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Plankton Diversity in Temporary Water Habitat in Upeh Guling, Taman Negara Johor, Endau Rompin, Malaysia

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Plankton Diversity in Temporary Water Habitat in Upeh Guling, Taman Negara Johor, Endau Rompin, Malaysia View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UTHM Institutional Repository PLANKTON DIVERSITY IN TEMPORARY WATER HABITAT IN UPEH GULING, TAMAN NEGARA JOHOR, ENDAU ROMPIN, MALAYSIA USMAN ALHASSAN GABI A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Science Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia AUGUST 2015 v To my beloved father and mother vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful, All praise to Allah, we seek His aid and His assistance, and ask His forgiveness and we seek refuge in Allah from the evil of our souls and from the evil of our actions. Whomever Allah guides, no one will be able to mislead him. Whomever He leads astray, nobody can guide him. I thank Allah for the strengths and His blessing bestowed on me in completing this thesis. May His peace and blesses be upon our noble Prophet, Muhammad (S.A.W), his households, companions and those that followed his footsteps since and up till the last day. I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr. Hazel Monica Matias Peralta, for her unquantifiable patience and for sharing her expertise, for all the useful and critical suggestion required. May Allah continued to increase her in knowledge and bless her family. My thanks and appreciations also go to Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) for giving me scholarship in order to undertake this project effectively. I will not forget to mention, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University (IBBU) for giving me the opportunity, support and courage in attending my master’s degree in UTHM. My appreciation goes to my beloved family (Abdullahi Muhammad, Muhammad Al-amin, Hauwa Sulaiman, Amina Lami Alhassan and Zainabs) for their love, patience, encouragement and understanding and to my brothers and sisters, friends and well-wishers for their prayers to see my dreams is actualised. May Allah reward them abundantly, Amin. vii ABSTRACT The investigation of plankton diversity and their distribution in relation to the environmental conditions of a rare temporary water habitat (rock pool) in Upeh Guling, Endau Rompin, Johor, Malaysia, was undertaken. Samples were collected on a monthly basis for a period of one year. However, due to flash flooding during rainy season, sample collection was only possible for a period of six months (between March and September 2013). Plankton samples were collected from four stations representing two different conditions of the sampling area: (1) river fed rock pools which receive water primarily from the river (2) rain fed rock pools, which receive water primarily from rainfall. Physico-chemical parameters: temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ. A total of 122 species of phytoplankton were recorded with 116 species at rain fed rock pools and 84 species at river fed rock pools. The most diverse phytoplankton genus was Staurastrum with 10 species. On the other hand, a total of 49 species of zooplankton were recorded with 48 species at rain fed rock pools and 40 species at river fed rock pools. The most diverse zooplankton genus was Lecane with 11 species in total. For both the phytoplankton and zooplankton, the rain fed rock pools recorded higher (P<0.05) variation in total species diversity and density, compared with river fed rock pools. High species diversity index in both rain fed and river fed rock pools, ranging from H'=3.14-H'=3.56 as a result of long period of inundation which suggested healthy condition of the ecosystem. Similarly, the environmental parameters (24.50 – 29.20 °C, 4.2 – 6.9 mg/L and 5.3 – 8.2 unit) of both rock pools were within the favourable range and suitable for organisms conservation. The canonical correspondence analysis ordination revealed that the water depth, which was controlled by unexpected rain fall, was the major factor in both rock pools that contributed to plankton diversities. The months of June, July and August recorded highest species similarity in composition and distribution due to the pools stability in these months. These all favours the proliferation of diverse species of phytoplankton and zooplankton. viii ABSTRAK Kajian mengenai kepelbagaian plankton dan taburannya yang berhubungkait dengan keadaan persekitaran habitat air sementara (kolam batu) di Upeh Guling, Endau Rompin, Malaysia telah dijalankan. Pengambilan sampel telah dilakukan setiap bulan bagi tempoh satu tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan oleh banjir kilat semasa musim hujan, pengumpulan sampel hanya boleh dilakukan untuk tempoh enam bulan (antara bulan Mac dan September 2013). Sampel plankton telah dikutip daripada empat stesen yang mewakili dua keadaan kawasan persampelan yang berbeza: (1) kolam batu sumber sungai yang mendapat air terutamanya dari sungai (2) kolam batu sumber hujan, yang mendapat air terutamanya daripada hujan. Bacaan parameter