Devi Rajeswari. V et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(10),3331-3333 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Pharmacological Activities of viscosa: A Perspective Review Devi Rajeswari. V*, Gajalakshmi. S, Jayanthi. P, Vijayalakshmi. S School of Biosciences and Technology,VIT University, vellore-14, Tamilnadu, India Received on: 19-06-2011; Revised on: 08-07-2011; Accepted on:01-10-2011

ABSTRACT India possess a rich tradition of -based knowledge on healthcare systems. Medicinal were the richest source of India with many traditional uses. Many of the pharmacological and Pharmacognostical studies of the medicinal plants revealed their active application in the field of medicine as they possess certain nutrient and non nutrient substances that protects and prevents the body from various diseases. They attains a great attention in the present world due to the side effects of the synthetic drugs on the human life. Dodonaea viscosa Linn. is an evergreen woody perennial with a native of Australia, indigenous and was later wide spread throughout the region of tropics. Various plant parts such as stem, , seeds, roots, bark and aerial parts were used as the antibacterial, analgesic antiviral, anti-inflammatory , antiulcer and antioxidant agent in traditional system of medicine. The present review was done to give a detailed survey of the literature on the plants pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, traditional and pharmacological uses.

Key words: Migrain, Antiserotonergic activity, Abrus precatorius, sumatriptan.

INTRODUCTION Herbal medicine acts as the representative of the most important fields of PLANT DESCRIPTION traditional medicine. To increase the proper utilization and determination of Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq., is a small or medium-sized shrub that grows their active potential as the sources for new drugs, the knowledge and scien- upto 9 meters tall and is found to be a widespread species forming the dense tific basis of the medicinal plants is very essential [1]. The antimicrobial prod- populations .It is found in sub tropical regions of Pakistan. It has been ob- ucts obtained from the plant origin do not contain any side effects and thus served that there is undergrowth of associated species in its vicinity and within possess a major therapeutic potential in order to heal many of the infectious the thickets[6]. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jaeq is commonly known as Ghawraskay diseases[2]. Identification and utilization of thousands of secondary plant prod- (Pushto). This species is mainly used in the folk medicine as a remedy for ucts have attained a great interest, as secondary metabolites obtained from the fever, gout and rheumatism[7]. In India Dodonaea viscosa (L). Jacq., which natural resources was found to be elaborated within the living systems and belongs the family is popularly known as aliar and vilayati mehandi shows more “drug – likeness and also the biological friendliness than the other . It is an evergreen shrub abundantly growing in Western Ghats of Karnataka, synthetic molecules” and makes them as the good candidate for further drug India. It has been used in traditional ayurvedic system of medicine to heal development [3-5]. The medicinal plants were the potent source of the pharma- simple ulcer, fracture, soreness, and snakebite pain, relief of gum and teeth ceutical applications. Hence, this review was aimed to provide the experimen- pain. Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, wound healing, local an- tal studies done on the plant Dodonaea viscosa to reveal its application in the aesthetic and smooth muscle relaxant activities of the title plant are demon- pharmaceutical products and processes. strated by experimental studies[8]. Phytochemical investigations have resulted in the isolation of flavonoids, saponins , and diterpenes. Among these com- pounds pinocembrin, santin, penduletin, alizarin, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4’- tetramethoxy flavone, 5,7,4’-trihydorxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone, isorhamnetin -3-rhamnosylgalactoside,5,7-dihydroxy-3’-(hydroxymethyl butyl) -3,6,4’- trimethoxy flavones , 5,6,4’-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy flavone , viscosol , hautriwaic acid , dehydrohautriwaic acid, methyl dodonates, ent-15,16-epoxy- 3â,8á-dihydroxy-9áHlabda- 13(16),14-diene, dodonoside A and dodonoside are notable[7].

