Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution School of Life Sciences

Scientists working across ecology, evolution, biodiversity, botany, zoology and environmental science

latrobe.edu.au/school-life-sciences Contents

Introduction / 3 College of Science, Health and Engineering / 4 School of Life Sciences / 5 Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution / 6 Research Centre for Future Landscapes /8 Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems / 9 Research Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology / 10 Animal Behaviour Group (Richard Peters) / 12 Applied Aquatic Ecology Research Group (Alison King) / 13 Biodiversity Science and Application Group (Melodie McGeoch) / 14 Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology Lab (Ewen Silvester and Aleicia Holland) / 15 Botany and Plant Ecology Research Group (John Morgan) / 16 Comparative Genomics (Jenny Graves) / 17 Ecological Genomics Group (Bill Ballard) / 18 Ecology and Conservation Group (Pete Green) / 19 Fire and Avian Ecology Group (Mike Clarke) / 20 Fish Ecology and Fisheries Group (David Crook) / 21 Insect Ecology Group (Heloise Gibb)/ 22 Insect-Plant Interactions Lab (Martin Steinbauer) / 23 Landscape Ecology Group (Andrew Bennett) / 24 La Trobe University Herbarium (Alison Kellow) / 25 Marine and Ecophysiology Group (Travis Dutka) / 26 Molecular Ecology Group (Nick Murphy) / 27 Plant Reproduction and Conservation Genetics Group (Susan Hoebee) / 28 Plants and Pollinators Group (Ryan Phillips) / 29 Reproductive Ecology and Conservation Biology Group (Kylie Robert) / 30 Riverine Landscapes Research Group (Nick Bond) / 31 Sleep Ecophysiology Group (John Lesku) / 32 Water Geochemistry and Landscape Evolution Group (John Webb) / 33 About La Trobe University / 34 About Victoria and Melbourne / 35

Cover Photo: Working in the Alpine region, Victoria (Photo Credit: John Morgan) Introduction

The School of Life Sciences is one of nine schools that comprise the Science, Health and Engineering College at La Trobe University. Provost Professor Rob Pike leads the College, Professor Shaun Collin is the Dean and Head of the School of Life Sciences and Co-director of AgriBio. There are three departments within the School of Life Sciences:

• Ecology, Environment and Evolution, (EEE) • Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, (APSS) • Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology (PAM)

The School of Life Sciences encompasses a broad range of disciplines:

• Agriculture • Environmental Geoscience • Physiology • Botany • Evolution and Genetics • Neurobiology • Soil Science • Conservation Biology • Pathophysiology • Animal Science • Zoology • Pharmacology • Plant Science • Microbiology • Anatomy • Ecology

There are nine research centres within the School of Life Sciences: • Research Centre for Future Landscapes • Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems • Research Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology • Mallee Regional Innovation Centre (MRIC) (a joint venture with The University of Melbourne) • La Trobe Institute of Agriculture and Food (LIAF) • ARC ITRH (Industry Transformation Research Hub) for Medicinal Agriculture • ARC CoE (Centre of Excellence) Plant Energy Biology • Centre for Livestock Interactions with Pathogens (CLiP) • Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease (collaboration with the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute)

Professor Robert Pike Professor Shaun Collin Provost, Dean, Head of School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering Co-Director of AgriBio

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 3 College of Science, Health and Engineering

The College of Science, Health and Engineering contains 9 schools and 16 departments working across La Trobe’s multi-campus operations, offering general and specialist undergraduate, postgraduate and research higher degree courses. Our world-leading staff are dedicated to achieving significant educational and research outcomes in their fields. Our degrees are linked to emerging trends and are designed to prepare students for work in changing environments. We deliver a wide range of general and specialist courses that challenge students to expand their life and learning experiences. We are engaged in both regional and metropolitan communities, with our courses offered across the Albury-Wodonga, Bendigo, Bundoora, Collins St (Melbourne), Mildura, Shepparton and Sydney campuses. Our researchers work in an environment Our students have access to world- which encourages innovative solutions and renowned research facilities including opportunities for research breakthroughs the A$100 million La Trobe Institute for across important scientific and social Molecular Science (LIMS) and the A$288 issues. They hold significant strength and million Centre for AgriBioscience. expertise in: Our world-class researchers work in y Environment collaboration with industry partners and multiple disciplines across the university to y Rehabilitation and Exercise deliver significant research outcomes across y Brain, Mind and Behaviour five thematic areas: y Food and Agriculture y Building healthy communities y Infection, Immunity and Cancer Research. y Securing food, water and the environment y Sport, exercise and rehabilitation y Transforming human societies y Understanding disease.

4 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY School of Life Sciences

The School of Life Sciences is one of the largest in the University, with more than 170 continuing and fixed term staff across two campuses. Over the last three years the School has seen significant growth in both research (15% pa, $15m in 2019) and teaching revenue (10%, $57.7m in 2019). Staff in the School currently generate 10% of the University’s teaching revenue, 17% of its research income, and supervise more than 170 higher degree research students. The School is responsible for six undergraduate degree courses at the main Bundoora campus in Melbourne, and our regional campus at Albury-Wodonga. It is a leader in teaching innovation and student satisfaction within the university.

The School undertakes teaching and research across a broad range of disciplines, including: Agriculture, Botany, Soil Science, Animal Science, Plant Science, Ecology, Environmental The School of Life Sciences is a major y Research Centre for Future Landscapes Geoscience, Evolution and Genetics, contributor to research strengths in both y Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems Conservation Biology, Zoology, the Biological and Agricultural Sciences, (formerly the Murray-Darling Neurobiology, Microbiology, Physiology, achieving the highest possible rating ‘5 - well Freshwater Research Centre) Pathophysiology, Pharmacology and above world standing’ from the Australian y Research Centre for Applied Anatomy. Research Council in the fields of Ecology, Alpine Ecology Zoology, Plant Biology, Physiology, Microbiology, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, y Mallee Regional Innovation Centre Crop and Pasture Production, Genetics, Soil (MRIC)(a joint venture with The Science, and Veterinary Science, and rated University of Melbourne) as ‘4 - above world standing’ in Ecological y La Trobe Institute of Agriculture Applications. and Food (LIAF) The School research environment is y ARC ITRH (Industry Transformation dynamic and growing, with several major Research Hub) for Medicinal Agriculture research centre initiatives being launched y ARC CoE (Centre of Excellence) in the past two years: Plant Energy Biology y Centre for Livestock Interactions with Pathogens (CLiP) y Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease (collaboration with the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute)

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 5 Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution

The Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution consists of 30 continuing and fixed-term academic staff, including one ARC Future Fellow, one ARC DECRA Fellow and six Postdoctoral and Research Fellows.

The Department has a dynamic higher degree by research program that reflects the disciplinary interests of the staff. We are currently training 60 PhD students and 20 Honours (4th year Research) students from Australia and overseas.

Staff and postgraduate students work in a range of environments 'from the sea to the mountains', including arid and semi-arid deserts and woodlands, alpine and subalpine landscapes, grasslands, tall wet forests and rainforests, and marine and freshwater habitats.

We teach >3000 undergraduate students enrolled in 32 subjects. The Department maintains a diverse The Department's research environment portfolio of research programs is dynamic and growing, and includes Our courses include: encompassing the full range from several major Research Centres: • Bachelor Biological Sciences fundamental to highly applied, with particular • Bachelor of Wildlife and strengths in terrestrial ecology y Research Centre for Applied Conservation Biology encompassing plant and animal ecology, Alpine Ecology landscape ecology, conservation, ecological • Bachelor of Science y Research Centre for Future Landscapes genetics, invasion biology and fire ecology • Bachelor of Agriculture (collaboration with the Arthur Rylah • Bachelor of Animal & Veterinary and management (https:// Institute of DELWP) Biosciences www.latrobe.edu.au/ecology-environment- evolution). y Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems We also maintain close relationships with (formerly the Murray-Darling Freshwater external research partners in state, federal Members of the Department are also key Research Centre) and non-government agencies. contributors to La Trobe’s new Research Themes (five cross-disciplinary research Research carried out in the Department is areas that address some of the most world leading. The Department underpins a pressing questions affecting the future of rating of ‘5 – well above world standard’ in human societies and their environments), the disciplinary areas of Ecology and particularly ‘Protection and restoration of Zoology, and underpins a rating of ‘4 – vulnerable ecosystems and community above world standard’ in Ecological resilience in the face of environmental and Applications. The Department also climate threat. contributes to similarly high ratings in the areas of Genetics, Plant Biology and Soil Science.

6 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Research Centres

Research Centre for Future Landscapes Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems Research Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology Research Centre for Future Landscapes

The Research Centre for Future Landscapes (RCFL) was established in 2017 and is a multi-disciplinary environmental research centre.

Our goal is to generate knowledge and solutions that address the global challenge of sustaining and restoring natural ecosystems in modified landscapes, and empowering people and communities to create more sustainable landscapes.

To do this, the we foster research into: • the drivers and outcomes of landscape change for nature and people; • understanding ecological function in modified landscapes; • solutions to improve environmental sustainability and community resilience; and • land-use planning and management options for people, communities and We undertake research that addresses • Future-focused; we want to future landscapes. the global challenge of sustaining nature recruit, support and train the next in human-dominated landscapes. generation of scientists Landscapes sustain nature; provide people committed to solving pressing with food, fibre and fuel; shape cultural Our research equips communities with environmental problems. identity; and inspire creativity. Worldwide, knowledge and solutions to increase the transformation of land and water to ecological, economic and social We have research expertise in: meet the demands of a growing human sustainability in rural and regional • Landscape ecology population, together with the impacts of a landscapes. • Fire ecology changing climate, are driving a global • Animal-plant interactions biodiversity crisis. The consequences of We strive to be: • Behavioural ecology past, present and emerging human-induced • Globally relevant; by producing world- • Insect ecology landscape change pose enormous threats class research into the drivers and • Plant ecology for nature and challenges for human outcomes of landscape change for • Environmental geoscience society. nature and people. Collaborative; by • Agronomy • partnering with government, industry, • Microbial ecology In Australia, land-use decisions over the NGOs and communities to tackle the • Conservation genetics last two centuries have profoundly issues that matter to them. • Landscape planning transformed many landscapes. This has • Social science generated economic prosperity for the • Applied; through conducting nation but at a significant cost to our native solution-orientated research to https://www.latrobe.edu.au/ wildlife and plants, soil health, and land and enhance biodiversity, sustainable research/centres/ water resources. Just as the legacy of our production and human wellbeing in environmental/future-landscapes forbears’ decisions are felt today, the way in rural and regional landscapes. which we manage the land and water will • Multi-disciplinary; through shape the landscapes of the future for integrating a range of disciplines to generations to come. generate new insights and fresh ideas.

8 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems

The Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems (CFE) has been established to conduct high quality research to support the sustainable management of freshwater ecosystems. The centre brings together a wealth of expertise from a range of disciplines to better understand and to solve significant challenges in river and catchment management. It builds on a long history of research under the auspices of the Murray Darling Freshwater Research Centre.

The Centre operates from La Trobe’s Albury-Wodonga campus, and also has strong links across the university’s other campuses in Melbourne, Bendigo, Shepparton and Mildura. Our regional locations provide ready access to field sites across the southern Murray Darling Basin and are a vital connection with local communities.

