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Preliminary Study of Aquatic and Marshland Angiosperms of Zhob District, Balochistan, Pakistan

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Preliminary Study of Aquatic and Marshland Angiosperms of Zhob District, Balochistan, Pakistan Pak. J. Bot., 49(2): 715-723, 2017. PRELIMINARY STUDY OF AQUATIC AND MARSHLAND ANGIOSPERMS OF ZHOB DISTRICT, BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN KAMRAN ISHAQ1, SARFARAZ KHAN MARWAT2* AND NAZAR KHAN MANDOKHEL3 1Agriculture Extension Department District Sherani, Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan 2Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan 3Government Degree College, Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract The present preliminary study is based on the results of the research work carried out in Zhob District, Balochistan, Pakistan, during 2012-2014. The area was surveyed and collection of hydrophytes and marshland plants was made from 20 sites of various aquatic habitats. The collected material was identified with the help of available literature, and internet sources and by comparing with herbarium specimens. Data inventory consists of botanical name, family, distribution. In this study 40 plant species belonging to 18 families were identified. Cyperaceae was the largest family that contributed 08 species (20%), followed by Poaceae with 07 species (17.5%), Polygonaceae 03 species (07.50 %). Seven families with 2 species (5%) each; while the last 08 families contributed 1 species (2.5%) each. Detailed account of the semi aquatic and marshland angiosperms of Zhob is not available. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to highlight such angiospermic plant species. Key words: Hydrophytes, Marshland, Zhob, Angiosperms. Introduction atmosphere) which may be free floating (e.g., Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum, and Utricularia etc.) or Zhob is the northern most district of Balochistan rooted (Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potamogeton, etc.). Others Province (Pakistan) lying between 67°48'41"- 69°44'43" are floating hydrophytes (which float on the surface or East longitudes and 30°26'54"-31°57'8" North latitudes slightly below the surface of water but are in contact (Fig. 1). The area of the district is about 12,400 km2. The with air), which may be free floating, e.g., duck weeds topography of the district consists of mountains and valleys (Lemna and Wolffia), water hyacinth (Eichhornia with the elevation ranging from 930-2,658 meters above crassipes) or rooted to substratum, e.g., lotus sea level. The temperature shows marked fluctuations both (Nelumbium) and water lily (Nymphaea). Still others are seasonal and diurnal, with significant aridity. January is plants that are partly in water and partly in air. The coldest month of the year and July is the hottest. The mean aquatic part may be in shallow water or muddy sub- minimum and maximum temperatures during winter are - stratum (Singh, 2012). Such habitats include banks of 4°C and 15°C, respectively, compared to 20°C and 36°C canals, rivers, periphery of water bodies which are during summer. The Zhob River flows in the district, which mostly in earthen dams, and partly in masonry dams, is flooded during summer monsoon season. Many perennial drainage ditches and water ponds near villages. These and seasonal streams flow from the mountains to the Zhob may be called semi-aquatic but more appropriately valley. The soil is gravelly sandy loam (Nazir et al., 1994). referred to as emergent aquatic (Marwat et al., 2013). Aquatic plants are essential to prevent too much There are conditions where vast areas of land turbidity (muddiness) and erosion of soil and to maintain remain swamped with water for long periods of time, delicate balance of nutrients in water. Vegetation along and may only dry out in severe drought situations. Such the banks of ponds offers habitat for water fowl, lands are known as marshes or swampy areas. They protection to fishes, and enhances the plankton density support a different type of vegetation which may include (Nazir & Younas, 1979). Water plants play an important plants that are capable of growing under both flooded role in maintaining healthy ecosystems while providing and saturated conditions (Lancar & Krake, 2002). Some food, medicines and building materials. floristic work has been carried out and a number of Aquatic angiosperms represent a considerable part research papers have appeared in different journals on of the world’s flora (Sardar et al., 2013). About 79 aquatic plants in the country by (Jafri, 1966; Stewart, families and 380 genera contain aquatic species (Cook et 1972; Beg & Samad, 1974; Ahmed & Younis, 1979; al., 1974). The hydrophytes are structurally different Omer & Hashmi, 1987; Leghari et al., 1999; Qaiser, from mesophytes or xerophytes by possessing less developed protective and conductive tissues. The cortex 2001; Leghari, 2004; Maseeh, 2007; Marwat et al., of stem and root, the ground tissue of the petiole, and the 2009; Marwat et al., 2011a, b and Marwat et al., 2013) leaf mesophyll of aquatic plants have been adapted but no detailed research work about aquatic angiosperms characteristically for buoyancy and aeration (Marwat et of Zhob has been undertaken. The present preliminary al., 2011a). Based on the relationship to water and air, study is an attempt to highlight some of the aquatic the aquatic plants are of various types, some are angiospermic plant species of the research area. Further submerged hydrophytes (having no contact with more work is needed in this regard. 