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Research Article Synthesis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Root

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Research Article Synthesis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Root Hindawi Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2020, Article ID 2817037, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2817037 Research Article Synthesis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Root Extract of Kniphofia foliosa as a Template, Characterization, and Its Application on Drug Resistance Bacteria Eneyew Tilahun Bekele,1 Bedasa Abdisa Gonfa ,1 Osman Ahmed Zelekew ,2 Hadgu Hailekiros Belay,1 and Fedlu Kedir Sabir 1 1Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical, Mechanicals and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Fedlu Kedir Sabir; [email protected] Received 25 September 2019; Revised 26 February 2020; Accepted 3 April 2020; Published 5 May 2020 Academic Editor: David Cornu Copyright © 2020 Eneyew Tilahun Bekele et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Biogenic methods of synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts have been given a great attention due to its nontoxicity and environmental friendliness. In this study, TiO2 NPs were synthesized from titanium tetrabutoxide and extract of root of fi ff Knipho a foliosa. NPs of TiO2 were biosynthesized at di erent volume compositions of titanium tetrabutoxide to the plant extract with a ratio of 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1, respectively. These green synthesized NPs of TiO2 were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Fourier fi transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. TGA/DTA analysis has con rmed that the synthesized NPs of TiO2 were stable above the temperature of 500°C. The sharp and intense peaks at 2θ values of 25.3, 38.0, 47.9, 53.2, 54.8862, 62.7, 70.2, and 75.0 have fi con rmed formation of crystalline NPs of TiO2 in the sample of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 ratios, and less crystalline samples for TiO2 NPs prepared in a 1 : 2 ratio. Comparison between FT-IR absorption bands of the plant extract and that of calcined NPs of TiO2 fi con rmed the purity of synthesized nanomaterials, except unavoidable adsorption of moisture on the surface of TiO2 NPs in an fi open air. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized TiO2 NPs and that of ethanolic root extract of Knipho a foliosa was investigated via the disc diffusion method against human pathogen bacteria strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, ff Klebsiella pneumonia, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Among the di erent ratios, TiO2 (1 : 1) NP shows better performance towards Gram-negative bacteria due to its smaller average crystalline size and uniform morphology observed in SEM image relative to fi the other two ratios of TiO2 NPs. Antibacterial activity of the ethanolic root extract of Knipho a foliosa itself showed better performance towards Gram-negative bacteria than NPs of TiO2 that might be due to antibacterial activity of residue of ethanol left with the plant extract. 1. Introduction Synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is a current field of material chemistry that has been attracted The development of reliable experimental protocols for the considerable interest due to the applications in vast fields synthesis of nanoparticles over a range of chemical composi- such as in air and water purification, medicine, antimicrobial, tions, sizes, and high monodispersity is one of the challeng- information technology, photocatalytic, antimicrobial, energy ing issues in the current nanotechnology [1]. reservoirs, and biosensors. Some metal nanoparticles owing 2 Journal of Nanomaterials to unique properties such as gold and silver are getting synthe- of organic reducing agents and at same time different cap- sized through green method [2, 3] for antimicrobial activities. ping agents [16–18]. Leaf extracts of Artemisia vulgaris [4] and aerial parts of The genus Kniphofia (subfamily Asphodeloideae, family Callistemon citrinus plant extracts [5] were used in the synthe- Asphodelaceae) comprises 70 species mainly confined to sis of silver NPs for antibacterial and antimalarial applications, Africa with the center of diversity being South Africa [19], respectively. Towards this end, TiO2 NPs also were more use- of which, seven occur in Ethiopia; among these seven species, ful in the field of chemistry and nanomedicine as a result of five of them including Kniphofia foliosa, Kniphofia hildeb- their unique antibacterial and antimicrobial properties as well randtii, Kniphofia isoetifolia, Kniphofia insignis, and