The Centre’s work directly supports In striving to deliver world-leading research, • Social and environmental policy decision making regarding maintenance the centre performs a role well beyond the • Spatial modeling and GIS analysis and restoration of the long-term health of Murray-Darling Basin, with research links • Water management rivers, catchments, floodplains and nationally in Southern and Northern • Wetlands and floodplains wetlands. Australia, and internationally in southeast • Climate adaptation Asia, Europe and the Americas. • Social research Healthy freshwater ecosystems support • Sustainable communities immense biodiversity as well as providing The centre also plays a key role in training • Sustainable agricultural production highly valued goods and services that the next generation of water managers and • Terrestrial ecology support human wellbeing and economic scientists through its contribution to both prosperity. undergraduate and postgraduate teaching We have facilities for: within the university. • Field surveys on a range of biota We seek to provide the critical knowledge and ecosystems to support the sustainable management of The Centre is a strategic initiative of La • Analytical chemistry laboratory for these important ecosystems across several Trobe University, which operates water quality and nutrient testing key themes: commercially and strives to conduct high • A macro-invertebrate laboratory impact scientific research. with sampling and taxonomic • measuring and conserving skills freshwater biodiversity Our expertise is in: • Biogeochemical analysis in • balancing water allocations between • Ecosystem monitoring and aquatic ecosystems and waste communities, production systems assessment treatment and nature • Environmental chemistry and • Aquarium facilities and • addressing the effects of catchment contaminants ecophysiology laboratory for management and chemical • Fish ecology and management studying fish and invertebrate pollutants on water quality • Genetics and DNA analysis behaviour • understanding the influences of • Invertebrate community ecology • Taxonomy, population genetics, hydroclimatic variability and climate • Quantitative modelling and forecasting metabarcoding and eDNA studies change on refuges and ecosystem • Conservation biology resilience. www.latrobe.edu.au/freshwater-ecosystems

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 9 Research Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology

The Research Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology (RCAAE) provides national leadership in the study of the ecology of alpine landscapes. Current members are professional scientists and academics from La Trobe University, University of Melbourne, Australian National University, Charles Darwin University and Deakin University.

Our scientific research includes ecological processes, rare and endangered species conservation, effects of fire, exotic plants and animals, human activities, and the management of these ecosystems in response to climate change.

Recent focus has been on the collation and publication of long-term datasets (e.g. 70+ year datasets examining the impact of, and recovery from, cattle grazing). This is one of the most important roles of the RCAAE. Ecological monitoring data (on animals, plant ecology, followed by four days of Moths and a better network of threatened species, weeds, pests) are all project-based work. observation stations in the alps to held in one database, making data retrieval understand year-to-year variations. simple and long-term analyses possible. The RCAAE supports long-term Mountain Pygmy Possum (Burramys parvus) The RCAAE has also monitored the The RCAAE trains land managers and research through a collaboration between presence and impacts of Sambar deer students via its long-term commitment to La Trobe University, University of since 2016 on long-term plots in the Alpine Ecology Course and the Summer Melbourne, UNSW and Mt Buller Resort. In snowpatches and herblands across the Studentship programme. 2018, the long-term monitoring of Bogong High Plains. These vegetation Burramys populations indicated that the communities are listed for protection The Alpine Ecology Course (AEC) was Mount Buller central population was under Victoria's Flora & Fauna initiated in 1989 by Victorian Department of almost half of that recorded in 2004 and Guarantee Act and feral deer present Conservation to: was experiencing events that could drive substantial threats to their state and further declines, even local extinction. ecological functions. In 2018, the (i) teach basic ecology to land managers so Introduction of male Burramys from RCAAE worked closely with Parks that land management would be based on another location prevented the local Victoria to design new deer-proof ecological principles, and extinction of this isolated population, fences to facilitate ongoing protection (ii) for active researchers in the alps to increasing genetic diversity and fitness. from deer and horses. communicate their findings and the state of RCAAE ecologists have raised the alarm ecological knowledge to land managers. about the potential decline in Bogong Recently, wildfires in 2020 have placed Moths in the high country and it’s potential further pressure on alpine ecosystems La Trobe University has been involved in a to negatively affect the critically and the RCAAE will use its long-term teaching role since 1991, and became endangered Burramys. Declines of this data to assess these recent impacts, responsible for the course delivery in 2000. nature are likely due to drought in the while providing guidance of recovery. The course is held in the Alpine areas of Bogong moth's breeding grounds Victoria on the Bogong High Plains. The highlighting the need for better https://rcaae.org/ format of the course is two days of formal understanding of the ecology of Bogong instruction in geomorphology, soils and

10 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Research Groups

Animal Behaviour Group (Richard Peters)

Applied Aquatic Ecology Research Group (Alison King)

Biodiversity Science and Application Group (Melodie McGeoch)

Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology Lab (Ewen Silvester and Aleicia Holland)

Botany and Plant Ecology Research Group (John Morgan)

Comparative Genomics (Jenny Graves)

Ecological Genomics Group (Bill Ballard)

Ecology and Conservation Group (Pete Green)

Fire and Avian Ecology Group (Mike Clarke)

Fish Ecology and Fisheries Group (David Crook)

Insect Ecology Group (Heloise Gibb)

Insect-Plant Interactions Lab (Martin Steinbauer)

Landscape Ecology Group (Andrew Bennett)

La Trobe University Herbarium (Alison Kellow)

Marine and Ecophysiology Group (Travis Dutka)

Molecular Ecology Group (Nick Murphy)

Plant Reproduction and Conservation Genetics Group (Susan Hoebee)

Plants and Pollinators Group (Ryan Phillips)

Reproductive Ecology and Conservation Biology Group (Kylie Robert)

Riverine Landscapes Research Group (Nick Bond)

Sleep Ecophysiology Group (John Lesku)

Water Geochemistry and Landscape Evolution Group (John Webb) Animal Behaviour Group

Research in the Animal Behaviour Group (ABG) covers broad interests in animal behaviour,with both theoretical and applied benefits. Our research involves a combination of field and captive studies, and has focused on 60+ species across three continents.

Motion vision in real environments

Our aim is to understand how animals detect biologically meaningful movements in natural environments. Motion vision is crucial in the life of animals. However, information on the conditions for motion vision in natural environments is limited.

Virtual Lens Project We use 3D animation to determine how habitat structure, weather and motion vision influence animal behaviour. The use of Microlophus grayii of Floreana Island (Photo credit: Richard Peters) virtual environment reconstruction encourages a fresh look at the physical Dragons of Oz Lab Head: Dr Richard Peters. world. A future project will implement novel Our group focuses on territoriality, methods to record neural signals from living camouflage and thermal biology. We Postdoctoral Associates: lizards to identify potential neural signatures examine the structure of territorial displays Dr Nicole Butler; Dr Xue Bian; Dr Jose Ramos. consistent with visual detection of whole in relation to habitat structure, weather and animal movements in environmental noise. intra- and inter-species competition, as well PhD Students: as Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) Ms Bhagya Herath; Ms Estefania Boada; Ecology and behaviour of lizards across the dorsal patterns as a function of geographic Ms Estefany Guerra; Mr Jon Salisbury. globe location due to habitat differences, and ontogenetic changes in appearance. A Fields of Study: Lizards of Ecuador future project examining thermal Behaviour; Ecology; Neuroethology; Behavioural work in Ecuador is vital for adaptation strategies dragon lizards Thermoregulation; Vision. conservation and species management. Our implement to endure environmental research investigates the behaviour of climatic conditions will provide data that Capabilities and Techniques: Microlophus and Anolis lizards from the can be applied to assess lizard populations Motion graphic technologies (3D animation); Amazonian tropical forests, mountain and in the face of climate change. Matlab; Computer vision algorithms; Full cloud forests to coastal habitats and islands spectrum image capture and analysis; of the Galapagos archipelago. Multimodal signalling of anurans Sound recording and analysis; Video analysis; Behavioural observations. Chinese Dragons Signalling by Litoria fallax across its Both male and female Qinghai toad-headed distribution from the tropical north to cool Translational Opportunities: agamas (Phrynocephalus vlangalii) defend temperate regions is being studied. These Climate change effects on animal behaviour; burrows using tail displays, which encode frogs combine visual signals with acoustic Conservation and species management; information about signallers. We are calls and we are examining whether Species responses to environmental change. investigating this behaviour across the behaviour is influenced by habitat, climate genus along with the Chengdu Institute of and/or genetics. Biology and others. Twitter: abg_ltu YouTube: user = eriophora Website: www.peterslab.info Facebook: Animal-Behaviour-Group

12 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Applied Aquatic Ecology Research Group

Our group conducts applied and fundamental research on the ecology of freshwater, estuarine and near-shore marine ecosystems, and applies this knowledge to aquatic environmental problems. Located in the Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, we research species biology and community interactions, traits and life history, food webs, ecosystem processes, impacts of human induced threats (particularly flow regime change, land use changes, invasive species), and technological advances in monitoring of aquatic ecosystems. We maintain active collaborations with a diverse range of stakeholders, industry and research partners to ensure that our research contributes to the development of policy and management to support conservation and sustainable aquatic resources. Murray River, Barah-Millewa Forest (Photo credit: Alison King)

Water Management and Environmental Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Aquatic invasive species Flows Monitoring Aquatic invasive species invade ecosystems The natural flow regime of rivers, wetlands Monitoring and assessment are critical beyond their natural ranges and are and estuaries in many regions of the world components of adaptive and responsive common in Australian freshwater systems. has been substantially altered to meet management for aquatic ecosystems. Our Their presence may harm native species human water needs. This extraction and studies determine the status of aquatic and affect ecosystem processes. We study regulation of flows has had major impacts fauna, flora and ecosystem processes in their potential impact and spread and the on aquatic ecosystems by decreasing the response to environmental events (e.g. impact and usefulness of mitigation amount of water available, altering flow environmental watering, infrastructure strategies and management actions. changes, water quality) and evaluate the patterns and connectivity of aquatic achievement of management objectives habitats. The science of environmental Theme Head: Assoc Prof Alison King. and expected outcomes. We also study flows - the water required to sustain the development and implementation of Theme Members: Prof Nick Bond; aquatic ecosystems - has emerged as an monitoring techniques, (eDNA, underwater Assoc Prof David Crook; Dr Michael important tool for water resource planners video and high-resolution sonar). Shackleton; Dr Luke McPhan; Dr Nicole and managers to better manage the trade- Thurgate; Dr Andre Siebers. offs between water for the environment, Improving aquatic restoration and people and the economy. Our researchers management outcomes Fields of Study: work on environmental flow and water Natural aquatic environments have had Ecology; Hydrology; Restoration Ecology; management issues in Australia, especially significant loss, degradation and habitat Conservation Biology; Ecosystem Science. the Murray-Darling Basin, and similar issues fragmentation due to human activities. in Asia, Europe, South America and the Restoration activities are being undertaken Capabilities and Techniques: USA. Our research spans fundamental to protect aquatic biodiversity (wetland Field-based aquatic sampling; Field & lab science on flow-ecology relationships, watering, riparian planting, woody debris experiments; Experimental design & impacts of detrimental water management reintroduction, habitat and connectivity monitoring; Quantitative & predictive outcomes (e.g. managed low or high flows, improvements). We study ecological modelling; Food-web ecology (using stable hypoxic waters) through to supporting river processes influences on aquatic habitat isotopes); Population genetics; eDNA. operations and water resource policy. Our restoration outcomes to minimise threat multidisciplinary teams incorporate impacts, and understand how managed Translational Opportunities: Indigenous values and perspectives. flow regimes and infrastructure affect the Water resource management & policy; movement of aquatic species. Fisheries; Catchment and invasive species management; Environmental impact assessment; Habitat restoration.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 13 Biodiversity Science and Application Group