MEDICINAL USES Dodonaea viscosa Jacq is a traditional medicine and is utilized in the folklores medicine in sub tropic regions of Pakistan for the treatment of various fungal skin diseases like Tinea capitis, Tinea pedis, Tinea manum, and Tinea corporis etc.The powdered leaves of Dodonaea viscosa applied over a wound in case of burns and scalds was found to possess febrifuge properties and hence useful for the remedy of different skin diseases. Dodonaea viscosa plays a efficient role in inhibiting the adherence of Candida albicans to oral epithelial cells, preventing the initial step of colonization in the process of infection and this plant has a very high therapeutic potential at subinhibitory concentration[10]. A traditional use of the plant as an antispasmodic, an anti-inflammatory (roots), an antipyretic and an antimicrobial agent has been reported. Useful compounds and classes of constituents like Flavonoids, terpenes, coumarins and steroids are isolated from this species[11]. D. viscosa is used for the treat- ment of rheumatism, skin infections, diarrhea, stomachaches, pains of hepatic Figure.1. Plant of Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. or splenic origin, uterine colic and other disorders involving smooth muscles .It is also used as an antipuritic in skin rashes and for the treatment of sore throat, dermatitis and Hemorrhoids[12]. Dodonaea viscosa Linn. is a stiff bushy *Corresponding author. plant which is used by Muthuvan tribes and Tamilian native who reside in the Shola forest regions of Kerala for headaches and backaches. This is commonly Devi Rajeswari.V, known as ‘virali’. Water boiled with leaves is used to foment swellings, back- Assistant professor, aches and used for steam inhalation in cough and colds. Dodonaea viscosa is used for stomach pain and piles. It is also used to heal simple ulcer. Dodonaea School of Biosciences and Technology viscosa has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial VIT University, Vellore-14, activity.It has been also reported to have local anesthetic and smooth muscle Tamilnadu, India relaxant activity[13].

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 10. October 2011 3331-3333 Devi Rajeswari. V et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(10),3331-3333 PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS lococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas The aerial parts of D.viscosa was found to contain flavonoid diterpenoid acids, aeruginosa. Thin layer chromatograms of the fractions were made to con- some biologically active saponins and plant acids a novel P-coumarin acid tact bioautography, which has resulted in inhibition zone at different Rf values ester, essential oils,sterols and tannins.The phytochemicals obtained were against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella named as Aliarin (5,7,4’-trihydroxy-3’-3,6 dimethoxy flavones), pinocembrin typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This indicated the presence of antibac- (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone), penduletin (5,4’–Dihydroxy-3,6,7-Trimethoxy terial components. The antibacterial spectrum of Gram positive and Gram flavones), Viscosol (3’-(?,?-dimethyalllyl)-5,7- dihydroxy-3,6,4’-trimethoxy negative organisms, suggested the presence of antibacterial entities which is flavones), Sakuranetin (5,4’-dihydroxy-7- methoxyflavone), Isokaempferide capable of targeting the bacterial wall or intracellular targets like bacterial (3,5,7,4’-Tetrahydroxyl-3’-Methoxyflavone), Ermanin (3,5,7,4’- ribosomes, etc. The crude fractions Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) Tetrahydroxyl-3,4’- dimethoxyflavone),Rhamnocitrin (3,5,7,4’-Tetrahy were found to be within the range of 5 – 20.0 mg/mL. High levels of the MIC’s droxy-7-methoxyflavone), Cirsimaritin (5, 4’-Dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy fla- of the fractions were attributable to the active components which are present vone), Pectolinarigenin (5, 7 -Dihydroxy-6,4’-dimethoxy flavone) in low concentrations.Some antagonistic components are also present that ,Kaempferol7,4’-methylether(Kaempferol7,4’-dimethylether) ,Kaempferol serves as the growth promoters for the bacteria, indicating that, the presence 3,7,4’-trimethylether(5-Hydroxy-3,7,4’tri methoxy flavone), Santin(5,7- of high amount of the fraction will inhibit the growth. n-hexane fraction has dihydroxy - 3,6,4’3’tetramethoxy flavones), Acacetin7-methyl ether (5 hy- got greater bactericidal potential when compared to the ethyl acetate and n- droxy -7,4’-dimethoxyflavone), 6 Hydroxy kaempferol –trimethyl ether (6 butanol fractions[7]. Hydroxy– 3,6,7 trimethoxyflavones), Kaempferol3 – methyl ether (5,7,4’Tri- hydroxy-3-Methoxyflavone), Narigenin7,4’–di methyl ether (5,7,4 –tri hy- Anti-Diabetic Activity droxy –7,4’ –Dimethyoxy flavanone), Narigenin 7– methyl ether (5,7,4- Diabetes mellitus is a major