• Provide former weapons scientists in Russia and the In 2005, the ISTC accomplished: Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries the opportunity to redirect their knowledge and skills to • New project funding for 163 projects in the amount peaceful activities of $51.3 million, of which ISTC Partners provided $21.5 million for 56 projects • Support basic and applied research and technology development • Direct grant payments to 24,984 scientists and their team members, amounting to $43.9 million • Contribute to the transition to market-based economies • Addition of 42 new Partner organizations to the • Foster the integration of former weapons scientists and existing 242 Partners who have provided over $207 engineers from Russia and CIS countries into the global million in project funding since program inception scientific community • Expanded funding for seminars, workshops and • Contribute to solving national and international technical scientist travel to strengthen international problems exchanges on ISTC projects and programs • Restructuring of the Secretariat to create a new The ISTC coordinates the efforts of numerous governments, Global Security and Strategic Planning Department international organizations and private sector industry, providing former weapons scientists from Russia and the • Completion of an internal efficiency review Commonwealth of Independent States new opportunities in international partnership. The ISTC is central in the management of these science partnerships.

Through its political, legal, and financial frameworks, the ISTC contributes to fundamental research, international nonproliferation programs, and innovation and commercialization by linking the demands of international markets with the exceptional pool of scientific talent available in Russian and CIS institutes.

GOVERNING BOARD CHAIRMAN STATEMENT

The International Science and The ISTC portfolio of resources and Technology Center enters the year 2006 research assets has become more with great pride. One could see this diverse and more agile. The qualitative pride, for example, in last year’s historic performance measures are every bit as Almaty Board Meeting, hosted by solid as the quantitative ones. Minister Vladimir S. Schkol’nik, who had for so long served on the Board Our success can be attributed in part personally in order to help the infant to a balance of experienced hands organization step up to immense and new blood. We are saddened, start-up challenges. One could see it however, and do worry when some of also in the enthusiasm shown at the the greatest contributors move on. For ribbon cutting ceremony at the new many years, the ISTC could look with Dr. Ronald F. Lehman II headquarters. Most importantly, the confidence to our Russian Deputy Chairman new building will help us work more Executive Director, Sergey Zykov, to effectively and efficiently in support of make the complex become simple The Chairman of the Governing Board of the our nonproliferation mission. again. EU Board Member and European ISTC is the Director of the Center for Global Security Research at Lawrence Livermore Research Director-General Achilleas National Laboratory. Previously he was the At the same time, friends of the ISTC see Mitsos proved to be an energizer of Director of the U.S.A. Arms Control and the building’s fine appearance, great power who stayed personally Disarmament Agency, Assistant Secretary modern facilities, and convenient engaged year after year. Now both have of Defense, Chief START Negotiator, and location almost as accolades for the moved on to new chapters in their lives. Deputy Assistant to the President of the USA. success of the organization. The Dean of They will be missed, but they left behind In 1995 he was named to the President’s our Governing Board, the an organization far stronger because of Advisory Board on Arms Proliferation Policy. Representative of the Russian their work. Federation Minister Lev Ryabev deserves our appreciation for the efforts The ISTC will continue to improve its he undertook to permit us to open the existing approaches to the priorities the new year and the next phase of the Parties have identified. Nevertheless, ISTC’s history in our own office space. changing circumstances now require the ISTC to revisit the basics. What are Much has been accomplished, and we doing that we should really leave new contributions continue to emerge. behind? And what are we not doing that Strong support from the Parties and we should now do? How do we best the highly motivated staff, both in the serve the interests of the Parties today, Moscow Secretariat and in the Branch as opposed to yesterday? How should offices, have permitted the ISTC to press we share the benefits and the burdens? ahead on a much wider front in both The Governing Board has undertaken a substance and participants. Above major strategic review, to be concluded all, the performance by ISTC funded in 2006. This review will draw from scientists continues to advance, with parallel brainstorming sessions within progress even in such difficult areas as the organization and with the Parties. sustainability and commercialization. Undoubtedly much that has been sound Canada and Tajikistan have practice and priorities will remain. demonstrated that new parties can be Changes, however, will also integrated quickly. Indeed, every party undoubtedly be necessary. We must to the ISTC has now served at least a take into account our success in one-year term on the Board itself. The reducing some legacy problems, and number of private and government we must step up to the new challenges affiliated partners has also grown. presented by economic, social, and technological change that impacts international nonproliferation and security priorities of the Parties.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR STATEMENT

working relationships of benefit to Other highlights at the Secretariat all participants. For this reason, the include the creation of the new Global theme for this year’s report is one of Security and Strategic Planning Partnership. In all of our governmental, Department, added at the direction commercial, scientific or academic of the Governing Board. Headed by relations, the ISTC acts to ensure the new Canadian Deputy Executive transparency and equitable benefit Director, the Department helps for all of those with whom it works. to ensure that the ISTC is properly Progress through Partnership really integrated into global nonproliferation does mean something in the daily life of efforts and the G-8 “Global Partnership”, the ISTC and I believe this is reflected in which has the re-direction of former the Report we present here. weapons scientists as one of its Norbert Jousten priorities. Executive Director The ISTC continues its outreach efforts Mr. Jousten started his professional career in to expand our network for scientists and We have also made great efforts to 1970 in the private industry, at Siemens and institutes and we now have almost 300 improve our own performance by Westinghouse. In 1980 he joined the International Partners. Our long-term conducting a comprehensive internal European Commission. His successive commitment to Partner development efficiency review to identify key assignments were in the Euratom Safeguards will ensure that the ISTC can provide areas for improvement. We plan on Directorate, Luxemburg, the Euratom Supply Agency, Brussels, the Commission a wide range of opportunities for our improving the way we do business Delegation in Vienna (IAEA, UN, Relations beneficiaries to achieve their long-term – everything from project management with Austria). In 1992 he joined the External goals. In conjunction with this we and procurement to improved travel Relations Directorate General in Brussels, have also made considerable progress planning, records maintenance and to be in charge of important sectors of the in the development of procedures to communications. This will ensure that EU’s Tacis programme. As Head of Unit he handle Intellectual Property Rights, the ISTC continues to be a transparent was responsible for Nuclear Safety, Regional to ensure that the fine work done by organization focused on best-business Cooperation, including the Northern ISTC beneficiaries is appropriately practices and cost accountability, Dimension and Black Sea Co-operation, the safeguarded. It is my hope that this and will serve to strengthen our Tacis Cross Border Co-operation and Regional Programmes. Since 1995 he had will provide a foundation for future relationships with our Funding Parties, also represented the European growth and self-sustainability through Partners, and Beneficiaries. The Commission in international fora (G7 Nuclear commercialization. recently formed Project Management Safety Working Group, EBRD Nuclear Safety Committee will ensure that our project Funds, G24). From 2001 till 2004 he was We also continue to develop and deploy staff has a mechanism to communicate Head of the Delegation of the European tools to increase the knowledge base of new ideas and concerns directly to Commission to Ukraine, Belarus and our recipients. One of the ISTC’s main senior management. Moldova in Kiev. Mr. Jousten joined the ISTC objectives is to familiarize an increasing in April 2004. number of experts with modern global As always, we take note of our primary 2005 was another exciting year for the marketplace mechanisms. These tools mission, which is to support our ISTC. We have continued to play an will help institutes to better understand beneficiary scientists and institutes. important role in creating science world markets for the benefit of With that in mind, I look forward to partnerships and collaborations their own participation in the global another successful year of meeting the between countries, international community as well as communicate priorities of our Funding Parties while business and former weapons scientists with a larger group of scientists maintaining the support of our host from Russia and the CIS, whose internationally. As an example, the first countries and continuing to build the peaceful redirection remains the ISTC’s ISTC Resource Center was opened in confidence of former weapons of mass core activity. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, in September. In destruction scientists in the ISTC. addition, we have grown our distance- This year’s Annual Report showcases learning and capacity-building the ISTC’s work in supporting programs in an effort to provide international science cooperation with recipients with the real-world business nonproliferation goals. In doing so, the skills they need to realize their growth ISTC assists its stakeholders – potential and be successful in market governments, the global private economies. sector and the international science community – in building sustainable 2005 OFFICIAL EVENTS