Plant and animal populations and communities, in natural and managed landscapes, are changing. Some species are becoming more abundant, (e.g. pests and diseases). Others are becoming more rare and are disappearing from local landscapes. These changes are a result of interactions between climate change, biological invasion and habitat transformation. In order to secure biodiversity and ecosystems and their contribution to human well being, our research measures and models the abundance and distribution of species, turnover in communities and what this means for ecosystem services. Our research advises environmental policy and management. We work at scales from protected areas to continents and globally, on plants, birds, insects and microbes, and from Australia to the Antarctic. Sweet pittosporum – native to parts of Australia, but invasive in others (Photo credit: Melodie McGeoch) The role of common species in biodiversity change and function We identify minimum data sets that are We inform conservation planning and Common species are often iconic and play scientifically robust with uncertainty provide a scientific basis for Antarctica's important roles in maintaining resilient measures, for example, for assessing and environmental stewardship. ecosystems. We study how common monitoring the state of biological invasion species change across regions and how this states at sub-national to global scales. Lab Head: Prof Melodie McGeoch. affects the functions that biodiversity provides across natural and managed Analysing and predicting biodiversity Fields of Study: landscapes. Our research includes problem change Population Ecology; Community Ecology; species on the increase and common native Changes in species population and Ecological Applications; Invasive Species species in rapid decline. We are developing ecological communities composition affect Ecology; Climate Change Ecological new theory and improved biodiversity human wellbeing in many ways – including Impacts. models for quantifying the dynamics of plant productivity via plant pollinators, common species and their contribution to natural enemy networks, disease, and soil Capabilities and Techniques: sustaining life on land. function. Our research uses properties of Monitoring system design; Indicator presence-absence data to design metrics development; Measurement, modelling and Biodiversity observation networks and and methods to estimate species analysis of living systems; Biodiversity sustainable knowledge management abundance from occupancy, scale species informatics; Risk assessment; Invasive Alien Bioindicator systems assess and monitor distributions, quantify multispecies Species Impact assessment; Sustainable biodiversity performance and ecosystem compositional change and its drivers (multi- Development for life on land. policy worldwide. Biodiversity informatics site generalized dissimilarity modelling) for Translational Opportunities: and Essential Biodiversity Variables research species and interaction networks. Biodiversity & policy monitoring; aim to design and deliver policy-relevant Environmental change indicators for policy information that is findable, accessible, Antarctic science for a sustainable future monitoring; Evidence-based policy & interoperable and retrievable by countries, Our research for Securing Antarctica’s reporting assessments; Invasive alien policy makers and researchers. Our Environmental Future (SAEF) on biodiversity status and trends uses species; Risk assessment; Sustainable research, with worldwide collaboration, downscaled climate and environmental biodiversity knowledge management. builds and supports country-level information, novel biodiversity data, and Biodiversity Observation Networks and integrated biological and geochemical biodiversity information systems proxies, to produce transformative insights (www.geobon.org). about the structure, function and drivers of biodiversity across the region.

14 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology Group

Our research investigates biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems, the bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants, the response of aquatic ecosystems to natural and anthropogenic stressors and the effects of abiotic factors on aquatic biota. We use a range of field and laboratory techniques to address specific research questions. Our field sites span tropical, temperate and alpine environments including alpine streams, rivers, lakes and wetlands, both nationally and internationally. We also use controlled laboratory experiments to understand chemical processes, interactions of biota with their chemical environment, and the bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants

Alpine aquatic ecology and Peatlands Our research is critical for future management of the Australian alpine Goobarragandra River (Murray-Darling Basin, near Tumut, NSW) (Photo credit: Ewen Silvester) environment. Alpine peatlands are important in regulating stream flows and water quality and speciation techniques to assess the Lab Heads: Assoc Prof Ewen Silvester and and will be adversely impacted by climate toxicity and bioavailability of contaminants Dr Aleicia Holland. change. Our work investigates chemical (e.g. metals) in aquatic systems. Our current regulation processes that occur in alpine research is directed towards understanding Lab Members: Dr Michael Shackleton; peatlands and associated headwater the influence of water quality in modifying Dr Andre Siebers; Dr Luke McPhan; streams as well as the aquatic communities the toxicity of metals and the use of field Ms Manisha Shakya; Ms Suman Acharya; in these environments. Our recent projects data to derive habitat guideline values. Mr Lucas Morais; Mr Francesco Colombi; include the response of alpine peatlands and Ms Oliviah Lines; Ms Gabriella Macoustra; aquatic communities to high intensity rain Effects of abiotic factors on aquatic biota Ms Lakmini Egodawatta; Mr Gwilym Price. events. Environmental and anthropogenic factors (temperature, salinity, pH and Fields of Study: Characterisation and bioavailability of contaminants) affect aquatic organisms Freshwater Ecology; Environmental Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) and biological communities. We use Chemistry; Biogeochemistry; Ecotoxicology. DOM has an important role in regulating molecular techniques, (metagenomics and abiotic and biotic processes in aquatic eDNA) to study responses of organisms Capabilities and Techniques: Aquatic ecosystems field sampling; Water & ecosystems. We use a range of and communities to these factors. soil analysis; Aquatic system productivity spectroscopic and analytical techniques to Examples include: the effects of water type (GPP & ER); Laboratory risk assessment of characterise the chemical composition and on fish gill microbiome in the Amazon basin; contaminants; Liquid chromatograph mass bioavailability of DOM in aquatic influence of water quality on moss spectrometry; Fluorescence and absorbance ecosystems. Our current research distributions; biofilm responses to DOM spectroscopy (FEEM); Synchrotron IRM & investigates the influence of tributary inflows composition; metals and environmental XAS; Metagenomics; Chemical speciation & on DOM cycling in regulated systems; stressors effects on the amino acid profiles thermodynamic modelling; Statistical metabolic dynamics in dryland lowland and proteome of aquatic biota. modelling; Bayesian stable isotope mixing rivers, and characterisation of DOM in models. naturally acidic, circumneutral and Synchrotron-based techniques groundwater fed systems. We use Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM), Translational Opportunities: and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) Climate adaptation; Aquaculture stress and Bioavailability and contaminant toxicity to study elemental and chemical animal welfare; Agriculture, mining and Contamination of aquatic ecosystems is distributions in sediments and organisms. urban effects on freshwater fauna; Species increasing globally. We use chronic toxicity conservation; environmental perturbation; bioassays coupled with a range of analytical Environmental policy and management; Ecological restoration; Risk assessment.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 15 Botany and Plant Ecology Research Group

In the Botany & Plant Ecology Research Group, we study aspects of the structure, function and change of native ecosystems in Australia –threatened alpine, woodland and grassland ecosystems are where we do most of our work. Our research intersects with the ecological fields of regeneration ecology – disturbance ecology – interaction biology. We work to understand how species coexistence is maintained, how humans impact on these patterns, and how to apply ecological science to management and conservation of natural ecosystems. We are particularly interested is understanding how plant traits – the attributes of species such as seed mass, leaf area, plant height – shape the responses of plants to key drivers. A feature our work is to understand the long- term dynamics of ecosystems.

How did warm season (C4) grasses invade Field work (Photo credit: John Morgan) Australia - a land of shrubs and trees? Forty million years ago Australia was Optimizing current-day fire management f Lab Head: Assoc Prof John Morgan connected to Antarctica then it broke away or biodiversity conservation and drifted north along with plants For at least 60 M years fire regimes have Lab Members: Adj Prof Ian Mansergh; Dr James Shannon; (eucalypts, banksia and casuarina) and shaped the structure and function of Ms Sue Bryceson; Ms Steph Johnson; distinctive marsupials that had evolved at Australian natural ecosystems. Mr Paul Foreman; Mr Dan Nugent; high latitudes. Australia was isolated until it Understanding fire history, including Mr Simon Heyes; Ms Merinda Day-Smith; collided with the Asian plate, 10-15 M yrs >40,000 yrs of aboriginal management, is Ms Claire Hutton; Mr Alex Blackburn-Smith; ago, by then it was undergoing aridification. crucial for managing the biodiversity of Ms Amy Buckner; Ms Hayley Sime. As Australia drifted closer to the equator and contemporary landscapes. Floral Asia, a range of plants and animals adaptations allowed some plants to Fields of Study: dispersed from the northern hemisphere into prosper when fire became more common. Ecological Applications; Global Change ecosystems dominated by species of Other species retreated into refuges where Biology; Landscape Ecology; Long-term Gondwanan origin. Warm season (C4) fire was less common. The spread of the Ecological Research. grasses arrived about 3.5 M yrs ago but now new grasses played an important role in cover 25 % of mainland Australia. Our the flammability of the country and Capabilities and Techniques: research hypothesises that Australia’s contemporary distribution of species. eucalypt woodlands function differently to • Long-term ecological research (LTER) northern hemisphere woodlands where tree Maintaining Australia’s rich biological sites & associated field infrastructure in shade is too dense for C4 grasses to grow. heritage into the future alpine environments; • Data repository (Alpine Database, Eucalypts have the lowest leaf area of all Since Europeans arrived in Australia – spanning >70 yrs of ecological research trees. We are investigating whether the exotic invasive species (plants and in the Australian alps); dappled shade of Australian eucalypts might animals), climate change and land use • Co-ordinated Distributed Experiment affect what can grow underneath. With the change (agriculture, urbanization) – all Research (CDE) sites. absence of large grazing herds to curb C4 threaten our native plant and animal grass growth, fire became more frequent in biodiversity. Today native grasslands and ecosystems that had hitherto evolved within alpine flora are endangered ecosystems. Translational Opportunities: multi-decadal fire regimes. We seek to quantify the vulnerability of Assisted migration; Climate adaptation; such species, and examine strategies - Fire management; Species conservation; Environmental policy; Ecological restoration; like assisted migration - to ensure their Threatened species recovery; Invasive persistence. species management; Impact assessment.

16 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Comparative Genomics

Prof Jenny Grave's comparative genomics research is via national and international collaborations.

Sex in Dragons Since 2003, in collaboration with Prof Arthur Georges, and Prof Janine Deakin and Prof Tariq Ezaz (Institute of Applied Ecology, University of Canberra), we have been studying sex determination in the Australian lizard Pogona vitticeps (the central bearded dragon). We discovered a ZZ male ZW female chromosomal sex determining system with SF1 as the sex determining gene which delivers 50% male and 50% female hatchlings at physiological temperatures. At higher temperatures, all Comparative genomics cladogram (Diagram credit: Jenny Graves) hatchlings are female; half of these are ZW (normal) female and half ZZ sex reversed female. By mating ZZ sex reversed females compensation evolved independently in conservation and management. EBP is to normal ZZ males, we can completely monotremes and therian mammals. headed by scientists at UC Davis (USA) and swap the sex determining system from the Sanger Centre (UK). As one of the genetic to environmental in one generation. The origin of vertebrate chromosomes pioneers of comparative genomics, who was We are using this system to discover how Recent collaboration with the University of involved in the first international vertebrate environmental sex determination works, by Canberra and scientists in Japan and sequencing consortium (Genome 10K), Prof examining transcription in normal and sex Austria compares the DNA sequences of Jenny Graves has been on the frontline for reversed animals, finding unique transcripts chromosomes of reptiles (including birds) launching this project, and is on the EBP of epigenetic modifying genes, and to those of chordates such as Amphioxus. Advisory Council. At the national level Jenny upregulation of stress markers at sex Sequence comparison is identifying is involved in the Oz Mammal Genome (OMG) reversing temperatures. We aim to explore extraordinary homology between consortium that aims to sequence all the pathways by which epigenetic changes chordate chromosomes and the gene- Australian mammals, as well as new moves modify gonad and germcell development. dense microchromosomes of birds and to gain support to sequence all Australian reptiles, implying that they, rather than the reptiles. Platypus sex and sex chromosomes classical large vertebrate chromosomes, An ongoing collaboration with Prof Frank represent the original vertebrate Lab Head: Prof Jenny Graves. Grutzner (University of Adelaide) includes Dr chromosomes. The large, repeat-rich Paul Waters (UNSW), and scientists in chromosomes of mammals seem to have Fields of Study: China (Shenzhen and Hangzhou) and been puffed up by insertion of Genetics; Genomics; Epigenetics; Evolution; Germany (Heidelberg). Building on our transposable elements, and by Development. demonstration that platypus sex duplications and amplification, allowing chromosomes share homology with birds, them to be greatly rearranged in evolution. Capabilities and Techniques: and our high quality platypus genome Cytogenetic tools (chromosome sorting and sequence, we can use new –omics The Earth Biogenome Project (EBP) chromosome painting; Gene localization by techniques to explore how different A large international collaboration costing in situ hybridization, gene mapping), and – autosomes became sex chromosomes in USD14.6 billion, aims to sequence the omics technologies (DNA sequencing, RNA mammals, and examine a rare case of an genomes of all complex life on earth transcriptomics, methylomics, autosome that is either an ex-sex (1.5M identified eukaryote species) in ten metabolomics, chromosome conformation chromosome, or a “wannabe” proto-sex years. By changing the way biology is capture). chromosome. We will discover how done, reducing reliance on a few model different sex chromosome dosages in species and facilitating studies of any Translational Opportunities: platypuses are compensated by epigenetic species, it will solve questions of Discovery of new genes; New products; modifications to gene expression, and phylogeny, provide new opportunities for Generation of data useful in breeding explore how different systems of dosage agriculture, and inform wildlife domestic species and management of wildlife.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 17 Ecological Genomics Group

