Outline of finance
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:
Finance – addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. Contents
1 Overview 2 Fundamental financial concepts 3 History 4 Finance terms, by field 4.1 Accounting (financial record keeping) 4.2 Banking 4.3 Corporate finance 4.4 Investment management 4.5 Personal finance 4.6 Public finance 4.7 Insurance 4.8 Economics and finance 4.9 Mathematics and finance 4.9.1 Time value of money 4.9.2 Financial mathematics
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com 4.9.2.1 Mathematical tools 4.9.2.2 Derivatives pricing 4.10 Constraint finance 4.11 Virtual finance 5 Financial markets 5.1 Market and instruments 5.2 Equity market 5.2.1 Equity valuation 5.2.2 Investment theory 5.3 Bond market 5.4 Money market 5.5 Commodity market 5.6 Derivatives market 5.6.1 Forward markets and contracts 5.6.2 Futures markets and contracts 5.6.3 Option markets and contracts 5.6.4 Swap markets and contracts 5.6.5 Derivative markets by underlyings 5.6.5.1 Equity derivatives 5.6.5.2 Interest rate derivatives 5.6.5.3 Credit derivatives 5.6.5.4 Foreign exchange derivative 6 Financial regulation 6.1 Designations and accreditation 6.2 Litigation 6.3 Fraud 6.4 Industry bodies 6.5 Regulatory bodies 6.5.1 International 6.5.2 European Union PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com 6.5.2 European Union 6.5.3 Regulatory bodies by country 6.5.3.1 United Kingdom 6.5.3.2 United States 6.6 United States legislation 7 Actuarial topics 8 Asset types 9 Raising capital 10 Valuation 10.1 Discounted cash flow valuation 10.2 Relative valuation 10.3 Contingent claim valuation 11 Financial software tools 12 Financial institutions 13 Lists 14 See also 15 External links Overview[edit]
The word finance may incorporate any of the following:
The study of money and other assets The management and control of those assets Profiling and managing project risks Fundamental financial concepts[edit]
Finance an overview Arbitrage PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Capital (economics) Capital asset pricing model Cash flow Cash flow matching Debt Default Consumer debt Debt consolidation Debt settlement Credit counseling Bankruptcy Debt diet Debt-snowball method Discounted cash flow Financial capital Funding Financial modeling Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship Fixed income analysis Gap financing Hedge Basis risk Interest rate Risk-free interest rate Term structure of interest rates Short rate model Vasicek model Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model Hull–White model PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Hull–White model Chen model Black–Derman–Toy model Interest Effective interest rate Nominal interest rate Interest rate basis Fisher equation Crowding out Annual percentage rate Interest coverage ratio Investment Foreign direct investment Gold as an investment Over-investing Leverage Long (finance) Liquidity Margin (finance) Mark to market Market Impact Medium of exchange Microcredit Money creation Money Currency Coin Banknote Counterfeit Portfolio
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Modern portfolio theory Mutual fund separation theorem Post-modern portfolio theory Reference rate Reset Return Absolute return Investment performance Relative return Right-financing Risk Financial risk Risk management Financial risk management Risk measure Coherent risk measure Deviation risk measure Spectral risk measure Value at Risk Scenario analysis Short (finance) Speculation Day trading Position trader Spread trade Standard of deferred payment Store of value Time horizon Time value of money Discounting PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Discounting Present value Future value Net present value Internal rate of return Modified internal rate of return Annuity Perpetuity Unit of account Volatility Yield Yield curve History[edit]
History of banking History of insurance Tulip mania 1620s/1630s South Sea Bubble & Mississippi Company 1710s; see also Stock market bubble Vix Pervenit 1745, on usury and other dishonest profit Panic of 1837 Railway mania 1840s Erie War 1860s Long Depression 1873 to 1896 Post-WWI hyperinflation; see Hyperinflation and Inflation in the Weimar Republic Wall Street Crash 1929 Great Depression 1930s Bretton Woods Accord 1944 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis
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Accounting (financial record keeping)[edit]
Main articles: Accounting and List of accounting topics
Auditing Accounting software Book keeping FASB Financial accountancy Financial statements Balance sheet Cash flow statement Income statement Management accounting Philosophy of Accounting Working capital
Banking[edit]
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Corporate finance[edit]
Main article: Corporate finance
Balance sheet analysis Financial ratio Business plan Capital budgeting Investment policy Business valuation Stock valuation Fundamental analysis Real options Valuation topics Fisher separation theorem Sources of financing Capital structure PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Cost of capital Weighted average cost of capital Modigliani-Miller theorem The Dividend Policy Dividend Dividend tax Dividend yield Modigliani-Miller theorem
Corporate action Managerial finance Management accounting Mergers and acquisitions leveraged buyout takeover corporate raid Real options
Working capital management Working capital Current assets Current liabilities Return on investment Return on capital Return on assets Return on equity loan covenant cash conversion cycle Cash management Supply chain management PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Just In Time (JIT) Economic order quantity (EOQ) Economic production quantity (EPQ) Credit (finance) Credit scoring Default risk Discounts and allowances Factoring (trade)
