DOCSLIB.ORG

Preparation of Ti/Tio2 Anode for Electrochemical Oxidation of Toxic Priority Pollutants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preparation of Ti/Tio2 Anode for Electrochemical Oxidation of Toxic Priority Pollutants Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 20, 007-012 (2017) © J. New Mat. Electrochem. Systems Preparation of Ti/TiO2 Anode for Electrochemical Oxidation of Toxic Priority Pollutants Asim Yaqub1, Mohamed Hasnain Isa2, Huma Ajab3,*, and Muhammad Junaid4 1Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, KPK Pakistan 2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia 3Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Pakistan 4Computer Sciences Department, University of Haripur, KPK Pakistan Received: October 13, 2016, Accepted: January 15, 2017, Available online: April 23, 2017 Abstract: In present study, Ti/TiO2 anodes were prepared in laboratory for degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons considered as priority pollutants because of their carcinogenetic properties. PAHs were electrochemically oxidized under galvanostatic conditions using TiO2 coated Ti anode. A synthetic solution containing 16 priority PAHs were prepared in the lab. Surface morphology showed cracked mud structure of coated Ti/TiO2 surface. All the PAHs were efficiently oxidized and degraded from solution. About 96.87% of ƩPAHs were removed in five hours from the bulk solution. The results showed the potential of electrochemical process with Ti/TiO2 anode as a possible and reliable technique for the degradation of PAHs in water. Keywords: Electrochemical; degradation; Ti-TiO2; PAHs PAHs displaying acute carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic properties. Benzo[a]pyrene is recognized as a priority pollutant by Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present as pollu- the US Environmental Protection Agency [6] as this compound is tants in air, soil and water. They originate from two main sources known to be one of the most potently carcinogenic of all known natural (biogenic and geochemical) and anthropogenic. PAHs PAHs [7]. naturally occur in fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum, but are PAHs are often resistant to biological degradation and are not also formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materi- efficiently removed. Therefore, carcinogenicity and toxicity is still als such as coal, diesel, wood and vegetation [1, 2]. This results in a concern with regards to effluents treated by conventional meth- airborne PAH contamination, which is the main route for PAH ods. Aerobic biodegradation of low molecular weight PAHs transport over long distances [3]. by bacteria and microorganisms has been documented by various More than 160 PAHs have been characterized in nature, howev- authors, but high-molecular weight PAHs (with five or six aro- er only sixteen has been classified as priority pollutants by the matic rings) have proven to be more recalcitrant to biological deg- USEPA due to their toxic properties [4]. Characteristics of the 16 radation [8]. priority pollutants are listed in Table 1. Electrochemical oxidation is one of the advanced treatment It has long been known that PAHs can have serious deleterious systems that have drawn significant attention in wastewater treat- effects on human health [5] with the physician John Hill first rec- ment research because of its compatibility, small space require- ognizing the link between the use of snuff and nasal cancer in ment, and powerful oxidation ability [9, 10]. Electrochemistry 1761 [5]. Following this discovery, research into the toxic effects offers different oxidation pathways; direct electrolysis, electro- that PAHs have upon mammalian health has continued, with many chemical oxygen transfer reaction and indirect mediated oxidation processes through formation of oxidants. *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Email: [email protected] In the electrochemical treatment of wastewater containing or- 7 8 ganic pollutants, the most important element is the anodic material the electrodes in the present study. Titanium is a metal with unique [11]. The electrode material must have high electro-catalytic activi- features such as high strength and durability, anticorrosion, high ty towards the electrochemical oxidation of organics to CO2 and conductivity and easiness for treatment. It is the most reliable and H2O [12]. In addition, this process depends on the activity of coat- widely used support metal of electrodes for semi-conductive metal ing materials on the electrodes. In recent studies transition metals