Index A Atmosphere, 8, 13, 45, 46, 72, 73, 173–179, Abiogenesis, 340, 341 182, 187, 201, 202, 234, 271, 322, Absorption lines, 7, 38 324–328, 343, 344, 348 Accretion, 10, 29, 55, 58, 63, 95, 96, 178, 204, A-type, supergiant, 25 205, 331, 347 Auger, 14, 48–51, 70–73 Aether, 287 Australia, 37, 118, 127, 146, 152, 206, 348 Afterglow, 37, 61, 197 Axion, 9, 11, 79, 80, 82 AGASA. See Akeno Giant Air Shower Array Ayers Rock, 266 (AGASA) Airbus, 133 Air-showers, 45, 62, 70, 72, 73 B Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA), 14, Baade-Wesselink, method, 38 70, 71 Babcock, Horace, 128 Alchemist, 290 Balloon, 45, 143, 146, 148, 152, 178, 270, 324 Almagest, 303 Barnes, Julian, 268 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 14, 146 Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), 32, Aluminium, 178, 346, 347 36–37 American Museum of Natural History Becquerel, Paul, 341 (AMNH), 260, 262, 263, 265, 266 Belgium, 132 Andromeda, 23, 24, 29, 95 Bell, Jocelyn, 10 Anisotropy, 14, 15, 50–52, 54, 62, 64, 71, 80 Bell Telephone Laboratories, 126, 127, 130 Ankle, 44 BeppoSax, 37 Antimatter, 13, 14 Bernal, J. D., 343 Apollo program, 176, 322, 344 Beta decay, 17 Arc, gravitational, 271–274 Bethe, Hans, 8 Arcsecond, 174, 213 Big Bang, 6, 8, 11, 24, 30, 32, 98, 148, 164, Aristotle, 287 313, 314 Arrhenius, Svante, 341 Binary, 11, 15, 17, 28, 34, 87, 88, 90–97, 101, Asteroid, 113, 126, 175, 176, 182, 264, 335 194, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207 Astrobiology, 154, 328, 338, 340, 344 Bioastronomy, 338, 344 Astrochemistry, 154 Black hole, 12–13, 15, 17, 29, 58, 63, 90–97, Astrologer, 124, 289, 291–293, 296–299, 302, 101, 153, 164, 177, 178, 180, 234, 265, 304, 305 275, 277, 318 Astrology, 285–305 Bohr, Niels, 17 ASTRONET, 16, 134, 160–172, 246 Boksenberg, Alec, 271 Astrophysical Journal, 140, 262 Bolometer, 130 ATLAS detector, 6 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 288 J.-P. Lasota (ed.), Astronomy at the Frontiers of Science, Integrated Science 351 & Technology Program 1, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1658-2, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 352 Index Brahe, Tycho, 28, 113, 170, 290 Dauvillier, A., 343 Brane, 98, 275 DAWN, 175, 179 Broadway, 261 δ Cephei, 26 Bruno, Giordano, 286, 290 Decadal survey, 16, 164, 170–172 B-type, supergiant, 25 Degeneracy, 10 Density, critical, 30 de Sitter, space-time, 311 C Detector, 6, 8, 14, 15, 22, 30, 46, 47, 56–57, Cabbala, 289, 290 59, 61, 64, 88, 89, 96, 128, 130, 177, Camera, 22, 130, 131, 142, 175, 193, 194, 184, 185 196–198, 200, 205–207, 220, 224, 225, Detonation, 34, 35 270–272, 333 2dF survey, 32 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), Diffraction, 174, 213, 214, 237, 270 149, 155, 271, 272 Dirac, Paul A.M., 310 Capek, Karl, 290 Disk, accretion, 55, 63, 95, 96 Cardinal points, 293, 294, 298 Disk, galactic, 200 Caribbean, 125 Distance, 15, 21–39, 48, 50–54, 63, 73, 76, Cartography, 112, 125 80, 89, 96, 97, 101, 125, 184, 185, 195, Cassiopea, constellation, 28 202, 203, 207, 218, 219, 272, 303, 310, CCD. See Charge Coupled Device (CCD) 326, 331, 334 CEA, 130, 131, 271 Divination, 289, 292 Cepheid variable, 26 Dolfuss, Audoin, 270 CERN, 5, 6, 18, 73, 81, 134, 162, 266 Dust, 27, 36, 165, 176, 177, 322, 324, 331, Charge Coupled Device (CCD), 22, 30, 130, 333, 335 