Our Laboratory has state-of-the-art facilities terrestrial vertebrate apex predator, and to study genes through to genomes of influence the behaviour, spatial distribution vertebrates and invertebrates. Our highly and abundance of prey populations. collaborative research involves local, national Dingoes are a part of Australian culture's and international partners. We use first, fabric, and are considered a “lightning- rod" second and third generation sequencing of the land, generating heartfelt and often techniques to decipher the genome and polarised opinions from Aboriginal people, determine how it has changed over time due tourism operators, pastoralists, ecologists, to selection and demographic effects. We and conservationists. The unclear link RNA expression with the epigenome to distinction of dingoes from feral dogs is recognise and link genomics with the main controversy leading to differing fundamental features of basic ecology and opinions of conservation efforts' value. We behaviour. Our ability to detect and recognise conduct behavioural, metabolomics, these cues is critical to each species’ health microbiome, and nutrigenomic studies on and survival – including our own. We use Sanctuary dingoes. model species to understand and unravel basic processes that influence an organisms' Domestic animal genomics: ability to survive and reproduce in a One genome at a time fluctuating environment. There are over 100 horse, cattle, pig and chicken breeds. In Australia, there are 195 Evolutionary history of Australian native dog breeds, 22 sheep breeds, 21 cat Sandy (Photo credit: Barry Eggleton) animals breeds and two alpaca types. A reference Australian scientists have an obligation to genome should be developed for each and maximise energy production and reduce learn more about our native species. every domestic breed and type to help disease riskThe same will occur for primary Focused research projects can help us maximise productivity and enable targeted production animals to determine how diet can understand how they fit into the ecological identification of breed specific genetic be optimised for each genome, energetic landscape. Evolutionary history studies can diseases. It will also help to group genomic requirement, and age. We have studied the resolve and quantify the genomic variations regions that are similar between breeds influence of diet on energy production in of animals enabling a precise genomic and allow future proofing the genome. We Drosophila flies and have shown that a single definition of species and buttress future have sequenced the entire genomes of a mutation in the mitochondrial genome can conservation efforts. We are eager to German Shepherd Dog and a Basenji dog. influence developmental time. We are collaborate on genomic studies of all native Next, we will determine an optimal researching whether this metabolomic animals. Over the past decade we have protocol for assembling three dog breeds' difference will then determine the frequencies worked on the Australian dingo. After genomes: Chow Chow, Australian Cattle of flies in the population when specific foods winning the International “World’s Most Dog (ACD), and Bernese Mountain dog are available. Interesting Genome Competition” in 2017, we (BMD). We selected these three Lab Head: ProfJ. William O. Ballard. determined the genome of “Sandy” the morphologically distinct breeds as they Lab members: Dr Sonu Yadav. Desert dingo. Deciphering her genome is our span the currently proposed dog breed first step to understanding the evolutionary phylogeny. These canine genomes will Fields of Study: history of the four dingo ecotypes' and enable hypothyroidism studies in Chow Genomics; Evolution; Nutrigenomics; determining when and how they came to Chow, deafness in the Australian Cattle Metabolomics; Behaviour; Ecology. Australia. Dog and histiocytic sarcoma in the Basenji Mountain Dog. Capabilities and Techniques: Landscape genomics of apex predators Whole genome sequencing and assembly; The first step towards adaptation to future Nutrigenomics: it’s all in the genes Molecular Biology; Metabolomics; climate change is diminishing vulnerability to When we look online for foods that help to Epigenomics; Detecting selection; Statistical present climate variability. One component make us healthy or fit, they are the same testing for genetic subdivision; Behavioural of conferring resilience against globally for females and males, all ages, races, and assays. threatening processes is to develop our body types. Yet, the suggestion that our understanding of apex predator responses to genomes are the same is simply untrue. Translational Opportunities: change because they are drivers of Science has determined that our genomes Testing whether dingo scent-marking can ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity are not identical, and the expression of develop a chemical fence that excludes pure conservation. We are developing our many genes changes as a person ages. dingoes from farmland; Developing a test for genomic understanding of all apex Soon, elite athletes' genomes will be severity and reducing prevalence of canine predators. In Australia, dingoes are the unraveled to construct diets that hip dysplasia in German Shepherd Dogs.

18 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Ecology and Conservation Group

The Ecology and Conservation laboratory addresses questions about how ecological communities are assembled, the interactions that occur between species in communities, and the conservation of communities and species that are under threat. We work in a variety of ecosystems from forest to alpine grasslands, and work on a range of organisms.

Biotic Filters to Community Assembly Community ecology aims to understand the processes that separate a local community from a regional pool of species. These processes act as ecological filters that admit to a local community only those species that can persist under local conditions. These filters can be both abiotic (climate, soils etc) and biotic (predators, pathogens, competitors etc). The Group studies red land crabs, invasive yellow crazy ants and scale Christmas Island Red Land Crab (Photo credit: Pete Green) insects as biotic filters to the local assembly of rainforest seedling communities on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). The We tag and map all rainforest trees The ecology and conservation of rainforest ecosystem is notable for its high recording size (height or girth), free- Phylogenetically Distinct species level of species endemism, recent species standing stems of shrub and tree species. These species have no or few close relatives, extinctions, and high-profile biological In 1963, Prof Joseph H. Connell and are of special significance for invasions. For more than three decades the (University of California) initiated these phylogenetic diversity conservation. Our Group has led research to understand the plots and sampling has been done ever group works on the seabird Abbotts Booby many species interactions which drive this since. We use molecular techniques to and the grassland bird Plains Wanderer to ecosystem and the rise to dominance of study the microbial root rhizosphere study key habitat conservation management yellow crazy ants. In collaboration with communities, their impacts on growth and issues. Christmas Island National Park we potential to mediate plant species richness. implement and monitor a major program of Lab Head: Assoc Prof Pete Green. indirect biological control against the ant, Trait-Based Determinants of Community Lab members: targeting its key scale insect mutualist. We Assembly Ms Christina Lipka; Mr Dan Nugent. aim to mitigate invasive species threats and Species are filtered from the regional pool permit recovery of key species such as the according to their key functional traits, and Christmas Island Red Land Crab. Fields of Study: differences in filter number, type, and Conservation; Invasion Biology; Theoretical strength lead to variation in local Maintenance of Species Diversity Ecology; Community Ecology; Population community composition. Species sharing Communities consist of a few common Ecology. similar key functional traits share the same species and many rare ones. One general ecological 'strategy' and these reveal the idea is that rare species 'avoid' going locally Capabilities and Techniques: selective forces that shape plant evolution. extinct by performing better (higher rates of Expertise in the long-term monitoring, recruitment, lower rates of mortality etc) than Grouping plants by their strategies provides especially of plant communities on more common species. To test this we study a means of predicting vegetation permanent plots; Multivariate statistics. forest dynamics on the Connell Rainforest responses to global change. We use the C- Plot Network, Queensland. We conduct long S-R Plant Strategy Scheme to assess long- Translational Opportunities: term demographic monitoring of rainforest term vegetation change in the Victorian Community-level plant traits measuring to trees to study diversity mechanisms in Alps under climate change and the monitor environmental change rather than tropical and subtropical rainforests. relaxation of cattle grazing. species monitoring; Natural area biological control for conservation; Management of phylogenetically distinct species using population conservation ecology studies.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 19 Fire and Avian Ecology Group

Our Group investigates how threatening processes like fire, drought and over- abundant native species affect the ecology and conservation of native fauna. We conduct research at multiple scales, from single species, to communities of organisms and whole landscapes. Our goal is to conduct research that informs better management of our wildlife and landscapes. The research is collaborative and involves local, national and international partners. The Group’s work combines a deep understanding of the ecosystems we work in, solid empirical data collected in the field and the latest remote sensing data to identify patterns and processes driving changes in ecological communities. Our goal is to conduct research that informs improved management and conservation of the world’s wildlife and ecosystems. Bushfire ravaged land in Australia. (Photo credit: Mike Clarke) Fire Ecology Our Group has a strong track record of of the species and identifying the key Conservation Biology studying the impact of fire on fauna. Until threatening processes that continue to Our Group’s research is driven by a deep early this century, fire managers assumed endanger them and what management curiosity to discover how the natural world catering for the needs of plants would also actions are most likely to enhance the works. Whether we are studying a single meet the needs of fauna. Our research has species’ survival. species' nesting behaviour, a bird challenged this assumption and community's recovery after fire or factors demonstrated the significant risks Native Pests that determine how a whole ecosystem will associated with some management Some of our research has focused on a respond to Climate Change, our goal is to practices. Our research been influential in particular genus of native honeyeaters – increase understanding of natural systems changing the way fire is managed. In the Miners (Manorina spp). Two of the so that they can be conserved, valued and collaboration with Prof Andrew Bennett and four species in the genus (Noisy Miners enjoyed by future generations. Assoc Prof Jim Radford, we are studying the and Yellow-throated Miners) form effects of fire on the conservation of flora Lab Head: Prof Mike Clarke. extensive permanent colonies and are and fauna in a range of several ecosystems notoriously territorial. Our research was including Mallee woodlands and heathlands, Lab members: Dr Angie Haslem; the first to experimentally demonstrate Foothills forests, Box-Ironbark Woodlands Dr Kate Callister; Mr Simon Verdon; and the diverse plant communities of their extraordinary capacity through Mr Rhys Makdissi; Mr Shannon Braun. Wilsons Promontory National Park. indiscriminate aggression to exclude a wide range of other woodland species Fields of Study: Threatened species from their colony’s territory. Human Ecology; Conservation Biology; Behaviour; A range of past and present projects by our alteration and fragmentation of woodland Evolution. Group have investigated the conservation habitats has profoundly advantaged these biology of threatened species. These include species of Miner, to the significant Capabilities and Techniques: work on the endangered Black-eared Miner, detriment of other woodland birds, many Field-based ecological assessment in the Helmeted Honeyeater, and the Regent of which are now endangered. Our remote localities; Conceptual modelling of Honeyeater. Current projects include work research explores which factors complex systems; GIS and mathematical on the Mallee Emu-wren and the Shy exacerbate or ameliorate the impact of analysis of complex data sets. Heathwren. All of these projects have these now over-abundant and expanding focused on understanding the basic biology native miners. Translational Opportunities: Fire management; Threatened species conservation; Park management; Pest species management.