oxide coating. Ti-based electrodes are commonly employed in oxides such as IrO2 [13, 14], RuO2 [15] and Ti/Pt [16] have shown electrochemical applications, including water and wastewater treat- good efficiency in electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants. ment [17, 18]. High over-potential metal oxides anodes for oxygen Titanium was selected as the base material/substrate for making evolution are relatively cheap and easy to manufacture. Nanostruc- Table 1. Characteristics of PAHs [13]. Chemical for- No. of Benzene Solubility MCL* PAHs Nomenclature Mol. Wt Structure mula rings (µMoles /L) (µMoles /L) Naphthalene Nph C10H8 128.1 2 247.65 - Acenaphthylene Acy C12H8 152.2 3 25.85 - Acenaphthene Ace C12H10 154.2 3 12.53 - Fluorene Flr C13H10 166.2 3 11.02 - Phenanthrene Phn C H 178.2 3 6.74 14 10 - Anthracene Ant C14H10 178.2 3 0.42 - Fluoranthene Fln C16H10 202.2 4 1.14 - Pyrene Pyr C H 202.2 4 0.38 16 10 - -3 Benz(a)anthracene BaA C18H12 228.2 4 0.04 0.44 x 10 -3 Chrysene CHR C18H12 228.2 4 0.008 0.87 x 10 -3 Benzo(b)fluoranthene BbF C20H12 252.3 5 0.006 0.79 x 10 -3 Benzo(k) fluoranthene BkF C20H12 252.3 5 0.006 0.79 x 10 -3 Benzo(a)pyrene BaP C20H12 252.3 5 0.0063 0.79 x 10 -3 Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene INP C22H12 276.3 6 0.224 0.14 x 10 -3 Dibenz (a,h) anthracene dBA C22H14 278.3 5 0.002 0.11 x 10 Benzo (g,h,i) perylene BghiP C22H12 276.3 6 0.001 - *Maximum Contaminant Level: US EPA. Standards and Regulations for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) S1 33 9 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 Lin (Counts) Lin 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 21 30 40 2-Theta - Scale S1 - File: S1.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 20.000 ° - End: 60.000 ° 72-2101 (C) - Titanium Oxide - Ti3O5 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1. 1) S1 - Left Angle: 24.560 ° - Right Angle: 26.000 ° - Left Int.: 2.61 Cps 46-1238 (N) - Titanium Oxide - beta-TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL Operations: Background 0.000,1.000 | Fourier 3.662 x 1 | Strip kAlpha2 74-1940 (C) - Titanium Oxide - TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5 01-0562 (D) - Anatase - TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - T 46-1237 (N) - Titanium Oxide - beta-TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL 89-4921 (C) - Anatase, syn - TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.540 02-0406 (D) - Anatase - TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - T 78-2486 (C) - Anatase, syn - TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.540 02-0387 (D) - Anatase - TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - T 65-1156 (C) - Titanium Oxide - TiO2 - Y: 50.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5 Figure 1. XRD spectra of coated Ti/TiO2 anode. Table 2. Experimental conditions for Electrochemical oxidation of ture semiconductor thin-film electrodes of Ti/TiO2 are character- PAHs. ized by electrochemical stability and large internal surface areas which results in higher efficiency during degradation of organic Surface Area of Anode Electrodes Distance Current Time pH compounds [19]. Ti/TiO anode is used for the time in this study for PAHs degra- (Units) 2 dation. No literature or study was found on the subject previously 2 2 cm cm mA/cm hours using Ti/TiO2 anode. 6 2 4 5 3 10 Figure 3. EDAX Spectra for elemental composition of Ti/TiO2 anode surface. ml beaker, one anode (Ti/TiO2) and one cathode (Titanium Plate) connected to DC power supply. Synthetic solution of PAHs was used in all experiments. The experimental conditions are given in Table 2. Coating or precursor solution was prepared from the analytical grade reagents: acetic acid (AA), ethylene-glycol (EG), Titanium (IV) chloride TiCl4 purchased from Merck. TiCl4 was dissolved in AA and EG in ratios of AA: EG: TiCl4 (2mL: 10mL: 2mL). Rectangular Ti plates (80 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) were used for TiO2 coating. The Ti plates were smoothened with 320-grit sandpaper and washed with distilled water. To remove oxides from the surface, the Ti plates were etched in 18 % HCl for 30 min at 80 °C followed by a thorough washing with deionized water [15]. Variable Pressure Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (VP-FESEM) was used for surface morphology recognition and EDAX (Energy Dispersive Analysis of X Rays) of coating materi- al. X-Ray Diffraction pattern was used for the crystalline structure identification of the coated surface. GC-MS was used for the detec- tion and quantification of PAHs. Analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy. Column used for GC- MS analysis having length of 30 m and 0.25 µm film thickness was used. The oven temperature was increased from 60 to 175˚C at 6˚C/min, further increased at a rate of 3˚C/min until 240˚C and finally held at 300˚C for 7 min. Injector and transfer line tempera- tures were 280 and 300˚C, respectively [13, 14]. Data acquisition was carried out in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Each PAH was separately quantified using a five- Figure 2. FESEM images of Ti/TiO2 anode surface at different point calibration of mixed standard solutions in the range from 1 × magnifications (a) 1.00 KX, (b) 10.00 KX and (c) 50.00 KX.