Index

A charge of blasphemy by police in 2016, 161 Aceh, 171 imprisonment in 2017, 3, 28, 161, intolerance of homosexual 195, 204 behaviour, 4, 42, 123 AILA (Aliansi Cinta Keluarga) see activists Family Love Alliance civil society, 183, 190, 192 Alauddin State Islamic Institute, 100 disability, 10–11, 41, 77, 78, 79, 80, All Churches Cooperation Agency 82–92, 99, 105 (Badan Kerjasama Seluruh feminist, 120, 121, 137, 149 Gereja, BKS Gereja), 189 gay/queer, 7, 12, 120, 134, 135, 138, Alliance of Archipelagic Indigenous 139, 143, 145–6, 147–9 Peoples (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat human rights, 14, 99 Nusantara, AMAN), 236, 242 political, 25, 258 Ambon, 31, 175 adat (customary law) communities, Amnesty International, 4, 203 48–9, 52, 55, 57, 61, 236, 237, 239, Arab community, 7, 8, 20, 23, 198 240, 242, 248, 256, 257 Ardhanary Institute, 120 see also Orang Rimba army, 12, 23, 128, 128n, 203 Advocacy Team for a Civilised unsuccessful coup (1965), 114, 121, Indonesia, 58 128–9 Agency for the Protection of National see also military Unity and Politics (Badan assimilation, 8, 26, 206, 207, 219, 227 Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik, forced, 14, 19, 214 Kesbangpol), 181 New Order policy, 195, 197, 198 Ahmadis, 2, 7, 69, 200n Australian government, 105 Ahmadiyah, 2, 7, 30 mosques, 2, 175 Ahok (), 2–3, B 3–4, 9, 12–13, 13, 14, 28, 30, 46, 50, 71, 72, 120, 124, 155, 159, 160–1, Bali, 141, 197, 256 167, 194–5, 195n, 200, 202, 204, 205, Bappenas see Ministry of National 209, 210, 211, 261, 262, 262n Development Planning appointment as governor of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama see Ahok , 160–1 Baswedan, Anies, 161, 195, 198, 203, campaign against, 3, 12, 30, 155, 204 161, 162, 166, 167, 170, 172, 194–5

267

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beliefs, 7, 10, 11, 29, 44, 45–6 with disability, 40, 82, 98, 100–1, Beliefs case, 65–70 107 distinction from religions, 45, 46, see also Convention on the Rights 56, 66–7, 68, 243 of the Child; education number of followers, 56, 56n China, 8, 26, 125, 198, 220, 228 belonging, sense of, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, anti-China sentiment, 201, 202, 19, 37, 134–5, 139, 149, 196, 199, 212, 208–9, 211, 262 228, 233, 250 Chinese community, 3–4, 7, 8, 12, Besudut, 246–7, 249 13–14, 22, 23, 25, 46, 49–52, 134 Betawi Brotherhood Forum (Forum anti-Chinese sentiment, 3, 12, 13, Betawi Rempug, FBR), 201 26–7, 28, 156, 159, 164, 172, 194–212 Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, 1, 28, 36, 147, 233, assimilation, 26, 195, 197, 198, 206, 255 207 BKS Gereja (Badan Kerjasama Cina, 27, 198, 202 Seluruh Gereja) see All Churches discrimination against, 49–52, Cooperation Agency 194–212, 222 BKSDA (Balai Konservasi Sumber education, 51, 52 Daya Alam) see National employment, 198 Resource Conservation Agency entrepreneurs, 22, 25, 196, 198 blasphemy identity politics, 195, 197 Ahok case, 2–3, 3–4, 9, 12–13, 13, improved treatment of, 27, 14, 28, 30, 46, 50, 71, 72, 120, 124, 199–200 155, 159, 160–1, 167, 194–5, 195n, intermarriage, 22, 206, 207–8 200, 202, 204, 205, 209, 210, 211, loyalty to PRC, 26, 158, 164, 165, 261, 262, 262n 197, 207, 208, 209 Blasphemy Law, 3, 40, 44–5, 45n, 46–7, non-pribumi, 196–9, 204 52, 71, 72, 201 Peranakan, 8, 218 Bombay Merchant Association political activism, 25 (BMA), 219–20, 225, 226 political participation, 200, 211 Buddhism, 3, 45, 56, 215 riots against, in May 1998, 194, Buddhists, 2, 46, 69, 260 195, 199, 224 status, 25–7, 196, 202 survey of contemporary anti- C Chinese sentiment, 205–12 Totok, 8, 218 cantonisation, 9, 31 violence against, 26, 27, 195, 197, Catholicism, 3, 22, 45, 56, 178 200–1, 224 Center for Disability Services, 105–6 women, 51–2, 195 Center for the Study of Religion Chinese Revolution (1911), 26 and Democracy (Pusat Studi Christian community, 2, 3, 4, 13, 23, Agama dan Demokrasi, PUSAD 26, 28, 45,46, 64, 69, 97, 121, 175, Paramadina), 177, 177n 215, 243, 244 Central Java, 21, 80, 81, 98, 138 anti-Christian sentiment, 3, 28, Central Sulawesi, 175 46, 50, 120, 155, 194, 200n, 202, 261, children, 51 262, 262n, 263 cyber-security bill, 125 church in Gunung Kidul, 185–90, education, 65, 70, 82, 100–1, 107, 190, 191 220 conflict with Muslims, 175, 176, ethno-religious classification, 177–8, 180–90, 191, 262 VOC era, 22–3 intolerance of Muslims, 159, 160 legislation, 40, 103 schools, 226 Sindhi, 220

