Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures volume iii Family, Body, Sexuality and Health General Editor: Suad Joseph (University of California, Davis)
Associate Editors and their regional responsibilities: Afsaneh Najmabadi (Harvard University) Turkey, Iran, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asia and the Muslim Republics of the ex-Soviet Union. Julie Peteet (University of Louisville) Seteney Shami (Social Science Research Council) Arab Gulf States, the Arab Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, Mauritania, Israel, Andalusian Spain and Europe under the Ottoman Empire. Jacqueline Siapno (University of Melbourne) China, Mongolia, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Burma, Thailand, Australia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Asian Pacific. Jane I. Smith (Hartford Seminary) Western Europe, the Americas, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Assistant Editor: Alice Horner (Independent scholar) Sub-Saharan Africa.
Copy editing: Margaret Owen
Indexing: Heather Hedden Advisory Board: Lila Abu-Lughod, Columbia University Kim Knott, University of Leeds Leila Ahmed, Harvard University Saba Mahmood, University of California, Nadje al-Ali, University of Exeter Berkeley Soraya Altorki, American University in Cairo Katayun Mazdapur, Institute for Humanities and Rabiatu Ammah, University of Ghana Cultural Studies, Tehran Yesim Arat, Bog˘aziçi University Aminah McCloud, DePaul University Barbara Aswad, Wayne State University Anne Meneley, Trent University Beth Baron, City College New York Barbara Metcalf, University of Michigan John Bowen, Washington University Farzaneh Milani, University of Virginia Suzanne Brenner, University of California, Shahrzad Mojab, University of Toronto San Diego Kathleen Moore, Universtiy of Calfornia, Jocelyn Cesari, CNRS and Harvard University Santa Barbara Julia Clancy-Smith, University of Arizona Ebrahim Moosa, Duke University Virginia Danielson, Harvard University Cynthia Nelson, American University in Cairo Layla Diba, The Bard Graduate Center for Studies Karin van Nieuwkerk, ISIM Nijmegen University in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture Sulayman Nyang, Howard University Elizabeth Fernea, University of Texas, Austin Norani Othman, University of Kebangsaan, Yvonne Haddad, Georgetown University Malaysia Sondra Hale, University of California, Carla Petievitch, Montclair State University Los Angeles Anthony Reid, National University of Singapore Virginia Matheson Hooker, Australian National Barbara Stowasser, Georgetown University University Sylvia Tiwon, University of California, Berkeley Deniz Kandiyoti, University of London Nayereh Tohidi, California State University Nursyahbani Katjasungkana, Indonesian Women’s Northridge Association for Justice Frances Trix, Wayne State University Nikki Keddie, University of California, Judith Tucker, Georgetown University Los Angeles Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures volume iii Family, Body, Sexuality and Health
General Editor Suad Joseph
Associate Editors Afsaneh Najmabadi Julie Peteet Seteney Shami Jacqueline Siapno Jane I. Smith
brill leiden – boston 2006 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, ISBN 90 04 12819 0 (Vol. III) Leiden, The Netherlands ISBN 90 04 13247 3 (Set) Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP This book is printed on acid-free paper.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re- Cover design: beeldvorm, Pijnacker produced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, me- chanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without printed in the netherlands prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or per- sonal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, For author’s template, see: 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers MA 01923, http://www.brill.nl USA. Fees are subject to change. http://www.sjoseph.ucdavis.edu/ewic
Contents
List of Contributors ...... xi List of Illustrations ...... xv Acknowledgments ...... xvii Preface (Suad Joseph) ...... xxi