Investment management[edit]
Fund management Active management Efficient market hypothesis Portfolio Modern portfolio theory Capital asset pricing model Arbitrage pricing theory Passive management Index fund Activist shareholder Mutual fund Open-end fund Closed-end fund List of mutual-fund families Financial engineering Long-Term Capital Management Hedge fund Hedge
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Main article: Personal finance
529 plan (college savings) Asset Allocation Asset location Budget Coverdell Education Savings Account (Coverdell ESAs, formerly known as Education IRAs) Credit and debt Credit card Debt consolidation Mortgage loan Continuous-repayment mortgage Debit card Direct deposit Employment contract Commission Employee stock option Employee or fringe benefit Health insurance Paycheck Salary Wage Financial literacy Insurance Predatory lending Retirement plan 401(a)
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Public finance[edit]
Main article: Public finance
Central bank Federal Reserve Fractional-reserve banking Deposit creation multiplier Tax Capital gains tax Estate tax (and inheritance tax) PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Gift tax Income tax Inheritance tax Payroll tax Property tax (including land value tax) Sales tax (including value added tax, excise tax, and use tax) Transfer tax (including stamp duty) Tax advantage Tax, tariff and trade Tax amortization benefit crowding out Industrial policy Agricultural policy Currency union Monetary reform
Insurance[edit]
Main article: Insurance
Actuarial science Annuities Catastrophe modeling Earthquake loss Extended coverage Insurable interest Insurable risk Insurance Health insurance Disability insurance PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Injury cover Flexible spending account Health savings account Long term care insurance Medical savings account Life insurance Life insurance tax shelter Permanent life insurance Term life insurance Universal life insurance Variable universal life insurance Whole life insurance Property insurance Auto insurance Boiler insurance Earthquake insurance Home insurance Title insurance Pet insurance Casualty insurance Fidelity bond Liability insurance Political risk insurance Surety bond Terrorism insurance Credit insurance Trade credit insurance Payment protection insurance Credit derivative Reinsurance PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Reinsurance Self insurance Travel insurance Insurance contract Risk Retention Group
Economics and finance[edit]
Economic growth Financial economics Mathematical economics Managerial economics Utility theory
Mathematics and finance[edit]
Time value of money[edit]
Main article: Time value of money
Present value Future value Discounting Net present value Internal rate of return Annuity Perpetuity
Financial mathematics[edit]
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Main article: Financial mathematics
Mathematical tools[edit]
Probability Probability distribution Binomial distribution Log-normal distribution Poisson distribution
Stochastic calculus Brownian motion Geometric Brownian motion Cameron–Martin theorem Feynman–Kac formula Girsanov's theorem Itô's lemma Martingale representation theorem Radon–Nikodym derivative Stochastic differential equations Stochastic process Jump process Lévy process Markov process Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process Wiener process
Monte Carlo methods Low-discrepancy sequence Monte Carlo integration PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Quasi-Monte Carlo method Random number generation
Partial differential equations Finite difference method Heat equation Numerical partial differential equations Crank–Nicolson method Finite difference method: Numerical analysis
Volatility ARCH model GARCH model Stochastic volatility
Derivatives pricing[edit]
Main article: Derivatives pricing
Brownian model of financial markets
Rational pricing assumptions Risk neutral valuation Arbitrage free pricing
Forward contract Forward contract pricing
Futures Futures contract pricing
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Options (incl. Real options and ESOs) Black–Scholes formula Approximations for American options Black model Binomial options model Finite difference methods for option pricing The Greeks Monte Carlo methods for option pricing Monte Carlo methods in finance Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in finance Trinomial tree Volatility Implied volatility Historical volatility Stochastic volatility Volatility smile Volatility surface SABR volatility model
Swaps Swap valuation
Interest rate derivatives (bond options, swaptions, caps and floors, and others) Black model caps and floors swaptions Bond options Short-rate models (generally applied via lattice based- and specialized simulation-models, although "Black like" formulae exist in some cases.) Rendleman-Bartter model PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Vasicek model Ho-Lee model Hull–White model Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model Black–Karasinski model Black–Derman–Toy model Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model Longstaff–Schwartz model Chen model Forward rate-based models (Application as per short-rate models) LIBOR market model (also called: Brace–Gatarek–Musiela Model, BGM) Heath–Jarrow–Morton Model (HJM)
Constraint finance[edit]