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church construction, 2, 13, 175–92 human rights role, 57–8 Christian Church in Gunung negative legislator, 60, 62 Kidul, Yogyakarta, 185–90, 190, utility of proceedings, 57–8 191 Convention Against Torture Nur Musafir Mosque, Kupang, and Other Cruel, Inhuman 180–5, 191 or Degrading Treatment or citizenship, 5, 19, 26, 38, 39, 50–2, 138, Punishment, 38n 199, 260 Convention on the Elimination of All definition, 50 Forms of Discrimination Against legislation, 50–1, 51n, 52, 199 Women, 38n Orang Rimba, 233 Convention on the Elimination of All Proof of Citizenship Document Forms of Racial Discrimination, (Surat Bukti Kewarganegaraan 39, 49 Republik Indonesia, SBKRI), 50–2, Convention on the Rights of Persons 53 with Disabilities (CRPD), 41, 78, Sindhis, 222, 224, 225, 227 80, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89, 91, 95, 102, 103 civil society, 2, 9, 13, 36, 41, 53, 133, Convention on the Rights of the 141, 176, 177, 182–6, 187–92, 200, Child, 38n, 40 203, 212, 232 corruption, 27, 37, 52, 53, 63, 198, 259 Cold War, 220, 222 cretinism, 21–2 Commission II, 259, 259n Criminal Code, 40, 40n, 42–3, 46, 47, communism, 29, 115, 120–4, 125, 126, 52 127, 129, 220 Article 292, 43, 56, 58 Indonesian Communist Party Homosexual sex case, 56, 57–65, 71 (Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI), new draft, 62, 63, 63n, 126 121, 122, 128, 129, 137, 221 proposed criminalisation of gay Confucianism, 3, 27, 202 and extramarital sex, 114–15, recognition as a religion, 45, 45n, 125–6 50, 56, 199 Constituent Assembly, 29 Constitution (1945), 26, 27, 29, 57, 58, D 59, 67, 69, 124, 126, 189, 190, 233, 260 Darul Islam rebellion, 29 adat law communities, 48–9, 55 decentralisation, 102, 240, 255 Charter of Human Rights, 38, 57 Democracy Index, 173 constitutional reform, 36, 38–9, 52 democratisation, 118, 143, 144–5, 173 disabled people, 81–2, 102 ‘proportional democracy’, 261–2 ‘just legal certainty’, 61, 67 deregulation, 84 Pancasila, 28, 29, 44, 45, 59, 60, deviant sects (aliran sesat), 45, 46, 48, 60n, 61, 121, 124, 127, 226, 233 55, 69 presidency, 26, 30, 199, 204 Diponegoro University, 122 religious norms to justify disability community, 10–11, 21–2, overriding constitutional rights 77–92, 95–108 (‘godly’), 44, 61, 71 accessible infrastructure, 79, 85, Constitutional Court, 10, 43, 44, 46, 48, 95, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 55–72, 248 activists, 41, 77, 78, 79, 80 appointment of judges, 63–4 activists outside Jakarta, 90–1, 92 Beliefs case, 65–70 children, 40, 82, 98, 100–1, 107 consistency of decision-making, constitutional reference, 81–2 71–2 cultural and religious beliefs and Homosexual sex case, 56, 58–65, 71, view of, 11, 96, 97–9, 108 133–4 disability card, 83, 88–9, 90

