Geopelia Striata Considered) As ‘Bring Luck’ Human Activities and the Decline of Bird Species

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIODIVERSITY UGM YOGYAKARTA, 19 MARCH 2016

The local knowledge of the rural people on species, role, and hunting of birds: Case study in Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub- district, West Java THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING OF BIRDS: CASE STUDY IN KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA

JOHAN ISKANDAR, BUDIAWATI.S.ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA (UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN)

• BIRD DIVERSITY IN JAVA

• ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS

• STUDY OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS

• LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON SPECIES, ROLE, AND HUNTING

• CONCLUSION THE BIRDS OF JAVA AND THE SURROUNDING (HOOGERWERF, 1948)

• TOTAL – 536 SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF BIRDS CONSIST OF : • BREEDING SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES 410 (76,5 %) • MIGRANTS FROM NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 104 SPECIES & SUB SPECIES (19,4 %) • MIGRANT FROM SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 7 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (1,3 %) • STAGGLERS 13 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (2,4 %) • STATUS UNKNOWN 2 SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (0,3 %) ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF BIRDS

• ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS: PEST CONTROL, POLINATOR, SEED DISPERSAL, AND INDICATOR OF SEASONAL CHANGES, SUCH AS BEGINNING OF RAINY SEASON

WOOD PECKER AS EAGLE CONSIDERED AS HORNBILL CONSIDERED ANT EATER RAT EATER/RAT CONTROL AS SEED DISPERSAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FUNCTION OF BIRDS • THE BIRD-KEEPING RECOGNISED AS HOBBBY FOR JAVANESE PEOPLE: PERFECTION OF FAMILY LIFE BASED ON CULTURE (1) HAVE A JOB (NARPADA) (2) HAVE A HOUSE (WISMO) (3) HAVE HORSE OR VEHICLE (TURANGGA) (4) HAVE A WIFE (GARWO) (5) HAVE A PET BIRD/THE BIRD KEEPING (KUKILA, MANUK) • BIRD KEEPING OF PERKUTUT (ZEBRA DOVE-GEOPELIA STRIATA CONSIDERED) AS ‘BRING LUCK’ HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND THE DECLINE OF BIRD SPECIES

• BIRD SPECIES HAVE DECREASED DUE TO MANY FACTORS:

- ILLEGAL BIRD HUNTING --- FOR BIRD TRADING IN BIRD MARKETS

- MODIFICATION AND DESTRUCTION OF BIRD HABITATS

- SIDE EFFECT OF INTENSIVE USE OF PESTICIDES

• THERE FORE, SOME BIRDS, SUCH AS JAVA SPARROW HAS BECAME RARE IN RURAL AREAS THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS IN KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA • THE OBCETIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE: - LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD SPECIES - LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON ROLE OF BIRD /BIRD FUNCTIONS - LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING

SOCIAL SYSTEM: RURAL ECOSYSTEM:BIRDS LOCAL KNOWLEDGE THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL PEOPLE ON BIRDS IN KARANGWANGI VILLAGE, CIDAUN SUB-DISTRICT, WEST JAVA • THE OBCETIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE: - LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD SPECIES - LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON ROLE OF BIRD /BIRD FUNCTIONS - LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING

SOCIAL SYSTEM: RURAL ECOSYSTEM:BIRDS LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEARCH: MATERIALS AND DATA COLLECTION

• MATERIALS: BINOCULAR, FILD GUIDE BOOK OF BIRDS IN JAVA, BALI, SUMATERA AND KALIMANTAN, NOTE BOOKS, CAMERA,

DATA COLLECTION: - BIRD SURVEY –USING POINT COUNTS IN HABITATS OF FOREST, MIXED-GARDEN AND COASTAL AREAS - DEEP INTERVIEW WITH INFORMANTS RESULT OF STUDY : BIRD SPECIES

TOTAL BIRD SPECIES (59 SPECIES)

SURVEYED BY POINT COUNTS: DEEP INTERVIEWED WITH 40 SPECIES: DOMINANT – 5 SPECIES; INFORMANTS: 41 WELL SUB-DOMINANT – 8 SPECIES; AND RECOGNIZED NOT-DOMINANT – 27 SPECIES FOLK CLASSIFICATION OF BIRD OF KARANGWANGI PEOPLE

LEVEL CLASS (SUNDANESE) ENGLISH TERM RANK 0 SATO WILD ANIMAL UNIQUE-BEGINER

1 MANUK BIRDS LIFE-FORM 2 CANGKURILEUNG BULBUL SPECIES 3 CANGKURILEUNG TIKOTOK BLUISH BULBUL SUB-SPECIES CANGKURILEUNG KAPAS WHITISH BULBUL FOLK CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS • (A) DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

• (B) MORPHOLOIGICAL CHARACTERISTIC

• (C) SPECIAL COLOUR

• (D) DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR

• (E) TIME ACTIVITY

• (F) NESTING TYPE • (G) HABITAT TYPES, MIGRANT & ROLE OF BIRDS FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRDS

• (A) CLASIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/zebra-dove-geopelia-striata/dove- roosting-tree-dusk VERNACULAR NAME: PERKUTUT (GEOPELIA STRIATA-ZEBRA DOVE) VOICE: PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUTUT-PERKUTUT FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE:http://www.birding.in/birds/Passeriformes/Corvidae/common_iora. htm VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CIPEUW (AEGITHINA TIPHIA-COMMON IORA) VOICE: CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW-CIIIPEUW FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: Sumber:Anand Arya/kicaumania.org) MANUK UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALEMA VERNACULAR NAME: UNGKUT-UNGKUT (MEGALAEMA HAEMACEPHALA— COPPERSMITH BARBET) VOICE: KUT-KUT-KUT OR UNGKUT-UNGKUT-UNGKUT FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE: http://www.taenos.com/en/itis/todiramphus-chloris- collaris/Todiramphus%20chloris%20collaris/ VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KAHKEH OR GASNGEK (HALCYON CHLORIS- COLLARED KINGFISHER) VOICE: KAHKEH-KAHKEH-KAHKEH ATAU GASNGEK-GASNGEK-GASNGEK FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD • (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/VOCALIZATION

SOURCE:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_kingfisher VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK CEKAKAK (HALCYON CYANOVENTRIS-JAVAN KINGFISHER) VOICE: CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK-CEKAKAK FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD

• (A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE VOICE /VOCALIZATION

SOURCE:https://www.flickr.com/photos/jcoelho2000/266039311 VERNCULAR NAME: MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA- BARN OWL) VOICE: KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK-KOREAK FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD • (B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC

SOURCE:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dicrurus_macrocercus.JPG VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN GUNTING (DICRURUS MACROCERCEUS- BLACK DORONG) CHARACTERISTIC: THE TAIL IS DEEPLY FORKED AND SIMILAR TO SCISSOR SHAPE (GUNTING) FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD

(B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC

SOURCE:http://www.petcockatiel.com/Dboard/viewtopic.php?t=861&start=6 VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KACAMATA (ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA-ORIENTAL WHITE EYE RING IS SIMILAR TO GLASSES SHAPE (KACA MATA) FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD

• (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR OF FEATHER

SOURCE: http://www.macaubiodiversity.org/haliaeetus-leucogaster/ VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG BODAS (HALIEETUS LEUCOGASTER- WHITE BELLIED FISH EAGLE) CHARACTERISTIC: GENERAL COLOUR OF FEATHER IS WHITE, PARTICULARLY THE HEAD, NECK, AND UNDERPART OF ADULT BIRD ARE WHITE (BODAS) FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD • (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR OF FEATHER

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK HEULANG HIDEUNG (ICTINAETUS MALAYENSIS- BLACK EAGLE) CHARACTERISTIC: IT HAS APPEARING TO BE GENERALLY ALL BLACK (HIDEUNG) FOLK CLASSIFICATION -- BIRD (C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SPECIAL COLOUR

VERNACULAR: MANUK HEULANG COKLAT (SPILORNIS CHEELA— CRESTED EAGLE) CHARACTERISTIC:GENERALLY IT HAS APPEARING TO BE BROWN (COKLAT) FOLK CLASSIFICATION --- BIRD • (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK KERAK KEBO (ACRIDOTHERES JAVANICUS- JAVAN MYNA) CHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD IS FREQUENTLY SEEN IN THE RICE FIELD VERY CLOSE INTERACTION WITH BUFFALO (KEBO) TO FIND INSECTS FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD

• (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR

SOURCE:http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/blue-nuthatch-sitta-azurea VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SALESER (SITTA AZUREA-BLUE NUTHATCH) CHARACTERTIC: IT CAN BE SEEN RUNNING UP THE TRUNC OF A TREE OR IT SEEM TO BE CREEPING (NYALESER) FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD

• (D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR

VERNACULAR NAME: MANUK SAERAN RAME (DICRURUS PARADIEUS- CHARACTERISTIC: THIS BIRD HAS CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR THAT IS CONSIDRED AS NOISE VOICE BIRD (RAME) FOLK CLASSIFICATION: BIRD

(E) NEST CHARACTERISTIC

SOURCE: http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-139952431/stock-photo- a-female-streaked-weaver-make-her-nest-ploceus-manyar.html VERNACULAR NAME: MANYAR (PLOCEUS MANYAR) CHARACTERISTIC: THE NEST HUNG FROM THE TIP OF BRANCH OR PALM-FROND, IS FLASK SHAPED FOLK CLASSIFICATION-- BIRD • (E) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NEST CHARACTERISTIC

NEST OF TEKUKUR (STREPTOPELIA CHINENSIS- SPOTTED DOVE) –NEST IS PERCEIVED AS SIMPLE NEST AND RELATIVE SMALL FOLK CLASSIFICATION-BURUNG

• (F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM --- NOTORIUS BIRD

PIPIT (LONCHURA LEUCOGASTER), BONDOL (LONCHURA MAJA), AND PEKING (LONCHURA PUNCTULATA) HAVE PERCEIVED AS NOTORIUS BIRDS-PADDY GRAIN EATER (F) CLASSICATION BASED ON THE ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM– ‘BENEFICIAL BIRD’ -MANUK HEULANG COKLAT (SPILORNIS CHEELA-CRESTED SERPENT EAGLE) PERCEIVED AS ‘THE BENEFCIAL BIRD’ DUE TO LOVE EATING RATS