20 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Fish Ecology and Fisheries Group

Our group in the Centre of Freshwater Ecosystems has extensive expertise in fish ecology and fisheries science, and works closely with industry and research partners across Australia and internationally. We study the behaviour, biology and ecology of freshwater, estuarine and marine fishes, and focus on understanding how human disturbances - including climate change, water resource use and fisheries – affect the viability and sustainability of fish populations. Our research supports the sustainable management of fisheries and associated natural resources.

Movement and migration Understanding how fish and other aquatic organisms are distributed in the environment over time allows for the identification of critical movement pathways and the impacts of human Tagged Barramundi ready for release (Photo: David Crook) activities. We have expertise in a range of methods for studying fish movement and Biochronological analysis We study trait correlations and links migration. We use radio- and acoustic Calcified structures, such as fish otoliths, between ‘trait-scapes’ and the environment telemetry to directly track the movements of provide the key to understanding many to predict fish community assembly and fish and turtles in riverine landscapes, aspects of fish ecology and fish population responses to future hydrologic regimes and estuaries and the sea. We are also leaders dynamics. Otoliths provide a chronological climate. in the use of otolith (fish earstone) record of a fish’s age, migration history and chemistry analysis, which allows us to growth rate across the entire life history. Theme Head: Assoc Prof David Crook. hindcast the migration histories of individual We use this information to build statistical fish over their entire lives. The data we Theme members: models linking fish recruitment (year class generate are integrated with environmental Assoc Prof Alison King; Prof Nick Bond; strength) and growth rates to information (e.g. river discharge) to Dr Luke McPhan; Dr Michael Shackleton; environmental variables such as river flow understand the responses of fish to Dr Andre Siebers; Dr Nicole Thurgate. environmental drivers and used to devise and large-scale climatic variation. These strategies to protect fish populations. models are used to examine the outcomes Fields of Study: of future climatic and hydrologic scenarios, Ecology; Fisheries Sciences; Conservation Population structure and inform water resource allocation and Biology; Ecosystem Science; Genetics; Fish populations are often comprised of fisheries regulation. Behaviour; Comparative Physiology. distinct spatial units that are demographically isolated. Management of Traits and life history Capabilities and Techniques: structured populations requires location- We use ecological species traits (e.g., Otolith chemistry & biochronology; Radio & specific approaches that account for morphological attributes) and life history acoustic telemetry; Split beam sonar; variable population dynamics across attributes (e.g. reproductive groups) to Laboratory experiments; Static & flow- regions. We use a suite of natural tags, explain and predict species abundance through respirometry; Fish surveys; (otolith chemistry, parasites assemblage patterns, the likelihood of species extinction electrofishing; eDNA; Stable isotope composition and population genetics - SNP, and invasion, and changes in species analysis; GIS; Quantitative modelling. microsatellites) to examine population distributions caused by environmental structure in freshwater, estuarine and change. Along with collaborators in Translational Opportunities: marine fisheries. Our research is used by Australia and overseas we apply trait-based Fisheries management; Threatened species management agencies to define boundaries ecology and life history theory to study how conservation; Climate change impact & for spatial management of commercially fish drive ecological function. mitigation; Water resource policy & and socially important fisheries. management; Biodiversity assessment.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 21 Insect Ecology Group

Our research focus is on the ecology and conservation of insects and other terrestrial arthropods, which are vital contributors to biodiversity and ecosystem function. Our emphasis is on biotic and abiotic drivers of community structure. We work in various ecosystems (including deserts, temperate woodlands and boreal forests) and use field and laboratory experiments, mensurative surveys and databases.

Understanding ecological communities using species traits An ecological community is a group of organisms that coexist in an environment. We use functional trait-based approaches to study the structure of ecological communities. Functional traits of organisms (e.g. morphology, physiology, behaviour) affect survival and reproductive success and are critical for identifying general rules in Calomyrmex purpureus (beauty ants) prior to social carrying. (Photo credit: Ajay Narendra) ecology. We study traits and environmental relationships of communities and examine Cascading effects of mammal extinctions how these vary in response to anthropogenic and habitat-specific species to recolonise. on Australian ecosystems disturbances and climate. We co-developed Examples of these conservation European colonisation led to the loss of a new model-based fourth- corner statistical interventions, include adding dead wood and analysis that allows ecologists to better thirty Australian mammal species and reintroducing entire litter invertebrate predict how species traits might change in declines in many others. We use assemblages (‘rewilding with minibeasts’). response to environmental change. We lead reintroductions of threatened mammals the Ant Traits International Collaboration, a as models for pre-European Australian Lab Head: Prof Heloise Gibb. worldwide collaboration of over fifty ecosystems. We test the impacts of researchers studying trait-environment returning long-lost species on biodiversity Lab members: Ms Lucy Johansson; relationships and the impacts of global and ecosystem functioning, looking at Dr Orsi Decker; Mr James Buxton; change. Our research shows very large ants, soils, microbes, plants and invertebrates. Ms Melissa Van de Wetering; very small ants and predatory ants do worse By using sanctuaries distributed across Mr Peter Contos; Mr Zac Kayll. following human disturbances, leaving a Australia, we test the impact of ecosystem Fields of Study: “mediocre” ant fauna. productivity (rainfall) on ecosystem Community Ecology; Restoration Ecology; functions performed by threatened Functional Ecology; Macroecology; Using experiments to understand species mammals. Our research has shown that Entomology. interactions in the field native mammals have large cascading Species interact with both the environment impacts on plant assemblages and Capabilities and Techniques: and one-another. We use experiments to invertebrate prey and improve soil Field invertebrate sampling and understand how species interactions functioning, especially in arid climates. experimentation; Invertebrate identification; regulate community structure. The Statistical modelling,; Ecophysiology. importance of a process depends on scale, Conservation interventions in managed so we work at multiple scales. We study landscapes Translational Opportunities: competitive interactions in ant assemblages We develop new methods to improve the Restoration ecology: using invertebrates to and their regulation by environmental factors success of terrestrial arthropods after improve damaged land restoration; (e.g. forestry). Our research has shown that anthropogenic disturbances, (e.g. Sustainable management of natural areas. the impacts of Swedish red wood ants on agriculture, forestry) or natural other ant species ranged from facilitative in recently clear-cut sites to negative in disturbances (e.g. fire). Our work focusses established forests. on factors that enable dispersal-limited

22 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Insect-Plant Interactions Lab

We study how plant-feeding insects use their hosts and the damage they cause them. Most of our research concerns native Australian insects that feed on eucalypts and other myrtaceous plants but we also study economically important exotic insects affecting fibre and crop plants.

Defoliation and stress responses of eucalypts

Australia has few native aphids. Instead, we have a diverse and often abundant psyllid (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) fauna. Like aphids, psyllids are tiny, piercing-sucking insects that can attain very high abundances. While the majority of psyllids appear to cause no damage to their host eucalypts, feeding by species belonging to a few genera is associated with the formation of lesions that induce premature leaf abscission and Fifth instar nymph of a Cardiaspina species (lerp removed). (Photo credit: Nicholas Porch) severe defoliation and even death of trees. Our research seeks to explain factors causing irruptions of psyllid populations, keeping psyllids in check and triggers Lab Head: stress responses induced in leaves by their community-wide change in eucalypt Assoc Prof Martin Steinbauer FRES. feeding and polyphenolic defences of forests. We are also studying how eucalypts. We focus on eucalypt honeydew produced by the Giant Pine Postdoctoral Associates: polyphenolic compounds because they are Scale alters communities of native and Dr Aimee McKinnon; Dr Thomas Sayers. the plant specialised metabolites most exotic Hymenoptera (latter including feral likely to affect sucking insects and are Honeybees and European wasps). PhD Students: implicated in photoprotection responses of Mr Santosh Khanal; Mr Reza Najafabadi; plants. Biology and ecology Mr Duncan Jaroslow; Mr Surendra Bam. of Australian insect herbivores Honeydew as a mediator Honours/Masters Students: Ms Julia Smith; Ms Berenice Della Porta; of trophic cascades Australian plants and insects have been Mr James Martin. widely distributed around the globe – Honeydew is a sugary liquid excreted by intentionally and unintentionally – and many members of the order Hemiptera but become environmental weeds or threats to especially by the Sternorrhyncha which Fields of Study: tree plantations, respectively. A long-term Animal Behaviour; Forestry Pests; includes psyllids, aphids and scale insects. focus of our research has been explaining We are investigating how psyllid lerp Invertebrate Biology; Natural Products how and why native insects use the mediates the trophic cascades associated Chemistry; Terrestrial Ecology. species of eucalypt and other native plants with the phenomenon of Bell Miner they do, and what it means for their Associated Dieback (BMAD). Many genera Capabilities and Techniques: abundance through time. This research of Australian psyllid alter the chemical Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry composition of honeydew so that it represents an essential knowledgebase for (GC-MS); VOCs sampling; Olfactory solidifies on contact with air and can be international researchers tackling bioassays; Insect pheromone & plant formed into small shelters called lerps. incursions of Australian insect defoliators semiochemicals research; Eyesonhives Lerps composed of substantial quantities of or those seeking to identify insect cameras; Insect sampling and unaltered sugars are attractive to birds, herbivores that could be biocontrol agents experimentation; Insect identification. including Bell Miners. The establishment of for environmental weeds of Australian Bell Miners alters regulatory processes origin. Translational Opportunities: Biological control of weeds; Eucalypt foliar chemistry; Eucalypt health & defoliation; Forestry pest surveillance; Honeybee health; Insect pheromone research.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 23 Landscape Ecology Group

Our group investigates how landscape structure, function and change influence the ecology and conservation of native fauna. We work in a range of landscapes and focus on how changes associated with human land-use (e.g. agriculture, forest management, fire management, urbanization, restoration) influence Australian wildlife. An innovative theme in our research is a 'whole of landscape' approach in which we compare the biota of ‘whole’ landscapes that differ in the extent, configuration and composition of native vegetation, or pattern of land-uses. Our work, often in collaboration with land management agencies, aims to provide knowledge and solutions for more effective conservation of flora and fauna in Australia and globally.