192, 193, 196–198, 200, 205, 206, 211, Dwarf white, 10, 28, 29, 34, 35 212, 225, 271, 272 China, 125, 178 CNES, 174, 179, 186, 270 Cobalt, 178 E Cobe satellite, 32 Easter Island, 266 Coleman-de Lucia tunneling, 315 Eclipse, 198, 200, 270 Colour, 30, 31, 36, 252, 254, 327 Ecliptic, 293, 294, 297 Combes, Michel, 270 E-ELT, European Extremely Large Telescope Comet, 117, 175, 176, 179, 186, 324, 332–336 (E–ELT) Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 174 Effelsberg, 127, 153 Constant, cosmological, 32, 277, 315 Einstein, Albert, 32, 87, 265, 290 Constantine the Great, 289 Electron, 10, 29, 34, 39 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 286 Electronographic camera, 270, 271 Corona, 270 Emission lines, 36, 37, 128, 270 COROT, 174, 179, 202, 205 Energy dark, 6, 30–32, 164, 180, 186, 264, Correction, bolometric, 49, 56 273, 275, 287 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), 4, 13, Equivalence principle, 61, 89, 174 16, 27, 32, 48, 49, 57, 73, 78, 80, 98 Eros, 175, 192, 298 Cosmic ray, 13–15, 43–64, 70, 73, 82 ESA. See European Space Agency (ESA) COSPAR. See Committee on Space Research EUCLID, 33, 156, 180 (COSPAR) Europa, 181, 183, 184, 327, 328, 335, 336 Curator, 260, 261, 263, 266 European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), Curve, rotation, 27 6, 146, 156, 171, 214, 222, 236, 237, Cycle, magnetic, 177 240, 241 European Space Agency (ESA), 4, 131–134, 139, 144, 146, 151, 155, 156, 160, 162, D 166, 172, 174, 175, 177–187, 326, 328, Danish Telescope, 1.5m, 30 333, 336 Darwin, George, 340, 341 Ewen, Harold, 127 Index 353 Expanding Photosphere, method, 38 Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK), 14, 44, 48, Explorer 11, 178 49, 54–58, 64, 71–74, 78 Group, Local, 24 GZK. See Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) F Felenbok, Paul, 270 Fermi acceleration, 13 H Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, 17 Haeckel, Ernst, 341 Fireball, 59–60 Haldane, J.B.S., 341, 342 Flamsteed, John, 302–304 Hanks, Tom, 262 Fluence, 55 Hayabusa, 176 Ford, Harrison, 262 Heliophysics, 177, 179, 183 Ford T, 126 Helioseismology, 177 France, 110, 113, 114, 118, 125, 128–130, 132, Heliosphere, 174, 177 155, 160, 168, 178, 179, 185 Helium, 7, 8, 14, 26, 27, 35, 132, 187, 331 Freedman, Wendy, 27 Heresy, 287 Fusion, 7–10, 146 Herschel Space Observatory, 130 Herzsprung-Russel, diagram, 347 HESS, 72, 74, 153 G Hess Victor, 13 Galactic Centre, 12, 17 Hewish, A., 10 Galaxy, 12–14, 22, 23, 27–29, 31, 35, 37, Higgs boson, 5, 18 50, 51, 72, 74–76, 81, 95, 96, 139, Hilbert, David, 315 177–179, 195, 203, 210, 250, 251, 253, Himalaya mountains, 309 257, 272–274, 297 Hoerner, Sebastian von, 127 Galaxy, elliptical, 28, 35, 36, 72, 180, 184, Horizon, 12, 13, 37, 55, 92, 93, 125, 277, 231, 257, 271 293–295, 300, 314, 315 Galaxy, spiral, 22, 23, 28, 36, 257 Horoscope, 290, 292, 293, 297–302, 304, 305 Galilei, Galileo, 125, 154, 230, 286, 291, 324, House, 127, 175, 212, 263, 290, 293, 295, 298, 328 299, 301, 302 Gamma ray, 14, 73, 78, 81, 148, 178, 179, 197, Hoyle, Fred, 8 198 Hubble, Edwin, 24, 210 Gamma ray burst (GRB), 13, 17, 36–38, 55, Hubble parameter, 17, 101 69, 72, 95, 178, 179, 197 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 23, 24, 26, 27, Gas, 6, 7, 12, 56, 155, 165, 177, 178, 182, 274, 130, 143, 148, 152, 174, 178, 179, 187, 331 