270–272, 333 2dF survey, 32 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), Diffraction, 174, 213, 214, 237, 270 149, 155, 271, 272 Dirac, Paul A.M., 310 Capek, Karl, 290 Disk, accretion, 55, 63, 95, 96 Cardinal points, 293, 294, 298 Disk, galactic, 200 Caribbean, 125 Distance, 15, 21–39, 48, 50–54, 63, 73, 76, Cartography, 112, 125 80, 89, 96, 97, 101, 125, 184, 185, 195, Cassiopea, constellation, 28 202, 203, 207, 218, 219, 272, 303, 310, CCD. See Charge Coupled Device (CCD) 326, 331, 334 CEA, 130, 131, 271 Divination, 289, 292 Cepheid variable, 26 Dolfuss, Audoin, 270 CERN, 5, 6, 18, 73, 81, 134, 162, 266 Dust, 27, 36, 165, 176, 177, 322, 324, 331, Charge Coupled Device (CCD), 22, 30, 130, 333, 335 192, 193, 196–198, 200, 205, 206, 211, Dwarf white, 10, 28, 29, 34, 35 212, 225, 271, 272 China, 125, 178 CNES, 174, 179, 186, 270 Cobalt, 178 E Cobe satellite, 32 Easter Island, 266 Coleman-de Lucia tunneling, 315 Eclipse, 198, 200, 270 Colour, 30, 31, 36, 252, 254, 327 Ecliptic, 293, 294, 297 Combes, Michel, 270 E-ELT, European Extremely Large Telescope Comet, 117, 175, 176, 179, 186, 324, 332–336 (E–ELT) Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 174 Effelsberg, 127, 153 Constant, cosmological, 32, 277, 315 Einstein, Albert, 32, 87, 265, 290 Constantine the Great, 289 Electron, 10, 29, 34, 39 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 286 Electronographic camera, 270, 271 Corona, 270 Emission lines, 36, 37, 128, 270 COROT, 174, 179, 202, 205 Energy dark, 6, 30–32, 164, 180, 186, 264, Correction, bolometric, 49, 56 273, 275, 287 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), 4, 13, Equivalence principle, 61, 89, 174 16, 27, 32, 48, 49, 57, 73, 78, 80, 98 Eros, 175, 192, 298 Cosmic ray, 13–15, 43–64, 70, 73, 82 ESA. See European Space Agency (ESA) COSPAR. See Committee on Space Research EUCLID, 33, 156, 180 (COSPAR) Europa, 181, 183, 184, 327, 328, 335, 336 Curator, 260, 261, 263, 266 European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), Curve, rotation, 27 6, 146, 156, 171, 214, 222, 236, 237, Cycle, magnetic, 177 240, 241 European Space Agency (ESA), 4, 131–134, 139, 144, 146, 151, 155, 156, 160, 162, D 166, 172, 174, 175, 177–187, 326, 328, Danish Telescope, 1.5m, 30 333, 336 Darwin, George, 340, 341 Ewen, Harold, 127 Index 353

Expanding Photosphere, method, 38 Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK), 14, 44, 48, Explorer 11, 178 49, 54–58, 64, 71–74, 78 Group, Local, 24 GZK. See Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) F Felenbok, Paul, 270 Fermi acceleration, 13 H Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, 17 Haeckel, Ernst, 341 Fireball, 59–60 Haldane, J.B.S., 341, 342 Flamsteed, John, 302–304 Hanks, Tom, 262 Fluence, 55 Hayabusa, 176 Ford, Harrison, 262 Heliophysics, 177, 179, 183 Ford T, 126 Helioseismology, 177 France, 110, 113, 114, 118, 125, 128–130, 132, Heliosphere, 174, 177 155, 160, 168, 178, 179, 185 Helium, 7, 8, 14, 26, 27, 35, 132, 187, 331 Freedman, Wendy, 27 Heresy, 287 Fusion, 7–10, 146 Herschel Space Observatory, 130 Herzsprung-Russel, diagram, 347 HESS, 72, 74, 153 G Hess Victor, 13 Galactic Centre, 