Conservation in rural environments Rural landscape in north-central Victoria (Photo credit: Andrew Bennett) Worldwide, agriculture is a dominant and expanding land use. The future of many native flora and fauna to fire, identify how Lab Head: Professor Andrew Bennett. species depends on their ability to persist spatial patterns of different post-fire age- in rural landscapes. A global challenge is classes of vegetation influence species Lab members: to find solutions to balance human and communities; and synthesise this Dr Angie Haslem; Dr Jim Radford (RCFL); production of food and fibre with knowledge for more effective fire Mr Alex Maisey; Ms Jess Lawton; conservation of ecosystems and wildlife. management planning and practice. Mr Fred Rainsford; Ms Jacinta Humphrey; We focus on identifying characteristics of Ms Rachel McIntosh; Ms Emmi van Harten. rural landscapes that enhance the Conservation biology of wildlife persistence of wildlife, particularly We study the conservation biology of Fields of Study: woodland birds. This includes ‘whole Landscape Ecology; Conservation Biology; individual species and communities in landscape’ characteristics (e.g. amount Wildlife Conservation. and pattern of native vegetation) and the relation to changing land use. This includes threatened species such as Squirrel Glider role of key features (e.g. streamside Capabilities and Techniques: and Brush-tailed Phascogale; more vegetation, roadside networks, scattered Field-based ecological studies; Study trees). We also investigate the benefits of widespread species such as Yellow-footed design; Wildlife surveys; Ecological data restoration through revegetation in Antechinus and Superb Lyrebird (as an analysis and synthesis; Restoration ecology. farmland to identify effective actions that ecosystem engineer); and faunal landholders can undertake. Several long- communities (e.g. woodland birds and Translational Opportunities: term projects (>10 years) give key insights insectivorous bats). Wildlife ecology; Conservation on farms; into changes through time (e.g. impacts of Revegetation and restoration; Fire the Millennium Drought). Ecology of woodland ecosystems management; Landscape change. Over the last 200 years, Australia's Fire in the landscape temperate woodland ecosystems have Fire, both wildfire and prescribed burning, been greatly affected by human land-use, generate long-term changes that affect leaving highly fragmented systems. We native flora and fauna. In collaboration undertake a range of projects, such as the with Professor Mike Clarke, we study the long-term dynamics of bird communities, effects of fire regimes on conservation in the effects of habitat fragmentation, the a range of ecosystems – semi-arid flowering ecology of eucalypts and effects mallee,dry box-ironbark forests, foothill of prescribed burning. forests of the ranges. We aim to understand the long-term responses of

24 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY La Trobe University Herbarium

The Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution houses an internationally registered herbarium with over 25,000 vascular plant specimens, c. 10,000 of which are fully curated (pressed, mounted, labelled). The herbarium is available for use by all members of the La Trobe community and the public by arrangement. The herbarium was first registered with Index Herbariorum under the code LTB in 1973. LTB is a member herbarium of the Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria (CHAH https://chah.gov.au/). The herbarium is actively used for teaching and by researchers and students in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environment who examine specimens, lodge their own collections, are able to access collections at other herbaria nationally and internationally though LTB’s CHAH membership. Microscope and one of LTB's early specimens (Photo credit: Alison Kellow)

History Virtual Herbarium (http://avh.ala.org.au) provides advice and equipment for The La Trobe University Herbarium (LTB) Herbarium records are not just for researchers undertaking collecting, and was established in 1967 in the School of taxonomists. They provide invaluable it can arrange direct access to Biological Sciences (later to become the information regarding changes in species’ collections from other herbaria around Department of Botany). It was started by distribution and flowering over time, the world. There is a regular program for plant geneticist Noel Thurling, who is underpinned by verifiable identification. undergraduate student volunteers who responsible for many of the early This can be used for many types of provide most of the labour involved in collections. Trevor Whiffin, lecturer in plant research. In the last 3 months alone, over specimen databasing and curation. systematics, took over running the 200,000 records from LTB’s database herbarium in 1973. He kept this role until were downloaded in almost 1000 separate Curator: Dr Alison Kellow. his retirement in 2008, and most of the download events. There have been over collection was developed under his watch. 1.6 million record downloads in total. Fields of Study: The diversity of the collection mostly Systematics and Taxonomy; Plant These records were documented as reflects the interests of staff and students Ecology; Conservation Biology. in the Botany Department (now DEEE) over contributing to biosecurity management and planning, collection management, the last four decades, and are mostly from Capabilities and Techniques: education, environmental impact and site southern and eastern Australia, with an Collections management; Field-based emphasis on Eucalyptus, Angophora, assessment, and nearly half the ecological studies; Plant identification. Acacia, Correa and rainforest plants, downloads to ecological research. including Melastomataceae, Monimiaceae, Translational Opportunities: and Rutaceae. There are also collections Current operations National and international botanical from Papua New Guinea and Thailand. LTB’s collection is currently expanding as it exchange; Research collaboration; incorporates specimens collected by Preservation of holotypes and rare plants; Database current staff, research associates, and Citizen Science; Botanical biosecurity. LTB’s collection has been databased with students in DEEE. Links have also been support from the Royal Botanic Gardens established with other parts of the Victoria, the School of Life Sciences, university and affiliates. For example LTB Eucalyptus Australia, and through the recently accessioned a collection of Thai efforts of many student and ex-student Enthobotany vouchers from a past volunteers. Data have been uploaded to the Linguistics PhD student, and collections of Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) and can be aquatic plants from staff at AgriBio searched in depth on The Australasian (DJPR). On a regular basis, the herbarium

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 25 Marine and Ecophysiology Group

The Marine and Ecophysiology Groups seeks to address important research questions and issues relating to the passions of its members. In doing so, we actively encourage inter and intra- disciplinary research collaborations and industry partnerships to achieve translational outcomes. We undertake diverse research projects focusing on understanding the physiology of animals, and how physiology underpins their behaviour, diseases, conditions or performance etc. Ultimately, this can be integrated with other information to assist in conservation and management strategies for complex reef systems, establishment of artificial reefs and to understand various conditions or disease processes.

Western Port Wonders: unique Bryozoan reef systems Close up of the beautiful and fragile ‘lace coral’ (T. umbonatum) (Photo credit: Adrian Flynn) Bryozoa are non-photosynthetic invertebrate filter-feeders, which live in As part of this large project we aim to: Areas of interest include: colonies, commonly referred to as ‘lace • Investigate the biodiversity of • Action potential generation and corals’ despite being unrelated. They are bryozoans and co-occurring fauna propagation distributed worldwide, however the Western • Determine the age and growth rates • Force development, maintenance and Port Bryozoans are special as they form of these reef systems relaxation unique extensive shallow water biogenic • Determine the extent of biogenic • Calcium regulation and influence factors reefs. The Western Port Bryozoan Reefs are bryozoan reefs • Physiological mechanisms and of potentially global significance. Biogenic • Identify and quantify the key threats ultrastructure reefs are important habitat for a multitude to these biogenic bryozoan reef • Protein analysis (quantification and of marine species including fish, mollusks, systems modulation) crustaceans etc. They provide food, • Understand the recolonization • Exercise physiology processes and connectivity to other attachment substrate for sessile populations Lab Head: Dr Travis Dutka. organisms, shelter from wave action and strong currents as well as concealment Muscle Physiology Lab Members: from predators for both adult and larval The leader of the Marine and Ms Nicole Wilson; Ms Adrienne Cheong; stage organisms. These complex habitats Ecophysiology Group is an expert in Dr Adrian Flynn (Honorary); Dr Adele Harvey. are often biodiversity hotspots compared skeletal muscle physiology spanning over to the surrounding habitats. They are 20 years, publishing research articles on Fields of Study: typified by a rigid skeletal framework rising various aspects of muscle contractility Muscle Physiology; Comparative Physiology; above the seabed and are comprised of and excitability. To understand how Behaviour; Ecology and Conservation. biological deposits produced over a long muscle function or performance may period. Recently, our group has undertaken become aberrant under certain Capabilities and Techniques: a large research project examining the conditions, we must understand how it Force recording of intact, bundles & unique bryozoan reef systems of Western normally functions. Muscle plays a mechanically skinned single muscle fibres; Port. This multifactorial study engages myriad of roles not just limited to power Microscopy; Behavioural testing; Field Victorian Fisheries Authority (VFA) and our output or movement. Examining and sampling & observations; Access to Fathom industry partner Fathom Pacific Pty Ltd. comparing muscle’s many roles and Pacific Pty Ltd marine vessels for research Our research team is currently working with intricacies gives insight into muscle dives, surveys, mapping, bioacoustics etc. key stakeholders in order to establish the fatigue, muscle dysfunction and disease. conservation values of these communities, Our world class muscle researchers have Translational Opportunities: and to determine appropriate protective long-established collaborations locally Environmental management strategies; measures. and internationally. Establishment of artificial reef systems; Restorative muscle function and prosthetics.

26 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Molecular Ecology Group

We a use range of genetic and genomic tools to study terrestrial and aquatic species. Our research ranges from addressing important population-level process such as genetic diversity, dispersal, kinship and population structure to deeper level evolutionary processes responsible for shaping present day biodiversity. We also use genomic methods to investigate elusive and hard to identify species from environmental DNA and to study species diets. Our research addresses a range of critical management questions including the conservation of threatened species, invasive species management and biodiversity monitoring. Our research is highly collaborative, with many industry and academic partners across Australia.

Freshwater Fish Australian freshwater systems are under Blanche Cup Spring, South Australia (Photo credit: Nick Murphy) pressure from a multitude of stressors, including changes to flow regimes. To Conservation Genetics Short Range Endemics promote the genetic health of vulnerable Many Australian species are threatened Vulnerable short range endemic species act Victorian fish species, we use highly with extinction, and rapid declines can as bioindicators for the overall health of their resolving single nucleotide polymorphism negatively impact the genetic diversity ecosystems. We study groundwater markers (SNPs) and genome sequencing, and fitness within the remaining dependent and forest litter ecosystems to to investigate the relationship between populations. We directly inform identify the biodiversity present and critical demographic factors (breeding endangered and threatened species understand the ecological and evolutionary dynamics and dispersal) with managers on conservation strategies. impacts of long-term environmental changes environmental watering and fish stocking We focus on genetic diversity patterns and short-term events on dispersal limited programs. Our research across diverse to define species management units species. species over multiple years is informing and assist with genetic management water management strategies to develop plans. We have shown there are fitness Lab Head: Dr Nick Murphy. ARC DECRA Fellow: Dr Katherine Harrisson. the best methods for promoting genetic costs associated with inbreeding in Lab Members: Ms Erin Hil; Mr Jude Hatley; diversity within the Murray Darling Basin. threatened species which can be Mr James O’Dwyer; Mr Zac Billingham; addressed by incorporating genetics Mr Matt Quin; Ms Jess Taylor. Invasive Deer into species management plans (e.g. Our research is undertaken in collaboration the helmeted honeyeater - Fields of Study: with ongoing government partnerships Lichenostomus melanops cassidix). Population genetics; Conservation Genetics; aimed at improving deer management, Phylogenetics; Trace DNA; Evolution. mainly through detection of deer species Trace DNA and assessment of deer connectivity and We study trace DNA for conservation Capabilities and Techniques: density across Australia. We use genetic and management of species and Amplicon sequencing; eDNA; qPCR; Species tools to identify deer hybridisation, ecosystems. We use eDNA techniques specific detection; Diet analysis; population size, identify distinct to detect single species of conservation Metabarcoding genotyping; Next Gen management units, track dispersal and importance or species of management Genotyping (ddRAD, SNP panels); assess deer control methods. We study interest. We also use DNA Microsatellites; Bioinformatics; Species deer diets to identify effects on native flora metabarcoding to characterize entire delimitation; Phylogenetics; Field sampling. and the potential to spread invasive weeds. communities from both unique aquatic environments for biomonitoring, and Translational Opportunities: from dung samples to characterize diet Threatened species conservation; Invasive and food webs to better understand species management; Cost effective species interactions. biomonitoring; Water management.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 27 Plant Reproduction and Conservation Genetics Group

Our research is diverse and includes aspects of plant conservation, demography, ecology, reproduction and genetics. Our group has a strong research interest in the conservation genetics of native flora but also undertakes foundational research involving other native plants, and applied studies in relation to weeds and crops. We are collaborative and work with colleagues from other local, national and, at times, international institutions. A variety of techniques are used by the group including traditional field-based ecological approaches and morphological investigations, as well as single gene studies associated with mate choice and massively parallel, next-generation genomic approaches.