Knipho- fi as their chemical stability. TiO2 NPs are incorporated in cos- a schimperi are endemic to Ethiopia [20]. Traditionally, the metics whereby creams and ointments are prepared having roots of Kniphofia foliosa have been used for the treatment of these nanoparticles to prevent skin aging and sunburns [6]. different ailments including menstrual pains, infertility, Successful applications of TiO2 NPs are due to their increased abdominal cramps, wounds, malaria, chest complaint, gon- surface area, which contributes to an increase in surface orrhea, and hepatitis [21]. In addition to its traditional energy thereby enhancing their microbial and bacterial medicinal usage for household remedy against various fi inhibition. TiO2 NPs have been found to be useful in human ailments, the roots of Knipho a foliosa extracts with treating microbial and bacterial infection diseases; thus, various functional groups could also be used for the synthesis biosynthesis of these nanoparticles could help in dealing of TiO2 NPs in order to exclude the addition of external sta- with bacterial infections, which have become a menace bilizing agents during synthesis process. due to their resistance to available medications [7–9]. Sev- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a eral methods have been employed in the synthesis of microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could TiO2 NPs and other metal and metal oxide NPs which successfully treat the microbe. Bacterial resistance occurs as include chemical and physical means with the former being a result of either natural or acquired mechanism. Natural the one mostly practiced industrially. These methods how- resistance results when the properties of bacteria inhibit the ever have their own demerits as they require high temper- action of a certain antibiotics. As reported earlier, an antibi- atures, are potentially hazardous, are not safe to the otic designed to attach to certain specific receptors on a bac- natural environment, incorporate toxic chemicals as a terial cell is unable to act if the bacterial species does not have reducing and capping agent during synthesis process, and the receptors, while acquired resistance results due to change at same time, are expensive [10, 11]. of bacterial species and its genetic makeup in such a manner It has been reported that TiO2 NPs were produced by the that it decreases the action of antibiotics [22, 23]. During the reaction between latex of Jatropha curcas leaves and last decades, a rapid increment in the development of new TiO(OH)2. XRD and TEM revealed that the size of synthe- antibacterial inorganic and organic materials has been sized TiO2 NPs was in the range of 100-200 nm. FTIR spec- observed as consequence of the spread of antibiotic resistant trum analysis of latex-capped TiO2 NPs showed the infection disease, which has become a major issue in the presence of capping/stabilizing agents like protein/peptide current health care [15, 24]. Previously, several different material, which also prevents the nanoparticles from agglom- researches were done on the antimicrobial activity of com- eration [12]. It was also reported that TiO2 NPs were synthe- mercially available and chemically synthesized titanium sized using aqueous extracts of Eclipta prostrata leaves as a oxide nanoparticles. But those methods are not environmen- ff biotemplating agent. The obtained TiO2 NPs were spherical tally friendly and at same time not cost e ective. Biosynthesis in shape, their size ranged from 36 nm to 68 nm, and the cal- of TiO2 NPs using indigenous medicinal plant, root of Kni- fi culated average crystalline size of biosynthesized TiO2 NPs pho a foliosa extract, for in vitro antibacterial activity was was estimated as 49.5 nm [13]. Previously TiO2 NPs were not reported before this work. Therefore, the focus of the biosynthesized using rice straw powder as biotemplate with present study is biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles in dif- titanium tetraisopropoxide aqueous solution and acetic acid. ferent ratios using titanium tetrabutoxide as a precursor fi The average crystalline size of the biosynthesized TiO2 NPs and Knipho a foliosa root extract as a reducing and cap- ff was in the range of 10-20 nm [14]. Again, TiO2 NPs were ping agent and then using the di erent ratios of biosynthe- produced using an aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaf sized TiO2 nanoparticles to investigate its performance on and TiO(OH)2 precursor. The XRD pattern of the synthe- both Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogen sized TiO2 NPs showed the presence of both anatase (110) bacteria strains. and rutile (111) crystallographic structures. The calculated
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