203, 212, 271, 273 Gemini, telescope, 30, 145, 153, 154, 213, 214, Hulst, Henk Van de, 127 216, 234, 296, 299 Huxley, Thomas, 341 Genesis, 176, 265, 269 Huygens, Christiaan, 125, 176, 186 Geobiology, 176 Huygens probe, 328, 344 Geodesy, 110, 112, 119, 125 Hydrocarbon, 176, 328 Geomagnetic field, 118, 176 Hypatia of Alexandria, 289 Geoscience, 176 Germs, 341 Giant planet, 331 I Giants, 25, 191, 332 ICECUBE, 15, 57–59 Giraffes, 310 Image, 15, 112, 117, 128, 129, 133, 134, 142, Goldberg, Whoopi, 262 178, 192, 202, 212, 218–220, 230–232, Grand Tour, 175 234, 235, 248–250, 254, 272, 273, 278, Gravity, 4–5, 7, 10, 11, 15, 17, 25, 30, 32, 34, 286, 317, 323, 329, 330, 333 37, 61, 70, 77, 78, 101, 127, 147, 177, Imagery, 27, 176, 262, 271 212, 216, 231, 233, 238, 274, 275, 277, Imaging, medical, 130, 271 291, 326, 331 India, 125, 178 Greenwich, 110–114, 117, 118, 125 Indonesia, 125 354 Index Infinity, 315, 316 Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), 23, 192 Inflation, 16, 98, 316 Laser, 15, 88, 89, 99, 128, 129, 181, 214, 233, Infrared (IR), 13, 73, 78, 81, 129, 130, 132, 303 142, 144, 148, 152, 154, 162, 166, 174, Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave 177–179, 184, 186, 187, 201, 252, 324, Observatory (LIGO), 15, 88, 89, 93, 95, 332, 333 97–101, 276 In-situ, 174, 176, 182, 239, 322, 327, 335, 336 Laser-interferometer space antenna (LISA), Institute for Radio Astronomy at Millimeter 15, 88, 146, 150, 151, 153, 156, 180, wavelengths (IRAM), 127, 128, 131, 181, 275 153 La Silla, Chile, 30, 191, 232 Interferometer, 15, 88, 89, 99, 100, 128, 133, Launch, 14, 126, 132, 146, 147, 152, 178, 144, 145, 181, 184, 218, 275 180–182, 184, 185, 187, 328 Interferometry, 126, 127, 145, 146, 148, 185 Laws, 4, 5, 7, 16, 81, 180, 234, 269, 275, 286, Ireland, 128, 168 288, 291, 292, 309–316, 342, 345 Iron, 7, 46, 73, 74, 76, 178 Lense, 230 Isotopes, 33–35, 178, 183 Lensing, 5, 27, 192, 273, 274 Lequeux, James, 123–135 LETI, 130, 131 J Le Verrier, Urbain, 117, 126 Jansky, Karl, 126, 127 LHC. See Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Japan, 144–146, 178, 179 Light, speed of, 17, 22, 63, 77, 90, 91, 310 Jet, 61, 63, 72, 131 LIGO. See Laser Interferometer Gravitational John Paul II, 289 wave Observatory (LIGO) Jupiter, 111, 124, 125, 137, 175, 183, 186, 198, Loew, Judah, 290 199, 203, 206, 207, 235, 264, 287, 296, Logic, 172, 268, 269, 277, 297, 315–316 298–301, 326–332, 335 Longitude, 118, 125, 297 Lorentz, invariance, 14, 17, 61, 77–79 LSST, 33, 139, 146, 150, 151, 225, 244 K Luminosity, 8, 22, 24–33, 35–39, 54, 55, 64, Kafka, Franz, 290 71, 72, 76, 82, 89, 90, 96, 101, 195, 200 Kaon, 59, 61 Lunar, 114, 179, 292, 297, 322, 335, 348 Keck, telescope, 30, 143, 210, 216, 223, 234, Lyot, Bernard, 270 237, 239 Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 174, 341 Kepler, Johannes, 179, 202, 205, 208, 286–295, M 297–303, 305 Mach, Ernst, 310 Kiepenheuer, Karl Otto, 127 Machu Picchu, 266 Knee, 44 Madagascar, 125 Kodak, 129 Magnetars, 10 Kudritzki, R.-P., 25 Magnetosphere, 174, 177, 335 Maillet, Benoit de, 340 Mandatory program (ESA), 175 L Manhattan Project, 265 Laboratory, 3–18, 70, 73, 111, 114, 128, 131, Mapping, 40, 273, 324 163, 165, 166, 171, 174, 182, 183, Mariner 2, 176 269–271, 335, 336 Marlowe, Christopher, 290 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 288 Mars,