Vol. 19 No. 1, January - June 2013 Bi-annual Post-Secondary Education and Global Financial Crises and Higher Education The present issue focuses on Post-Secondary proliferation of institutions outside the conventional Education and Global Financial Crises and Higher universities leading to unprecedented growth of higher Education. The first set of three articles present briefly education. However, the latest trend has been the global and country specific trends of post secondary establishment of research based world-class universities education while the final article expounds global along with increase in non-university non-degree financial crises and its implications on higher education programmes. The article further discusses the differential in India. post- secondary education programmes, and augments The first article on “Global Trends in the Diversification the need for diversification of post secondary education of Post -Secondary Education" highlights the nature in the context of changing economy. The paper looks at and characteristics of traditional higher education cost of post-secondary education in universities and in identified with universities which were catering to the non-university institutions and describes different skill requirement of the public sector. With the shift of models of post secondary education providers . employment opportunities from public sector to private The second paper on “Diversification of Post- Secondary sector, the nature of skills and knowledge required also Education in Republic of Korea” present several reforms has undergone a change and also the source may not adopted to diversify Post Secondary Education to meet necessarily be a conventional university. This is more challenges in national development and competitiveness. so in case of employment in information based In Korea, post -secondary education has been production system. Consequently, there has been universalised and GER has surpassed cent percent. While colleges and universities facilitated in massification of higher education, vocational training In this issue... and junior colleges helped in training technicians for industrial growth. The paper describes seven categories Post -Secondary Education and Global of colleges and universities. The post secondary Financial Crises and Higher Education 1 education institutions comprise national, public and private institutions which are managed by national , local Diversification of Post-Secondary governments and private foundations respectively. The Education in the Republic of Korea 3 National Universities are funded by the government and spread across the country and education is provided Diversification of Post-Secondary at cheaper cost, while private universities covers a high Education in Malaysia 4 majority of students and are comparatively costlier. In Global Trends in the Diversification of recent years Foreign Universities have established Post-Secondary Education 6 branches in the country. The paper describes the structure of post -secondary education provided by Global Financial Crisis and Higher different level institutions. Though private sector plays Education in India 8 major role in post secondary education, the government extends several financial support programmes to impart News from Member Institutions 10 and, strengthen post-secondary education. The paper Asian Network of Training and Research Institutions in Educational Planning (ANTRIEP) Newsletter January - June 2013 1 highlights some of the concerns like government’s universities, and too little to non-university post investment capacity doesn’t match with increased secondary education. expansion of post secondary education and financial The last article on “Global Financial Crises and Higher issues for private institutions due to fall in enrolment Education in India” analyses the impact of global etc. financial crises of 2007-08 on higher education. The The paper on Malaysia vindicates the importance high economic growth rate and dynamism in India made accorded to post secondary education in the country’s to forecast that India would not be affected by the global Five Year Plan. The Post secondary education in financial crisis. To some extent it was true as the India’s Malaysia includes a wide range of institutions and 11th Five year plan has accorded high importance to diverse courses comprising university and non- higher education with increased budget allocation and university level courses. Post secondary education at critical expansion albeit strongly envisaging public university level is provided by public and private private partnership. However, contrary to the belief, the universities and also by overseas branches of foreign steadily declined economic growth rate had considerable universities. The Malaysian government established effect on higher education both in demand and supply community colleges to provide training and skills due to reduced employment opportunities and wages. needed at all levels. The private initiatives at post Further the paper discusses the short and long term secondary level provides diverse opportunities with effects of the financial crisis on higher education in India. different types of degrees, diploma and certificate Similarly with plunge in employment and income levels courses of national to international standing. The paper in IT sectors, though there is increased demand for presents briefly about funding of post secondary commerce, economics and sciences still it is too early to education in Malaysia. Though traditionally funding for expect the demand for social sciences will increase post secondary level is provided by government, significantly. The expected large inflow of foreign direct introduction of performance related funding and investment on higher education is still an elusive. But privatisation of post secondary education led to unregulated foreign education institutions are different funding mechanisms including study loans flourishing in different forms. The paper concluded with for higher education. The paper concludes by a note on the need for government to play a more crucial highlighting that by Malaysian government excessive role to reduce the effect of global financial crisis on attention to university sector particularly research higher education in India. Editor For Editorial correspondence please contact: Professor K. Sujatha, Editor ANTRIEP Newsletter National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA) 17-B, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi - 110 016, India Tel: (+ 91 11) 26544800, 26565600 Fax: (+ 91 11) 26853041, 26865180 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 2 ANTRIEP Newsletter Diversification of Post-Secondary Education in the Republic of Korea* Introduction the government, with their students receiving cheaper education as compared to the private university Post-secondary education (PSE) plays a major role in students. Private universities account for over 80 delivering the highly skilled human resources needed per cent of post-secondary student enrolment. Foreign for national development and competitiveness. The universities have started to establish branches in the Korean Government has implemented many reforms to Republic of Korea. diversify the PSE sector. Most junior vocational colleges provide two-year (four- Thanks to these reforms Republic of Korea has semester) courses, but some offer three-year courses, universalized post-secondary education (PSE) and the leading to associate degrees. Universities provide four- GER surpasses cent per cent. While colleges and year (eight-semester) courses, leading to a Bachelor’s universities were instrumental in the massification of degree. Since the purpose of these colleges is to increase higher education, vocational training and junior colleges the supply of skilled labour for business activities, the for training technicians became important for supporting curriculum focuses on practical skills. industrial growth and universalizing PSE. Given the rapid expansion of education, the financial The PSE in the Republic of Korea covers the following investment required was enormous and surpassed the seven categories: colleges and universities; industrial investment capacity of the government. Private univer- universities; universities of education; junior colleges; sities accounted for more than 80 per cent of universi- broadcasting, correspondence and cyber universities; ties in Korea, and were heavily dependent on student technical colleges, polytechnic colleges; and tuition fees. A fall in student enrolment is now affecting miscellaneous schools. the income of many small private institutions. College and University Education is concerned with the The government runs several financial support projects teaching and study of fundamental academic theories for universities for various purposes, such as the pro- and their various applications. The Industrial motion of graduate schools, strengthening the educa- universities, on the other hand, were established to tional capacity of colleges and universities, and training provide higher education to industrial workers. human resources in leading metropolitan economies. Universities of education provide teacher education. Junior colleges offer education intended to produce mid- Management of PSE level technicians. Broadcasting and correspondence PSE institutions are classified into national schools, universities have been developed as educational media public schools and private schools, established and with