February 21 September 20 The Scientific Advisory Committee The ISTC, in collaboration with the US (SAC) held its 32nd meeting in Tokai- Embassy in Dushanbe and the Academy mura, Japan, which included a series of of Sciences in Tajikistan, officially technical visits to Japan Atomic Energy opened a new Communications Center Research Institute facilities. in Dushanbe. The event marked the completion of an ISTC Communication Support Program project that provided 8 bio-related institutes in Tajikistan with Internet and low-cost international telephone services. ISTC Executive Director Norbert Jousten at the State Duma Exhibition September 26-28 May 30 The ISTC Executive Director visited the Republic of Korea The Scientific Advisory Committee held its 33rd meeting at ISTC Headquarters SAC Committee members in Moscow, which included visits to the September 29 32nd meeting Moscow Engineering Physics Institute The Scientific Advisory Committee held and the Moscow State Institute of Steel its 34th meeting at ISTC Headquarters in March 20-30 and Alloys. Moscow. The ISTC Executive Director visited Japan at the invitation of the July 31 October 5 Government of Japan The ISTC conducted its 37th Project The ISTC celebrated the 10-year Funding Session, approving 40 new anniversary of operations at the Belarus April 11 projects representing nearly $5.4 million Branch Office in Minsk. During this and Euro 5.2 million in funding. time, the ISTC has funded 49 regular The Governing Board held its 36th science projects in Belarus to a sum of meeting in Almaty, Kazakhstan, September 9 $17.3 million, engaging 700 Belarus approving 24 new projects representing scientists annually and involving 200 over $1.8 million and Euro 3.5 million in The ISTC organized the opening science collaborators from Canada, new funding. ceremony of the first ISTC Resource the EU, Japan, Korea and the USA. In Center in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The addition, 13 Partner projects totaling May 23 Resource Center will become a catalyst $13.2 million have been supported by in promoting the skills of local scientists CERN, 3M, KETI, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, The Executive Director represented in commercializing scientific research the ISTC at the exhibition, “Ulianovsk the US National Cancer Institute, and and helping them find other practical the University of Mannheim. Region: Challenges and Outlook for applications for their expertise and Development”, which was hosted by the achievements. State Duma of the Russian Federation October 28 and highlighted the successful September 12 The ISTC Governing Board held its cooperation between the ISTC and R&D 38th meeting at ISTC Headquarters in institutions in the Ulianovsk region since The ISTC organized a workshop at ISTC Moscow, approving 39 new projects 1994. Headquarters in Moscow, Russia, which representing over $5.5 million and Euro included representatives from 10 of 4.3 million in new funding. Russia’s closed nuclear cities, Canada, the EU, Japan, Russia, and the USA. The purpose of the workshop was to discuss November 11 expanding current bilateral cooperation The ISTC Executive Director with Russia’s closed nuclear cities. participated in meetings in Tbilisi with representatives from the scientific and educational communities in Georgia. The meetings included discussions about expanded participation of scientists in Georgia in ISTC activities.

SCIENCE PARTNERSHIPS

SCIENCE AND The Science Project Program is the The ISTC works closely with the CIS most comprehensive nonproliferation National Academies of Sciences and TECHNOLOGY activity conducted by the ISTC. In other CIS governmental organizations COOPERATION 2005, $51 million was allocated for and S&T- institutions and industry (more 163 new Regular Projects. Regular than 700 in the CIS) in charge of science Projects are those which are funded management in these countries. The ISTC has been at the forefront of by the Governing Parties through engagement with former Weapons the ISTC. Overall, 512 Regular The ISTC also assists their research of Mass Destruction (WMD) scientists Projects were underway during 2005 institutions to implement sustainable and engineers since its inception over and encompassed 15 science and strategies and to develop project a decade ago. 2005 provided further technology areas, focusing mostly proposals that are more attractive for testimony of the ISTC’s capacity to on Biotechnology and Life Sciences, collaborators (more than 1,000 from promote scientific cooperation and Environment, Fission Reactors, ISTC countries), and nearly 300 Partners foster technological innovation in Physics and Materials, but also R&D from ISTC Funding Parties. creative and constructive ways through in Instrumentation, Information and a number of collaborative efforts and Communications, Space, Aircraft & programmatic activities. Surface Transportation, Materials, Fusion, and Non-Nuclear Energy.

ISTC Technology Areas in 2005

Space, Aircraft and Other Basic Sciences Surface Transportation 1% Physics 4% Biotechnology and Life Sciences Other 12% 27% 1% Non-Nuclear Energy 3%

Materials 9%

Manufacturing Technology 3% Chemistry Instrumentation 5% 5% Information and Communications Environment 4% Fusion Fission Reactors 2% 10% 14%

Three examples of the 500 + regular projects, active and under implementation, include:

ISTC Project #KR-899-Novel Efficient Metal-Containing Energetic Materials for Underwater Explosions in Industry (Funded by the European Union)

This project has investigated several novel substances that can be used to facilitate focused underwater explosions, which are of interest to commercial partners engaged in underwater demolition and construction. The team, centered at the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavonic University was able, using a supplied computing complex (shown here with the Project Manager, Dr. Pavel Komissarov), to predict the behavior of an explosion being used to break up a 2-meter thick sheet of ice. The results were verified via experiments in special chambers at the Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics in Russia. Very close collaboration with Krispin Technologies in the USA and the Laboratory of Combustion and Detonation and SME Centre de Recherches du Bouchet in the EU, supported the research and offered these collaborating organizations early access to the project results.

ISTC Project #2580 - Development of the study of substance properties. Three joint VNIIEF/LANL experiments, a Fixed-Site Diagnostic Test Stand with The project also enables research aimed at the study of processes that Removable Pulsed Power Source for into implosion of current-conductive lead to the initiation of damage under Study of Liner Implosion (Funded by cylindrical and quazispherical shock conditions and ultimately to the USA) environments (liners) and their material failure, have also been carried interaction with current-conductive out in Sarov under the auspices of the Working with All-Russian Research walls and near-wall perturbation. ISTC. Institute of Experimental Phisics (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia, Project #2580 Advantages of the stand come from concerns the development of a unique the replaced sources of a current on experimental diagnostic stand for the the basis of helical and disk explosive modeling of physical processes and magnetic generators.

ISTC Project #1121- Organization of the Russian - Japanese Geophysical Observatory for Complex Studies of Electromagnetic and Seismic Precursors of Earthquakes (Funded by Japan)

This project was funded for six years and was designed to develop new methods of earthquake prediction and clarify the mechanisms of earthquake origin. The project built on previous research efforts in Japan which led to the establishment of a new field of research called “Seismoelectromagnetics and related phenomena”. However, this project differs from previously conducted earthquake precursory research by application of new technology for registration and data processing (mainly methods of radiophysics). A schematic of radio transmitter and receivers in the Japan-Russia system together with earthquake (M>5.5) epicenters in the period 2000-2003. A special station, Karymshino, was installed on the Kamchatka peninsula Regular complex registrations in (Far-Eastern Russia) and was designed Karymshino station started in June Another important result of the project for regular complex monitoring of many of 2000, and after installation and was the development of a theoretical parameters: local seismicity, Ultra-Low- testing, two remote sites for precise model of earthquakes based on the Frequency (ULF) and Extremely-Low- electromagnetic ULF observation at concept of vertical fluid migration Frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic the Barkhatnaya valley and at Kariaka through the lithosphere. Moreover, field variations, seismo-acoustic volcano were commissioned in 2005. there were about 60 papers published emission, Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) The main result of the project is in international scientific journals and transmitter signals as indicators of classification and analysis of reliability a number of reports were presented perturbations in the upper atmosphere, and occurrence rate of the effects at various international symposiums hydrology and geochemistry changes that could be used for short-term and meetings. Current research is in wells and springs, and atmospheric earthquake prediction, including those continuing in the framework of ISTC variations in the troposphere. In newly-discovered during observation Project #2990. addition, the station uses data on from the Karymshino station: regional seismicity (27 stations) and the The sensitivity zone of the receiver results of satellite remote sensing above • The depression of natural ULF noise (named here as PTK – Petropavlovsk- Kamchatka. 3-4 days before an earthquake; Kamchatsky) is shown by an elliptical curve which covers the seismo-active • The appearance of seismo-acoustic The station is rurally situated with low region of North Japan-Sakhalin-Kuriles. pulses in the last day before the industrial interferences and frequent main shock; seismicity, which is advantageous in comparison with observation stations • An increase of ELF electromagnetic in industrial countries such as Japan, emission from the atmosphere 2- 5 the USA and Europe. The Karymshino days ahead of an earthquake; and station is currently considered as a • Pre-seismic VLF transmitter reference station for Japanese networks signal perturbations in the upper and one of the best places to check new atmosphere. theoretical ideas.

Programmatic Approach

The Programmatic Approach (PA) is a new policy of the ISTC, approved by the ISTC Parties at the 38th Governing Board Meeting (GBM) in October 2005. On the basis of this decision, the Center nominated a number of Science Coordinators among its staff, who developed “PA topical area reports” (PATs) for consideration by the Parties, as follows:

• Nano Technology • Science & Technology in Support of Counter –Terrorism Meeting of Fuel Cell Targeted Initiative Steering Group at the ISTC in December • Global Climate and Environment • Space and Aeronautics The Fuel Cell Targeted Initiative seeks The Law Enforcement Targeted • Drug Design & Development to focus ISTC-related activities on the Initiative (LETI), which will support • Central Asian Disease final goal of development, manufacture counter-terrorism objectives, will Surveillance and testing of a pilot power plant of initially help international partners • Nuclear Safety Benchmarking and five-kilowatt capacity based on fuel cell develop forensics technologies and new High Energy Technologies technology. This pilot power plant will applications in collaboration with the • Instruments and Technology for then be used as a production prototype Russian Ministry of the Interior (MVD) Radiation Medicine for commercialization. The selection and other government agencies. of fuel cell technology for the first ISTC In January 2006, ISTC Parties approved Targeted Initiative was based on the The primary objectives of the Law the PATs in principle and requested the availability of skilled teams of scientists Enforcement Targeted Initiative are Secretariat to proceed according to the in closed cities, the international to: support law enforcement-related approved methodology. importance of this technology, and an research and development; enhance law ISTC portfolio of more than 40 research enforcement’s technological capacity; The ISTC Targeted Initiatives (TIs) are projects related to fuel cell projects. foster self-sustaining relationships; one of the instruments available to fulfill and generate civilian employment the Programmatic Approach objectives As part of an effort to create opportunities. The LETI is being and to enhance strategic partnerships partnerships between the international carried out with the full support and between the scientific community and community and government agencies involvement of MVD. their counterparts in private industry. and industries in Russia and the CIS, the ISTC is also identifying and developing The Targeted Initiatives also provide a number of other types of Targeted scientists in Russia and the CIS an Initiatives. alternative and more focused format to standard ISTC projects in their transition to a sustainable mode of operations in a market environment.