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Application of the Photocatalytic Chemistry of Titanium Dioxide to Disinfection and the Killing of Cancer Cells
    Separation and Purification Methods Volume 28(1) 1999, pp. 1-50 APPLICATION OF THE PHOTOCATALYTIC CHEMISTRY OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE TO DISINFECTION AND THE KILLING OF CANCER CELLS Daniel M. Blake, Pin-Ching Maness, Zheng Huang, Edward J. Wolfrum, and Jie Huang The National Renewable Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 William A. Jacoby Department of Chemical Engineering W2016 Engineering Building East University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211 Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2 Background..................................................................................................................... 3 Mode of Action of TiO2................................................................................................... 6 Photocatalytic Reactor Configurations .......................................................................... 9 Structure of Target Organisms....................................................................................... 10 Bacteria...................................................................................................................... 10 Viruses ....................................................................................................................... 13 Fungi.........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Titanium Dioxide Derived Materials with Superwettability
    catalysts Review Titanium Dioxide Derived Materials with Superwettability Xianfeng Luo 1,2 , Zhongpeng Zhu 3, Ye Tian 1,4,*, Jun You 2 and Lei Jiang 1,3,4,* 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; [email protected] 2 Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China; [email protected] 3 Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; [email protected] 4 School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (L.J.) Abstract: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in various fields both in daily life and industry owing to its excellent photoelectric properties and its induced superwettability. Over the past several decades, various methods have been reported to improve the wettability of TiO2 and plenty of practical applications have been developed. The TiO2-derived materials with different morphologies display a variety of functions including photocatalysis, self-cleaning, oil-water separation, etc. Herein, various functions and applications of TiO2 with superwettability are summarized and described in different sections. First, a brief introduction about the discovery of photoelectrodes made of TiO2 is revealed. The ultra-fast spreading behaviors on TiO2 are shown in the part of ultra-fast spreading with superwettability. The part of controllable wettability introduces the controllable wettability Citation: Luo, X.; Zhu, Z.; Tian, Y.; of TiO2-derived materials and their related applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins of Life: Transition from Geochemistry to Biogeochemistry
    December 2016 Volume 12, Number 6 ISSN 1811-5209 Origins of Life: Transition from Geochemistry to Biogeochemistry NITA SAHAI and HUSSEIN KADDOUR, Guest Editors Transition from Geochemistry to Biogeochemistry Staging Life: Warm Seltzer Ocean Incubating Life: Prebiotic Sources Foundation Stones to Life Prebiotic Metal-Organic Catalysts Protometabolism and Early Protocells pub_elements_oct16_1300&icpms_Mise en page 1 13-Sep-16 3:39 PM Page 1 Reproducibility High Resolution igh spatial H Resolution High mass The New Generation Ion Microprobe for Path-breaking Advances in Geoscience U-Pb dating in 91500 zircon, RF-plasma O- source Addressing the growing demand for small scale, high resolution, in situ isotopic measurements at high precision and productivity, CAMECA introduces