Aging Arab States (Kathryn M. Yount) ...... 1 Central Asia (Kathleen Kuehnast) ...... 3 Europe (Bahira Sherif Trask) ...... 5 Iran and Afghanistan (Mary Elaine Hegland) ...... 7 South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) ...... 9 Sub-Saharan Africa (Julianne E. Freeman) ...... 11 Turkey (E. Olcay Imamo‘lu) ...... 13 The United States (Sonia Salari) ...... 14 Amulets, Fortune-Telling and Magic Arab States (excepting North Africa) (Katherine Zirbel) ...... 17 Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan (Victoria Arakelova & Mushegh Asatrian) 18 North Africa (Nedjima Plantade) ...... 21 South Asia (Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger) ...... 22 Southeast Asia (Anne Kathrine Larsen) ...... 24
Bodily Waste Overview (Etin Anwar) ...... 27 Body: Female Egypt and Sudan (Janice Boddy) ...... 34 The Gulf and Saudi Arabia (Lisa Wynn) ...... 35 Iran (Negar Mottahedeh) ...... 36 Iraq, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine (Leila Hudson) ...... 37 North Africa (Susan Ossman) ...... 39 Sub-Saharan Africa (Hudita Nura Mustafa) ...... 40 Turkey, Central Asia, and the Caucasus (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik) ...... 43 Yemen (Najwa Adra) ...... 47 Breastfeeding Central Asia (Laurie Krieger) ...... 49 Turkey (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik) ...... 51
Celibacy Overview (Jamila Bargach) ...... 52 Child Marriage Arab States (Barbara Ibrahim & Alyce Abdalla) ...... 54 Central Asia (William Clark) ...... 55 The Ottoman Empire (Mahmoud Yazbak) ...... 57 Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Sally White) ...... 58 Sub-Saharan Africa, Overview (Najma Moosa) ...... 61 Sub-Saharan Africa (Erica Chong) ...... 63 Childhood: Coming of Age Rituals Malaysia (Nor Faridah Abdul Manaf) ...... 68 North America (Taslim Madhani) ...... 71 Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Ylva Hernlund) ...... 73 Turkey, the Caucasus, and Central Asia (Ildikó Bellér-Hann) ...... 74 vi contents
Childhood: Premodern and Modern Overview (Elizabeth Warnock Fernea) ...... 77 Central Asia (Kathleen Kuehnast) ...... 82 Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Friedl) ...... 83 The Ottoman Empire (Kathryn R. Libal) ...... 84 Turkey (Kathryn R. Libal) ...... 86 The United States (Katherine Pratt Ewing) ...... 87 Courtship Arab States (Lisa Wynn) ...... 90 Canada (Kirstin Sabrina Dane) ...... 91 Central Asia (William Clark) ...... 93 South Asia (Neena Khanna) ...... 94 Turkey (Nuran Hortaçsu) ...... 96
Disabilities Arab States (Souraya Sue ElHessen) ...... 98 South Asia (Neena Khanna) ...... 99
Food Preparation Arab States (Juan E. Campo and Magda Campo) ...... 103 Arabian Peninsula (Ianthe Mary Maclagan) ...... 107 The Caucasus (Mary Ellen Chatwin & Mamed Suleimanov) ...... 108 Central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan (Najmieh Batmanglij) ...... 109 France (Florence Bergeaud-Blackler) ...... 111 North America (Andrew P. Haley) ...... 113 South Asia (Chitrita Banerji) ...... 116 Funerary Practices Central Asia (Hélène Perrin-Wagner) ...... 118 Iran and Afghanistan (Jamsheed K. Choksy) ...... 119 North Africa (Lilia Labidi) ...... 122 Sub-Saharan Africa: East Africa (Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi) ...... 124 Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Zainab Jerrett) ...... 125
Genital Cutting Africa and the Middle East (Noor Kassamali) ...... 129 Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand (Noor Kassamali) ...... 132
Health: Drug Use Arab States (Abdallah H. Mansour & Elizabeth M. Coker) ...... 135 Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...... 136 Iran (Saeid Madani Ghahfarokhi) ...... 138 Turkey (Tilmann Holzer) ...... 140 Health: Education Arab States (Robin Heath) ...... 142 South Asia (Sarah J. Halvorson) ...... 143 Sub-Saharan Africa (Melissa Filippi-Franz) ...... 147 Health: HIV and AIDS The Caucasus (Ali Artaman) ...... 151 Central Asia (Dilnara Isamidinova) ...... 152 Iran (Arash Alaei & Kamiar Alaei) ...... 154 South and Southeast Asia (Marina Mahathir) ...... 155 Sub-Saharan Africa (Patricia Siplon) ...... 158 The United States (Anahid Dervartanian Kulwicki) ...... 161 contents vii