Foreign Collaboration the NATO Science for Peace program. Armenia: Institute of High Energy The Lawrence Livermore National Physics (Protvino); Joint Institute of Laboratory in the USA is a principal Nuclear Research (Dubna); VNIITF The ISTC is contributing to a collaborator, with other collaborator (Snezhinsk); VNIIEF (Sarov); the Moscow multinational program uniting scientists institutes located in Greece and France. Engineering and Physics Institute and policymakers in the Caucasus They coordinate the Armenian and (Moscow); Yerevan Physics Institute region through assessment and Georgian scientific efforts with those in (Yerevan). information sharing on seismic risks. Turkey, Russia, and Azerbaijan. The St. Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Funding of $300,000 for Project The European Center for Nuclear Physics (Gatchina) contributed to #A-651, provided by the European Research (CERN) and the European detector design, assembly, and testing; Union and the United States, through Union have provided over $5 million and the plant “MachineStroitel” (Perm) the ISTC, is now supporting Armenian for a series of nine ISTC projects to development and manufacture of the and Georgian scientists from 8 contributing to the ATLAS detector detector structure. Scientists from many institutions in a Caucasian Seismic facility at CERN. These projects include of the leading physics centers will take Information System. The ISTC project the participation of leading physics part in the experiments now planned at began as part of a comprehensive, research institutions in Russia and CERN. coordinated effort, also funded through

ISTC’s GLOBAL REACH

- Location of ISTC’s Parties, Partners and Collaborators

Workshops and Seminars of soil and groundwater systems, Canadian-Russian Colloquium on ConSoil 2005 focused on remediation of Aerospace Technologies (December 5), as Vehicles to Engage and contaminated soils. The ISTC Workshop in Moscow. Integrate at ConSoil 2005 consisted of 2 special sessions, “Radioactive Contamination The objective of the Colloquium was In 2005, the ISTC combined it’s Seminars in Russia and other CIS countries”, to enable CIS and Canadian aerospace Program and Science Workshops that were open to all members of the experts to meet and discuss possible Program into a Science Workshops conference. future ISTC projects. The priority for the and Seminars Program. This program first Colloquium was to enable experts supports the integration of former from Canada and the CIS to interact and WMD experts in Russia and the CIS into initiate direct collaboration. the international scientific community and seeks to promote sustainable cooperation. These goals are pursued Laboratories Working through funding provided by Canada, Together the EU, the United States, and Japan that allows experts in Russia and the International Scientific Laboratories CIS to interact and exchange ideas in (ISLs) are designed to link resources of science and technology. These funds Participants at the ISTC Workshop research institutions and industry in also help scientists establish new at ConSoil 2005 the CIS with those from Party countries. contacts and cooperative opportunities The 8th ISTC Science Advisory This assistance reaffirms the positive with colleagues from the ISTC Parties, Committee Seminar “Bio-Fuels in experience gained through the ISTC’s Russia, and other CIS countries. Clean Power Production & Transport” Science Projects Program and fosters

(November 29-30), in Moscow, Russia the goal of the long-term engagement The ISTC organized or provided of scientific teams. In 2005, an ISL for support for 30 such events in 2005. As The Seminar considered all aspects of Optical and Laser Diagnostics at the examples: the production and utilization of bio- Stepanov Institute of Physics, Minsk, fuels. The two-day event began with Belarus commenced operations. ISTC Conference on Advancing International state-of-the-art presentations and was Project #B-1065, which was funded by Cooperation on Bio-Initiatives in Russia followed by specialized presentations the EU, as well as three Partner Projects and the CIS (April 28-29), in Rome, Italy on advances and prospects of Bio Fuels, with the German Fraunhofer Gesellschaft ending with a panel discussion on steps (FhG) Institute, provides an important This international conference, which for the future. basis for the operations of this ISL. Space was organized by RANSAC and the and facilities at the ISL in Minsk were Centro Volta, included about 30 top- purchased with financial contributions level experts from Russia, Kazakhstan, from the Government of Belarus, the Uzbekistan, Canada, the United States, ISTC, and the Fraunhofer Institute for and the European Union. Participants Non-Destructive Testing (IZFP). at the conference recommended similar follow-up events and activities to Prospective ISLs were also being further pursue cooperation on bilateral developed in 2005 in Russia at the initiatives and agreements. Sukhachev Forest Institute in Krasnoyarsk and the Research Institute for Complex Conference on Contamination of Soil Testing of Optic-Electronic Devices in (October 3-7), in Bordeaux, France Sosnovy Bor. These ISLs would provide a unifying framework for existing ISTC The leading conference on pollution Regular and Partner Projects. For instance, the ISL in Krasnoyarsk would Participants at the 8th ISTC Science combine the efforts of partners in Advisory Committee Seminar “Bio-Fuels in Germany with ISTC projects focused on Clean Power Production & Transport” climate change in Eurasia, ecosystems in Moscow, Russia in Central Siberia, and atmospheric investigations over northern Eurasia. Furthermore, European S&T organizations from France, Germany and Sweden have confirmed their interest 10 in establishing an ISL on the base of the research facility at Sosnovy Bor. In 2005, 6 projects were funded for community to strengthen the civilian a total of $920,000 in Kazakhstan, conversion, the economic diversification Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan. When and the re-orientation of the closed completed, these projects will provide Russian Nuclear Cities (RNCs) and their Internet, and in some cases telephone assets. service to over 580 former WMD scientists. The ISTC is also a member of NICOLE (Network for Contaminated Land in Contact Expert Group - (CEG) is a Europe), which was set up in 1995 form of joint activity with foreign following an initiative from the collaborators that the ISTC has pursued European Chemical Industry Council Kalvinkovskaya and Bushuk carry out for ten years, upon the initiative of the (CEFIC). NICOLE is the principal forum investigations in advanced directions of European Union. Objectives of CEGs where industry, service providers optical nondestructive testing using a include technical monitoring of on- and academia cooperate to develop laser scanning microscope equipped with going projects, information exchange and influence the state of the art in continuous wave and femtosecond lasers and coordination of ISTC projects, contaminated land management at the ISL in Minsk, Belarus strengthening of collaboration, and in Europe. It is open to public and initiation of new projects, meetings, private sector organizations, and has Supporting publications and other joint actions. been initiated as an action within the Collaboration There are currently several CEGs, European Commission’s Environment including ISTC projects related and Climate RTD Programme from 1996. to Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) life Through the ISTC, thousands of management and safety, verification of The ISTC also co-sponsored and foreign collaborators are engaged on a methods and technical data for control took part in the following nuclear voluntary basis in cooperation with CIS of reactor pressure vessels and interiors, conferences: scientists. The following programs are in structure of materials, and development support of such collaboration: of uniform norms and regulations. • International Conference on Nuclear Power in Space (March), in Podolsk, Travel Support Program - The ISTC The ISTC is an active Member Russia strongly encourages CIS scientific teams of the Contact Expert Group on • International Conference on Space to develop their project proposals international Radwaste Projects in Nuclear Systems (June), in San with the participation of foreign Northwest Russia (IAEA). The CEG has Diego, USA collaborating organizations. Travel developed a comprehensive database • ICENES-2005, the 12th International Support Programs funded by all ISTC which provides all participants with Conference on Emergent Nuclear Parties encourage collaboration by information on goals, status and donors Energy Systems, (August), in Brussels, reimbursing travel and related expenses of the relevant projects. The results Belgium for CIS scientists and for experts from and recommendations of this expert • The 4th International Conference on the Party-countries who wish to begin group provided a basis for the G8 Global VVER Safety (September), in Podolsk, or continue technical consultations Partnership Program. Russia on the proposals they submit to the • International Workshop ISTC. Travel Support Program funds Since November 2001, the ISTC and the “Experimental Performance of KTM also cover travel expenses for scientist EU DG Research have agreed to convene Tokamak and Research Program” participation in international meetings yearly meetings of an International (October), in Astana, Kazakhstan and conferences relevant to their Working Group (IWG) for the European • The 16th NEUTRONICS Seminar specialization. Over 400 scientists and Nuclear Cities Initiatives (ENCI), and “Neutron and Physical Problems experts were supported in 2005 on more broadly for International Transition of Nuclear Power” (November), in visits to many of the ISTC supporting Initiatives – open to governmental, Obninsk, Russia countries. non-governmental and private sector entities – in order to analyze/discuss/ Communications Support Program coordinate the cooperative efforts (CSP) - CSP aims to improve the by the Federal Agency for Atomic telecommunication infrastructure of Energy (RosAtom) and by the global institutes where current capabilities inhibit the successful accomplishment of ISTC project participation and the development of commercial opportunities. 11 LOCATION OF ISTC PROJECTS