Environmental finance Feminist economics Green economics Islamic economics Uneconomic growth Value of Earth Value of life
Virtual finance[edit]
Virtual finance Financial markets[edit]
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Market and instruments[edit]
Capital markets Securities Financial markets Primary market Initial public offering Aftermarket Free market Bull market Bear market Bear market rally Market maker Dow Jones Industrial Average Nasdaq List of stock exchanges List of stock market indices List of corporations by market capitalization Value Line Composite Index
Equity market[edit]
Main article: Equity market
Stock market Stock Common stock Preferred stock Treasury stock
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Equity investment Index investing Private Equity Financial reports and statements Fundamental analysis Dividend Dividend yield Stock split
Equity valuation[edit]
Main article: Equity valuation
Dow Theory Elliott Wave Theory Economic value added Fibonacci retracement Gordon model Growth stock Mergers and acquisitions Leveraged buyout Takeover Corporate raid PE ratio Market capitalization Income per share Stock valuation Technical analysis Chart patterns
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Investment theory[edit]
Main article: Investment theory
Behavioral finance Dead cat bounce Efficient market hypothesis Market microstructure Stock market crash Stock market bubble January effect Mark Twain effect Quantitative behavioral finance Quantitative analysis (finance) Statistical arbitrage
Bond market[edit]
Main article: Bond market
Bond (finance) Zero-coupon bond Junk bonds Convertible bond Accrual bond Municipal bond Sovereign bond Bond valuation PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Bond valuation Yield to maturity Bond duration Bond convexity Fixed income
Money market[edit]
Main article: Money market
Repurchase agreement International Money Market Currency Exchange rate International currency codes Table of historical exchange rates
Commodity market[edit]
Main article: Commodity market
Commodity Asset Commodity Futures Trading Commission Day trading Drawdowns Forfaiting Fundamental analysis Futures contract Fungibility Gold as an investment PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Hedging Jesse Lauriston Livermore List of traded commodities Ownership equity Position trader Risk (Futures) Seasonal traders Seasonal spread trading Slippage Speculation Spread trade Technical analysis Breakout Bear market Bottom (technical analysis) Bull market MACD Moving average Open Interest Parabolic SAR Point and figure charts Resistance RSI Stochastic oscillator Stop loss Support Top (technical analysis) Trade Trend
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Derivatives market[edit]
Main article: Derivatives market
Derivative (finance) (see also Financial mathematics topics; Derivatives pricing) Underlying instrument
Forward markets and contracts[edit]
Main article: Forward market
Forward contract
Futures markets and contracts[edit]
Main article: Futures market
Backwardation Contango Futures contract Currency futures Financial futures Interest rate futures Futures exchange
Option markets and contracts[edit]
Main article: Option market
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Options Stock option Box spread Call option Put option Strike price Put-call parity The Greeks Black–Scholes formula Black model Binomial options model Implied volatility Option time value Moneyness At-the-money In-the-money Out-of-the-money Straddle Option style Vanilla option Exotic option Binary option European option Interest rate floor Interest rate cap Bermudan option American option Quanto option Asian option
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Swap markets and contracts[edit]
Main article: Swap market
Swap (finance) Interest rate swap Basis swap Asset swap Forex swap Stock swap Equity swaps Currency swap Variance swap
see: w:Swap (finance)
Derivative markets by underlyings[edit]
Equity derivatives[edit]
Main article: Equity derivative
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Contract for difference (CFD) Exchange-traded fund (ETF) Closed-end fund Inverse exchange-traded fund Equity options Equity swap Real estate investment trust (REIT) Warrants Covered warrant
Interest rate derivatives[edit]
Main article: Interest rate derivative
LIBOR Forward rate agreement Interest rate swap Interest rate cap Exotic interest rate option Bond option Interest rate future Money market instruments Range accrual Swaps/Notes/Bonds In-arrears Swap Constant maturity swap (CMS) or constant treasury swap (CTS) derivatives (swaps, caps, floors) Interest rate Swaption Bermudan swaptions Cross currency swaptions Power Reverse Dual Currency note (PRDC or Turbo) Target redemption note (TARN) PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com CMS steepener Snowball Inverse floater Strips of Collateralized mortgage obligation Ratchet caps and floors
Credit derivatives[edit]
Main article: Credit derivative
Credit default swap Collateralized debt obligation Credit default option Total return swap Securitization
Foreign exchange derivative[edit]
Main article: Foreign exchange derivative
Foreign exchange option Currency future Forex swap Foreign exchange hedge Binary option: Foreign exchange Financial regulation[edit]
Corporate governance
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Designations and accreditation[edit]
Certified Financial Planner Chartered Financial Analyst CFA Institute Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst Professional Risk Manager Chartered Financial Consultant Canadian Securities Institute Independent Financial Adviser Chartered Insurance Institute Financial Risk Manager Chartered Accountant