716 KAMRAN ISHAQ ET AL., Fig. 1. Map of Zhob District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Material and Methods (5%) each; while the remaining 08 families contributed 1 species (2.5%) each (Fig. 2 and Tables 2-3). Enumeration A floristic study of the semi-aquatic and marshland of the taxa is as follows: plants of Zhob District, Balochistan, Pakistan, was Arundo: The genus Arundo (Poaceae) has 12 conducted during 2012-2014. The specimens were species which are distributed in tropical and temperate collected from various aquatic habitats such as Zhob River regions of the world. One species, Arundo donax L. is bed, slow-running streams, and sides of streams, vegetable reported from Pakistan (Cope, 1982). This is an aquatic fields, sewerage canals and marshy places of the study area. species, and grows in damp places such as ditches, The research area was surveyed to investigate the plant streams, and riverbanks, developing excellently in well species. Field trips were arranged to various villages and drained soils where plentiful wetness and sunlight is mountain streams. Many species were collected and present (Anon., 2011). Arundo donax is also found in photographs were taken. Plants were identified with the Zhob District (Fig. 3). help of available literature, and internet. Literature used for Bolboschoenus of Cyperaceae, possesses about 16 identification included Jafri (1966), Beg & Samad (1974), species, which are worldwide in distribution except in S. Bhopal & Chaudhri (1977a, b), Qaiser (2001), Ahmad & America. In Pakistan, it is represented by two species, Younis (1979), Cope (1982), Marwat et al. (1996), Leghari B. affinis (Roth) Drobov and B. glaucus (Lam.) S.G. et al. (1999) & Leghari (2004). Plants with botanical Smith (Kukkonen, 2001). B. affinis occurs in shallow names, common names, family, class, habit, flowering and water, irrigation channels, waste land pools, rice fields. fruiting period, availability, distribution, and % age share of B. glaucus is found in ‘Scirpus-community’ of shallow families were listed in Tables 1-3. Photographs of some water in brooks and also artificial depressions (Marwat plants were also made. et al., 2013). One species, B. affinis is also found in Zhob District. Result and Discussion The genus Brachiaria (Poaceae), consists of 80-90 species which are tropical and subtropical in distribution, The present preliminary study was conducted for the mostly found in Africa (Cook et al., 1974; Cope, 1982). first time in Zhob District, Balochistan, Pakistan. During Six species occur in Pakistan (Cope, 1982) of which B. the study, 40 species and 35 genera belonging to 18 ramosa is found in Zhob District. This species is usually families were recorded from the area (Table 1). Of these, abundant in rice fields, along ditches and canals and in monocots were represented by 21 species belonging to 19 marshes (Marwat et al., 2013). genera and 6 families, while dicots contributed 19 species Carex stenophylla (Cyperaceae) usually develops in of 16 genera and 12 families. Cyperaceae was the largest season or permanently damp grassland, as well as on river family that contributed 08 species (20%), followed by beach and wet roadsides usually on sandy or stony, Poaceae with 07 species (17.5%), Polygonaceae 03 frequently in slight saline soils (Lansdown, 2013). It is species (07.50%), and next seven families with 2 species also found in Zhob district. PRELIMINARY STUDY OF AQUATIC AND MARSHLAND ANGIOSPERMS OF ZHOB DISTRICT 717 Table 1. Hydrophytes and marshland plants of Zhob District, Balochistan, Pakistan. S. No. Botanical name Family Vernacular name Common name Availability 1. Arundo donax Poaceae Nal,Narri,darwai Gaint reed Common 2. Bolboschoenus affinis Cyperaceae Dumbi ghas, Sarmagha Common 3. Brachiaria ramosa Poaceae Ghandheri, Kori, Jahanda, Sworai Browntop millet Common 4. Carex stenophylla Cyperaceae Motlai Not common 5. Chenopodium glaucum Chenopodiaceae ------------ Oak-leaved goosefoot Common 6. Coronopus didymus Brassicaceae Jangli halon, Naksari, Sarghondai Swine cress Common 7. Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Deela, Surmagha Nut sedge Common 8. Echinochloa colona Poaceae Swank, dhiddan, wobo-washa Jungle rice Common 9. Eleocharis palustris var. iranica Cyperaceae ---------- Spike rush
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