NORWAY

SWEDEN

FINLAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

BELARUS POLAND

KAZAKHSTAN

UKRAINE SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY MOLDOVA ROMANIA MONGOLIA ISTC PROJECT CIS CAPITALS BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA LOCATION

SERBIA

GEORGIA ISTC PROJECTS LOCATED BULGARIA KYRGYZSTAN IN MOSCOW REGION MACEDONIA UZBEKISTAN ALBANIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN DEM. PEOPLES Bolshie Vyazyemy Lyubuchany TURKEY REP. OF KOREA GREECE TURKMENISTAN Chernogolovka Mendeleevo TAJIKISTAN Dolgoprudny Mytischi Dubna Nemchinovka-1 REPUBLIC JAPAN Dzerzhinsky Obolensk OF KOREA SYRIAN Elektrogorsk Podolsk ARAB REP. CYPRUS Elektrostal Protvino Fryasino Puschino IRAN AFGANISTAN IRAQ Istra-2 Sergiev Posad CHINA JORDAN Khimki Serpukhov Klimovsk Stupino Korolev Troitsk EGYPT KUWAIT LIBIAN Lytkarino Zelenograd ARAB PAKISTAN JAMAHIRIYA Lyubertsy Zhukovsky SAUDI ARABIA 12 INDIA

MYANMA BANGLADESH UAE NORWAY

SWEDEN

FINLAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

BELARUS POLAND

KAZAKHSTAN

UKRAINE SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY MOLDOVA ROMANIA MONGOLIA ISTC PROJECT CIS CAPITALS BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA LOCATION

SERBIA

MYANMA BANGLADESH UAE PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

INTERNATIONAL through the ISTC’s tax-exempt and In 2005, 56 new Partner Projects were internationally audited programs. funded, 47 from governmental Partners OUTREACH Partners can generally expect to wholly and 9 commercial Partners. Total Partner or majority-own the outcomes of funding in 2005 for R&D projects was Providing Russian and CIS former projects which they have funded and $21,086,869. weapons scientists and institutes with share Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) long-term employment sustainability in with scientists and institutes in Russia the civilian marketplace is one means of and the CIS. the ISTC achieving its nonproliferation ISTC Partner Project Funding goals. To achieve this, the ISTC actively Partners by Country in 2005 seeks to expand its international No. of projects, Partner Amount 2005, $ business and governmental networks funded in 2005 through its Partners Program and the By December 2005, the ISTC had Canada - 0 recognized 284 Partners, each accepting Commercialization Support Program. EU 1,736,485 10 the ISTC’s nonproliferation objectives Japan 1,142,140 5 These Programs offer technology as a condition of application. 42 new matchmaking, project management and Partners joined the Partner Program in Korea 100,000 1 pre-commercialization of technologies 2005. This is the second highest number USA 18,108,244 40 support to former weapons scientists, to of new Partners since the Partner Total Partner funding since 1995: $207,028,948 enable private companies, investors and Program was created in 1995. Total Partner Projects since 1995: 534 governmental research organizations to partner and capitalize on the high- In each ISTC party, the total number tech scientific skills and technologies of Governmental and Commercial available today in Russia and the CIS. Partners by the end of 2005 is as follows (numbers in brackets represent new The principal goal is to create medium partners in 2005): Canada-2 (1); the EU- to long-term sustainable businesses and 90 (16); Japan-61 (4); Korea 27 (12); the R&D partnerships between international USA-104 (9). companies and organizations, and ISTC Partner Government and Non-government Organization Funding former Russian/CIS weapons scientists. No. of No. of projects, Amount ($) Amount (%) funded Amount ($) Amount (%) Private companies and governmental Type research organizations join the ISTC as funded in 2005 2005 partner total total 2005 projects Partners and use their R&D budgets to fund civilian work in their areas of Total 56 21,086,869 100.00% 534 207,028,948 100.00% interest by former weapons scientists. Government 47 19,772,069 93.76% 422 189,908,171 91.73% ISTC Partners may, at no cost, direct organization the ISTC to find scientists or institutes Non- 9 1,314,800 6.24% 112 17,120,778 8.27% government who can meet their technology or commercial R&D requirements. Having selected scientists or project teams, ISTC Partner Numbers

Partners can choose to engage the ISTC 284 in assisting with pre-commercialization 300 242 initiatives or R&D project management 250 for technology development programs 199 in Russia or the CIS, paying scientists 200 173 directly for the work they carry out Total 143 150 New Partners 105 100 74 53 50 16 1 2 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

14 Commercial Success Story on population health, safety, security Both systems will immediately notify or economic well-being. The system relevant authorities or persons of is particularly required to safeguard potential intrusion. ISTC Partner Project # 3148p - governmental institutions and Software-Hardware Complex for infrastructure against possible acts of Uniqueness of the Project. Pioneering Detection and Threat Prevention of terrorism, and to detect unauthorized developments enable intruder Acts of Terrorism intrusion into closed zones or private detection against the background property. of a changing physical environment Institute: Russian State Scientific Center (moving grass and trees, rough sea) and for Robotics and Technical Cybernetic, Two types of alarm system are to be changing light (sun covered by clouds, Saint-Petersburg, Russia developed: moving car lights, street illumination).

Partner: Hitachi Kokusai Electric Inc., - An alarm system for the protection Newly developed technologies for Japan of critical infrastructure. The intruder recognition, coupled with system, based on the application of intelligent software analysis of potential The Purpose of the Project is to protect stereovision, will interact with other terrorist behavior, are brought together infrastructure or individuals at risk of applications such as range finders in this challenging project with the terrorism, crime or malicious intent. and intelligent computer software aim of creating a safer, more secure to identify individuals or objects of a environment. The Aim of the Project is to create suspicious nature. an integrated software and hardware - An alarm system for civil application, system able to protect buildings of protecting private houses, offices, critical or national importance that, if stores, cottages, garages. The system destroyed, would have serious impact will identify possible intrusion into a property and detect any invader.

Detection of potential intruders or objects of suspicion in a changing environment

15 Working with Control Program for the Republic of The UK DTI joined the ISTC Partner Governments 1 Armenia will be established within a Program in April 2002. By the end of BTEP-funded project, offering effective 2005 under the cooperation of the TB control on a national scale. CNCP, the UK DTI has allocated $2.2 US Department of Health and Human million for 7 ISTC Partner projects, Services Improves TB Control in the CIS Successful project implementation involving more than 300 scientists One-third of the world’s population through the ISTC Partner Program (over half of these are former nuclear has been infected with Mycobacterium guarantees effective collaboration weapons specialists). tuberculosis and it is the current leading between CIS institutes and leading cause of preventable death in adults US TB laboratories, including frequent One of the first successfully completed due to a single identifiable infectious exchange of visits of US and CIS DTI Partner projects is ISTC Partner agent worldwide. Tuberculosis (TB) scientists and the training of CIS Project #2824 (‘Elaboration of a Training has emerged as a major public health scientists in the laboratories of their US Center to Develop Technology for problem in Russia and in many of the collaborators. Production of High Quality Cutting Tools former Soviet republics. Thus, the in Snezhinsk’) which was implemented prevention, epidemiology, treatment, by Raster-Technology Ltd, Snezhinsk. and diagnostics of TB are the first The objective of the project was to priorities for public health and research reorient the “military” personnel of the efforts. city of Snezhinsk to civil activities in the sphere of polygraph machine building TB, including multi-drug resistant and the packaging industry. (MDR)-TB is indeed one of the main focuses of an ISTC Partner – the US As a result, highly qualified personnel Department of Health and Human were trained in design and production Services/Biotechnology Engagement of cutting tools and packaging. High- Program (DHHS/BTEP) under the US tech equipment (laser complex, plotter) Bio-Chem Redirect Program. 17 funded was also developed and produced. projects related to various aspects of Meeting in NIH-NIAID, Bethesda, This enabled the development TB control, mainly in Russia but also Department of TB investigations, and manufacturing of cutting dies in Georgia and Armenia, deal with collaborator for BTEP Project #2201, May, 2005 and tools. Twenty (20) permanent establishing comprehensive methods of working places were created for the molecular epidemiology by genotyping Working with establishment of the total technological of pathogen clinical isolates, and cycle at the company including all developing methods of rapid Governments 2 stages of the process, namely, order diagnostics of TB and MDR-TB through registration, design, laser cutting microchip technology applicable to UK Department of Trade and Industry of die bases, breadboarding of clinical laboratories and nutrient media- Closed Nuclear Cities Partnership samples, die arrangement, counter- based diagnostic kits. The UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) partners with the ISTC matrix production, and cutting of final package. During project Special attention is paid to the study to implement a number of projects implementation, a manufacturing of pathogenesis of latent TB forms and initiatives in Closed Nuclear Cities building (former VNIIEF printing-house) in order to develop effective drugs and Centers with funding from the was renovated to correspond to the and vaccines. New animal models are UK Closed Nuclear Cities Partnership requirements of future production. investigated and vivarium facilities Programme (CNCP). upgraded to ensure an international As of the end of 2005, Raster- level of animal care and use. With DHHS/ Through ISTC cooperation, it has been Technology Ltd, Snezhinsk, is a BTEP funding, the Research Center possible to develop new valuable successfully operating company for Tuberculosis Clinical Trials is being initiatives targeted at the creation of meeting the packaging demands of developed at the Research Institute economically sustainable organizations companies in the Ural Region. for Phthisiopulmonology in Moscow, formerly involved in nuclear weapons Russian Federation and a National TB research.