12, 17 Hewish, A., 10 Galaxy, 12–14, 22, 23, 27–29, 31, 35, 37, Higgs boson, 5, 18 50, 51, 72, 74–76, 81, 95, 96, 139, Hilbert, David, 315 177–179, 195, 203, 210, 250, 251, 253, Himalaya mountains, 309 257, 272–274, 297 Hoerner, Sebastian von, 127 Galaxy, elliptical, 28, 35, 36, 72, 180, 184, Horizon, 12, 13, 37, 55, 92, 93, 125, 277, 231, 257, 271 293–295, 300, 314, 315 Galaxy, spiral, 22, 23, 28, 36, 257 Horoscope, 290, 292, 293, 297–302, 304, 305 Galilei, Galileo, 125, 154, 230, 286, 291, 324, House, 127, 175, 212, 263, 290, 293, 295, 298, 328 299, 301, 302 Gamma ray, 14, 73, 78, 81, 148, 178, 179, 197, Hoyle, Fred, 8 198 Hubble, Edwin, 24, 210 Gamma ray burst (GRB), 13, 17, 36–38, 55, Hubble parameter, 17, 101 69, 72, 95, 178, 179, 197 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 23, 24, 26, 27, Gas, 6, 7, 12, 56, 155, 165, 177, 178, 182, 274, 130, 143, 148, 152, 174, 178, 179, 187, 331 203, 212, 271, 273 Gemini, telescope, 30, 145, 153, 154, 213, 214, Hulst, Henk Van de, 127 216, 234, 296, 299 Huxley, Thomas, 341 Genesis, 176, 265, 269 Huygens, Christiaan, 125, 176, 186 Geobiology, 176 Huygens probe, 328, 344 Geodesy, 110, 112, 119, 125 Hydrocarbon, 176, 328 Geomagnetic ﬁeld, 118, 176 Hypatia of Alexandria, 289 Geoscience, 176 Germs, 341 Giant planet, 331 I Giants, 25, 191, 332 ICECUBE, 15, 57–59 Giraffes, 310 Image, 15, 112, 117, 128, 129, 133, 134, 142, Goldberg, Whoopi, 262 178, 192, 202, 212, 218–220, 230–232, Grand Tour, 175 234, 235, 248–250, 254, 272, 273, 278, Gravity, 4–5, 7, 10, 11, 15, 17, 25, 30, 32, 34, 286, 317, 323, 329, 330, 333 37, 61, 70, 77, 78, 101, 127, 147, 177, Imagery, 27, 176, 262, 271 212, 216, 231, 233, 238, 274, 275, 277, Imaging, medical, 130, 271 291, 326, 331 India, 125, 178 Greenwich, 110–114, 117, 118, 125 Indonesia, 125 354 Index

Inﬁnity, 315, 316 Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), 23, 192 Inﬂation, 16, 98, 316 Laser, 15, 88, 89, 99, 128, 129, 181, 214, 233, Infrared (IR), 13, 73, 78, 81, 129, 130, 132, 303 142, 144, 148, 152, 154, 162, 166, 174, Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave 177–179, 184, 186, 187, 201, 252, 324, Observatory (LIGO), 15, 88, 89, 93, 95, 332, 333 97–101, 276 In-situ, 174, 176, 182, 239, 322, 327, 335, 336 Laser-interferometer space antenna (LISA), Institute for Radio Astronomy at Millimeter 15, 88, 146, 150, 151, 153, 156, 180, wavelengths (IRAM), 127, 128, 131, 181, 275 153 La Silla, Chile, 30, 191, 232 Interferometer, 15, 88, 89, 99, 100, 128, 133, Launch, 14, 126, 132, 146, 147, 152, 178, 144, 145, 181, 184, 218, 275 180–182, 184, 185, 187, 328 Interferometry, 126, 127, 145, 146, 148, 185 Laws, 4, 5, 7, 16, 81, 180, 234, 269, 275, 286, Ireland, 128, 168 288, 291, 292, 309–316, 342, 345 Iron, 7, 46, 73, 74, 76, 178 Lense, 230 Isotopes, 33–35, 178, 183 Lensing, 5, 27, 192, 273, 274 Lequeux, James, 123–135 LETI, 130, 131 J Le Verrier, Urbain, 117, 126 Jansky, Karl, 126, 127 LHC. See Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Japan, 144–146, 178, 179 Light, speed of, 17, 22, 63, 77, 90, 91, 310 Jet, 61, 63, 72, 131 LIGO. See Laser Interferometer Gravitational John Paul II, 289 wave Observatory (LIGO) Jupiter, 111, 124, 125, 137, 175, 183, 186, 198, Loew, Judah, 290 199, 203, 206, 207, 235, 264, 287, 296, Logic, 172, 268, 269, 277, 297, 315–316 298–301, 326–332, 335 Longitude, 118, 125, 297 Lorentz, invariance, 14, 17, 61, 77–79 LSST, 33, 139, 146, 150, 151, 225, 244 K Luminosity, 8, 22, 24–33, 35–39, 54, 55, 64, Kafka, Franz, 290 71, 72, 76, 82, 89, 90, 96, 101, 195, 200 Kaon, 59, 61 Lunar, 114, 179, 292, 297, 322, 335, 348 Keck, telescope, 30, 143, 210, 216, 223, 234, Lyot, Bernard, 270 237, 239 Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 174, 341 Kepler, Johannes, 179, 202, 205, 208, 286–295, M 297–303, 305 Mach, Ernst, 310 Kiepenheuer, Karl Otto, 127 Machu Picchu, 266 Knee, 44 Madagascar, 125 Kodak, 129 Magnetars, 10 Kudritzki, R.-P., 25 Magnetosphere, 174, 177, 335 Maillet, Benoit de, 340 Mandatory program (ESA), 175 L Manhattan Project, 265 Laboratory, 3–18, 70, 73, 111, 114, 128, 131, Mapping, 40, 273, 324 163, 165, 166, 171, 174, 182, 183, Mariner 2, 176 269–271, 335, 336 Marlowe, Christopher, 290 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 288 Mars, 137, 175, 176, 179, 181–184, 186, 187, Lagrange point, 174, 185 287, 299–301, 303, 322–326, 330, 335, Lander, 176, 184 336, 344 Landscape, 154, 167, 180, 275, 311, 312, 315, Mars Express, 175, 179, 323 349 Mass, effective, 44, 57, 58, 80 Laplace, Simon de, 112, 114, 180, 181, 186, Mass ejection, coronal, 177 288 Material, radioactive, 33–34, 183 Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 5, 6, 13, 18, 73 Matter, baryonic, 7 Index 355

Matter dark, 6, 8, 9, 14, 17, 30, 32, 69, 79, 82, Oort, Jan, 127, 138, 334 164, 178, 192, 194, 264, 265, 272–274, Oparin, A.I., 341, 342 297 Opportunity, 10, 141, 147, 164, 176, 193, 218, Mauna Kea, 266 268, 278, 323, 338, 339, 344 Mellier, Yannick, 273 Optics, adaptive, 30, 128–129, 145, 174, 185, Mercury, 5, 175, 179, 183, 287, 292, 296, 299, 203, 213, 214, 235 301, 303, 325, 330 O-type, star, 23 Meridian, 125, 293 Messenger, 15, 44, 62–64, 72, 175, 179, 272 Metallicity, 27 Meteorite, 176, 338, 341, 345–347, 349 P Methane, 176, 182, 187, 327 Pair, instability, 39 Mexico, 125 Palomar Transient Factory, 33 Michard, Raymond, 270 Panspermia, 340, 341 Milky Way, 4, 22, 23, 97, 126, 127, 138, 164, Paris, Observatory, 114, 115, 117, 126, 269, 202, 260 270 Mirror, 88, 89, 99, 100, 129, 152, 154, 155, Pasteur, Louis, 340 185, 187, 191, 195, 207, 211–214, 216, Pauli, Wolfgang, 17 218–221, 230–241 Penzias, Arno, 127 Molecule, 16, 331–333, 335, 338, 343, 344 Perlmutter, Saul, 30–32 Molecule, interstellar, 128, 154, 344 Peru, 125 Molecule, prebiotic, 178 Philosophy, 69, 211, 311, 313, 314, 317 Moon, 4 Photometry, 27, 28, 39, 174, 186, 195, 199, Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 290 200, 202, 205, 207, 256 Multi-messenger, 15, 44, 62–64, 72 Photon, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 48, 49, 54–59, 61, Multiverse, 311, 315 64, 70, 73, 77–82, 92, 99, 155, 271, 272 Muon, 13, 57–61, 73 Picat, Jean-Pierre, 271 Pick, Monique, 270 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 288 N Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO), 47, 50, 52, NASA, 88, 