Unravelling the evolutionary history of an iconic Australian plant genus Grevillea alpina. (Photo credit: Susan Hoebee) Using genetic studies coupled with pollination studies, we aim to identify than two sets of chromosomes) – a broad applications across many plant processes involved in speciation in a group finding that is consistent with some species with both conservation and of Australian plants belonging to the genus studies but equivocal with others. Using an agronomic value. Collaborators: Anthony Grevillea. The project is multi-pronged with array of approaches, we plan to determine Gendall (LTU); Roger Cousens (University of a phylogenetic component, a narrower if variation in ploidy level of this widely Melbourne) population genomics approach and an distributed bush food species is more aspect that combines floral cues and common than is currently recognised. The Other SI related research has been pollination biology. Owing to habitat results will have implications for the bush contracted by the Australian Nurserymen’s fragmentation and declining pollinators, foods industry, seed production areas and Fruit Improvement Company Ltd. identification of the processes other revegetation programs. Lab Head: Dr Susan Hoebee. underpinning population structure and Collaborators: Linda Broadhurst (CSIRO), Lab Members: species evolution will aid conservation Jim Begley (Goulburn-Broken CMA) Ms Tamandra (Mandi) O’Dombrain; management for several taxa. Ms Simone Currie; Mr Graham Jury; Collaborators: Gareth Holmes (La Trobe New ways to find old mates – rapid Mr Stanislaw Wawrzyczek; University (LTU); Royal Botanical Gardens identification of sex genes in plants Mr Surendra Bam. Victoria) Approximately 60% of plant species use a self-incompatibility (SI) system to prevent Fields of Study: Diversity within the bush food Sweet inbreeding caused by self-fertilisation. Ecology; Evolution; Genetics; Quandong Although there are many SI systems, only Plant Reproduction; Conservation Biology. Preliminary studies have shown that in three have been characterised at the northern Victorian and southern NSW molecular level, with the remaining Capabilities and Techniques: population, Sweet Quandong harbours low systems very poorly described. Field skills; Refractometry and Reflectance genetic diversity, with many stands Understanding these systems has (with application to floral traits); Standard consisting of single multilocus genotypes. implications for conservation and and High-throughput genomic techniques; Multiple stems of single genotypes were restoration programs, as well as weed Scanning electron microscopy. widely spaced suggesting vegetative control and crop and horticultural breeding growth via root suckers is extensive. programs. In this proof-of-concept project, Translational Opportunities: Furthermore, there was no geographic we will identify markers of sexual Species conservation, utilisation and/or structure to the diversity compatibility by an extension of differential management; Plant breeding; Genetics for identified.Interestingly some individuals gene expression analysis based on an future climates. were putatively polyploid (i.e. having more RNA sequencing approach. This will have

28 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Plants and Pollinators Group

We have a broad interest in the ecological and evolutionary consequences of the interactions between plants and pollinators. This topic is critical for understanding the incredible morphological and taxonomic diversity of both flowering plants and nectar feeding animals. Further, in Australia there are many cases of relatively specialised pollination systems, meaning that numerous plants are vulnerable to the loss of pollinators following the extensive modification that the Australian landscape has experienced. Studies of plant-pollinator interactions encompass a range of approaches including field experiments, analysis of plant and pollinator communities, studies of animal behaviour, and molecular approaches. At present, we undertake field research in both south- eastern Australia, and the south-west Australian biodiversity hotspot. A honeyeater feeding on kangaroo paw, Anigozanthos flavidus. (Photo credit: Myles Menz)

Pollination biology in conservation and overseas scientists, our research has represent pollination niches. Having restoration already led to the discovery of new sexually recognised such niches, we aim to test the Despite widespread concerns about deceptive systems and the chemicals role of visual and chemical cues in attracting declining pollinator populations, pollinators involved in pollinator attraction. these pollinators. This represents a are rarely considered when attempting to potentially powerful new approach for improve the conservation of threatened Understandingthe ecological and genetic understanding floral adaptation and how plant species. In a partnership with the consequencesof pollination by vertebrates this might affect co-existence in plant Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, we have The Australian flora is characterised by communities. developed a project aiming to optimise the numerous plants pollinated by vertebrates, Lab Head: Dr Ryan Phillips. establishment of new populations of including many of our most iconic plants. threatened orchids based on knowledge of Our research has focused on testing the Lab Members: pollination biology. We are also interested in hypothesis that, for floriferous shrubs and Mr Stan Wawrzyczek; Mr Tobias Hayashi. how incorporating pollinators into ecological trees, pollination by birds rather may lead restoration could lead to greater animal to greater pollen dispersal and more fit Fields of Study: biodiversity and improved plant recruitment seed. However, many Australian plants that in restored landscapes. Ecology; Evolution; Conservation Biology; appear to be pollinated by birds or Behaviour; Restoration Ecology. mammals are morphologically specialised The evolution of deceptive pollination understory species. Until now, the strategies in Australian orchids Capabilities and Techniques: consequences of vertebrate pollination for Field experiments; Behavioural Australia is home to some of the world’s this intriguing group of plants remains observations; Plant-pollinator networks; most remarkable orchids, many of which essentially untested, inspiring this to Spectral reflectance analysis; Camera use deceptive pollination strategies. This become a new research focus for our trapping,; DNA barcoding. includes orchids that mimic rewarding group. flowers, but also species that attract male Translational Opportunities: insect pollinators through mimicry of Floral adaptations to pollination niches Species conservation; Ecological females. We aim to understand how As a requirement for plant reproduction, restoration; Threatened species recovery; deceptive strategies evolve, which floral pollination is a critical component of a Invasive species management. traits attract pollinators, and how the plant’s ecological niche. We are interested evolution of deceptive pollination strategies in using plant-pollinator networks as an has affected diversification of orchids. objective way of recognising groups of Through collaboration with Australian and ecologically similar pollinators that could

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 29 Reproductive Ecology and Conservation Biology Group

Our group's research is broadly focused on reproductive ecology and conservation biology in captive and field-based wildlife studies. Current reproductive research examines maternal/paternal effects on offspring phenotypes, sex allocation, mate choice and the physiological and endocrinological basis for variation in life history. Our conservation research address questions on endangered species, anthropogenic disturbance (especially artificial light at night and climate change), captive breeding, behavioural traits and reintroduction success. We use a multidiscipline approach to question- oriented research using a diverse range of taxa, including but not limited to reptiles, birds, bats and marsupials.

Understanding the mechanisms and adaptive advantage of sex allocation Bridled nailtail wallaby (Onychogalea fraenata). (Photo credit: Kylie Robert) Sex allocation theory predicts parents bias their investment into the offspring sex that seasonally breeding wildlife. Using our Personality trait studies within and between maximises their fitness. Current theories on knowledge of the visual and non-visual animal populations are often not applied to adaptive adjustments in offspring sex sensitivities of our target species we work reintroduction programs. To be effective ratios and have provided some compelling with industry to develop and test wildlife insurance and source populations, captive examples. However, offspring sex ratios in friendly lighting options (LED lights that threatened species populations must retain many taxa (especially mammals) have combine custom wavelengths) to mitigate essential survival behaviours. proven difficult to understand and would be the negative effects of light at night. better facilitated by a mechanistic Lab Head: Dr Kylie Robert. understanding. Our research focuses on Captive breeding and reintroduction biology Lab Members: unravelling mechanistic underpinnings of Captive breeding is one aspect of Dr Amy Edwards; Dr Stephen Griffiths; adaptive sex allocation from paternal threatened species conservation, however Ms Danielle Eastick; Ms Lauren Tworkowski; contribution in ejaculate to maternal attempting to breed and raise species in Ms Alicia Dimovski; Ms Emily Scicluna; condition at time of conception and the role captivity presents many challenges for Ms Kelly Wiliams; Ms Candice Sexton; of sex steroid and glucocorticoid recovery programs. Captivity results in Ms Kushini Kularatne. hormones. Our research uses the unique various environmental modifications that ability to access marsupial pouch young as can lead to behavioural, morphological and Fields of Study: neonate equivalents in-utero to test the physiological changes that result in Animal Behaviour; Conservation; Ecology; adaptive advantage of raising one sex over potentially detrimental effects upon Anthropogenic disturbance; Reproduction. the other through cross-fostering offspring reintroduction. Our research focuses on prior to significant maternal contribution. maternal mate choice to improve both Capabilities and Techniques: conception rates and offspring fitness in Animal field ecology (trapping, handling, Ecological impacts of artificial lighting on captive breeding programs. We also monitoring, tracking); Behavioural wildlife assess predator recognition, behavioural, observations; Sperm analysis; Respirometry; Artificial lighting fundamentally changed personality and cognitive traits linked to Endocrinology; Thermal biology; Captive the earth’s night-time environment, with a survival success post release. Candidates animal colonies. wide range of biological effects on animals. for release are often chosen based on age, Organisms have evolved to respond to sex and health status, however, individual Translational Opportunities: natural light cues to control or modulate behavioural type also relates to fitness and Reintroduction biology; Species behaviour, activity, reproductive timing and survival success. Wildlife behavioural trait conservation; Mitigation of artificial light at physiological function. We study artificial studies used to assess suitability for night; Threatened species biology; WildTrack light impact on reproduction timing in captivity are less used for release selection. network.

Website: www.robertlab.com

30 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Riverine Landscapes Research Group

Our group, located in the Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, has expertise in spanning hydrology, spatial modelling, GIS, ecology, ecosystem science, molecular and genetic techniques and has strong links to industry and research partners in Australia and worldwide. We study interactions between the physical environment, (climate, hydrology, fire and land-use), and how these affect ecological patterns and processes across the landscape, including species distributions, population dynamics, connectivity and food-webs.

The effects of climate-variability and change on species distributions Australia has extreme patterns of interannual climate variability and frequent drought. We use field and modelling approaches to relate aquatic ecosystems species distribution to water stress, hydrology, fire, climate change and other metapopulation structure and dynamics (ecosystem energy and matter flows) are physiographic variables. Our predictions of influenced by human induced threats. We potential future shifts in species range, Aquatic biodiversity conservation and study how environmental change (such as abundance and occupancy are combined management altered river flows) affects connectivity, with conservation planning models to Freshwater ecosystems account for ecological processes and the trophic structure prioritise areas for protection and targeted around 10% of global biodiversity, but are of aquatic food-webs. Our research, under management interventions. We work with declining at a rate far exceeding terrestrial field and laboratory conditions, often includes Melbourne Water and the University of or marine ecosystems. We study the experimental manipulation in many aquatic Melbourne to develop the Habitat ecology and fundamental biology of ecosystem types. Suitability Models for stream and wetland aquatic biota, including threatened Theme Head: Prof Nick Bond. fauna around Melbourne, and we are species and other significant species of Theme Members: Assoc Prof David Crook; monitoring the 2020 bushfires impacts on management interest (e.g. fishing target Assoc Prof Alison King; Dr Luke McPhan; the nationally endangered Alpine Stonefly species); with the goal of improving Dr Nicole Thurgate; Dr Michael Shackleton; (Thaumatoperla alpina). management decisions and actions for Dr Andre Siebers; Dr Julia Mynott. these species. Our research includes Ecohydrology of intermittent stream evaluating and improving conservation Fields of Study: networks strategies for threatened species, Ecology; Hydrology; Landscape Ecology; Up to 80% of river networks worldwide threatened species detection and Ecosystem Science. experience regular periods without surface distribution, and assessment of flow. Dry period water habitats can population viability through modelling. We Capabilities and Techniques: contract to isolated waterholes along river are currently compiling genetic databases Quantitative modelling: spatial, GIS, population channels which become critical refuges of freshwater invertebrates to map models; Species-distribution; Environmental for aquatic biota. In human modified species distribution and use DNA hydrology; Food-web ecology (stable isotopes landscapes, sedimentation, groundwater metabarcoding to assess biodiversity and use; Molecular techniques (population extraction and runoff catchment inform conservation measures. genetics, eDNA). interception cause declines in refuge quality and quantity. We study surface- Aquatic ecosystem processes and food- Translational Opportunities: groundwater interactions and food-web web ecology Water resources management and policy; structure within individual waterholes, as Our research explores how ecosystem Catchment management; Climate change well as, catchment hydrology roles roles processes (such as nutrient cycling, impact and mitigation; Environmental impact determining waterhole persistence and decomposition) and food-webs assessment; Habitat restoration; Spatial prioritisation and conservation planning.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 31 Sleep Ecophysiology Group