16 Partner Activities

Canada European Union Japan

Canada became a full Governing In April, German Chancellor Gerhard ISTC Partner Promotion activities in Board Member of the ISTC in 2004, Schröder and Russian President Vladimir Japan in 2005 ranged from individual and developed its outreach services Putin attended the opening of the ISTC meetings and visits with companies to Canadian business with the ISTC 5-day international technology and to workshops at technology fairs taking appointment of its first Canadian-based innovation fair, ‘Hannover Messe 2005’, place in Japan. In close cooperation consultant in 2005. The consultant will which included the participation of the with the Japanese Government, the ISTC focus on promoting the services and ISTC. Current and potential Partners participated in the Technology Transfer opportunities available to Canadian visited the ISTC exhibition area to learn Fair 2005 in Tokyo in late November, Biotech companies through the ISTC more about the Russian and CIS R&D where the ISTC’s exhibition stand and encourage them to initiate ISTC sectors and how a range of ISTC services attracted more than 100 commercial projects in the Bio Technology and Life enables organizations to access the visitors. Science sectors. expertise of scientists working within Russia and the CIS. As part of efforts to The ISTC’s Technology Matchmaking In early 2005, the ISTC collaborated integrate former weapons scientists into service has proved to be one of the with Foreign Affairs Canada, the Canada the international scientific community, most efficient tools for successful Eurasia Russia Business Association the ISTC supported a delegation of partner promotion and for establishing (CERBA), and the Saskatchewan Trade Russian and CIS experts in fuel cell new partner projects. The ISTC has been and Export Partnership (STEP), to technologies to attend the Hannover able to match technologies and Russian organize forums in Edmonton, Calgary exhibition, which enabled them to meet and CIS institutes with the specific R&D and Saskatoon for representatives from and exchange opinions with experts needs of Japanese Partners, as well as the business and academic sectors of from across the international fuel cell potential Japanese Partners, with the the Canadian oil and gas, and biotech sector. proposals of Russian and CIS scientists communities. and institutes. In May, ISTC meetings took place at With support from the ISTC and Foreign the UK’s 7th Cambridge Bio-Partnering The ISTC has also organized a Affairs Canada, nine Russian experts in Exchange and in November, the ISTC number of Japanese governmental oil spill bioremediation took part in the was one of the main sponsors of the and commercial delegation visits to Calgary 28th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill prestigious international Bio-Europe institutes, and supported negotiations Program Technical Seminar on Oil and 2005 conference and exhibition held in between Partners and Russian and CIS Gas Ecology. Dresden, Germany. The ISTC arranged a scientists, providing full assistance in number of Bio-company meetings and preparing partner project proposals. A The seminar introduced technologies supported a formal presentation from number of promising research proposals developed at top Russian Federation the Puschino Research Laboratory. from Russian and CIS scientists were institutes such as the All-Russia Institute introduced to potential partners, for Plant Protection, the Institute The ISTC organized a number of resulting in four new ISTC partner of Biochemistry and Physiology international business meetings projects totaling more than $1 million of Microorganisms, Moscow State throughout the year, including a senior- between Japanese commercial partners University, Kazan State University, and level delegation visit by the Danish and Russian and CIS institutes in 2005. Gubkin State University of Oil and Gas. Confederation of Industry to ISTC Another four projects totaling about During the seminar, Russian scientists Headquarters and Russian scientific $500,000 are planned for 2006. were able to meet and exchange institutes. The ISTC also supported views with Canadian commercial and workshops on High-Power Radio governmental organizations. Frequency Technology in Russia in the framework of a UK Department of Trade Proposals introduced at the seminar and Industry technology trade mission. extended beyond oilspill technologies to cover a range of bio-remediation solutions that would employ technologies developed in Russia and the CIS.

17 The ISTC and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science Republic of Korea United States and Technology regularly organize workshops to highlight technologies The ISTC Workshop Program in the One of many active US Partners in the and topics of global significance and to Republic of Korea continues to attract ISTC is the US Bio-Industry Initiative (BII), facilitate the development of relevant wide interest from Korean research whose goals are to support accelerated project proposals. The ISTC Workshop institutions, industry and private drug and vaccine development to Program fund covers travel expenses companies, with more than 150 combat highly infectious diseases, and of CIS scientists who participate in attendees at each event. In 2005, reconfigure CIS biological production these workshops, which are held in four workshops were arranged in the facilities for civilian use. cities throughout Japan. The following Republic of Korea: workshops were held in 2005: BII has worked in cooperation with • The 6th Korean Workshop on the ISTC to support drug and vaccine • The 34th Japanese Workshop on Biophysics, Marine Biotechnology development and the commercial Advanced Biotechnology in Russia/ and Environmental Monitoring, in conversion of large-scale biological CIS, in Tokyo (June) Busan (April), which was attended by production facilities in Russia. BII- 10 ISTC-supported Russian experts; supported research ranges from the • The 35th Japanese Workshop on nanoparticle delivery of TB drugs to • The 7th Korean Workshop on Advanced Materials in Russia/ CIS, in new approaches for treating cancer and Functional Thin Film and Coatings, Tokyo (October) CNS disorders to avian flu monitoring and New Plasma Technology, in in Siberia. BII has also catalyzed two Seoul (September), which was • The 36th Japanese Workshop on unique consortia, “Orchemed” and attended by 9 ISTC-supported Advanced Catalysis in Russia/ CIS, in “TEMPO”, which foster drug discovery experts from Russia and the CIS; Tokyo (December) efforts of multiple institutions and • The 8th Korean Workshop on Key promote the harmonization of drug • The 37th Japanese Workshop on Technologies for Chemical Materials testing standards. Advanced Nanomaterials in Russia/ and their Industrial Applications, CIS, in Ibaraki (December) in Daejeon (November), which In April, BII sponsored through the ISTC was attended by 8 ISTC-supported the participation of several scientists Russian experts; in the Society for Quality Assurance Meeting, held in Orlando, Florida. • The 9th Korean Workshop on Key Technologies for Optical In May, the Partner sponsored the Technologies and Applications, participation of several veterinary in Seoul (December), which was experts from Russian institutes to attended by 5 ISTC-supported Veterinary Biologics Training at the Russian experts. USDA in Ames, Iowa.

As a direct result of these workshops, 12 In June, BII supported through the new Korean Partners joined the ISTC’s ISTC the participation of Russian Partner Program in 2005 (bringing the specialists to BIO2005 in Philadelphia, total to 27). One new Partner project has Pennsylvania. been started and several proposals are in the process of detailed discussion and In September, BII cosponsored the ISTC staff Masaki Sato and Luidmila Liman preparation. second annual conference on Molecular at Japan Fair 2005 Medicine and Biosafety. BII supported Additionally, the ISTC received more business development training for staff than 10 Korean delegation visits to of the Pushchino SPF Animal Breeding Russia in 2005, including a delegation of Facility at Charles River Laboratories in 21 representatives from 14 companies Boston, Massachusetts. belonging to the Korean Industrial Technology Association (KOITA). In November, in partnership with the US State Department and the Science and Technology Center in Ukraine, the ISTC supported a delegation of Russian and CIS chemical engineering experts and provided an exhibition stand at the 18 annual American Institute of Chemical Engineers conference in Cincinnati. Commercialization Support • Development of Russian/CIS-based R&D Project Teams for successful commercial partnership The ISTC’s Commercialization Support Program (ComSP) supports efforts by • Risk-sharing through co-funding former weapons scientists to bring with private partners and investors to the marketplace near-to-market to bring to the market advanced innovative technologies in Russia technologies involving former and the CIS. ComSP acts as a risk- weapons scientists sharing mechanism to leverage and • IPR Asset Inventory and Analysis co-fund investments by private sector services to help former WMD partners and venture capitalists that institutes assess, develop, protect, create permanent civilian workplaces and exploit intellectual property for former weapons scientists and rights portfolios technicians.

Beginning in 2005, ISTC Partners began using ComSP to fund CIS Commercialization Initiatives.

Services offered by ComSP include:

• Advanced Matchmaking to pair ISTC beneficiaries with partners, investors, clients, and other commercial entities and facilitate the development of commercial relationships • Pre-commercialization support to former WMD scientists for market research, business planning, travel and communications support to meet with potential customers and investors, business and legal consulting including help with contracts, licensing and patent support • Technology transfer, technology licensing, support for the development of innovation and Since 2003, the Commercialization commercialization infrastructure Support Program has funded 10 initiatives for a total of over $3.5 million, creating nearly 450 new workplaces. In 2005 alone, total funding was over $2.5 million.