fiziko-kimia: suhu, pH, oksigen terlarut telah diambil secara in situ. Sejumlah 122 spesies fitoplankton telah direkodkan, dengan 116 spesies di kolam batu sumber hujan dan 84 spesies di kolam batu sumber sungai. Fitoplankton yang paling pelbagai adalah dari genus Staurastrum iaitu sebanyak 10 spesies. Sebaliknya, sejumlah 49 spesies zooplankton telah direkodkan dengan 48 spesies di kolam batu sumber hujan dan 40 spesies di kolam batu sumber sungai. Zooplankton yang paling pelbagai adalah dari genus Lecane iaitu sebanyak 11 spesies. Bagi kedua-dua fitoplankton dan zooplankton, kolam batu sumber hujan merekodken (P <0.05) perubahan yang lebih tinggi dalam jumlah kepelbagaian spesies dan ketumpatan, berbanding dengan sungai kolam batu. Indeks kepelbagaian species yang tinggi dalam kedua-dua hujan dan sungai makan kolam batu, bermula dari H' = 3.14-H' = 3.56 akibat tempoh masapanjang banjir yang menyunbang kepada keadaan baik ekosistem. Begitu juga, parameter alam sekitar (24,50-29,20 °C, 4,2-6,9 mg/L dan 5,3-8,2 unit) daripada kedua-dua kolam batu berada dalam julat yang baik dan sesuai untuk pemuliharaan organisma. Analisis kanun penyelarasan bersuraf ternadap kedalaman air, yang dikawal oleh taburan hujan yang tidak dijangka, merupakan faktor utama dalam kedua-dua kolam batu yang menyumbang kepada kepelbagaian plankton. Bulan Jun, Julai dan Ogos mencatatkan persamaan species yang tinggi dalam komposisi dan taburan kerana kestabilan kolam dalam bulan tersebut. Hal ini menggalakkan pertumpuhan pelbagai spesies fitoplankton dan zooplankton. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE Page DECLARATION ii DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi ABSTRACT vii ABSTRAK viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF PLATE xiii LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF APPENDIX xv CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 4 1.3 Importance of study 5 1.4 Objectives 6 CHAPTER 2 7 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Temporary Water habitats 7 2.2 Characteristic of freshwater rock pools 8 2.3 The Importance of Temporary Water Habitats 9 2.4 Inhabitants of Temporary Water Habitats 9 2.5 Plankton diversity of temporary water habitats 11 2.6 Species diversity in rock pool 13 CHAPTER 3 15 MATERIALS AND METHOD 15 3.1 Study Site 15 3.2 Field sampling 15 3.3 Laboratory analysis 18 x 3.3.1 Sample processing 18 3.3.2 Identification and enumeration 18 3.4 Data analyses 20 CHAPTER 4 21 RESULTS 21 4.1 Phytoplankton Composition and 21 abundance 4.2 Zooplankton composition and 30 abundance 4.3 Diversity indices 37 4.4 Environmental variation 38 4.5 Environmental relationship 39 4.6 Similarity of plankton distribution 46 CHAPTER 5 52 DISCUSSION 52 5.1 Phytoplankton composition and abundance 52 5.2 Zooplankton composition and abundance 58 5.3 Diversity indices 62 5.4 Environmental variation 64 5.5 Environmental relationship 64 5.6 Similarity of plankton distribution 67 CONCLUSION 68 RECOMMENDATION 69 REFERENCES 70 APPENDIX 87 xi LIST OF TABLES Table page 2.1 Number of planktonic species inhabitants of temporary rock 14 pools recorded from previous studies 4.1 Average phytoplankton density in rain fed rock pools and river 22 fed rock pools 4.2 Phytoplankton species distribution in rain fed and river fed rock 23 pools (+ denotes presence; - denotes absence) 4.3 The phytoplankton monthly species abundance significant 30 variation between rain fed rock pools and river fed rock pools. Superscripts with the asterix “*” are significant while those without the asterix are insignificant 4.4 Average zooplankton density in rain fed rock pools and river fed 30 rock pools 4.5 Zooplankton species distribution in rain fed and river fed rock 32 pools (+ denotes presence; - denotes absence) 4.6 The zooplankton monthly species abundance significant variation 37 between rain fed rock pools and river fed rock pools. Superscripts with the asterix “*” are significant while those without the asterix are insignificant 4.7 Diversity indices (Average S.E) of phytoplankton and 38 zooplankton in the rock pools. Data in row with asterix “*” denotes significance at p <0.05 4.8 Pearson Correlation of physico-chemical parameter in rain fed 39 and river fed rock pools 4.9 The monthly summary of physico-chemical parameters 39 4.10 Relationships between phytoplankton abundance and 40 physicochemical parameters in rain fed rock pool 4.11 Relationships between phytoplankton abundance and 41 physicochemical parameters in river fed rock pools 4.12 Relationships between zooplankton abundance and physico- 43 chemical parameters in rain fed xii 4.13 Relationships between zooplankton abundance and physico- 44 chemical parameters in river fed rock pools 4.14 The monthly species abundance of highest similarities revealed 51 not significant different from monthly species abundance of less similarities with P<0.05. 5.1 Comparison of the number of phytoplankton species recorded in 53 the present study with other studies 5.2 Comparison of the number of zooplankton species recorded in 56 the present study with other studies xiii LIST OF PLATE Plate Page 3.
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