91, 130, 131, 147, 151, 152, 155, 56, 58, 62, 71, 72 174–186, 249, 261, 322–324, 326–330, Pion, 13–15, 48, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 71, 73, 78, 336, 344 79 Nature, laws of, 234, 310–312 Planck energy, 17 Neptune, 201, 203, 291, 296, 297, 327, 330, Planetarium, 260–265 334, 335 Planetary Nebula, 26, 195 Netherlands, 127, 132, 138, 160, 164, 184 Planetary Nebulae, luminosity function, 26 Neuroscience, 268, 277 Planetoids, 297 Neutralino, 9 Planetology, 322, 335, 338, 343, 348 Neutrino, 5, 8–10, 15, 17, 43–64, 73, 78, 80, Plasma, 50, 52, 53, 59, 74, 80, 174, 175, 177, 96–98, 145 178 Neutron star, 10–13, 15, 29, 37, 55, 90, 92, Plates, photographic, 117, 129, 232, 272, 332 95–97, 101, 164, 178 Plato, 180, 287, 288 Newman, Paul, 265 Platt, J.R., 5 Newton, Isaac, 286 Pluto, 177, 179, 297, 334 North America, 125 Positron, 13, 14, 17, 34, 39, 77, 78 NSF Hollywood, 261 Praga Magica, 289–291 Nucleon, 34, 46, 56, 71, 73 Prebiotic, chemistry, 343 Nucleus, galactic, 54, 69, 77, 257 Programmer, 261 Proton, 13–15, 33, 44–49, 51–62, 72–74, 77 O Purcell, Edward, 127 Object, compact, 10, 12, 29, 37, 91, 92, 178 Pythagorean, 286, 287, 292 356 Index

Q Saturn, 111, 175, 179, 186, 203, 264, 287, 292, QED, 10 296, 298–301, 326–328, 330, 332, 344 Quantum, 10, 13, 17, 61, 70, 77–79, 88, 90, Schneider, Peter, 273 98–101, 272, 277, 312 Scorpius, 177 Quasar, 148 Sensing, remote, 176, 335 Quintessence, 287 Sensor, 129, 175, 218, 219, 238 Service d’Astrophysique (CEA), 130, 131, 271 Sgr A*, 12, 13 Shear, cosmic, 271, 272–273 R Shock, 49, 59, 60, 63, 74, 96 Radiation belts, 176 Siberia, 125 Radio, 10, 11, 15, 58, 72, 74, 126–128, Sierpiski, Wacaw, 287 142–146, 148, 149, 152, 155, 160, 162, Silicon carbide, 132 166, 171, 174, 177, 183, 215, 252, 257, Sky, 4, 11, 15, 16, 23, 28, 32, 37, 40, 51, 52, 263, 270, 274, 275, 344 71, 72, 74, 75, 95, 97, 101, 138, 174, Radioastronomy, 126–128, 185, 344 178, 192–194, 196–198, 200, 202, 203, Radiotelescope, 127, 128 205, 206, 209, 212, 216–218, 224, 225, Ray, cosmic, 8, 13–15, 17, 43–64, 69–73, 76, 229, 230, 244, 249, 250, 252–255, 257, 78, 82, 143, 144, 153, 164, 171 260, 269, 272, 293, 294 Reaction, nuclear, 8, 34 Skylab, 143, 176 Reber, Grote, 127 Skymapper, 33 Recombination, 38 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 37, 144, Redford, Robert, 262 145, 148, 216, 224, 254, 257 Red Giant branch, tip of, 25–26 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), 23, 192 Red Planet, 175, 176, 182, 323 SOHO. See Solar and Heliospheric Redshift, 15, 16, 18, 24, 28, 30–33, 35–39, 48, Observatory (SOHO) 49, 55, 57, 69, 71, 78, 82, 96, 148, 174, Soil, 176, 184 272 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), Relativity general, 5, 11–13, 16, 32, 88, 90, 94, 174, 177, 179 101, 174, 265 Solar system, 12, 141, 165, 166, 174–176, 179, Religion, 288 180, 183, 184, 186, 198, 203, 264, 271, Rest-frame, 53, 59 287, 292, 297, 303, 309, 321–336, 338, Rock, 112, 176, 182, 184, 266, 338, 346 344–347 Roosevelt, president, 265 Solid, 112, 271, 272, 286, 287, 302, 313, 322, Rosetta mission, 175, 336 331, 345, 346 Rover, 176, 179, 182–184, 323, 344 Sources, extra-galactic, 