disease which shows the characterization of the trihydroxy7- methyoxyflavanone), Eriodictyol7,3’ –di methyl ether derangement in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, thereby affecting (5,7,3’,4’Tetrahydroxy -7,3’-di methoxy flavones), Eriodictyol7 – methyl nearly 10% of the entire population.Many hypoglycemic agents are intro- ether 7,3’,4’Tetrahydroxy -7-methoxy flavones)[15]. Petroleum extract showed duced in the recent years, yet the diabetes and its related complications is a the presence of fixed oils,steroids and sterols . Chloroform showed the pres- major threat among population causing many medical problems not only in ence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids and sterols. The ethyl extract developed countries but also in developing countries. Glucose tolerance test revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and was made in rats and alloxan induced diabetics rats with the different extracts sterols, tannins. Extract obtained with butane revealed the presence of carbo- of the Dodonaea viscosa (L). to determine its anti-diabetic activity.Extracts hydrates, flavonoids , proteins and amino acids, saponins, steroids and sterols, of aqueous ethanol and butanol showed the significant protection and was tannins, triterpenoids. The ethyl alcohol showed the presence of carbohy- found to lower the blood glucose levels to normal when glucose tolerance test drates, flavonoids, fixed oils, proteins and amino acids, saponins, steroids and is done. The maximum reduction in blood glucose level of alloxan induced sterols , tannins, triterpenoids[14]. diabetic rats was observed after 3h at a dose level of 250 mg/kg of body weight. The percentage protections given by aqueous ethanol and butanol extracts MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERISTICS were found to be 30 and 48% respectively. There was a significant anti- The macroscopical characters such as color, size, form, venation, odor, taste diabetic activity in both the extracts when compared to that of glibenclamide. were tested and was found to be dark (upper) and pale(lower) green ,3.8 to 10 The study indicates that there is a significant anti-diabetic activity in Dodonaea cm (l) and 0.6 to 3.9 cm (w), Simple, lanceolate, acute at both the ends and was viscosa (L).extracts. Thus it is confirmed that according to the traditional found to be narrowed to the distinct petiole, stipulate, symmetrical base, mid Indian systems of medicine, the root juice of this plant can be used in the rib prominent with closely arranged lateral nerves, pinnately parallel, Odor- treatment of diabetes [8]. less, Sour to bitter. Anatomical studies showed that the transverse section of the leaflet was found to show a doriventral structure .The lamina contains the Antifungal Activity upper epidermis made up of single layered rectangular cells that is covered by Dodonaea viscosa was found to be more significant and effectively suppressed a thick cuticle. Stomata are present at the regular intervals. Mesophyll con- the radial mycelial growth of the Alternaria solani and Rhizoctonia solani. tains upper palisade parenchyma that contains the compactly arranged co- The radial mycelial growth % was greately inhibited by Alternaria solani lumnar cells that extends up to the midrib region and the lower Spongy paren- which was exhibited by Dodonaea viscosa (56.96%) and Macrophomina chyma which is of many layered, oval and loosely arranged and both are phasiolina was exhibited by Dodonaea viscosa (52.06%)[9]. Solvent extracts provided with chloroplasts. Lower epidermis is found to be much similar to the of leaves and shoot of Dodonaea viscosa Jacq have showed antimicrobial upper epidermis.The midrib contains a large conspicuous, concentric vascular activity against fungi, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Paecilomyces bundle. Xylem ring present in the center is surrounded by the phloem ring. varioti, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton rubrum causing skin dis- Sclerenchymatous tissue occurs as the bundle sheath a around the vascular eases. All crude extracts were found to be effective against tested fungi.It was tissues. The quantitative microscopy of D. viscosa evaluated the values of found that chloroform has strong inhibition activity (50-90.91%)against fungi leaf constants such as palisade ratio(5-7), stomatal index(8.8-9.6), vein-islet when compared to ethanol, methanol, ethylacetate and aqueous extracts[10]. number (6-8)and vein termination number (10-14). The total ash ( 2.09), acid The crude extract Dodonaea viscosa leaves possess antibacterial activity insoluble ash ( 0.25) ,water soluble ash ( 1.45),sulphated as (5.47) values of against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus and strong activ- the leaf powder were found out done as per the Indian Pharmacopoeia[14]. ity against Coxsackie virus B3 and influenza A virus[12].