19 Commercialization Support and Blast Maker, enhances operational Success Stories performance at open pit mines. The system uses computer modeling to determine optimal drilling and blasting locations to increase output and Commercialization Initiative #CI-011 efficiency for large mining operators. Blast Maker (Kyrgyz Republic) Union Espanola de Explosivos is a world- leader in the manufacture of explosives This Commercialization Initiative (CI- for civil engineering and mining 011) was based on the results of ISTC industries and is seeking to differentiate projects #KR-067 and #KR-566 and its products through value-added in July 2005, a partnership began to services. The ISTC’s support helped develop between the Kyrgyz Russian Meeting between UEE, Kyrgyz Russian bring the system to the attention of Slavonic University and Blast Maker Slavonic University, Blast Maker, and this Spanish Partner, as well as helping Union Espanola de Explosivos (UEE), a to develop a much needed marketable the Kyrgyz and Spanish participants was Spanish company and ISTC Partner. The prototype. As a result, successful signed for the joint commercialization hardware and software system, made by business meetings were held and a of the system. the Kyrgyz Russian Slavonic University Memorandum on Cooperation between

Commercialization Initiative: #CI –007 establish an Open Technopark, outside the ISTC, in approving this initiative, Open TechnoPark in Sarov (Russian the fence of the closed city of Sarov, joins the multilateral efforts of the Federation) where high-level VNIIEF specialists and Russian Government (both federal and their potential Russian counterparts regional levels), Russian private capital, In December 2005, the ISTC began as well as foreign commercial partners other International Organizations and a new commercialization initiative from private & public sectors can meet foreign private capital enterprises to implemented by Limited Liability and work together for mutual benefit. help build an effective infrastructure Company «Technologies Transfer The initiative includes mainly support for the Open Technopark, which Center «Systema-Sarov» and involving for infrastructure development, but makes it an attractive place for future the Russian Federal Nuclear Center also support for business development, investments and expanding commercial - All-Russian Research Institute of training, promotion & marketing. partnerships. Experimental Physics (VNIIEF) to

Commercialization Initiative: #CI –010 of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF). children. The ISTC’s flexibility enabled Production of Nail Decoration Systems The new product will be able to the Russian team to retain and redirect (Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation) decorate fingernails and print a small the commercialization initiative when (5 mm x 5 mm) two-dimensional market needs shifted, demonstrated the ImagiNail of Russia, the partner of Pearl code directly on a fingernail that can value of the Commercialization Support Technology Holdings, requested ISTC be used for personal identification. Program in addressing such needs and assistance to develop a beauty industry The new product has many uses in providing high-level customer service to product based upon technologies hospitals, for patient identification, ISTC beneficiaries and their partners at from the Russian Federal Nuclear or at amusement parks for tracking the speed of business. Center - All-Russian Research Institute

20 Commercialization The Technologies Database Program The Competency Building Program helps CIS specialists to find investors supports former WMD experts and their Support (continued) and scientific collaborators for their institutions by providing the means innovative projects. to improve basic skills required to Recognizing the importance of develop and maintain self-sustainable the identification, protection, and The ISTC’s internet portal “Science and businesses and the commercialization exploitation of Intellectual Property (IP) Technologies in CIS” (http://tech-db.istc. of technologies. associated with ISTC-funded projects, ru), launched in 2001 in the framework as well as a need for transparency of of the Program, assists scientists in the Both Parties and Partners can use the intellectual property rights allocation promotion of their research to fellow Competency Building Training program to attract international cooperation, the members of the scientific community to support their own research efforts ISTC continues to expand its support in and to potential commercial partners. with former WMD scientists. the field of IP. The portal is a powerful information For example, the US Bio-Industry In particular, new procedures for ISTC exchange tool that brings the research Initiative has funded collaboration activities were considered and approved and development capabilities of its with the Center for New Medical with the objective of increasing the participants to the attention of potential Technologies (TEMPO). awareness of ISTC staff and project collaborators and investors worldwide. participants when handling IP issues. Through the ISTC, a TEMPO training program on Business Plan Development Additionally, a new system of reporting was created for members of institutes on IP creation, protection, and that are part of the TEMPO network of exploitation; a database on inventory of non-profit organizations. Participants IP created through ISTC projects; and a in the training were selected from series of training and distance learning institutes in Moscow, the Moscow seminars to increase understanding of region, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. IP issues were developed. The training provided participants with the knowledge and skills necessary to develop and protect business plans The Patenting Support Program ISTC Staff Tatiana Florina and Andrey and proposals. This type of training also continues to provide financial Vakhliaev with Diploma and is a critical component of ISTC efforts and consulting support for recipients Gold Medal Award to foster innovation and attract seeking intellectual property rights potential investors to Russia and the CIS protection. For its contribution to the promotion countries. of CIS scientific achievements, the In an effort to provide more training Technologies Database Program was Nine different multimedia courses opportunities for scientists and awarded a diploma and gold medal were also developed and created by managers, the ISTC is creating resource during the 10th international exhibition the Competency Building Program centers that will reach larger numbers held in the framework of “High- in 2005: Intellectual Property; of participants more cost-effectively. Technology Week” in St. Petersburg in Business Plan Development; Business October 2005. Administration; Introduction to The Resource Center in Bishkek, which Commercialization; Negotiation for was officially opened in September, Success; Business Communication and was the first such center funded by the Presentation Skills; Business Valuation; Competency Building Program and will Project Management; and Attracting bolster ISTC efforts to help scientists Investment for High Technology Sectors. develop necessary skills to commercial- ize their scientific work. Distance-learning courses on computer skills, business plan development and intellectual property rights have already been conducted at this resource center and should facilitate sustainable business activities.

21 GLOBAL SECURITY PARTNERSHIPS

STRENGTHENING Bio-terrorism and the spread of biological weapons have been identified COOPERATION as threats that some believe eclipse the dangers of nuclear and chemical The ISTC remains committed to weapons proliferation. The importance the principle of ‘nonproliferation of programs to counter these dangers through science cooperation’. The has been repeatedly acknowledged at nonproliferation mission continues G-8 Global Partnership summits, and to evolve to meet new global the ISTC is currently engaged in a wide requirements. In recognition of variety of projects that seek to improve broader security challenges, the ISTC bio-security and bio-safety to reduce Senators Richard Lugar and Barack Obama continues to extend its work beyond the threats of potential bio-terrorism. just the nuclear field and is extensively at the All-Russia Institute Canada, in particular, has initiated a of Phytopathology (VNIIF) engaging former weapons scientists major program of workshops in Russia in chemistry, biology, aeronautics, and and the CIS to specifically engage and collaboration is current support for other fields. The Global Security and promote bio-safety through training specialists at the Russian State Research Strategic Planning Department was and knowledge-sharing. Center of Virology and Biotechnology established in 2005 as part of an effort “VECTOR” in safeguarding the genetic by the ISTC to more effectively redirect The ISTC is also working with former material of laboratory cultures of the expertise of former WMD scientists WMD scientists on bio-security projects natural variola viruses. While large- in Russia and the CIS in support of implemented through a partnership scale actions are being undertaken global nonproliferation programs and with the US Defense Threat Reduction by the World Health Organization to initiatives. Agency (DTRA) at critical biological and fully eliminate natural variola viruses, agricultural institutional facilities in these laboratory cultures are currently G-8 Global Partnership Russia and the CIS. These projects are preserved at VECTOR and the US Center principally directed at physical security for Disease Control and Prevention Common security goals and a shared upgrades, improving quality controls, because of their value for virology and philosophy of nonproliferation through safety and security and surveillance, medicine, especially in the context of engagement prompted Canada to detection and response measures, immunization efforts. ISTC and DTRA identify the ISTC as a crucial partner in but they also encourage collaborative support is critical to ensure that new the execution of one of the key priorities efforts that make biotechnology and diagnostic methods can be developed of the G-8 Global Partnership Against pharmaceuticals in Russia and CIS from this genetic material while the Spread of Materials and Weapons countries more attractive to commercial also improving the security of these of Mass Destruction. The ISTC plays partners. dangerous biological materials. an important role in engaging former WMD scientists at priority facilities As part of DTRA activities in 2005, the International Organizations and institutions but also implements ISTC facilitated a visit by a US delegation led by senators Richard Lugar and projects which have enhanced Global The ISTC is seeking to strengthen Barack Obama, as well as William Partnership efforts with respect to collaboration with other international Burns, the new US Ambassador to the dismantling nuclear submarines, and multilateral organizations, such as Russian Federation, to the Institute of destroying chemical weapons and the Science and Technology Center in Phytopathology in Golitsyno, Moscow disposing of fissile materials. The ISTC Ukraine (STCU), the International Atomic Region. The visit emphasized the is also well positioned and prepared to Energy Agency (IAEA), NATO, the Civilian important work of Russian scientists play a lead role in G-8 Partnership efforts Research and Development Foundation, under the auspices of DTRA to conduct to reduce the threats of bio-terrorism. and the Nuclear Threat Initiative. In bio-security and bio-safety upgrades in 2005, preliminary discussions were a former “closed” biological facility. held with the IAEA, NATO, STCU, and Another example of ISTC and DTRA the Nuclear Threat Initiative about areas of mutual interest and ways to enhance complementary programmatic activities. Through identifying and cultivating these important partnerships in the global security sphere, the ISTC will continue to leverage resources to address proliferation threats posed by nuclear, biological, chemical and radiological weapons, materials, and 22 infrastructure. Enhancing Global Security Global Security Projects by Area

The ISTC helps channel the expertise and talents of former WMD scientists in Russia and the CIS States towards developing technologies that address the threats posed by chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) weapons, and materials. The ISTC currently manages 155 projects that range from new technologies for submarine dismantlement and chemical weapons destruction to new processes for ensuring the safety and security of CBRN sites and measures to ISTC Project #2637- Developing the radioactive and fissile materials. These secure dangerous pathogens and fissile Experimental Model of a Device systems cannot detect non-radioactive materials. These projects involve nearly for Nuclear Material Detection by materials such as lithium or heavy 7000 scientists at 260 institutes across Photoneutron Technology (Funded by water since these materials do not emit Russia and the CIS. Canada) ionizing radiation.