37, 44, 45, 49, 54 Royal Society, 110, 231, 293 Southern African large telescope (SALT), 146, Rudolph II, Emperor, 286, 289 209, 216–225, 236 Russia, 178, 182, 183, 212 South pole, 15, 146, 328 Space mission, 15, 132, 147, 156, 166, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 183–187, 202, S 205, 244, 322, 323, 335, 336 SAAO, 211, 219, 220, 223, 224 Space-time, 90, 92, 95, 274, 275, 311, 312 SALT. See Southern African large telescope Space Weather, 177 (SALT) Spain, 128, 132, 153, 160 Sample, 27, 31, 33, 39, 94, 141, 148–150, 166, Spectral-Fitting Expanding Atmosphere, 171, 175, 176, 182, 184, 186, 187, 192, method, 39 193, 195, 199, 201, 257, 322, 326, 335 Spectroscopy, 25, 38, 176, 199, 202, 322, 332, Sandage, Alan, 27 333, 335 Satellitte, 23, 32, 33, 37, 125, 126, 128, Spencer, Herbert, 341 130–132, 142, 147, 148, 155, 174–176, Standard model, 9, 18, 79 178, 179, 182, 197, 198, 201, 234, 275, Star, neutron, 10–13, 15, 29, 37, 55, 90, 92, 321–323, 327–329, 331, 334–336 95–97, 101, 164, 178 Index 357

St. Augustine, 289 V “Stella Nova,” 28 Velocity dispersion, 28, 257 String, theory, 70, 77, 78, 277, 311, 315 Velocity, rotational, 27 Subaru, 30, 149 Venus, 111, 117, 118, 124, 125, 175, 179, 183, Submillimeter, 148, 155, 177–179, 333 287, 292, 296, 298, 299, 303, 324–326, Sun, 5, 7–9, 15, 21–26, 81, 90, 124–126, 147, 330, 335, 336 153, 165, 174, 176–177, 179, 180, 184, Vesta, 175, 179, 297 185, 203, 210, 235, 260, 270, 286, 287, Vigroux, Laurent, 122, 271 291, 292, 295, 296, 299–303, 309, 324, VIP, 265 326, 329–332, 334, 345 Virgo, 15, 24, 25, 27, 72, 88, 89, 97, 98, 101, Superﬂuid, 132 276, 296, 299, 302 Supergiant, 25 Virgo, cluster, 24, 25, 27, 72, 89 Supernova, 13, 15, 18, 24, 28–36, 44, 60, 61, Virgo, gravitational wave detector, 88 80, 96, 97, 139, 145, 164, 178, 195 Virtual observatory, 146, 167, 225, 243, 245, Supranova, 60, 61 246, 248–250, 254, 257 Surface brightness, 27, 257 Visible, 7, 15, 23, 24, 28, 30, 61, 70, 129, 174, Sweden, 113, 125 177, 178, 303, 325, 332, 346 Synchrotron, 53, 59, 60, 127 Voyager-1, 175, 326, 327

T W Tahiti, 125 Wallenstein, Albrecht von, 299, 300, 305 Taj Mahal, 266 Wavelength, 6, 10, 13, 23, 25, 70, 126–130, Tamman, Gustav, 27 142, 152, 155, 162, 166, 171, 174, “Telliamed,” 340 176–178, 184, 187, 218, 221, 234, 243, Thermodynamics, second law of, 311 245, 246, 251–254, 257, 274, 324 Thermography, 130 Waves, acoustic, 177 Thunderstorm, 126 WFIRST, 33, 144 Tides, 4, 291 WiggleZ, 37 Titan, 175, 176, 186, 327, 328, 335, 336, 344 Wind, solar, 176, 177, 179, 322 Toulouse, 271 Witness, 175, 178, 286, 338, 345, 346, 348 Transit, 118, 174, 186, 198–200, 202, 205 WMAP, 33, 80, 147, 148, 185, 275 Tully-Fisher, relation, 27 Turbulence, 128, 129, 174, 178, 230, 234 Type, spectral, 25, 26 X X-ray, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 37, 60, 81, 130, 141, U 143–148, 166, 176–180, 185, 195, 225, UC Berkeley, 30, 141, 304 252, 254, 257 Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR), 13–15, 44–59, 61–64, 70–76, 78 Uranus, 296, 327, 330, 334, 335 Z USA, 127, 128, 130–132, 140, 160, 162, 171, Zodiac, 292, 295–296 172, 183, 191, 196 Zwicky, Fred, 28, 29