Litigation[edit]
Liabilities Subject to Compromise
Fraud[edit]
Forex scam Insider trading Legal origins theory Petition mill
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Industry bodies[edit]
International Swaps and Derivatives Association National Association of Securities Dealers
Regulatory bodies[edit]
Main article List of financial regulatory authorities by country
International[edit]
Bank for International Settlements International Organization of Securities Commissions Security Commission Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Basel Accords – Basel I, Basel II International Association of Insurance Supervisors International Accounting Standards Board
European Union[edit]
European Securities Committee (EU) Committee of European Securities Regulators (EU)
Regulatory bodies by country[edit]
United Kingdom[edit] PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Financial Services Authority
United States[edit]
Commodity Futures Trading Commission Federal Reserve Federal Trade Commission Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Securities and Exchange Commission
United States legislation[edit]
Glass–Steagall Act (US) Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (US) Sarbanes-Oxley Act (US) Securities Act of 1933 (US) Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US) Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US) USA PATRIOT Act Actuarial topics[edit]
Actuarial topics Asset types[edit]
PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Real Estate Securities Commodities Futures Raising capital[edit]
Debt Factor
Securities Initial public offering Valuation[edit]
Value (economics) Fair value Intrinsic value "The Theory of Investment Value" Tax amortization benefit
Discounted cash flow valuation[edit]
Main article: Discounted cash flow
Cash flow Operating cash flow Time value of money Present value PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Future value Actualization Discounting Bond valuation Yield to maturity Duration Convexity Clean price Dirty price Equity valuation Equivalent Annual Cost Net present value Discount rate Capital Asset Pricing Model Arbitrage pricing theory Cost of capital Weighted average cost of capital Fundamental analysis Stock valuation Business valuation The investment decision Dividend discount model Market value added / Economic value added Adjusted present value Residual Income Valuation Real estate Real estate pricing Real estate economics Real estate appraisal
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Main article: Relative valuation
Dividend yield Financial ratio Market-based valuation PE ratio Relative valuation Stock image Stock profile
Contingent claim valuation[edit]
See derivatives pricing below. Financial software tools[edit]
Straight Through Processing Software Technical Analysis Software Algorithmic trading List of numerical analysis software Comparison of numerical analysis software Financial institutions[edit]
Financial institutions
Bank PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com List of banks List of banks in the Arab World List of banks in Africa List of banks in the Americas List of banks in Asia List of banks in Europe List of banks in Oceania List of international banking institutions Advising bank Central bank List of central banks Commercial bank Community development bank Cooperative bank Custodian bank Depository bank Ethical bank Investment bank Islamic banking Merchant bank Microcredit Mutual bank Mutual savings bank National bank Offshore bank Private bank Savings bank Swiss bank Bank holding company Building society PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Building society Broker Broker-dealer Brokerage firm Commodity broker Insurance broker Investment broker Online broker Options broker Prime brokerage Retail broker Stockbroker Clearing house Commercial lender Community development financial institution Credit rating agency Credit union Diversified financial Edge Act Corporation Export Credit Agencies Financial adviser Financial intermediary Financial planner Futures exchange List of futures exchanges Government sponsored enterprise Hard money lender Independent Financial Adviser Industrial loan company Insurance company
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Index of accounting articles Outline of business management Outline of marketing Outline of economics Outline of production List of international trade topics List of business law topics List of business theorists See also[edit]
Actuarial topics External links[edit]
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Wharton Finance Knowledge Project – aimed to offer free access to finance knowledge for students, teachers, and self-learners. Comprehensive site about topics of financial theory, with a focus in Corporate Finance, Valuation and Investments. Updated Data, Excel Spreadsheets and more. Prof. Aswath Damodaran For links to finance web sites, grouped by topic see Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students, Prof. John M. Wachowicz - For the introductory finance web site at the University of Arizona, studyfinance.com For introductory articles, a full glossary and links to resources on behavioral finance see the BF gallery For the law of the financial markets see SECLaw.com For various shared blog posts on finance see fwisp.com For stock market related financial definitions see TheStreet.com Glossary The Finance Director provides access to essential suppliers of financial services and solutions Middle East Banking & Finance News — ArabianBusiness.com
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