Health Policies Central Asia (Fuad Aliev) ...... 164 Iran (Akbar Aghajanian) ...... 165 The Ottoman Empire (Aaron D.A. Shakow) ...... 167 South Asia (Fouzieyha Towghi) ...... 169 Health and Poverty Arab States (Jihad Makhoul) ...... 172 The Caucasus and Central Asia (Payam Foroughi) ...... 174 The Ottoman Empire (Leila Hudson) ...... 176 South Asia (Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin) ...... 177 Southeast Asia and East Asia (Ines Smyth) ...... 181 Sub-Saharan Africa (Shobana Shankar) ...... 185 Health Practices Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...... 189 The Ottoman Empire (Miri Shefer) ...... 190 Southeast Asia and Australia (Linda Rae Bennett) ...... 191 Sub-Saharan Africa (Diana Gibson) ...... 197 Western Europe (Theresia Jörg) ...... 202 Health Practices and Nutrition and Dietary Practices North America (Angela Odoms-Young & Sawsan Abdulrahim) ...... 205 Health and Reproductive Health Overview (Kathryn M. Yount) ...... 211 Health: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Arab States (Jocelyn DeJong) ...... 219 Central Asia (Ali Artaman) ...... 221 East Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Stella R. Quah) ...... 223 Iran (Arash Alaei & Kamiar Alaei) ...... 225
Incest Overview (Jamila Bargach) ...... 227
Love: Modern Discourses Arab States (Ellen McLarney) ...... 229 Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...... 230 Iran (Afsaneh Najmabadi) ...... 232 The Ottoman Empire (Selim S. Kuru) ...... 234 Love: Premodern Discourses Persian, Arabic, Ottoman, Andalusian, and South Asian (Sunil Sharma) ...... 236 Rindu (Longing) (Anne-Marie Hilsdon) ...... 241
Marriage: Islamic Discourses Overview (Riffat Hassan) ...... 246 Marriage Practices Arab States (Hanan Kholoussy) ...... 250 Canada (Kirstin Sabrina Dane) ...... 252 The Caucasus (Mary Ellen Chatwin) ...... 253 Central Asia (Chiara De Santi) ...... 255 East Africa (Karen A. Porter) ...... 257 The Ottoman Empire (Madeline C. Zilfi) ...... 259 South Asia (Nasreen Fazalbhoy) ...... 260 Turkey (Kimberly Hart) ...... 262 The United States (Lori Peek) ...... 264 viii contents
Mental Health Arab States (Josi Agnes Salem-Pickartz) ...... 268 Canada (Shahina Siddiqui) ...... 270 Iran (Nahaleh Moshtagh & Nasim Dezhkam) ...... 272 The Ottoman Empire (Miri Shefer) ...... 273 South Asia (Unaiza Niaz) ...... 274 The United States (Angela Odoms-Young & Sawsan Abdulrahim) ...... 278 Western Europe (Nora Ahlberg) ...... 280
Nutrition and Dietary Practices Arab States (Nahla Hwalla) ...... 283 Central Asia (Hélène Perrin-Wagner) ...... 285
Population Planning and Policies Arab States (Kamran Asdar Ali) ...... 287 Central Asia (Ali Artaman) ...... 289 Europe (Cristina Bradatan) ...... 293 Iran and Afghanistan (Akbar Aghajanian) ...... 295 South Asia (Zeba Sathar & Azeema Faizunissa) ...... 297 Sub-Saharan Africa (Elisha P. Renne) ...... 299
Reproduction: Abortion Arab States (Faysal el-Kak) ...... 303 Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia (Shahin Gerami) ...... 305 South Asia (Bruce Caldwell) ...... 308 Tanzania (Margrethe Silberschmidt & Vibeke Rasch) ...... 310 Turkey (N. Yasemin Oguz) ...... 311 Reproduction: Abortion and Islam Overview (Donna Lee Bowen) ...... 313 Reproduction: Birthing Practices Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Jennifer W. Nourse) ...... 316 Reproduction: Conception, Reproductive Choices, and Islam Overview (Anke Niehof) ...... 322 Reproduction: Health Afghanistan (Shahin Gerami & Melodye Lehnerer) ...... 326 Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...... 326 Iran (Shahin Gerami & Melodye Lehnerer) ...... 328 The Ottoman Empire (Leila Hudson) ...... 330 South Asia (Fauzia E. Ahmed) ...... 333 Sub-Saharan Africa (John C. Caldwell) ...... 336 Reproduction: Infertility Arab States (Marcia C. Inhorn) ...... 338 South Asia (Bruce Caldwell) ...... 339 Reproduction: Medicalization of Arab States (M. Suzanne Stimler) ...... 342 Indonesia (Sri Endah Kinasih) ...... 343 South Asia (Fouzieyha Towghi) ...... 344 Sub-Saharan Africa (John C. Caldwell) ...... 347 Reproduction: New Technologies Overview (Marcia C. Inhorn) ...... 350
Science: Medicalization and the Female Body Overview (Omnia El Shakry) ...... 353 Science and Modern Islamic Discourses Overview (Sherine Hamdy) ...... 360 contents ix