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disability-inclusive card, 89–90 DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) see discrimination against, 99, People’s Representative Council 99–102, 106–7 Dutch East India Company education, 11, 41n, 79, 82, 95–6, (Vereenigde Oost-Indische 99–108 Compagnie, VOC), 22–3, 24 education, higher, 95, 99–100, 101, 102, 103, 104–8 education regulations, 95 E employment, 79, 81, 82, 85, 102 language to describe, 79–80 East Java, 2, 65, 139 low political priority, 87–8, 91 East Nusa Tengarra, 176, 180, 181, 182, Muslim perceptions of, 97–9, 108 191, 260 prevalence of disability, 79 economic activity, 8, 13, 14, 20, 23, 25, social model (rights-based 215, 216, 221 approach), 10–11, 41, 78, 81, 107 Eden, Lia, 46 welfare approach, 10–11, 77–8, 82, education, 2, 14, 39, 40, 41, 222–3, 224 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 ‘alien’ schools, 220n, 225 women, 41 Chinese community, 51, 52 see also Convention on the Rights colonial period, 220, 220n of Persons with Disabilities data on participation of children (CRPD) with disabilities, 100–1 disability legislation, 40–1, 52, 77–92, disability community, 11, 79, 82, 102–4 99–108 budgets, 83, 84, 86 effect on tolerance levels, 168–71 data collection, 89 English-medium community-run definitions of disability, 41, 78 schools, 223 disability card, 88–9 funding, 104, 106 education, 102–3 Gandhi Memorial International implementation by government, School (GMIS), 226 83 Gandhi Memorial School (GMS), implementation of regulations, 220, 225–7 83–8 higher, 11, 95, 99–100, 101, 102, 103 list of regulations, 85 Islamic sector, 95–108 Presidential Decree No. 9/2018 Islamic tertiary institutions, on the Government Regulations 104–8 Formulation Program, 87 Jakarta International School, 227 discrimination, 1, 4, 5, 10, 19, 23, 26, 27, Mahatma Gandhi School (MGS), 214, 215, 216, 221 226, 227 adat communities, 48–9 national education system, 14, anti-discrimination law, 39–40, 103, 104–5, 224, 226 40–1 Orang Rimba, 14, 232, 241n ethnic Chinese, 27, 49–52, Sindhi, 220, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227 194–212, 219, 222 special, 103 ethnic minorities, 39–4 special schools for children with indigenous people, 10, 244 disabilities, 101–2, 101n, 105 legislation, 36–53 Emergency (1957), 220, 225 LGBT community, 12, 42–3 employment, 68, 82, 216, 238 migrants, 56 ethnic Chinese, 195n, 198, 211 people with disability, 40–1, 99, identity card and, 65, 68 99–102, 106–7 people with disabilities, 41, 79, 81, religious, 11, 12, 44–8, 244 82, 85, 102 see also intolerance sinetron industry, 216

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equality, 1, 6, 15, 39, 264 Gerwani (Gerakan Wanita Indonesia) inequality, 13, 98, 202, 211 see Indonesian Women’s Ethical Policy, 24, 25 Movement ethnic minorities, 2, 7, 9, 15, 20, 23, 27, globalisation, 138, 144, 145 37, 60 Golkar party, 182, 203 definition, 6–7 Great Britain, 221 discrimination against, 39–40 Guided Democracy period, 29, 220, effect of pemekaran, 255, 258–9 221 Muslim attitude towards, 12, 156 Gunung Kidul, 13 pluralism, 13 see also adat communities; Chinese community; Orang H Rimba; Sindhis ethnicity, definition, 39 Habibie, President, 50, 52, 199, 261–2 Euro-Indonesian community, 7, 23–4, Hadith, 97, 98 25 Hanura (Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat) status, 26 see People’s Conscience Party heteronormativity, 11, 12, 113–14, 113n, 116, 117, 118, 119, 128, 135, F 137–8 Hinduism, 3, 45, 56, 64, 118, 215, 222n, family card (kartu keluarga), 65, 67, 70 228, 229 Family Hope Program (Program Hindus, 69, 217, 228 Keluarga Harapan, PKH), 89–90 history of minorities Family Love Alliance (Aliansi Cinta changing status of, 9, 19–31 Keluarga, AILA), 43, 56, 58–65, direct colonial rule era, 23–6, 59, 125–6, 133–4, 145 116, 197, 198, 217–18, 219 FBR (Forum Betawi Rempug) see Dutch East India Company (VOC) Betawi Brotherhood Forum era, 22–3, 24 FJI (Front Jihad Islam) see Islamic independence, 26 Jihad Front HIV/AIDS, 119, 140–3 FKUB (Forum Kerukunan Umat first recorded incidents in Beragama) see Interreligious Indonesia, 141 Harmony Forum Hivos, 145 Ford Foundation, 123 homophobia, 11–12, 113–29, 138, 139 forests/forest areas, 8, 14, 21, 55, 57, Homosexual sex case, 56, 58–65, 71 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, adultery provisions of Criminal 241 Code, 59, 60, 62, 63, 63n destruction, 14, 234, 235, 239, 240, ‘just law’, 61 245 ‘living law’, 61, 62, 64 legislation, 48n, 49 human rights, 2, 4, 10, 19, 31, 38–9, 39, FPI (Front Pembela Islam) see Islamic 102, 128, 143, 144, 199, 248 Defenders Front activists, 99, 100, 120 Constitutional Court role, 57–8, 70, 71 G disability issues, 86 LGBT community, 120, 123, 127, Gafatar, 30 129, 144, 145 GAYa Nusantara, 119, 143 organisations, 4, 147 Genderbread Person, 147, 148 Universal Declaration, 31, 38, 38n Gerindra, 203 Human Rights Watch, 4 Hungary, 264

