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Descargar Libro LAS BRIGADAS INTERNACIONALES. El contexto internacional, los medios de propaganda, Literatura y Memorias Coordinadores: Manuel Requena Gallego Rosa M Sepúlveda Losa Ediciones de la Universidad 1 de Castilla-La Mancha Cuenca, 2003 LAS BRIGADAS internacionales : el contexto internacional, los medios de propaganda, literatura y memorias / coordinadores, Manuel Requena Gallego, Rosa W Sepúlveda Losa.— Cuenca Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2003 224 p.; 24 cm..- (La luz de la memoria; 1) ISBN 84-8427-250-8 1. Brigadas internacionales - Historia I. Requena Gallego, Manuel, coord. II. Sepúlveda Losa, Rosa M, coord. III. Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha, ed. IV. Serie 355.377.26(460)" 1936/1939" Esta edición es propiedad de EDICIONES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE CASTILLA- LA MANCHA y no se puede copiar, fotocopiar, reproducir, traducir o convertir a cualquier medio impreso, electrónico o legible por máquina, enteramente o en parte, sin su previo consentimiento. © de los textos e ilustraciones: sus autores © de la edición: Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha Edita: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Director: Pedro C. Cerrillo. Colección LA LUZ DE LA MEMORIA n° 1. ia cd. Tirada: 500 ejemplares Diseño de la colección y cubierta: C.I.D.I. (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha). I.S.B.N.: 84-8427-250-8 DL.: CU-120-2003 Realiza Río Henares. S.L Fotocomposición e impresión: Río Henares, S.L. (Madrid). Impreso en España - Printed in Spain. Dedicamos este libro a la memoria de Harry Fisher, Brigadista en España en su lucha contra el fascismo y defensor de la democracia y de los derechos de los desposeídos. Deseamos que su vida ejemplar sea el modelo para la presente generación. Índice Prólogo. - Manuel REQUENA GALLEGO y Rosa M SEPULVEDA LOSA . ...... 9 El contexto europeo y las Brigadas Internacionales. PaulPRESTON . ............. .............................................. .... ................... 15 La Komintern y España. Antonio ELORZA y Marta BIZCARRONDO . ...................................... 21 El Ejército Popular y las Brigadas Internacionales. ¿ Cúal fue la importancia de las Brigadas? GabrielCARDONA . .............................................................................. 37 Propaganda y contrapropaganda cinematográfica sobre las Brigadas Internacionales: 1936-1939. MagíCRUSELLS. ................................................................................ .. 53 La humanidad soñada: propaganday realidad de las Brigadas Internacionales a través de sus publicaciones. Mirta NÚÑEZ DÍAZ-BALART. ....................................... ................... ... 73 Los escritores de las Brigadas Internacionales en el Segundo Congreso Internacional de escritores para la defensa de la cultura (1937). ManuelAZNAR . .............................................................................. ..... 91 Las Brigadas Internacionales en la literatura. AndrésSOREL... .................................................................. .................. 115 Del libro al correo electrónico: sesenta años de textos sobre los Lincoln. RobertCOALE. ................................................................................... ... 125 Los brigadistas norteamericanos y la experiencia de Seattle. T0nyGEIST ........ ....................................................... ........................... 133 7 El regreso de los voluntarios. La memoria de las Brigadas. Rémi SKOUTELSKY. ................................. ............. .................... ........ 143 Literatura y memorias. José ESTEBAN, Ana PÉREZ y Juan Miguel de MORA . .......... ............ 157 Testimonios de brigadistas. Lise LONDON, George SOSSENKO y Harry FISHER ........................ 173 La guerra civil y las Brigadas Internacionales en el discurso político actual. Gaspar LLAMAZARES (IU), Iñaki ANASAGASTI (PNV), Josep MALDONADO (CiU) y Joaquín LEGUINA (PSOE) ................189 Harry Fhiser in memorian Juan María GÓMEZ ÓRTIZ y Manuel REQUENA GALLEGO ..........209 PRÓLOGO Manuel Requena Gallego y Rosa María Sepúlveda Losa Esta obra trata de aportar nuevos conocimientos sobre las Brigadas In- ternacionales, tema que ha despertado el interés de los historiadores, especial- mente desde 1996. Recoge las cuestiones tratadas durante el II Foro Internacional sobre las Brigadas Internacionales, celebrado a finales de octu- bre de 2001. Durante las sesiones de trabajo se han analizado preferentemente el contexto internacional en los años treinta, el ejército, los medios de comuni- cación y propaganda (prensa, cine y literatura), el regreso de los brigadistas a sus países. Se ha realizado uña sesión dedicada a recoger los testimonios de algunos brigadistas. Y dos mesas de debate. Una