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Global Corruption Barometer – Africa 2019

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Global Corruption Barometer – Africa 2019 1999-2019 20 years of giving voice to Africans GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER AFRICA 2019 CITIZENS’ VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES OF CORRUPTION Transparency International is a global movement with one vision: a world in which government, business, civil society and the daily lives of people are free of corruption. With more than 100 chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, we are leading the fight against corruption to turn this vision into reality. www.transparency.org Afrobarometer Afrobarometer directs a pan-African, non-partisan research network that conducts public attitude surveys on democracy, governance, economic conditions, and related issues in Africa. Afrobarometer surveys are implemented by about 35 national partners in surveyed countries, with regional coordination by the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) in South Africa, and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. Michigan State University (MSU) and the University of Cape Town (UCT) provide technical support to the network. Afrobarometer publications from seven survey rounds (1999-2018) in up to 38 countries are available at: www.afrobarometer.org. To explore data on any survey question from any round, please visit Afrobarometer’s online data analysis facility at: www.afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis. Authors: Coralie Pring, Jon Vrushi Contributors: Afrobarometer Designer: Sophie Everett | sophieeverett.com.au Cover image: Zhi Zulu | zhizulu.com Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct as of July 2019. Nevertheless, Transparency International cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. ISBN: 978-3-96076-124-2 2019 Transparency International. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0 DE. Quotation permitted. Please contact Transparency International – [email protected] – regarding derivatives requests. GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – AFRICA 2019 GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER AFRICA 2019 2-7 14-18 22 Executive summary How are citizens Conclusion The survey affected by corruption? Key findings Bribery and corruption 23 Who pays bribes? Recommendations Note on the methodology 8-13 18-21 Afrobarometer Taking action Omega Research What do citizens in Africa think about the Citizens can help Weighting TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE level of corruption? stop corruption Corruption on the rise Reporting corruption 25-60 Governments not Civic space Country cards doing enough Accountable Corruption by governments 61-63 institution Endnotes TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL / AFROBAROMETER EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Corruption is hindering Africa’s economic, political and social development. It is a major barrier to economic growth, good governance and basic freedoms, such as freedom of speech or citizens’ right to hold governments to account. photo: iStock.com / Joel Carillet 2 GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – AFRICA 2019 More than this, corruption government, forcing political affects the wellbeing of leaders to respond and individuals, families and strengthen anti-corruption communities. While it varies frameworks. The autocratic extensively across countries regime of President Jammeh and public institutions, was ousted, and there are corruption harms hundreds encouraging signs that the of millions of citizens by opacity, repression and undermining their chances of violation of basic rights that a stable, prosperous future. marked Jammeh’s time in office This 10th edition of the Global are being slowly reversed. Corruption Barometer – Africa Non-African actors also play shows that the range of a significant role in fuelling corruption challenges that corruption in Africa and African citizens face is complex aiding the diversion of critical and multifaceted, requiring resources away from essential fundamental and systemic public services. Foreign changes. It also highlights that businesses continue to bribe while most people surveyed public officials throughout felt corruption had increased the continent to get an unfair in their country, a majority felt advantage during bidding that they, as citizens, could processes and secure deals make a difference in the fight that are overpriced or do not against corruption. yield real benefits. When money Recent events in Gambia that should support critical show how citizens can play a services, such as health care fundamental role in making and education, flows out of these changes. Gambians countries due to corruption, called for greater integrity in ordinary citizens suffer most. 3 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL / AFROBAROMETER The survey The results show that more For example, the poorest than half of all citizens think people are twice as likely to The Global Corruption corruption is getting worse in pay a bribe as the richest Barometer (GCB) – Africa, their country and that their people in Africa. Paying bribes published by Transparency government is doing a bad job for essential public services International in partnership at tackling corruption. means poorer families have less with Afrobarometer, presents The GCB found more than one money for basic necessities like the largest, most detailed set of in four people who accessed food, water and medicine. public opinion data on citizens’ public services, such as health Despite this, the GCB raises views on corruption and direct care and education, paid hope for positive change. More experiences of bribery in Africa. a bribe in the preceding than half of people in Africa Based on fieldwork conducted year. This equates to think that citizens can help in 34 countries between 2016 approximately 130 million stop corruption. and 2018 by Afrobarometer, citizens in the 35 countries as well as a survey conducted surveyed.2 by Omega Research, the GCB The GCB also reveals how incorporates the views of corruption is hitting the most more than 47,000 citizens in 35 vulnerable people the hardest. countries across Africa.1 KEY FINDINGS 01 02 03 Corruption is on the rise Many governments Concerns about the integrity are failing to do enough of public officials remain high More than half (55 per cent) of all citizens think that corruption Only one in three citizens (34 per Among key public institutions, increased in the previous 12 cent) thinks their government police are most widely seen as months. Only 23 per cent think is doing a good job at fighting corrupt: 47 per cent of people it declined. corruption, while 59 per say most or all police are cent rate their government’s corrupt. But also almost four performance as bad. in 10 citizens think most or all government officials (39 per cent) and parliamentarians (36 per cent) are corrupt. These results are consistent with the last round of findings in 2015, where citizens similarly thought that the police were the most corrupt institution. 4 GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER – AFRICA 2019 ABOUT THE SURVEY CONDUCTED AFROBAROMETER FROM & OMEGA RESEARCH SEPT 2016 - 35 SEPT 2018 FIELDED THE COUNTRIES SURVEY SURVEYED FACE 47,000+ TO FACE PEOPLE AGED & NATIONALLY 18+ TOOK PART REPRESENTATIVE 04 05 06 Bribery demands are a People’s experience with Despite fears of retaliation, regular occurrence for many bribery varies citizens can make a difference More than one in four Men are slightly more likely Two-thirds of citizens fear citizens who accessed public to pay a bribe than women, retaliation if they report services, such as health care the poorest people are twice corruption. Yet, despite this, and education, paid a bribe as likely to pay a bribe as the more than half of citizens in the previous year. This is richest people, and young surveyed (53 per cent) think equivalent to approximately people aged 18-34 are more ordinary people can make a 130 million people. likely to pay a bribe than people difference in the fight against aged 55 and over. corruption. 5 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL / AFROBAROMETER Recommendations + Create mechanisms International to collect citizens’ Corruption in Africa has a direct complaints and strengthen Governments of major impact on the lives of citizens. whistleblower protection economies, including members It undermines the integrity to ensure that citizens of the G20 and OECD, as well and effectiveness of African can report instances of as those of offshore financial institutions and deprives corruption without fear centres (secrecy jurisdictions) governments of sorely needed of reprisal. can also help reduce corruption tax revenues. in Africa. Authorities in these While initiatives to tackle + Enable media and countries should: corruption in specific civil society to hold + Establish public registers, institutions, such as the police governments accountable. in open data format, or parliament, are welcome, + Support transparency in containing information on ultimately tackling corruption political party funding. the real, natural owners in Africa requires a holistic, + Allow cross-border of companies and trusts systemic approach, including cooperation to combat (beneficial owners). measures taken outside of corruption. Africa. + Effectively enforce the While African citizens suffer the OECD Convention on Africa consequences of corruption, Combating Bribery of corrupt individuals are still able Foreign Officials. Governments should put anti- to hide behind anonymous + Effectively implement corruption commitments into companies and stash
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