Project Areas As part of the Global Security & Strategic The aims of the project include: • Security and Safety: Projects in Planning Department’s enforcement experimental demonstration of this area involve physical protection and detection activities, Canada is nuclear material detection by measures, including physical providing over $140,000 funding to photoneutron technology as barriers, detection systems and the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow for applied to the physical protection user authentication systems, this two-year project, which seeks to of nuclear objects; theoretical and at the facilities that work with improve existing technologies and, experimental optimization of beam CBRN materials as well as new particularly, the sensitivity and range of target construction and electron technologies that address this devices detecting fissile materials. beam parameters to achieve the best theme. probability parameters of nuclear Nuclear weapons experts believe material detection; determination • Detection and Enforcement: that hand-made nuclear bombs with of the parameters related to the Projects in this area involve power equivalent to several kilotons of efficiency of nuclear material detection technologies that support securing trinitrotoluene could be fabricated by by photoneutron technology; and the flow of dangerous materials by large terrorist organizations with access obtaining the required information improving detection at facilities, as to fissile materials. The current abilities and designing proposals for the well as during transport and storage. of “passive” detection systems such as development of a pilot device available radiation monitors are limited, especially for physical protection of nuclear • Destruction and Conversion: in terms of masked or shielded objects. Projects in this area involve technologies supporting the Canadian Bio Team and ISTC destruction of WMD materials or DED Leo Owsiacki at ‘VECTOR’, their conversion to new forms that Novosibirsk pose reduced risks.

• Transportation and Containment: Projects in this area relate to identifying improvements in the secure transportation and alternatives to long-term storage of CBRN materials.

• Material Controls and Accounting: Projects in this area involve the development of technologies, processes and systems that can be used to measure, label and track 23 CBRN materials. Branch Offices • Georgia: The Branch Office Head made presentations about the ISTC at numerous workshops in Georgia and The ISTC’s Branch Offices in Armenia, participated in several round-tables and Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, seminars. She also presented a report and Tajikistan are integral links in the on the ISTC Commercialization Support ISTC’s global security efforts. The offices Program and a presentation about play a critical outreach role for the ISTC ISTC projects at a June symposium in by helping increase the visibility of ISTC Baltimore. activities among former WMD scientists in the CIS, while helping the ISTC expand • Kazakhstan: The Branch Office Head its nonproliferation partnerships in these briefed President Nursultan Nazarbaev countries. The Branch Offices were added on ISTC activities in Kazakhstan, and to the Global Security & Strategic Planning also participated in BioChem Redirect Department in August 2005. program activities. The Branch Office hosted the 36th Governing Board in Almaty in April, and assistance was Highlights provided to ISTC partners from the UK Ministry of Defense during two visits to • Armenia: Branch Office staff Kazakhstan. organized a number of seminars for project managers and potential ISTC • Kyrgyzstan: Branch Office staff assisted project participants, as well as ISTC in preparing a seminar and educational international seminars. The Branch opportunities on radiation physics. Office Head made a presentation on The Branch Office Head participated the ISTC at the Armenian Doctors’ in a round-table discussion with a World Congress in San Francisco, delegation of the US State Department and participated in meetings with in September. The Branch Office the management of the Chamber of officially opened a Resource Center in Commerce, the Industrial Coalition of September in Bishkek. Armenia, and representatives from a number of consultancy companies in • Tajikistan: The Information Office Armenia. Manager provided support in organizing two seminars on ISTC • Belarus: The Branch Office Head project proposal preparation, as well made a presentation about the ISTC as a seminar for the accountants and and opportunities for international managers of ongoing ISTC projects. cooperation at several conferences, The Information Office assisted with while Branch Office staff organized and the opening of a Communication participated in a number of visits of Center through an ISTC Communication delegations from the USA, Canada and Support Program project. Korea with government officials and

scientific research institutes.

Total ISTC Project Funding in CIS Countries (not including Russia)

4% 2% 12% Kazakhstan

42% Georgia Armenia Belarus 19% Kyrgyz Republic Tajikistan 21%

24 PROMOTING PARTNERSHIPS

Through its broad network of Events, Tradeshows and Promotional contacts and relationships in scientific Materials communities worldwide, the ISTC is well-positioned to promote greater The ISTC also carries out a range awareness of science in the media of promotional activities to inform and general public. In addition to the international private and public continuing its traditional support of technology sector on R&D or late stage scientists of all ages, the ISTC unveiled technology opportunities that are some new initiatives in 2005 to available through working with the ISTC encourage deeper interaction among and former weapons scientists in Russia members of the scientific community, Discussion at the ISTC Science Café and the CIS. These activities include the general public and the media in “Travel Through Space and Time” participation at major international Russia and the CIS. trade shows, scientific and technological Science Cafes exhibitions or conferences, the organization and funding of sector World Physics Year As an advocate of greater scientific specific science exchange workshops, interaction and collaboration, the and targeted company visits. The ISTC In cooperation with the International ISTC initiated a new type of science also undertakes media advertising and Union of Pure and Applied Physics, promotion event in 2005 called “Science the promotion of its services via the the UN and UNESCO declared 2005 as Cafe”, modeled after the European ISTC website, Partner Newsletter and World Physics Year. The ISTC supported phenomenon, Café Scientifique. The the creation of sector or event specific this international effort with a series Science Café provides a venue where general promotional materials, such as of programs held in Russian cities, scientists, journalists, politicians and CD-Roms, brochures and this Annual including “It’s all relative”, a conceptual people with a professional or personal Report. art exhibition that featured ironical interest in scientific issues can meet to views of Russian artists on physical discuss topical issues in an informal and patterns of the world after Einstein. a relaxed setting. The ISTC organized four Science Cafes in 2005 under the following themes: “City Ecology”, ‘Science to Society’ Contest “Medicines in Our Life”, “Travel Through Space and Time – a dream or reality?”, The Moscow House of Science was and “AIDS in Russia”. the venue for an award ceremony recognizing the finalists and winners of the Fourth All-Russian ‘Science to Society’ Contest. The contest was co-organized by the ISTC as part of its ongoing effort to engage a wide range of science and media professionals in promoting an awareness of scientific ISTC staff with Tatiana Zargarova from the achievement in Russia. Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushino Branch at Bio Europe 2005, Dresden, Germany

25 2005 ISTC FINANCIAL SUMMARY

To fulfill its nonproliferation mission, the ISTC Parties, Partners and Project Collaborators contribute financial, in-kind, and human resources to the Center. These resources are used to engage weapons scientists and technical team members in peaceful science projects through ISTC Programs.

New Project Funding by Technology Area (Regular & Partner Projects)

Total: 163 $51,297,994.96

New Project Funding by Source ($)

Total: $51,297,994.96

26 Participants Redirected to ISTC Projects

In 2005, the ISTC paid 24,984 project participants US$43,910,856 in grant payments for a total of 1,822,126 person-days of effort on ISTC projects.

Participants by Days Redirected

Total Project Participants 24,984

New Project Funding by Location of Leading Institute

Total: 163 $51,297,994.96

27 ISTC STRUCTURE

Permanent Governing Other Parties CIS Parties Board Parties

Canada European Union Norway Republic of Korea Armenia Belarus Georgia

Japan Russian Federation Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Tajikstan

United States of America

The Governing Board includes representatives of Canada, the European Union, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States, plus one rotating seat for a member CIS country, held by the Republic of Armenia in 2005.

The Coordination Committee representatives are appointed by the Parties and meet prior to Governing Board meetings to review details of projects to be considered by the Board, discuss coordination of project funding, and exchange views on policy and other issues to be brought before the Governing Board.

The Scientific Advisory Committee provides expert scientific evaluation of project proposals and evaluates ongoing projects, as directed by the Governing Board.