the IMS 1300-HR³, successor of the internationally acclaimed IMS 1280-HR, and KLEORA which is derived from the IMS 1300-HR³ and is fully optimized for advanced U-Th-Pb mineral dating. • New high brightness RF-plasma ion source greatly improving spatial resolution, reproducibility and throughput • New automated sample loading system with motorized sample height adjustment, significantly increasing analysis precision, ease-of-use and productivity • New UV-light microscope for enhanced optical image resolution (developed by University of Wisconsin, USA) ... and more! Visit www.cameca.com or email [email protected] to request IMS 1300-HR³ and KLEORA product brochures. Laser-Ablation ICP-MS ~ now with CAMECA ~ The Attom ES provides speed and sensitivity optimized for the most demanding LA-ICP-MS applications. Corr. Pb 207-206 - U (238) Recent advances in laser ablation technology have improved signal 2SE error per sample - Pb (206) Combined samples 0.076121 +/- 0.002345 - Pb (207) to background ratios and washout times.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Cyanine Polyelectrolytes and Anions for Organic Electronic Devices
    Synthesis of Cyanine Polyelectrolytes and Anions for Organic Electronic Devices THÈSE NO 7478 (2017) PRÉSENTÉE LE 9 FÉVRIER 2017 À LA FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DE L'INGÉNIEUR UNITÉ DE RATTACHEMENT POUR SCIENTIFIQUES IMX PROGRAMME DOCTORAL EN CHIMIE ET GÉNIE CHIMIQUE ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE POUR L'OBTENTION DU GRADE DE DOCTEUR ÈS SCIENCES PAR Lei WANG acceptée sur proposition du jury: Prof. J.-E. Moser, président du jury Prof. F. Nüesch, Prof. C. R. Hinderling, directeurs de thèse Prof. E. Constable, rapporteur Dr F. Castro, rapporteur Prof. K. Sivula, rapporteur Suisse 2017 Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden zahlreiche praktische Anwendungen von organischen elektronischen Bauelementen gezeigt. Aufgrund des Potenzials einer kostengünstigen Herstellung, ausgezeichneter Leistung und vielseitiger Funktionalitäten wie Flexibilität, Portabilität und Transparenz, werden sie als vielversprechende Alternativen zu anorganischen Halbleitertechnologien angesehen. In dieser Arbeit konzentrierte ich mich vor allem auf die Untersuchung einer speziellen Klasse organischer Halbleiter, Cyanin-Farbstoffen. Beginnend mit der Synthese von Cyaninpolyelektrolyten (Cy-Poly) und neuen Anionen wurden neue Funktionalitäten wie orthogonale Löslichkeit, Vernetzungsfähigkeit und Photosensibilisierungsfähigkeit eingeführt und die entsprechenden Materialien als aktive Komponenten in organischen elektronischen Bauelementen untersucht. Die Verwendung von Cyaninsalzen ermöglicht ein gemischtes ionisches/elektronisches
    [Show full text]
  • Tio2-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites Modified by Phosphonate
    molecules Article TiO2-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites Modified by Phosphonate Molecules as Selective PAH Adsorbents Nadine Bou Orm 1 , Quoc An Trieu 2 and Stephane Daniele 2,* 1 College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, 144534 Abu Dhabi, UAE; [email protected] 2 Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS—UMR 5256, Université de Lyon, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69626 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)472445360 Academic Editors: Ahmad Mehdi and Sébastien Clément Received: 25 October 2018; Accepted: 17 November 2018; Published: 21 November 2018 Abstract: A robust sol-gel process was developed for the synthesis of surface-functionalized titania nanocrystallites bearing unsaturated groups starting from molecular heteroleptic single-source precursors. Molecules and nanomaterials were thoroughly characterized by multinuclear liquid and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infra-red (FT-IR, DRIFT) spectroscopies. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), thermogravimetric (TG) and elemental analyses demonstrated the reliability and the fine tuning of the surface functionalization in terms of ratio TiO2:ligand. The as-prepared materials were used as nano-adsorbents to remove mixture of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) from aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetic experiments were carried out for 24 h in solutions of one PAH [benzo(a)pyrene, 220 ppb] and of a mixture of sixteen ones [220 ppb for each PAH]. Most kinetic data best fitted the pseudo-second order model. However, in PAHs mixture, a competition process took place during the first hours leading to a remarkable high selectivity between light and heavy PAHs.