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Antiinflammatory Activity and Acute Toxicity The hydro alcoholic extract (HAE) of the leaves of Dodonaea viscosa, when Allelopathic Potential given through oral route at dose of 300 mg/kg has inhibited the paw edema The studies with aqueous extracts from leaves, bark, , shoot litter and which was induced by the carrageenin injection significantly. There was no mulches was found to reduce the germination, plumule growth, radical growth, toxicity effect in the mice up to 5000 mg/kg p.o of the extact. This result has fresh and dry weight of Pennisetum americanum (L) Skhyuman, Setaria supported the use of D. viscosa leaves ethanolic extract to relieve inflamma- italica (L)P. Beau and Sorghum vulgare Pers were used as the test species. tion. After 14 days of study in mice it was found that there was no toxic symptom or mortality observed. These results also supported the traditional Depending upon the soaking duration the Phytotoxicity of extracts was deter- [11] mined was found that 48 hour extracts were more inhibitory. Leaves were use of this plant in relieving inflammation . found to be more toxic when compared to the bark and flowers. Hot water extract inhibitory effect was found to be more than that of the aqueous Gastroprotective Effect extract obtained at the room temperature. Litter and mulching experiments Gastric protection was evaluated by means of measuring the ulcer index, also showed inhibitory action. Suggestions were made that Dodonaea viscosa gastric glutathione assay, alkaline phosphate assay and histopathological stud- has got strong allelopathic potential and so it might be further tested for its ies in two different models of ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric ulcer insecticidal activities. Latest studies suggested that Dodonaea viscosa is an in wistar rats and were done by pyloric ligation experiment. The aqueous and allelopathic plant, capable of suppressing the germination and growth of ethanol extract were found to show the moderate activity when compared various test species. Allelophathic effects are majorly depended upon the with that of the hexane extract. The hexane extract of Dodonaea viscosa parts assayed, test species and physiological process which are showed 90% protection at 500 mg/kg, 81% protection at 250 mg/kg, and 70% involved.Germination and growth were independently affected. D. viscosa protection at 125 mg/kg by means of inhibiting ethanol induced gastric releases allelopathic substances through water. The poor seedling stands with lesions and showed 92% protection at 500 mg/kg, 77% protection at 250 mg/ in the thickets and its vicinity might be partially due to its allelopathy[6]. kg, and 52% protection at 125 mg/kg in the indomethacin induced gastric ulcer lesions dose dependently. The hexane extract of Dodonaea viscosa Antibacterial Activities inhibits the acid secretion in order to prevent the ulcer aggravation. Acute D. viscosa on preliminary screening showed inhibitory effect against Staphy- toxicity study done with a higher dose of 1250 mg/kg was found to not

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 10. October 2011 3331-3333 Devi Rajeswari. V et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(10),3331-3333 [13] manifest any of the toxicological signs in the tested rats . 