Members Members of the Scientific of the Governing Board: Advisory Committee:

Chair (USA) - Ronald F. Lehman II Japan - Yasushi Seki (Chairman), Yutaka Canada - Allan Poole Murakami European Union - José Manuel Silva Canada - Konstantin Volchek Rodriguez European Union - Jean-Pierre Contzen, Japan - Jun Niimi, Kozo Honsei André Syrota Russian Federation - Lev Ryabev, Russian Federation - Evgeny Avrorin, Yuri Vladimir Pavlinov Trutnev United States of America - Victor Alessi United States of America - Steven Armenia - Levon Mkrtchyan Gitomer, Upendra Rohatgi Singh

28 PARTIES CONTACT INFORMATION

Canada Japan Norway

Stéphane Lessard - Head, Former Yoshihide Tsuda - Officer Erik Svedahl Weapons Scientist Program International Science Cooperation Department Director General Global Partnership Program, Foreign Division Section for the Northern Areas, Polar Affairs Canada Ministry of Foreign Affairs Affairs and Nuclear Safety Ottawa, Canada Tokyo, Japan Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Tel: 1 (613) 944-0827 Tel: 81 (3) 5501-8229 Affairs Fax: 1 (613) 944-1130 Fax: 81 (3) 5501-8228 Oslo, Norway E-mail: stephane.lessard@dfait-maeci. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 47 (2) 224-3502 gc.ca Fax: 47 (2) 224-2774 Goro Watanabe E-mail: [email protected] Senior Specialist for International European Union Research Coordination Ingar Amundsen International Science and Technology Senior Advisor Barbara Rhode Affairs Division Norwegian Radiation Protection Head of the Unit “Multilateral Science and Technology Policy Bureau Authority Cooperation Activities” Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Osteras, Norway European Commission Science and Technology (MEXT) Tel: 47 (67) 162-539 Research Directorate General, Tel: 81-3-6734-3990 Fax: 47 (67) 147-407 International Scientific Cooperation Fax: 81-3-6734-4058 E-mail: [email protected] Brussels, Belgium E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 32 (2) 295-9888 Fax: 32 (2) 296-9227 Republic of Korea E-mail: [email protected] United States of America Joo-han Kim – Director Marthe Leonidou Ann-Catherine (Cathy) Blank - Europe and Oceania Cooperation Principal Administrator “Multilateral Coordinator, ISTC Division Cooperation Activities” Office of Proliferation Threat Reduction Ministry of Science and Technology European Commission Department of State Kwachon, Republic of Korea Research Directorate General, Washington, DC, USA Tel: 82 (2) 503-7631 International Scientific Cooperation Tel: 1 (202) 736-7976 Fax: 82 (2) 502-0264 Brussels, Belgium Fax: 1 (202) 736 7698 E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 32 (2) 295-1422 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 32 (2) 296-9227 Myungsoo Kim – Director E-mail: [email protected] Jane Tannenbaum – Deputy Coordinator Division of Electromagnetic Metrology for Science Centers Program Korea Research Institute of Standards Office of Proliferation Threat Reduction and Science Russian Federation Department of State Taejon, Republic of Korea Washington, DC, USA Tel: 82 (42) 868-5015 Lyubov Kondratenkova – Coordinator, Tel: 1 (202) 736-7693 Fax: 82 (42) 868-5018 ISTC Fax: 1 (202) 736-7698 E-mail: [email protected] Federal Agency for Atomic Energy E-mail: [email protected] Moscow, Russian Federation Tel/Fax: 7 (495) 239-2012 Tel/Fax: 7 (495) 321-4355 E-mail: [email protected]

Andrei Krutskikh Department for Security and Disarmament Issues Ministry of Foreign Affairs Moscow, Russian Federation Tel: 7 (495) 244-4775 Fax: 7 (495) 253-9082

29 ISTC SECRETARIAT

Headquartered in Moscow with Branch Offices in six CIS countries, the Secretariat is the executive body of the ISTC. It implements the decisions of the Governing Board and manages the daily operations of the Center.

Executive Director (EU)

Quality Legal Counsel Assurance Manager

Human Resources Manager

Deputy Executive Deputy Executive Deputy Executive Deputy Executive Principal Deputy Executive Director (EU) Director (Japan) Director (USA) Director (Canada) Director (Russia) Science & Technology Science & Technology Partnering & Global Security & Strategic Operations Department Department I Department II Sustainability Department Planning Department

Partner Projects Global Security Projects Projects Group Projects Division Projects Division Management and Division Promotion

Programmatic Approach Programs and Targeted Competency Building Branch O ces Procurement O ce Coordination Initiatives Division Program Division

Science and Technology Technological Promotion Commercialization Strategic Planning Finance O ce Events Division and Events Division Support Program Division

Communications Information Technologies SAC and Expert Support Technological Database and External Relations Group Division

Programs and Programs and Targeted Administrative O ce Targeted Initiatives Division Initiatives Division

30 SECRETARIAT CONTACT INFORMATION

General Inquires / Public Information Deputy Executive Director ISTC Branch Office, Georgia Tel.: 7 (495) 982-3200 Partnering & Sustainability (USA) Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia Fax: 7 (499) 978-0110 Laura Schmidt-Williams Irina Khomeriki E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 7 (495) 982-3111 Tel.: 995 (32) 223-700 Fax: 7 (499) 978-4926 Fax: 995 (32) 912-386 Executive Director (European Union) E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Norbert Jousten Tel.: 7 (495) 982-3100 Deputy Executive Director ISTC Branch Office, Kazakhstan Fax: 7 (499) 978-0110 Global Security & Strategic Planning Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected] (Canada) Natalia Tomarovskaya Leo Owsiacki Tel.: 7 (3272) 610-272 Principal Deputy Executive Director Tel.: 7 (495) 982-3103 Fax: 7 (3272) 501-639 Operations (Russian Federation) Fax: 7 (499) 978-0227 E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 7 (495) 982-3102 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 7 (499) 978-0939 ISTC Branch Office, Kyrgyzstan ISTC Branch Office, Armenia Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Deputy Executive Director Yerevan, Republic of Armenia Vitaly Kovalenko Science & Technolgy 1 (European Union) Hamlet Navasardyan Tel.: 996 (312) 660-140 Uwe Meyer Tel.: 374 (10) 524-740 Fax: 996 (312) 282-859 Tel.: 7 (495) 982-3210 Fax: 374 (10) 584-483 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 7 (499) 978-4637 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] ISTC Branch Office, Tajikistan ISTC Branch Office, Belarus Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan Deputy Executive Director Minsk, Republic of Belarus Mukhabatsho Khikmatov Science & Technology 2 (Japan) Alexander Klepatsky Tel.: 992 (37) 227-8737 Daiji Takeuchi Tel.: 375 (17) 294-9130 Fax: 992 (37) 227-9394 Tel.: 7 (495) 982-3108 Fax: 375 (17) 294-9136 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 7 (499) 978-3603 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

31 SUMMARY OF ISTC PROJECT FUNDING

2005 1994-2005 Funded Completed Funded Technology Area No. of No. of No. of $ Value $ Value $ Value Projects Projects Projects Biotechnology and Life Sciences 54 18,894,151.79 61 14,452,288.06 503 191,947,199.43 Biochemistry, Cytology, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ecology, Immunology, Microbiology, Nutrition, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology, Public Health, Radiobiology Chemistry 16 4,992,806.96 14 3,689,567.00 140 38,450,589.74 Analytical Chemistry, Basic and Synthetic Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Process Engineering, Photo and Radiation Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Environment 27 9,415,898.49 32 9,222,065.98 357 108,781,224.78 Air Pollution and Control, Environmental Health and Safety, Modeling and Risk Assessment, Monitoring and Instrumentation, Radioactive Waste Treatment, Remediation and Decontamination, Seismic Monitoring, Solid Waste Pollution and Control, Waste Disposal, Water Pollution and Control Fission Reactors 10 2,509,680.47 28 9,646,970.54 226 71,022,451.23 Decommissioning, Experiments, Fuel Cycle, Isotopes, Materials, Modeling, Nuclear and Other Technical Data, Nuclear Instrumentation, Nuclear Safety and Safeguarding, Reactor Concept, Reactor Engineering and NPP, Reactor Fuels and Fuel Engineering Fusion 2 774,250.21 2 77,000.00 47 13,623,571.55 Hybrid Systems and Fuel Cycle, Inertial Confinement Systems, Magnetic Confinement Systems, Plasma Physics Information and Communications 5 1,326,730.04 9 2,342,393.00 96 24,754,106.87 Data Storage and Peripherals, High-Definition Imaging and Displays, High Performance Computing and Networking, Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Sensors and Signal Processing, Software Instrumentation 7 2,086,121.36 10 2,251,114.00 117 32,228,229.20 Detection Devices, Measuring Instruments

32 2005 1994-2005 Funded Completed Funded Technology Area No. of No. of No. of $ Value $ Value $ Value Projects Projects Projects Manufacturing Technology 2 354,479.96 9 3,115,600.00 61 20,495,414.84 CAD and CAM, Engineering Materials, Machinery and Tools, Manufacturing, Planning, Processing and Control, Plant Design and Maintenance, Robotics, Tribology Materials 10 3,568,334.67 23 6,087,615.00 179 58,534,950.06 Ceramics, Composites, Electronic and Photonic Materials, Explosives, High Performance Metals and Alloys, Materials Synthesis and Processing Non-Nuclear Energy 2 548,000.00 5 1,575,416.00 55 18,571,761.89 Batteries and Components, Electric Power Production, Fuel Conversion, Fuels, Geothermal Energy, Heating and Cooling Systems, Miscellaneous Energy Conversion, Solar Energy Other 4 1,150,000.00 2 330,000.00 24 5,490,166.00 Other Basic Sciences 2 610,828.67 3 821,300.00 25 5,500,445.67 Agriculture, Building Industry Technology, Electrotechnology, Geology, Natural Resources and Earth Sciences Physics 18 3,848,827.34 47 9,440,010.76 340 81,983,705.85 Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Fluid Mechanics and Gas Dynamics, Optics and Lasers, Particles, Fields and Accelerator Physics, Plasma Physics, Radio-frequency Waves, Solid State Physics, Structural Mechanics Space, Aircraft and Surface Transportation 4 1,217,885.00 5 1,324,197.55 89 25,619,588.38 Aeronautics, Astronomy, Extraterrestrial Exploration, Manned Spacecraft, Space Launch Vehicles and Support Equipment, Space Safety, Spacecraft Trajectories and Flight Mechanics, Surface Transportation, Unmanned Spacecraft Total 163 51,297,994.96 250 64,375,537.89 2259 697,003,405.49

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