Science and Nation Arab States (Elizabeth Bishop) ...... 366 South Asia (Gita Chadha) ...... 367 Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Wendy Mee) ...... 369 Sexual Harassment Arab States (Osire Glacier) ...... 372 Iran (Pardis Ghandehari) ...... 374 South Asia (Dina Siddiqi) ...... 375 Sudan (Asma Mohamed Abdel Halim) ...... 377 Turkey (Pinar Ilkkaracan) ...... 379 The United States (Aminah Beverly McCloud) ...... 380 Sexualities: Practices Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...... 383 Iran (Parvaneh Hooshmand) ...... 384 The Ottoman Empire (Dror Ze’evi) ...... 386 South Asia (Sabina Faiz Rashid) ...... 387 Sub-Saharan Africa (Signe Arnfred) ...... 389 Sexualities: Scientific Discourses, Modern Overview (Sharyn Graham Davies) ...... 393 Sexualities: Scientific Discourses. Premodern Overview (Ahmad Dallal) ...... 401 Sexualities: Sex Education Manuals, Modern Canada (Taslim Madhani) ...... 408 Iran (Parvaneh Hooshmand) ...... 409 Sexualities: Transsexualities Overview (Evelyn Blackwood) ...... 411 Sexualities: Transvestism Overview (Michelle Lee Guy) ...... 418 Sleeping Fetus Overview (Susan Gilson Miller) ...... 421 Spirit Possession Arab States (Mandana Limbert) ...... 425 The Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan (Victoria Arakelova) ...... 426 South Asia (Erin Patrice Moore) ...... 429 Sub-Saharan Africa, Introduction (Linda L. Giles) ...... 431 Sub-Saharan Africa: East Africa (Linda L. Giles) ...... 433 Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (David Berliner) ...... 435 Turkey (Sabine Strasser) ...... 438 Sports Arab States (Yoav Di-Capua) ...... 440 Europe (Kristin Walseth) ...... 441 Iran (Faranguis Habibi) ...... 443 Sub-Saharan Africa (Martha Saavedra) ...... 444 Turkey (Selcan Teoman) ...... 448 Suicide Canada (Sajida Jalalzai) ...... 450 Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...... 451 Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Jemma Purdey) ...... 453
Virginity Arab States (Randa Bassem Serhan) ...... 457 Canada (Sajida Jalalzai) ...... 458 The Caucasus (Feride Zurikashvili) ...... 460 Eastern Europe (Kathleen Young) ...... 461 The Ottoman Empire (Mario Ruiz) ...... 462 x contents
South Asia (Sabina Faiz Rashid) ...... 463 Sub-Saharan Africa (Farouk Topan) ...... 465 Turkey (Ayçe Parla) ...... 466 Western Europe (Lenie Brouwer) ...... 468
Scholars and Scholarship: Production of Doctoral Knowledge on Women and Islamic Cultures (Tony Beukers, Eva Brown, Rhyen Coombs, Megan Fowler, Monica Garcia, Beth Lansom, Fatima Malik, Andrea McNees, Marya Osucha, Emily Rostel, Michelle Sandhoff, Cristeta Shope, Paulina Telderer, Nancy Wan)
Appendix ...... 495 Bibliography ...... 498
Indices to Volume III Name Index ...... 545 Subject Index ...... 552
List of Contributors
Alyce Abdalla, Population Council, New York Asma Mohamed Abdel Halim, University of Toledo, Ohio Nor Faridah Abdul Manaf, International Islamic University Malaysia Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Hargeisa, Somaliland Sawsan Abdulrahim, Northern Illinois University Najwa Adra, Independent Scholar Akbar Aghajanian, Fayetteville State University, North Carolina Nora Ahlberg, University of Oslo, Norway Fauzia E. Ahmed, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts Arash Alaei, NRITLD, Iran Kamiar Alaei, University of Medical Sciences, Iran Kamran Asdar Ali, University of Texas, Austin Fuad Aliev, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Etin Anwar, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York Victoria Arakelova, State University of Yerevan, Armenia Signe Arnfred, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, Sweden and Roskilde University, Denmark Ali Artaman, Caspian-Central Asia Foundation Mushegh Asatrian, State University of Yerevan, Armenia Chitrita Banerji, Independent Scholar, U.S.A. Jamila Bargach, National School of Architecture, Rabat, Morocco Najmieh Batmanglij, Washington D.C. Ildikó Bellér-Hann, Orientwissenschaftliches Zentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle/Saale, Germany Linda Rae Bennett, La Trobe University, Australia Florence Bergeaud-Blackler, UMR 6578 CNRS – Université de la Méditerranée, France David Berliner, Harvard University and Université Libre de Bruxelles Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik, Yeditepe University, Istanbul Elizabeth Bishop, University of Texas, Austin Evelyn Blackwood, Purdue University, Indiana Janice Boddy, University of British Columbia, Canada Donna Lee Bowen, Brigham Young University, Utah Cristina Bradatan, University of Central Florida Lenie Brouwer, Free University, Amsterdam Bruce Caldwell, Australian National University John C. Caldwell, Australian National University Juan E. Campo, University of California, Santa Barbara Magda