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I Indonesian Council of Religious Scholars (Majelis Ulama ICMI (Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslimin Indonesia, MUI), 37, 37n, 45, 47–8, Indonesia) see Indonesian 69, 70, 71, 124 Association of Muslim Indonesian independence (1945), 6, 26, Intellectuals 29, 80, 101, 114, 195, 196, 197, 198, identity card (kartu tanda penduduk, 218, 220n, 239 KTP), 46, 51–2, 65, 69, 244 Indonesian Psychiatrists Association, religion column, 65–70, 244 4, 123 India, 216, 217, 219, 219n, 220, 222, 227, Indonesian Survey Institute 228–9 (Lembaga Survei Indonesia, LSI), aid to Indonesia, 222 126, 156, 205 demonstrations against, 221 Indonesian Women’s Coalition Indian Embassy, 225, 228 (Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia, Indo-Pakistani War, 221 KPI), 120 Sino-Indian War, 220 Indonesian Women’s Movement Indian community, 7, 8, 198, 218, 219n, (Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, 226 Gerwani), 12, 118, 127 see also Sindhis intermarriage, 3, 22, 206, 207–8 indigenous community, 8, 13, 20, 23, International Conference on 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 50 Population and Development, Beliefs case, 65–70 120, 140 beliefs, constitutional international conventions, 36, 38n, recognition, 10, 56–7, 71 166 –7, 120 definition, 236 see also name of convention distinction from Indonesians of International Court of Justice, 38n foreign descent, 196, 198, 199, 204, International Covenant on Civil and 217 Political Rights, 38n land claims, 248, 257 International Covenant on Economic, LGBT practices, 135, 136, 139, 146, Social and Cultural Rights, 38n 149 international humanitarian migrant community tensions, 15, organisations, 145–6 255–8 International Labour Organization Orang Rimba, 232–50 Convention on Freedom of Indo-Europeesch Verbond (Indo- Association and Protection of the European Alliance), 24 Right to Organise, 38n Indonesia National Survey Project international norms/influences, 11, 78, (INSP), 196, 205–11 79, 80, 81, 87, 91, 120, 122, 128, 134, Indonesian Association of 137, 138, 145–6 Muslim Intellectuals (Ikatan International People’s Tribunal on Cendekiawan Muslimin 1965 Crimes Against Humanity Indonesia, ICMI), 261, 262 in Indonesia (IPT 1965), 122 Indonesian Association of Women internet, 119, 120, 121, 125 with Disabilities, 77 see also social media Indonesian Broadcasting Interreligious Harmony Forum Commission, 125 (Forum Kerukunan Umat Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Beragama, FKUB), 13, 176–92 Komunis Indonesia, PKI), 121, establishment of chapters across 122, 128, 129, 137, 221 Indonesia, 179 Indonesian Conservation Community failure, 185, 186–7, 189–90, 190–2 (KKI Warsi), 234, 247 funding, 179 impartiality, 177, 180, 189, 190, 191

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Joint Decree 1969 (KBM 1969), J 177–8 Joint Regulation 2006 (PBM 2006), Jakarta, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 80, 81, 83, 90, 177, 178–80, 180–4, 190, 192 91, 119, 121, 219, 223 Kupang, 13, 176, 177, 180–5, 191, governor of, 3, 28, 30, 46, 50, 120, 192 155, 194, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, politicisation, 177, 180, 185, 191 261 role, 176 Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail intolerance, 4, 5, 155–73 project, 209 activism, 168 Jambi, 8, 14, 232, 234, 237, 238, 242, effect of anti-Ahok campaign, 12, 244, 247, 248, 257 30, 156, 159, 160, 161–3, 164, 166, Japan, 22, 209 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172–3, 195, Japanese community, 22, 23, 25, 218 203, 204, 205, 209 Java, 13, 15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 100, 115, 183, LGBT, 4, 56, 113–29, 173 184, 191, 217, 223, 239, 255 Muslim towards ethnic Chinese, Jewish citizens, 3, 20, 126 12, 164, 165 Muslim towards minorities, 3–4, 9, 10, 37, 43, 156–72 K national perception as tolerant society, 2, 5, 129 Kalang community, 21 political, 156, 157, 159, 162, 163, Kalimantan, 201 166, 167, 168, 169, 170–2 Kalla, Vice-President Jusuf, 202, 203 profile of Muslims with intolerant Kesbangpol (Badan Kesatuan Bangsa views, 166–72 dan Politik) see Agency for the regional breakdown, 171 Protection of National Unity and religio-cultural, 44, 156, 157, 161, Politics 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 170–1, 172 KKI Warsi (KKI Warsi) see Indonesian towards Muslims, 159–60 Conservation Community see also Ahok, campaign against; Kompak (Komunitas Peace Maker discrimination Kupang) see Kupang Peacemaker IPT 1965 see International People’s Community Tribunal on 1965 Crimes Against KPI (Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia) Humanity in Indonesia see Indonesian Women’s Coalition Islam and Islamic community, 3, 9, 28, KTP (kartu tanda penduduk) see identity 29–30, 45, 56, 70, 71, 207, 262 card boarding schools, 116, 136 Kupang Peacemaker Community conservatism, 4, 7, 12, 43, 64, 114, (Komunitas Peace Maker 124, 127, 133, 143, 144, 167, 172, 211 Kupang, Kompak), 183 education sector, 95–108 Kupang, 13, 176, 177, 180–5, 191, 192 hardline/radical, 114, 116, 118, 127, 128, 157, 160, 163–4, 194, 261 tertiary institutions, 104–8 L see also Muslims (Front Lambda Indonesia, 119, 138, 139 Pembela Islam, FPI), 123–4, 170–1, land 172, 194, 198, 201 claims, 248, 257 Islamic Jihad Front (Front Jihad Islam, clearing, 14, 235 FJI), 186, 187 reclamation project, 195, 202 seizure, 239–40, 244, 250 language, 80n Bahasa Indonesia, 225–6