Sleep is something we all do. We are asleep for one-third of our lives; some animals are asleep much longer. We tend to look forward to sleeping; we feel, and perform, poorly when we don’t get enough. Sleep behaviour reveals little about it's function. For instance, we inhale to draw oxygen-rich air into our lungs. We eat to obtain energy for metabolism and growth. Conversely, the specific functions served by remaining inactive for long periods of time is less obvious. Our group studies sleep behaviour and neurophysiology in animals, including mammals, reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates, often in naturalistic or wild environments. Using this strong comparative approach that integrates classical behavioural ecology with neuroscience, we study: (i) evolution and function of sleep and sleep state components; (ii) the role of ecological Artificial light at night disrupts sleep in wildlife. (Picture credit copyright: Damond Kyllo) factors and life history, including predation risk and breeding systems, respectively, in sleep. Breeding systems in which males pollution. Recent studies showed birds shaping where, when, and how long compete intensely for access to fertile exposed to streetlights have a great animals sleep; (iii) sleep-dependent females also favour great reductions in reduction and fragmentation of sleep. cognition in birds; (iv) effects of human sleep, allowing the least restful males to Species responses to pollution appears to be environmental pollution, e.g. light and urban secure additional paternity. Studies reveal species-specific, so we cannot endorse a noise, on sleep in wildlife. sleep loss can be adaptive and favoured by single solution to ameliorate pollution effects selection, challenging popular notions that on wildlife sleep. Evolution of sleep sleep loss is always detrimental to Unearthing the evolution of sleep can performance. Lab Head: Dr John A. Lesku. provide insight into its function. In humans Lab Members: Mr Robin Johnsson; Miss Shauni Omond; Miss Erika Zaid. and other mammals, there are two kinds of Sleep-dependent cognition sleep: non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) Sleep is known to maintain waking Fields of Study: and REM sleep which can be distinguished performance in diverse animals. When Neurobiology; Behaviour; Ecology; Evolution. using various behavioural and physiological animals are kept awake, they perform measurements. These sleep states serve poorly. Their motivation and attention are Capabilities and Techniques: different functions, but our understanding reduced, coordination and memory are Electrophysiology; Behavioural testing; of those processes remains incomplete. impaired, and emotions become more Endocrinology; Molecular Biology. We compare sleep across animals to learn reactive. We study sleep's role in cognition how and why sleep has changed with the in ecologically-relevant situations, Translational Opportunities: appearance of new ‘types’ of animal. including foraging and caching in birds, Modified landscapes disruption to sleep and the maintenance of structurally affect wildlife conservation and Ecology of sleep complex and cognitively demanding management. Animals sleeping near The timing, amount, composition, and structures (bowers) in bowerbirds. streetlights can sleep 40% less than those in intensity (or depth) of sleep is also likely to darker areas. Sleep affects waking be strongly influenced by an animal’s Disruptive effects of pollution on sleep performance, immune system functioning, ecology. Predators strongly shape the Globally, humans have modified natural clearing of nervous system metabolic waste, structure and organization of sleep in prey. landscapes to contain sleep-disturbing DNA repair, early brain development and Studies reveal that REM sleep is a pollution (e.g. artificial lights and urban energy conservation. Sleep disruption may particularly dangerous sleep state from an noise). Until recently, we did not directly affect an animal’s ability to survive anti-predator point-of-view, perhaps understand how sleep physiology was and reproduce. because it is one of the deepest forms of impacted by these forms of human

32 SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY Water Geochemistry and Landscape Evolution Group

The Water Geochemistry and Landscape Evolution Group studies processes that affect groundwater composition, including acidic drainage at mines, and the landscape evolution of eastern Australia.

Groundwater composition Groundwater composition is determined by the interaction between rainwater and the soil and rock through which the groundwater moves. In Southeast Australia, we used major element and isotopic analyses to show that plants alter infiltrating rainwater composition before it reaches the groundwater, by transpiration and the extraction of particular species, e.g. potassium. To understand flood impact, we used high resolution bore water level data in Murray River native red-gum forests to determine the influence of trees and river leakage on the amount and composition of groundwater. Acid lagoon, Murray River near Mildura. (Photo credit: John Webb)

Dryland salinity occurs when groundwater studied AMD neutralisation using Geoarchaeology comes close enough to the ground surface limestone, particularly anoxic and open Our group provides expertise for worldwide to be affected by evaporation, which limestone drains. We are studying ways to archaeological projects to help understand concentrates salt in groundwater. Salinity increase the chemical stability landscape evolution and human settlement impacts large areas in western Victoria, (resistance to leaching) of neutralisation interactions, e.g. ~5 K years ago, an reducing agricultural productivity. Our sludges to enable safe disposal, and ways earthquake near the Dead Sea in Jordan studies identified climate as the primary of reducing AMD generation from waste made a previously fertile area uninhabitable factor determining the extent of dryland rock dumps using cement. AMD often by removing access to water. Our expertise salinity; during droughts, dryland salinity contains large concentrations of copper has aided projects on hornfels artefacts and recedes as groundwater levels drop. and zinc. We are developing AMD ochre in Tasmania and explained the location of aboriginal silcrete quarries in neutralisation procedures to extract these Queensland. Future northern Victoria rainfall is predicted metals to help offset costs. to decrease and become episodic due to Lab Head: Assoc Prof John Webb. climate change (more rainfall in high Landscape evolution Lab member: Dr Susan White. intensity storms). The impact of 2010-2011 We study the old and young landscapes of northern Victorian floods was studied and Southeastern Australia: alpine high plains Fields of Study: showed that groundwater recharge during (~200 M years old), beach dunes deposited Water Geochemistry; Acid Mine Drainage; short-lived flooding was high enough to by an inland sea ~10 M years ago, Landscape Evolution; Geoarchaeology. almost negate the preceding years of below- highlands (uplifted ~5 M years ago) and average rainfall. So climate change impact volcanoes (~2 M years old). Current Capabilities and Techniques: on groundwater resources in this region projects include characterising ancient • Water analysis (major elements); may not be as negative as first thought. river systems that flowed north from the • Mineralogical & chemical rock analysis; highlands and deposited gravels during • Grain size analysis. Acid mine drainage catastrophic floods. We also study karst Acid mine drainage (AMD) is generated landscapes that form on limestone and Translational Opportunities: when exposed mined sulphide minerals are contain caves with sediments and • Better remediation of acid mine drainage. oxidised, releasing acidity and dissolved stalagmites; these record climate impact heavy metals. AMD must be neutralised and surface landscape change, providing before disposal, generating sludge. We landscape development insights.

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 33 About La Trobe University

Our Mission We continue to support access, diversity Our academics and researchers achieve and inclusivity while undertaking world- national and international recognition, Advancing knowledge and learning to class research that aims to address the our public intellectuals demonstrate an shape the future of our students and global forces shaping our world and enduring social conscience and influence, communities. make a difference to some of the world’s and our alumni achieve extraordinary most pressing problems, including success and impact in government, Our Vision climate change, securing food, water industry and not for profit organisations. and the environment, building healthy We strive to be exemplars for the sector To promote positive change and address communities, and creating a more just in our commitment to gender equity and the major issues of our time through and sustainable future.This approach is to inclusivity for marginalised groups; and being connected, inclusive and excellent. based on our values of: we work with indigenous peoples and y inclusiveness, diversity, equity and social organisations to support their social, Our Values justice cultural and economic aspirations. Our early reputation as a radical and y pursuing excellence and sustainability We embrace sustainable practices challenging institution continues to in everything we do across all our campuses because we are influence the way we enrich the experience y championing our local communities in committed to improving environmental, of our students and engage with our Melbourne’s north and regional Victoria social and economic outcomes for partners and communities. y being willing to innovate and disrupt our communities. We were founded half a century ago to the traditional way of doing things. We contribute to economic development broaden participation in higher education for our local communities, and our future Of all Australian universities, we are the in Melbourne’s north and, later, in regional activity will increasingly be international as most successful at combining accessibility Victoria. We have succeeded for many we become a globally connected university and excellence, and have become a thousands of students who would in everything we do. otherwise have been excluded from place where social inclusion and globally- the opportunities provided by a recognised excellence come together for university education. the benefit of our students, our staff and our communities.

Our Culture La Trobe Cultural Qualities Our cultural qualities underpin everything we do. As we work towards realising the strategic goals of the University we strive to work in a way which is aligned to our four cultural qualities:

Connected Innovative Accountable Care yy We are Connected: yy We are Innovative: Tackling yy We are Accountable: Striving yy We Care: We care about Connecting the students the big issues of our time for excellence in everything what we do and why we do and communities we serve to transform the lives of our we do. Holding each other it, because we believe in to the world outside students and society to account, and working the the power of education and highest standards research to transform lives and global society.

34 SCHOOL OF LLIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY About Victoria and Melbourne

Experience Melbourne Melbourne is the capital of the state of Victoria, and Australia’s second largest city. It’s a multicultural hub with 4.5 million people from over 153 countries. It’s one of the world's best sporting cities, and is Australia’s art and culture capital. Melbourne is a safe, well-serviced city in which to live. The main campus of the University at Bundoora is close to many world class hospitals, schools, research centres, shopping centres, bike paths and parklands. Melbournians enjoy, affordable healthcare, world-class education, reliable infrastructure, business opportunities and a healthy environment. In Melbourne you’ll find just about every cuisine: French, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Chinese, Malaysian, Indian, Thai, Japanese, Moroccan and lots more. Melbourne has over 100 art galleries La Trobe University Campuses in Australia as well as theatres, international and local opera, ballet, comedy and live music. Each of our seven campuses (Melbourne, Albury-Wodonga, City, Bendigo, Shepparton, Midura and Sydney) is a unique expression of place, people and history that play an Each year Melbourne hosts major important role in social, cultural and economic life. We are located in Victoria’s major international sporting events like the regional cities, creating a unique network of research, industry and innovation Australian Open Grand Slam tennis expertise that can be accessed across the state. tournament, the Formula One Grand Prix, the Rip Curl Pro surfing championship, the SYDNEY Australian Masters golf tournament, the MILDURA Melbourne Cup and the Grand Final of NEW SOUTH WALES Australian Rules Football. As well as over 2500 festivals and events including the Melbourne International Arts Festival, ALBURY - Melbourne International Film Festival, SHEPPARTON WODONGA Melbourne International Comedy Festival BENDIGO and the Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival. VICTORIA MELBOURNE CITY Find out more: https://liveinmelbourne. vic.gov.au/discover

Victoria: The Garden State Melbourne Campus Albury-Wodonga Campus Victoria has many notable gardens and 36 La Trobe’s Melbourne Campus has La Trobe's Albury-Wodonga Campus has national parks covering two and a half 27,000+ students and is surrounded by 800+ students and is home to our leading million hectares. Victoria’s many bushland. Students from acacross the regional research centre, the Centre for attractions include the Great Ocean Road, world take advantage of state-of-the-art Freshwater Ecosystems which focuses on (stunning coastal views and the world- facilities, including our AgriBio water science and policy of the Murray- famous Twelve Apostles), the Grampians Research Centre, the La Trobe Institute Darling basin. Here, undergraduate and the High Country. for Molecular Science and our very own students work alongside Honours and Wildlife Sanctuary. research students on local issues. Find out more: visitvictoria.com

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES - LA TROBE UNIVERSITY 35 School of Life Sciences La Trobe University