Campo, University of California, Santa Barbara Gita Chadha, Mumbai, India Mary Ellen Chatwin, Tbilisi State University, Georgia Jamsheed Choksy, Indiana University Erica Chong, Population Council New York William Clark, Lynnwood, Washington Elizabeth M. Coker, American University in Cairo Ahmad Dallal, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. Kirstin Sabrina Dane, McGill University, Canada Sharyn Graham Davies, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand Jocelyn DeJong, University of Manchester, U.K. Chiara De Santi, European University Institute, Florence, Italy Nasim Dezhkam, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry xii list of contributors
Yoav Di-Capua, University of Texas, Austin Souraya Sue El Hessen, Bellflower, U.S.A. Omnia El Shakry, University of California, Davis Katherine Pratt Ewing, Duke University, North Carolina Azeema Faizunissa, Population Council, Pakistan Nasreen Fazalbhoy, University of Mumbai, India Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, University of Texas, Austin Melissa Filippi-Franz, University of Kansas Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger, Emory University, Georgia Payam Foroughi, Salt Lake City, Utah Julianne E. Freeman, Fort Lewis College, Colorado Erika Friedl, Western Michigan University Shahin Gerami, Southwest Missouri State University Pardis Ghandehari, Encino, California Diana Gibson, University of Amsterdam Linda L. Giles, Illinois State Museum Osire Glacier, McGill University, Canada Michelle Lee Guy, National University of Malaysia (UKM) Faranguis Habibi, Antoni, France Andrew P. Haley, University of Southern Mississippi Sarah J. Halvorson, University of Montana Sherine Hamdy, New York University Colette Harris, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K. Kimberly Hart, Indiana University Riffat Hassan, University of Louisville, Kentucky Robin Heath, American University of Beirut Mary Elaine Hegland, Santa Clara University, California Ylva Hernlund, University of Washington Anne-Marie Hilsdon, Curtin University, Australia Tilmann Holzer, University of Mannheim, Germany Nuran Hortaçsu, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Leila Hudson, University of Arizona Nahla Hwalla, American University of Beirut Barbara Ibrahim, Population Council, New York Pinar Ilkkaracan, Independent scholar, Women for Women’s Human Rights – NEW WAYS E. Olcay Imamo‘lu, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Marcia C. Inhorn, University of Michigan Dilnara Isamidinova, Uzbekistan Sajida Jalalzai, Montreal, Canada Zainab Jerrett, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Theresia Jörg, Schönwalde, Germany Faysal el-Kak, American University of Beirut Nour Kassamali, Harvard University Neena Khanna, University of Kentucky Hanan Kholoussy, New York University Sri Endah Kinasih, Surabaya, Indonesia Laurie Krieger, Manoff Group Washington D.C. Kathleen Kuehnast, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Anahid Dervartanian Kulwicki, Oakland University, Michigan Selim S. Kuru, University of Washington Lilia Labidi, University of Tunis Anne Kathrine Larsen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Melodye Lehnerer, Southwest Missouri State University Kathryn R. Libal, University of Connecticut Mandana Limbert, Queens College, City University of New York list of contributors xiii
Ianthe Mary Maclagan, Oxford, U.K. Saeid Madani, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran Taslim Madhani, McGill University, Canada Marina Mahathir, Malaysian AIDS Council Parvaneh Hooshmand (pen name), Columbia University, New York Jihad Makhoul, American University of Beirut Abdallah Mansour, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Aminah Beverly McCloud, DePaul University, Chicago Ellen McLarney, Duke University, North Carolina Wendy Mee, La Trobe University, Australia Susan Gilson Miller, Harvard University Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee Erin Patrice Moore, University of Southern California Najma Moosa, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Nahaleh Moshtagh, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry Negar Mottahedeh, Duke University, North Carolina Hudita Nura Mustafa, Emory University, Georgia Afsaneh Najmabadi, Harvard University Unaiza Niaz, Karachi, Pakistan Anke Niehof, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands Jennifer W. Nourse, University of Richmond, Virginia Angela Odoms-Young, Northern Illinois University N. Yasemin Oguz, Ankara University Susan Ossman, Georgetown University Washington, D.C. Ayçe Parla, Sabanci University, Istanbul Lori A. Peek, University of Colorado Hélène Perrin-Wagner, Harvard University Nedjima Plantade, Independent Researcher Paris, France Karen A. Porter, University of Washington at Puget Sound Jemma Purdey, Monash University, Australia Stella R. Quah, National University of Singapore Vibeke Rasch, University of Copenhagen Sabina Faiz Rashid, BRAC University, Bangladesh Elisha P. Renne, University of Michigan Mario Ruiz, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania Martha Saavedra, University of California, Berkeley Sonia Salari, University of Utah Josi Salem-Pickartz, Amman, Jordan Zeba Sathar, Population Council, Pakistan Randa Bassem Serhan, Columbia University, New York Aaron D.A. Shakow, Harvard University Shobana Shankar, University of California, Los Angeles Sunil Sharma, Harvard University Miri Shefer, Tel Aviv University Bahira Sherif Trask, University of Delaware Dina Siddiqi, Columbia University Shahina Siddiqui, Winnipeg, Canada Margrethe Silberschmidt, University of Copenhagen Patricia Siplon, Saint Michael’s College Colchester, Vermont Ines Smyth, Oxford, U.K. M. Suzanne Stimler, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. Sabine Strasser, University of Vienna, Austria Mamed Suleimanov, Tbilisi State University, Georgia Selcan Teoman, Istanbul Bilgi University Farouk Topan, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London xiv list of contributors
Fouzieyha Towghi, University of California, Berkeley Kristin Walseth, Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education Sally White, Australian National University Lisa Wynn, Princeton, University Mahmoud Yazbak, University of Haifa Kathleen Young, Western Washington University Kathryn M. Yount, Emory University, Georgia Dror Ze’evi, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Madeline C. Zilfi, College Park, University of Maryland Kate Zirbel, Madison, Wisconsin Feride Zurikashvili, Tbilisi State University, Georgia
List of Illustrations
The illustrations can be found between pages 128 and 129.
Childhood: Premodern and Modern: Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Friedl): [See page 83] Figure 1. An only child in a middle-class family gets much attention. Iran, 2002. (Photo: Reinhold Loeffler) Figure 2. Modern middle-class family at a picnic. Iran, 2002. (Photo: Reinhold Loeffler) Figure 3. Girls at a young age help out at milking time. Boir Ahmad, Iran, 1983. (Photo: Reinhold Loeffler) Figure 4. Women use grindstones to this day. Boir Ahmad, Iran, 1976. (Photo: Reinhold Loeffler)
Food Preparation: Caucasus (Mary Ellen Chatwin & Mamed Suleimanov): [See page 108] Figure 5. Two little girls with water cans in Baidar, Georgia. Figure 6: Water hole and women in Baidar, Georgia. Figure 7. Woman baking bread in Khutor, Kvemo Kartli Region of Georgia. Figure 8. Carrot. Figure 9. Yogurt. Central Asia. Figure 10. Uzbek Café.
Love: Premodern Discourses: Persian, Arabic, Ottoman, Andalusian, and South Asia (Sunil Sharma): [See page 236] Figure 11. Folio from a manuscript of Laila and Majnun by Hamdi. Ottoman Empire. (Courtesy of the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museums, The Edwin Binney, 3rd Collection of Turkish Art at the Harvard University Art Museums. Photo Credit: Katya Kallsen). © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College. Figure 12. Anvarì entertains in a summer house. Folio from a Divan of Anvarì. Attributed to Basawan. 1588, Pakistan. (Courtesy of the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museums, Gift of John Goelet, formerly in the collection of Louis J. Cartier. Photo Credit: Katya Kallsen). © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College. Figure 13. Royal lovers: Prince Shah Shuja and his wife by Bal Chand. Ca. 1633, northern India. (Courtesy of the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museums, Private Collection. Photo Credit: Allan Macintyre). © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
Marriage Practices: The Caucasus (Mary Ellen Chatwin): [See page 253] Figure 14. Women taking financial literacy courses in the Azeri region of Georgia.