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Chinese, 27, 197 Law No. 44/2008 on Pornography, terminology used to describe 42, 52, 124 disability community, 79–80, 82, Law No. 25/2009 on Public 90 Services, 67 terminology used to describe Law No. 32/2009 on LGBT community, 137, 144, 146 Environmental Protection and legislation, 9–10, 39–53 Management, 49 broadcasting law, proposed Law No. 27/2007 on the amendment, 134 Management of Coastal Areas constitutional reform, 38–9 and Small Islands, 49 international law, 31, 38, 38n Law No. 12/2011 on Law-making, Law No. 12/1954 on Education, 44 101n Law No. 19/2011, 80, 102 Law No. 62/1958 on Citizenship, Law No. 35/2014 on Child 50 Protection, 40 Law No. 1/PNPS/1965 Law No. 8/2016 on People with (Blasphemy Law), 3, 40, 44–5, 45n, Disabilities, 40–1, 52, 78, 82, 46–7, 52, 71, 72, 201 83–92, 102–3, 103–4 Law No. 1/1967 on Foreign Law No. 19/2016 on Electronic Investment, 239–40 Information and Transactions, 40 Law No. 5/1969 Declaring Several religions recognised by the state, Decisions and Regulations of the 3, 45, 56 President to Be Laws, 47n ‘rule of law’, 66, 66n Law No. 1/1975 on Village LEKRA (Lembaga Kebudayaan Government, 240 Rakyat) see People’s Cultural Law No. 1/1976 on Marriage, 118 Institute Law No. 5/1979 on Regional Lemhannas (Lembaga Ketahanan Governance, 240 Nasional Republik Indonesia) see Law No. 4/1997 on People with National Resilience Institute Defects, 41, 81, 82 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, Law No. 22/1999 on Regional queer and intersex (LGBTQI) Government, 240 communities, 2, 4, 11–12, 113–29, Law No. 25/1999 on the Fiscal 133–49 Balance between the Central anti-LGBT legislation, proposed, Government and the Regions, 240 125 Law No. 39/1999 on Human anti-LGBT sentiment, 4, 11–12, Rights, 40, 102 122–9, 133, 143–4, 264 Law No. 41/1999 on Forestry, 49 Bugis ethnic group, 115, 146n Law No. 20/2003 on the National classification of sexual practices, Education System, 103, 104, 224, 140–1, 142 226 communism, 120–4, 127, 128, 129 Law No. 7/2004 on Water criminalisation, 124–6, 144–5 Resources, 49 ‘deviant’ behaviour, 124, 127, 145 Law No. 18/2004 on Plantations, donors to, major, 123 49 double lives, 137, 138 Law No. 12/2006 on Citizenship, discrimination against, 42–3 50, 52 female-to-male (FTM) trans Law No. 23/2006 on Population people, 116, 119n Administration, 65, 66 gay activism, 7, 120, 138 Law No. 40/2008 on the Genderbread Person, 147, 148 Elimination of Racial and Ethnic history, 115–18, 135–40 Discrimination, 39, 40n HIV/AIDS, 119, 140–3

