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Biological Control of Lippia

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Biological Control of Lippia Biological Control of Lippia Pub. No. 11/041 www.rirdc.gov.au Biological Control of Lippia by Rieks van Klinken and Mic Julien October 2011 RIRDC Publication No 11/041 RIRDC Project No AWRC 08-51 © 2011 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-226-3 ISSN 1440-6845 Lippia biological control: final report Publication No. 11/041 Project No. AWRC 08-51 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation and the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission or for any consequences of any such act or omission made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the RIRDC Publications Manager on phone 02 6271 4165. Researcher contact details Name: Dr Rieks van Klinken Address: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences PO Box 2583 Brisbane Qld 4001 Phone: 07 3214 2761 Fax: 07 3214 2885 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researchers have agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC contact details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Electronically published by RIRDC in October 2011 Print-on-demand by Union Offset Printing, Canberra at www.rirdc.gov.au or phone 1300 634 313 ii Foreword In Australia the area affected by lippia is mainly in the Murray–Darling Basin, in south-east Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. The industries most affected by lippia invasions are pastoral production and mixed farming enterprises. The environment in general, including several Ramsar and other protected wetlands, is also affected. In most situations biological control is the only realistic way of managing this weed, and the long-term purpose of this research is to find effective and safe means of biological control. Native range survey work relied on classic field survey techniques across the native range of lippia, supplemented by culturing and preliminary testing of potential agents in the laboratory in Buenos Aires. This work was done by an entomologist from the US Department of Agriculture’s South American Biological Control Laboratory and a plant pathologist from the University of Bahia Blanca. Genetic work principally involved sequencing of P. canescens and P. nodiflora samples collected from around the world. Special effort was directed at sampling P. nodiflora from Australia, Africa, Asia and the Americas to help determine its native range distribution. This project was funded in Phase 1 of the National Weeds and Productivity Research Program, which was managed by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) from 2008 to 2010. The Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) is now publishing the final reports of these projects. Phase 2 of the Program, which is funded to 30 June 2012 by the Australian Government, is being managed by RIRDC with the goal of reducing the impact of invasive weeds on farm and forestry productivity as well as on biodiversity. RIRDC is commissioning some 50 projects that both extends on the research undertaken in Phase 1 and moves into new areas. These reports will be published in the second half of 2012. This report is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications which can be viewed and freely downloaded from our website www.rirdc.gov.au. Information on the Weeds Program is available online at www.rirdc.gov.au/weeds Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313. Craig Burns Acting Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii About the authors Dr Rieks van Klinken is a research scientist with CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences. He has been working on invasive plants for the past 14 years, mostly in northern Australia, and currently leads the tropical invasive plants group in Brisbane. Mr Mic Julien worked at CSIRO on the biological control of tropical invasive plants for more than 30 years. He is now a Retired Fellow with CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences in Brisbane. iv Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... iii About the authors ................................................................................................................................. iv Summary ............................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Plant taxonomy ................................................................................................................................. 2 Native range studies .......................................................................................................................... 2 Potential biological control agents .................................................................................................... 3 Recommendations.................................................................................................................................. 4 References .............................................................................................................................................. 5 v Executive Summary Studies of the ecology, biology and management of lippia, Phyla canescens, have been supported by the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, the Weeds Cooperative Research Centre and Australian Wool Innovation. This is a long-term project, and an agreement was developed with the Australian Weeds Research Centre through the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry to support the research for the period from March 2009 to May 2010. The paper presented here is an edited version of the final report submitted to DAFF as part of the agreement. The area affected by lippia in Australia In Australia the area affected by lippia is mainly in the Murray–Darling Basin, in south-east Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. The industries most affected by lippia invasions are pastoral production and mixed farming enterprises. The environment in general, including several Ramsar and other protected wetlands, is also affected. In most situations biological control is the only realistic way of managing this weed, and the long-term purpose of this research is to find effective and safe means of biological control. In brief, the project has three objectives: • to continue work on natural enemies of lippia—arthropods and pathogens—by conducting further survey work and detailed field and laboratory studies on high-priority species in the weed’s native range in South America • to build on the experience and knowledge gained by project staff in Argentina and Australia, to the point where the first of the natural enemies with greatest potential can be imported into Australian quarantine for detailed testing • to complete the genetic work that underpins the biological control program. This work will also determine the genetic structure of P. canescens in Australia and its origin (or origins) in South America, which will help direct the search for and selection of agents. Research methods Native range survey work relied on classic field survey techniques across the native range of lippia, supplemented by culturing and preliminary testing of potential agents in the laboratory in Buenos Aires. This work was done by an entomologist from the US Department of Agriculture’s South American Biological Control Laboratory and a plant pathologist from the University of Bahia Blanca. Genetic work principally
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