Nutrition and Dietary Practices: Central Asia (Hélène Perrin-Wagner): [See page 285] Figure 15. Women and table. Figure 16. Women selling bread.
Acknowledgments
Eleven years after EWIC was first conceived in ing in San Francisco in November 2004. Andrey 1994, EWIC is halfway through its print produc- Dub took care of all our computer problems and tion. Volume III of the Encyclopedia of Women and worked with Schneider on the web page. He was Islamic Cultures marks that halfway point and is succeeded in June 2005 by Brett Erilane, who has the product of the work of more people than can picked up all our computer and web trouble-shoot- be acknowledged here. We are indebted to Brill ing. The undergraduate interns concluded three for continued support, especially Sam Bruinsma, years of research to produce the article on Schol- the Business Unit Manager for History and Olaf ars and Scholarship which appears in this volume Köndgen, the Senior Acquisitions Editor (Islamic of EWIC. Tony Beukers, Eva Brown, Rhyen Studies) at Brill. Ingrid Heijckers and Isabella Coombs, Megan Fowler, Monica Garcia, Beth Gerritsen have gone above and beyond the com- Lansom, Fatima Malik, Andrea McNees, Marya mitments of their jobs at Brill to facilitate commu- Osucha, Emily Rostel, Michelle Sandhoff, Cristeta nications between EWIC editors and authors, Shope, Paulina Telderer, and Nancy Wan are all tracking articles, and keeping us within our time commended for their professionalism and amazing frames. Margaret Owen continued her excellent scholarship. work as copy editor. The associate editors have been supported by At the University of California, Davis, Dean of their institutions and paid assistants. Afsaneh Social Sciences Steven Sheffrin supports EWIC Najmabadi gratefully acknowledges her student through provision of office and staff. Dean of assistant Tanya Zakrevskaya. She would, in very Graduate Studies Jeffrey Gibeling’s funding of a special terms, like to thank student assistant work study grant for the EWIC research assistant Loretta Kim whose incredible research and admin- has been invaluable. We are grateful to a number of istrative skills and commitment made it possible for UC and UC Davis administrators and staff for Najmabadi to persist in the hard work of editorial assistance with the Ford Foundation grant: Vice productivity. She is also grateful for the contribu- Chancellor for Research Barry Klein, Director of tions of distinguished scholars whom she continu- Sponsored Programs Ahmad Hakim-Elahi, Univer- ally consulted: Yeçim Arat, Nodira Azimova, sity of California Provost and Senior Vice President Nilüfer ÷svan, Margaret Mills, Shahrzad Mojab, M. R. C. Greenwood and her staff, UC Davis Con- and Nayereh Tohidi. Najmabadi would like to tracts and Grants officers Leanna Sweha and Matt recognize the contribution of Rose Glickman for Nguyen, and accounting staff Sandy Nixon and translations from Russian and French and edito- Kathy Haas. In Dean Sheffrin’s office, Assistant rial work, Farideh Farhi for translations from Deans Minh Nguyen and Steven Roth as well as Persian, and Tanya Zakrevskaya for translations staff member Lissa Torfi were most helpful. In the from Russian. Cory Paulsen, Harvard University Anthropology Department at UC Davis, Nancy History Department financial officer, was particu- McLaughlin, the Managerial Staff Officer, Candy larly helpful in processing the EWIC grants. Cayne Clark, the Anthropology Department Grants Harvard University has been remarkably support- Officer, and the anthropology staff, Peggy Slaven, ive during her work as associate editor. Barbara Raney, Royce McClellan, Tim Gilbert, Lisa Julie Peteet had the assistance of Leslie French, Dietz, Eddie Ng, Lucy Day, and Edie Stasulat worked Whitney Gifford, Maryam Mirriahi, and Morgan on EWIC related accounting and computer problems. Taliaferro who helped with her editorial work. Bettina Schneider, UC Davis graduate student in Peteet is grateful for the support of the University of Native American Studies, has been our stalwart Louisville College of Arts and Sciences and Sharon EWIC research assistant and has worked exten- O’Bryan, her staff support. sively to update the EWIC web page,