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Homosexual sex case, 56, 58–65, 71, media, 57, 136, 149, 209, 247, 249 133–4 international, 2, 4, 244 indigenous practices, 135, 136, print, 117, 120, 121, 128 139, 146, 149 proposed broadcasting law Indonesian gay identity, 138–40 amendment, 134 international influence, 81, 138 Sindhi contribution to media legislation, 42–3, 52, 124, 144–5 industry, 215–16, 223 male-to-female (MTF) trans social, 2, 3, 126, 128, 166, 195n people (waria), 113, 114, 116, 117, television, 99, 117, 125, 128, 246, 119, 124, 125, 129, 141, 146, 149 248 same-sex marriage, 122, 136 Meiliana, 46, 201 sexual rights, 11, 114, 119–20, 145 Melanesia Indonesia (Melindo), 260 terminology, 137, 144, 146 Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG), transgender practices, 115, 116, 259–60 118 migrant communities, 23, 219, 220, 257 see also Homosexual sex case; Jambi, 257 sexual orientation, gender Lampung, 257 identity and gender expression migrant–indigenous tensions, 15, (SOGIE) 255–8 logging, 14, 240, 246 Papua, 258 loyalty to Indonesian nation, 5, 8, 197, violence against, 31 207, 208, 219n military, 11, 27, 114, 121, 137, 197, 198, Chinese loyalty to PRC, 158, 164, 221, 257, 262 165, 197, 207, 208, 209 see also army LSI (Lembaga Survei Indonesia) see mining, 14, 22, 235, 239, 240, 243, 244 Indonesian Survey Institute Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform, 83, 85 Ministry of Education, 82 M Ministry of Education and Culture, 45, 56, 70, 83, 85, 86, 103, 104, 243 majoritarianism, 10, 14, 15, 37, 43, 55, Ministry of Environment and 149, 214, 260–1, 263 Forestry, 241, 242 marginalisation, 14, 19, 257 Ministry of Finance, 84, 85, 86 Chinese community, 25, 28 Ministry of Health, 101, 102, 123, 262 disability community, 80, 102, 107 Ministry of Home Affairs, 45n, 70, indigenous community, 10, 57 123, 176, 177, 259n Muslim community, 7, 29 Ministry of Justice, 51 Orang Rimba community, 14, 233, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, 239, 243, 249, 250 83, 85, 86 women, 149 Ministry of Manpower and Sindhi community, 14, 214 Transmigration, 83, 85, 86 Malaysia, 221, 228n Ministry of National Development Maluku, 175, 256, 260 Planning (Bappenas), 83, 85, 86 marriage, 20, 51, 98 Ministry of Public Works and Public certificates, 65, 70 Housing, 84, 85, 86 indigenous female to migrant Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2, 3, male, 257 45, 56, 99, 104, 105, 176, 177, 179, interfaith, 3, 160, 185, 206, 207, 208 187–8, 243 Orang Rimba, 234, 248 Ministry of Research, Technology and registration and religion, 45n Higher Education, 83, 85, 101, 104 same-sex, 122, 136 Ministry of Social Affairs, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 123, 243, 247

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Ministry of Tourism, 83, 85 N minorities advantage or privilege, 9, 14, 19, , 107 214–29 (Partai belonging, sense of, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, Kebangkitan Bangsa, PKB), 122, 12, 13, 19, 37, 134–5, 139, 149, 196, 181 199, 212, 228, 233, 250 national belonging, 12, 134, 138, 139, changing status of, 19, 20, 22–4 149, 233 definitions of, 6–7, 19, 20, 30 National Commission for Human majority–minority changing Rights, 82, 123, 128, 184 dynamic, 7, 15, 30, 257–8, 258–9 National Disability Commission, 41, minority status formally 84 classified, 89, 89n national identity, 196 outcaste status, 21 National Resilience Institute ritual, 21 (Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional trading, 19–20, 21, 22 Republik Indonesia, Lemhannas), see also history of minorities 263 motto, nation’s (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika) National Resource Conservation 1, 28, 36, 147, 233, 255 Agency (Balai Konservasi MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Sumber Daya Alam, BKSDA), Rakyat) see People’s Consultative 241, 42 Assembly nationalism, 24, 28–9 Muhammadiyah, 107 aspirational inclusiveness, 5, 9, MUI (Majelis Ulama Indonesia) see 28, 36, 37, 52 Indonesian Council of Religious ethno-, 196, 197, 202 Scholars; ulama Hindu, 228, 229 Muslim sects, minority Nawacita (Nine Development Goals), see Ahmadiyah; Shi’a 242 Muslim United Development Party Netherlands–Japan Treaty 1856, 25 (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, New Caledonia, 259 PPP), 30, 204 New Order period, 7, 9, 29, 38, 40, 45, Muslims 80, 81, 104, 117, 118, 121, 122, 126, conflict with Christians, 175, 127, 128n, 135–40, 143, 144, 177, 177–8, 180–90 197, 199, 200, 206, 207, 222n, 223, constitutional exclusion, 29 239, 240, 243 lower class, 167–8, 169, 170, 171 assimilation policy, 195, 197, 198 majoritarianism, 10, 15, 37, 43, 55, non-government organisations 260, 261, 263 (NGOs), 37, 81, 241, 242, 247 Nur Musafir Mosque, Kupang, see also civil society 180–5, 191 non-Muslim religious minorities, 2 perceptions of disability, 97–9, 108 interfaith marriage, 3, 185 random sampling survey, 157–72 Muslim intolerance of, 12, 155–64 views on intermarriage, 207–8 see also Christians; Buddhists views on LGBT community, 126 North Kalimantan, 171 views on religious minorities and North Maluku, 260 ethnic Chinese, 12, 126, 155–73, North Sumatra, 65, 201, 261 207, 208, 210–11 Nur Musafir Mosque, 180–5 views on non-Muslim religious Nurmantyo, Gatot minorities, 162–3 ‘proxy war’ theory, 262–3 with disability, 98–9, 107 women, 118, 120 Myanmar, 260