sobre la novela y las biogra- fías de brigadistas, y en la otra se recogen las opiniones de los representantes políticos de los partidos con presencia en las Cortes sobre su visión acerca de la Guerra civil y de las Brigadas Internacionales. Paul Preston analiza el contexto europeo de los años treinta en que se produce la Guerra civil. En la diplomacia europea hay un temor ante el fascis- mo y ante el comunismo soviético. El temor de las democracias (especialmen- te Gran Bretaña y Francia) a que se desencadenase un conflicto generalizado, su retraimiento ante Alemania y su miedo a la URSS. Ello les llevó a crear el Comité de No-Intervención que perjudicó sobre todo al Gobierno Republica- no. Las fuerzas que más se comprometieron en la guerra fueron la Italia fascis- ta, Portugal y la Alemania nazi favorables a Franco, y apoyan al Gobierno de la República la URSS, México y las Brigadas Internacionales. Antonio Elorza y Marta Bizcarrondo señalan que el Partido Comunista Español siguió en todo momento las directrices del Kominter, que a partir de 1934, bajo la orientación de Dimitrov, defendió la lucha contra el fascismo en defensa de la democracia. Comenzada la Guerra civil y ante el empeoramiento de la situación, la Internacional Comunista propuso, en septiembre de 1936, el envío de voluntarios a España, lo que poco después serían las Brigadas Inter - nacionales, y la venta de armamento al margen del Comité de No-Intervención que comenzaron a llegar en octubre de 1936. Stalin, temeroso de enemistarse con Gran Bretaña y Francia, recomendó a Largo Caballero que no siguiese el camino soviético pues era preciso atraerse a la burguesía republicana y para ello era necesario reforzar la democracia. En los mandos militares brigadistas predominaban los comunistas quienes realizaron una política de persecución contra los trotskistas y desviacionistas de su línea de actuación, considerándo- los espías. Ante los continuos retrocesos militares, se decidió la disolución de las Brigadas Internacionales que salieron de España en noviembre de 1938. Gabriel Cardona nos señala cual fue la importancia de las Brigadas In- ternacionales. Numéricamente poco relevantes ya que en toda la guerra no llegaron a 60.000 hombres. Contaban con gran entusiasmo, pero con escasa formación y deficiente armamento. Sus mandos fueron elegidos preferente- mente entre comunistas. Las técnicas militares estaban anticuadas, pero ello lo suplían con su disciplina y arrojo. Su eficacia en el combate se puso de mani- fiesto en Madrid en noviembre de 1936 y en la batalla del Jarama y Guadalajara (febrero del 937), desplazándose a los frentes más peligrosos. Las numerosas bajas en las Brigadas Internacionales, especialmente después de la batalla de Brunete, llevó al ingreso en ellas de militares españoles. Magí Crusells relata como el cine fue utilizado como arma política y de difusión bélica por los dos contendientes, empleándose como propaganda y contrapropaganda sobre las Brigadas Internacionales. Además, tuvo una difu- sión nacional e internacional. Analiza varios documentales donde se aprecia el carácter partidista de su mensaje. La filmografia republicana destaca la solida- ridad, valentía y antifascismo de los brigadistas. En el primer documental, que corresponde a noviembre de 1936, las B.I. llegan a Barcelona, desfilan por la ciudad, escenas del frente de Guadarrama, etc. La segunda se refiere a la llega- da de congresistas americanos a España en octubre de 1937 a visitar a los brigadistas norteamericanos. La tercera con escenas del paso del Ebro, y la cuarta con el desfile por la Diagonal de Barcelona el 28 de octubre de 1938 y la recepción que Juan Negrín ofreció a las principales personalidades y oficiales de las B.I. El gobierno de Franco proyectó su visión sobre los brigadistas a través del Noticiero Español, diversos documentales y el largometraje España Heróica. Estampas de la Guerra Civil. En todos ellos destacan dos aspectos: se aumenta la cifra de los brigadistas que vinieron a España y se presentan como un elemento sovietizante. De las publicaciones brigadistas nos habla Mirta Núñez Díaz-Balart. Indica que su número fue superior a 71 cabeceras, la mayoría dirigidas a los propios brigadistas en los frentes de batalla y retaguardia. El más conocido fue El Voluntario de la Libertad, que se publicaba en varios idiomas. Se editaron otros semanarios especializados como los dirigidos a los médicos (Ayuda Mé- dica Internacional), y a los Comisarios políticos (Bulletin des Comissaires Politiques del Brigades Internacionales). Se pretendía orientar al combatiente hacia una política unitaria de Frente Popular, mantener la moral de los comba- tientes, publicando cartas de sus propios compañeros y de personalidades rele- vantes, y la disciplina militar. Estos periódicos sufrieron la censura militar.
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