SOURCE: http://archive.kaskus.co.id/thread/2209504/220 (F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM MANUK KOREAK (TYTO ALBA-BARN OWL) PERCEIVED AS THE BENEFICIAL BIRD– DUE TO LOVE EATING RATS

SOURCE: http://omkicau.com/2013/10/20/8-tips-sukses- memelihara-burung-hantu/ (F) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ROLE IN THE EACOSYSTEM ‘BENEFICIAL BIRD’ --- EDIBLE NEST OF SWIFTLET

SOURCE: http://mforum.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=423814

-EDIBLE NESTS OF SWIFTLET PLACED IN THE CEILING OF HOUSE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD HUNTING: TO HUNT BIRDS WITH USING GLUE OF SAP AND AND EQUIPED BY PET BIRD OR RECORDED BIRD VOICE TO INVITE WILD BIRDS (NGALEUGEUT)

SOURCE: https://ciburuan.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/manuk-dina- palangkring.jpg LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING: A BIRD WAS CATCHED BY USING GLUE OF SAP (NGALEUGEUT)

SOURCE: http://www.burungmaster.com/2014/10/murai-hutan-gampang- mati.html LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING: SAP OF NANGKA (ARTOCARPHUS HETEROPHYLA) AND TEUREUP (ARTOCARPUS ELASTICUS) – MAIN MATERIAL FOR CATCHING BIRDS BY APPLYING GLUE OF SAP

SOURCE: http://burung15.rssing.com/chan- 8284105/all_p42.html LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING TO HUNT BIRDS WITH A BAMBOO BLOWPIPE/ TAMIANG (Schizostachyum iraten Steud) AND DRATS (SUSUMPIT)

SOURCE: http://www.initasik.com/peristiwa/read/663/dikira-tawuran-ternyata- memburu-balater.html LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING: TO CAPTURE BIRDS WITH NYLON NET (NGAJARING)

SOURCE: http://borneosay90.mywapblog.com/cara-memasang- jaring-burung-yang-benar-d.xhtml LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON BIRD HUNTING: TO HUNT BIRDS WITH A GUN (BEBEDIL)

Source: http://berburu-tupai.blogspot.co.id/2011/05/berburu- bajing-yg-selalu-meresahkan.html

INCREASING BIRD HUNTING DUE TO INCREASING BIRD DEMAND IN THE CITIES (ISKANDAR 2013)

• BIRDS THAT HIGH PRICE IN THE BIRD MARKET - CUCAK RAWA (PYCNONTUS ZEYLANICUS) - MURAI BATU (COPSYCHUS MALABARICUS) - ANIS MERAH (ZOOTHERA CITRINA)

- BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS RECORDED 120 BIRD POPULATIONS , WITH 2,400 INDIVIDUALS TRADED IN THE BIRD MARKET OF BANDUNG

- BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS –ECONOMIC ASSET Rp 17,053,000-Rp 22,9184,200.

- TOTAL OF BIRD TRADERS IN 2012 –IN BANDUNG BIRD MARKET 152 PERSONS SOME REASONS OF HOBBY IN BIRD KEEPING BASED ON 30 RESPONDENTS (ISKANDAR 2015) NO REASONS NUMBER % OF TOTAL 1 HOBBY & INNER SATISFACTION 18 60,00

2 HOBBY AND PROFITABLE FOR SALE AGAIN 5 16,67

3 HOBBY AND ELIMINATE STRESS 4 13,33

4 HOBBY AND TIME AVAILABLE 2 6,67 Burung

5 HOBBY AND TO MAKE NEW FRIENDS 1 3,33 BIRD POPULATION S HAVE MDRAMATICALLY DECREASED DUE TO MANY FACTORS, ILLEGAL HUNTING, HABITAT LOST, PESTICIDES

GELATIK – RARE BIRD

ANIS MERAH- RARE BIRD CONCLUSION

• IN GENERAL KARANGWANGI PEOPLE REGOGNISED MANY BIRD SPECIES

• BIRDS CULTURALLY CLASSIFIED BASED ON DISTINCTIVE VOICE/ VOCALIZATION, MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIAL COLOUR, DISTINTIVE BEHAVIOUR, TIME ACTIVITY, NESTING TYPE, HABITAT TYPE, MIGRANT, AND ROLE OF BIRD

• HUNTING BIRDS IN THE PAST – BASED ON THE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND COSMOS, HOWEVER, NOWADAYS, IT HAS CHANGED A MORE COMMERCIAL --- CONSEQUENTLY SOME BIRDS --- BECAME RARE

• ETHNOORNITHOLOGY RESEACH MIGHT BE USEFUL TO BE USED FOR BIRD CONSERVATION BASED ON SOCIO-ECONOMI, CULTURE, POLITIC, AND INTEGRATED WITH THE WESTERN MODEL OF BIRD CONSERVATION.