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O People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Orang Rimba community, 8, 14, 48, Rakyat, MPR), 122, 124 134, 232–50, 257 People’s Cultural Institute (Lembaga case studies, two students, 245–9 Kebudayaan Rakyat, LEKRA), children, 238, 243, 244, 245–9 115–16, 127 community attitude towards, 238 People’s Representative Council different names for, 237–8 (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, education, 14, 232, 241n, 245 DPR), 37, 42, 43, 84, 200, 259n forest zones of habitation, 14, 234, Philippines, 24, 219 235, 241 PKB (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa) see government programs, 243–5 National Awakening Party housing, 243 PKH (Program Keluarga Harapan) see identity card (KTP), 244 Family Hope Program lifestyle, 234–6 PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia) see Makekal Hulu clan, 242 Indonesian Communist Party marginalisation, 14, 233, 239, 243, PKS (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera) see 249, 250 Prosperous Justice Party national parks, 14, 232, 234, 241–2, plantations, 14, 49, 234, 235, 239, 240, 248 243, 248, 257 policies towards, 238–42 Pokja (Kelompok Kerja Undang- population, 234 Undang Disabilitas) see Working pressure to convert religion, 243, Group on the Disability Law 244 police, 2, 37, 40, 44, 53, 124, 176 pressure to integrate, 232, 238 National Police Chief, 176 religious beliefs, 235, 243–5 pornography, 43n, 127, 45, 263 seizure of lands, 239–40 definition, 42 attendance at university, 246–7 law, 42, 52, 124 view of mainstream Indonesian poverty, 100, 102, 167, 169, 202 life, 249–50 PPP (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) women, 235, 244–5 see Muslim United Development Orban, Viktor, 264 Party pribumi, 13, 50, 89n, 194–212 non-pribumi, 196–9, 223 P Pribumi Party (Partai Priboemi), 203–4 Pancasila, 28, 29, 44, 45, 59, 60, 60n, 61, Prosperous Justice Party (Partai 121, 124, 127, 203, 226, 233 Keadilan Sejahtera, PKS), 124, 181 ‘Belief in Almighty God’, 44, 45, Protestantism, 3, 45, 56 46, 59, 60, 61, 70 ‘proxy war’ theory, 262–3 Papua, 257, 258, 259 PUSAD Paramadina (Pusat Studi pemekaran (subdividing of Agama dan Demokrasi) see administrative regions), 15, 31, Center for the Study of Religion 255, 258–9, 259n and Democracy Pengendum Tampung, 247–9 People’s Coalition to ‘Reject the One-Size-Fits-All Government Q Regulation’ (Koalisi Masyarakat ‘Tolak PP Sapu Jagat’), 86 Qur’an, 3, 46, 97, 98, 157, 160, 164, 166, People’s Conscience Party (Partai Hati 262n Nurani Rakyat, Hanura), 125 Al-Ma’idah 51, 28, 159, 161, 164, 166, 262n