4. Balunas MJ , Kinghorn AD, Drug discovery from medicinal plants, Life Sci., 78,2005, 431-441. Antioxidant 5. Drahl C, Cravatt BF, Sorensen EJ, Protein-reactive natural products, Angew Chem. Hot water extracts possess the most potent antioxidant capacity by means of Int Ed. Engl., 44,2005, 5788-5809. per oxidation reduction was proved by both spectrophotometer and micro 6. Barkatullah,Farrukh hussain , Muhammad ibrar, Allelopathic potential of dodonaea plate methods inspite of containing low flavonoid levels[17].The methanolic viscosa (L.) jacq, pak. j. bot., 42(4),2010, 2383-2390. extract of D.viscosa a showed a significant and much effective free radical 7. Muhammad Khurram , Murad Ali Khan , Abdul Hameed , Naz Abbas ,Abdul scavenging activity in the DPPH assay and hence provide the prophylaxis QayumHumair Inayat , Antibacterial Activities of Dodonaea viscosa using Contact against various diseases such as heart diseases, arteriosclerosis and cancers [16, Bioautography Technique, Molecules, 14,2009, 1332-1341. 18]. 8. Muthukumran P, Hazeena Begumand V,Kalaiarasan P, Anti-Diabetic activity of Dodonaea viscosa (L) Leaf Extracts, 3(1),2011, 136-139. CONCLUSION 9. Aqsa aslam,Farah naz,Muhammad arshad,Rahmatullah qureshi , Rauf CA,In vitro Ethno medicinal studies on the plants have attained a great interest in the antifungal activity of selected medicinal plant diffusates against alternaria solani, present world due to their application in the medicinal field .The products rhizoctonia solani and macrophomina phaseolina, pak. j. bot., 42(4),2010, 2911- obtained were of natural origin and hence do not contain any additional 2919. chemical substances which causes a harmful effect on the human beings. 10. Pirzada AJ, Shaikh W, Usmanghani K , Ejaz mohiuddin , Antifungal activity of Dodonaea viscosa is one among the medicinal plant with many pharmaco- dodonaea viscosa jacq extract on pathogenic fungi isolated from super ficial skin logical activities that makes it as a potent species among all. The research infection,pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 23(3), 2010, 337-340. studies conducted on this plant were very few and yet to be done .So far, only 11. Khalil NM , Sperotto JS , Manfron MP, Antiinflammatory activity and acute toxicity the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory , anti-ulcer, wound healing , local anes- of Dodonaea viscose, Fitoterapia ,77 ,2006 478–480. thetic , smooth muscle relaxant ,allelopatic potential, gastroprotective effect 12. Getiea M, Gebre-Mariama T, Rietz R, Ho¨hne C, Huschkad C, Schmidtkee M, Abatef and antioxidant activities were revealed by the experimental studies. Still, A, Neubertb RHH, Evaluation of the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities many research works has to be carried out in the above plant in order to of the medicinal plants Dodonaea viscosa, Rumex nervosus and Rumex abyssinicus, explore its pharmacological potential. Medicinal plants were the richest source Fitoterapia, 74,2003, 139–143. of India. Hence, the exploration of its actual usage in the pharmaceutical field 13. Arun M, Asha VV, Gastroprotective effect of Dodonaea viscosa on various experi- would be helpful to discover the new drugs that were of natural origin with mental ulcer models, Journal of Ethnopharmacology ,118 ,2008, 460–465. little or no side effects. Hence, this review was aimed to bring about the 14. Sama Venkatesh, Reddy YSR, Ramesh M, Swamy MM, Mahadevan N , Suresh B, research studies done with the above plant and to remark its potential applica- Pharmacognostical studies on Dodonaea viscose, African Journal of Pharmacy and tion in the day to day life. Pharmacology ,2(4),2008,83-88. 15. Anilreddy B, Preparation, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Some REFERENCES Overview of Dodonaea Viscosa Linn, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Tech- 1. Parekh J ,Chanda S, In vitro antibacterial activity of the crude methanol extract of nology , 1(1), 2009, 1-9. Woodfordia fruticosa kurz. (lythraceae),Brazilian J. Microbiol., 38,2007, 204- 16. 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Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 10. October 2011 3331-3333