    [Show full text]
  • Metal-Based Nanocomposite Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic
    polymers Review Metal-Based Nanocomposite Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenanthrene from Aqueous Solutions Husn Ara Chauhan 1, Mohd. Rafatullah 1,* , Khozema Ahmed Ali 1,* , Masoom Raza Siddiqui 2 , Moonis Ali Khan 2 and Shareefa Ahmed Alshareef 2 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (M.R.S.); [email protected] (M.A.K.); [email protected] (S.A.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (K.A.A.); Tel.: +60-46532111 (M.R.); Fax: +60-4656375 (M.R.) Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of naturally occurring chemicals resulting from the insufficient combustion of fossil fuels. Among the PAHs, phenanthrene is one of the most studied compounds in the marine ecosystems. The damaging effects of phenanthrene on the environment are increasing day by day globally. To lessen its effect on the environment, it is essential to remove phenanthrene from the water resources in particular and the environment in general through advanced treatment methods such as photocatalytic degradation with high- Citation: Chauhan, H.A.; Rafatullah, performance characteristics and low cost. Therefore, the combination of metals or amalgamation of M..; Ahmed Ali, K.; Siddiqui, M.R.; bimetallic oxides as an efficient photocatalyst demonstrated its propitiousness for the degradation of Khan, M.A.; Alshareef, S.A. phenanthrene from aqueous solutions. Here, we reviewed the different nanocomposite materials Metal-Based Nanocomposite as a photocatalyst, the mechanism and reactions to the treatment of phenanthrene, as well as the Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic influence of other variables on the rate of phenanthrene degradation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tio2 As a Photocatalyst for Water Splitting—An Experimental and Theoretical Review
    molecules Review TiO2 as a Photocatalyst for Water Splitting—An Experimental and Theoretical Review Håkon Eidsvåg 1,* , Said Bentouba 1, Ponniah Vajeeston 2, Shivatharsiny Yohi 3 and Dhayalan Velauthapillai 1,* 1 Department of Computing, Mathematics and Physics, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Inndalsveien 28, Box 5063, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; [email protected] 2 Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Sir. Pon, Ramanathan Rd, Jaffna 40000, Sri Lanka; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.E.); [email protected] (D.V.); Tel.: +47-980-61-444 (H.E.); +47-55-58-77-11 (D.V.) Abstract: Hydrogen produced from water using photocatalysts driven by sunlight is a sustainable way to overcome the intermittency issues of solar power and provide a green alternative to fossil fuels. TiO2 has been used as a photocatalyst since the 1970s due to its low cost, earth abundance, and stability. There has been a wide range of research activities in order to enhance the use of TiO2 as a photocatalyst using dopants, modifying the surface, or depositing noble metals. However, the issues such as wide bandgap, high electron-hole recombination time, and a large overpotential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) persist as a challenge. Here, we review state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical research on TiO2 based photocatalysts and identify challenges that Citation: Eidsvåg, H.; Bentouba, S.; have to be focused on to drive the field further.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Synthesis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Root
    Hindawi Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2020, Article ID 2817037, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2817037 Research Article Synthesis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Root Extract of Kniphofia foliosa as a Template, Characterization, and Its Application on Drug Resistance Bacteria Eneyew Tilahun Bekele,1 Bedasa Abdisa Gonfa ,1 Osman Ahmed Zelekew ,2 Hadgu Hailekiros Belay,1 and Fedlu Kedir Sabir 1 1Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical, Mechanicals and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Fedlu Kedir Sabir; [email protected] Received 25 September 2019; Revised 26 February 2020; Accepted 3 April 2020; Published 5 May 2020 Academic Editor: David Cornu Copyright © 2020 Eneyew Tilahun Bekele et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Biogenic methods of synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts have been given a great attention due to its nontoxicity and environmental friendliness. In this study, TiO2 NPs were synthesized from titanium tetrabutoxide and extract of root of fi ff Knipho a foliosa. NPs of TiO2 were biosynthesized at di erent volume compositions of titanium tetrabutoxide to the plant extract with a ratio of 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1, respectively. These green synthesized NPs of TiO2 were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Fourier fi transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of N-Doped Tio2 for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation
    catalysts Article Synthesis of N-Doped TiO2 for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Atmospheric NOx Tamal Tahsin Khan 1,2, Gazi A. K. M. Rafiqul Bari 1 , Hui-Ju Kang 1 , Tae-Gyu Lee 1 , Jae-Woo Park 1 , Hyun Jin Hwang 3 , Sayed Mukit Hossain 4 , Jong Seok Mun 1 , Norihiro Suzuki 5 , Akira Fujishima 5, Jong-Ho Kim 3, Ho Kyong Shon 4,* and Young-Si Jun 1,3,* 1 Department of Advanced Chemicals & Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; [email protected] (T.T.K.); grafi[email protected] (G.A.K.M.R.B.); [email protected] (H.-J.K.); [email protected] (T.-G.L.); [email protected] (J.-W.P.); [email protected] (J.S.M.) 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea 3 School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; [email protected] (H.J.H.); [email protected] (J.-H.K.) 4 Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; [email protected] 5 Photocatalysis International Research Center (PIRC), Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; [email protected] (N.S.); [email protected] (A.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.K.S.); [email protected] (Y.-S.J.); Tel.: +61-2-95142629 (H.K.S.); +82-62-530-1812 (Y.-S.J.) Abstract: Titanium oxide (TiO2) is a potential photocatalyst for removing toxic NOx from the atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Kinetics of Clay-Catalyzed Conversion of Anthracene to Prebiotically Relevant 9,10-Anthroquinone Hope Juntunen Dakota State University
    Dakota State University Beadle Scholar Masters Theses & Doctoral Dissertations Spring 4-1-2019 Investigating the kinetics of clay-catalyzed conversion of anthracene to prebiotically relevant 9,10-anthroquinone Hope Juntunen Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.dsu.edu/theses Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Juntunen, Hope, "Investigating the kinetics of clay-catalyzed conversion of anthracene to prebiotically relevant 9,10-anthroquinone" (2019). Masters Theses & Doctoral Dissertations. 333. https://scholar.dsu.edu/theses/333 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Beadle Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Beadle Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Investigating the kinetics of clay-catalyzed conversion of anthracene to prebiotically relevant 9,10-anthraquinone. By Hope Juntunen 01 April 2019 Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the General Beadle Honors Program Dakota State University Abstract The presence polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the primordial Earth can be attributed to carbonaceous meteorites bombarding planetary surfaces. Subsequently, the PAHs reacted with catalytic clay mineral surfaces to produce quinones that functioned as electron transporters in emergent biological systems. To address this hypothesis, we assessed the kinetics of anthracene (ANTH) conversion to 9,10-anthraquinone (ANTHQ) in the presence of montmorillonite and kaolinite clay (MONT and KAO, respectively) over the temperature range 25 to 250 oC. Apparent rates of conversion were concentration independent and displayed a sigmoidal relationship with temperature, and conversion efficiencies ranged from 0.027 to 0.066%. Conversion was not detectable in the absence of MONT or a sufficiently high oxidation potential (in this case, molecular oxygen (O2)).
    [Show full text]
  • Paints and Surfaces for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides
    AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Paints and Surfaces for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Paints and Surfaces for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland This is a report from the Air Quality Expert Group to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland, on paints and surfaces for the removal of nitrogen oxides. © Crown copyright 2016 United Kingdom air quality information received from the automatic monitoring sites and forecasts may be accessed via the following media: Freephone Air Pollution Information 0800 556677 Service Internet http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk PB14425 Terms of reference The Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) is an expert committee of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and considers current knowledge on air pollution and provides advice on such things as the levels, sources and characteristics of air pollutants in the UK. AQEG reports to Defra’s Chief Scientific Adviser, Defra Ministers, Scottish Ministers, the Welsh Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland (the Government and devolved administrations). Members of the Group are drawn from those with
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Oxidative Stress Induced by Nanomaterials in Cells—The Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione
    molecules Review Detection of Oxidative Stress Induced by Nanomaterials in Cells—The Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione Jan Capekˇ * and Tomáš Roušar Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-466-037-717 Abstract: The potential of nanomaterials use is huge, especially in fields such as medicine or industry. Due to widespread use of nanomaterials, their cytotoxicity and involvement in cellular pathways ought to be evaluated in detail. Nanomaterials can induce the production of a number of substances in cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), participating in physiological and pathological cellular processes. These highly reactive substances include: superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide. For overall assessment, there are a number of fluorescent probes in particular that are very specific and selective for given ROS. In addition, due to the involvement of ROS in a number of cellular signaling pathways, understanding the principle of ROS production induced by nanomaterials is very important. For defense, the cells have a number of reparative and especially antioxidant mechanisms. One of the most potent antioxidants is a tripeptide glutathione. Thus, the glutathione depletion can be a characteristic manifestation of harmful effects caused by the prooxidative-acting of nanomaterials in cells. For these reasons, here we would like to provide a review on the current knowledge of ROS-mediated cellular nanotoxicity manifesting as glutathione depletion, including an overview of approaches for the detection of ROS levels in cells. Citation: Capek,ˇ J.; Roušar, T.
    [Show full text]