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R education, 220, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227 racial identity, 15, 39, 255 English proficiency, 225–6 race, definition, 39 Gandhi Memorial International racism/racial discrimination, 4, 27, 30, School (GMIS), 226 39–40, 49–52, 159, 259–60 Gandhi Memorial School (GMS), Convention on the Elimination 220, 225–7 of All Forms of Racial history in Indonesia, 217–25 Discrimination, 39, 49 Indonesian citizenship, 222 Rais, Amien, 202 Mahatma Gandhi School (MGS), reformasi, 12, 13, 14, 53, 118, 119, 124, 226, 227 127, 175, 178, 195, 199, 212, 217, 240 number of, 219 regional autonomy, 49n, 124 origins, 214–15 religion self-sufficiency, 227–8 definition, 67 status, 18, 219, 222, 224 distinction from beliefs, 45, 46, 56, traders, 217 66–7, 68, 243 Sino-Indian War, 220 places of worship, 175–92 Sobat KBB (Solidaritas Korban recognised by the state, 3, 45, 46, Pelanggaran Kebebasan 56 Beragama dan Berkeyakinan) see also name of religion see Solidarity among Victims of religious conflict, 13, 175–92 Violations of Religious Freedom religious freedoms, 2–3, 7, 10, 39, 44–5, and Belief 60, 68, 69n, 175–92 social media, 2, 3, 126, 128, 166, 195n breaches, 2, 175 Sokola Institute, 241, 241n people with disability, 41 Solidarity among Victims of see also beliefs Violations of Religious Freedom religious minorities, 2, 44–8, 155–64 and Belief (Solidaritas Korban legislation, 44–8 Pelanggaran Kebebasan Riau, 8, 171, 234, 237 Beragama dan Berkeyakinan, rural areas, 25, 26, 48, 96, 100, 116, 257 Sobat KBB), 183–4 Russia/USSR, 125, 222 South Africa, 6 South Kalimantan, 171 South Sulawesi, 98, 103, 115n, 146, S 146n, 258, 262 South Sumatra, 144, 234 Semarang, 217, 221 Subianto, Prabowo, 204 University, 122 Suharto, President, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 27, Semarang Theological School, 186 29, 31, 38, 38n, 45n, 49, 51, 52, 80, Setara Institute, 175 104, 114, 118, 121, 144, 166, 178, 195, sexual minorities 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 221, 222, see lesbian, gay, bisexual, 224, 239, 242 transgender, queer and intersex Sukarno, President, 1, 29, 47, 116, 117, (LGBTQI) communities; see also 121, 220, 221 homophobia Sukarnoputri, President Megawati, sexual orientation, gender identity 50, 199, 224 and gender expression (SOGIE), Sulawesi, 115 12, 134–5, 143–9 Sumatra, 48, 179, 222n, 232, 234, 237, Shi’as, 2, 7, 30 239, 250, 261, 280 Shi’ism, 263 Sundanese Church, 264 Sindhis, 8, 14, 20, 214–29 Sunnis, 2, 37n 175 children/youth, 220, 226, 227 Supreme Court, 45n

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Surabaya, 119, 217, 218, 219 V surveys measurement of anti-Chinese violence, 2, 4 sentiment in contemporary Ahmadis, 2, 69, 175 Indonesia, 205–12 Chinese community, 26, 27, 195, Muslims’ views of religious 197, 200–1, 224 minorities and ethnic Chinese, ethnically motivated, 20–1 156–60 Indian community, 216 Indo-Europeans, 26 LGBTI community, 43n, 65, 123 T migrants, 31 Shi’as, 2 Timor, 184 indigenous and migrant, 15, 258 Trump, President Donald, 260, 264 military coup and genocide 1965, 114, 121, 127, 128–9, 137 radical Islamist, 127 U religious groups, 47n sectarian, 2, 175 UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, 107 women, 12, 118, 120 UIN Sunan Gunung Jati Bandung, 100 UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 105–6, 107 W Center for Disability Services, 105–6 Wahid Foundation, 175 UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 99, Wahid Institute, 126 106, 107 Wahid, President Abdurrahman, 45n, ulama (religious scholars), 3, 8, 30, 37n, 50, 122, 126, 199 46, 202, 262 waria, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 124, 125, Indonesian Council of Religious 129, 141, 146, 149 Scholars (Majelis Ulama , 21, 100, 171, 171n, 175, 183, Indonesia, MUI), 37, 37n, 45, 47–8, 184, 185, 197, 264 69, 70, 71, 124 West Kalimantan, 31, 200, 261, 262 United Nations West Nusa Tengarra, 171 high commissioner for human West Papua, 258, 259 rights, 4, 114 West Sulawesi, 258 membership, 38, 38n West Sumatra, 144, 234, 171, 179, 234, United Nations Development 237 Programme (UNDP), 123, 146 Widodo, Joko, 1, 28, 40n, 84, 86, 87, United Nations Human Rights 115, 125, 160–1, 173, 176, 195n, 201, Council, 145 209, 242, 258 United States, 139, 222, 241, 260, 264 women, 9, 23, 31, 81, 114, 127, 128, 144, Gallup polls, 157, 160 264 ‘Unity in Diversity’ (Bhinneka Tunggal Chinese, 51–2, 195, 218 Ika), 1, 28, 147, 233, 255 feminist activists, 120, 121, 137, Universal Declaration of Human 149 Rights (1948), 31, 38, 38n indigenous, 257 universities, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105–6, international convention, 38n 107, 122 lack of power, 7 University of Indonesia, 122 Muslim, 118, 120 University of Jambi, 246 Orang Rimba, 235, 244–5 repression in Suharto era, 118, 121, 137–8

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Sindhi, 224, 226 socialist women’s organisation (Gerwani), 12, 118 SOGIE discourse, 146, 149 with disability, 21, 41, 77 Working Group on the Disability Law (Kelompok Kerja Undang- Undang Disabilitas, Pokja), 82, 83, 86, 87 World Health Organization, 79, 120

Y

Yemen, 8 Yogyakarta, 80, 81, 99, 103, 105, 145, 186 Christian church, 176, 185–90 UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 105 Yogyakarta Principles, 120, 123, 145 young people, 20, 51, 123, 124, 133, 182, 183, 220, 226, 227, 262, 264 Yudhoyono, President Susilo Bambang, 1, 182, 203

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