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20 Years of World Press Freedom

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20 Years of World Press Freedom United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cultural Organization Pressing for Freedom 20 Years of World Press Freedom Day Photo Credit p.6 ©UNESCO/World Press Freedom Day 2012 p.9 ©Henrikas Iouchkiavitchious p.10 ©UNESCO/ eYeka poster competition for World Press Freedom Day 2012 p.14 ©UNESCO/ World Press Freedom Day 2012 p.16 ©Henrikas Iouchkiavitchious p.18 ©Alain Modoux p.21 ©UNESCO/ World Press Freedom Day 2011 p.25 Courtesy of Cano Foundation p.26 ©UNESCO/Laureates of UNESCO-Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize 1997-2012 p.27 ©Ana Maria Busquets de Cano p.29 ©UNESCO/May Chidiac p.31 ©Mónica González p.33 ©Peter Preston p.35 ©Kunda Dixit p.37 ©Remzi Lani p.39 ©UNESCO/Belkhamsa Chedly p.40 ©UNESCO/Belkhamsa Chedly p.42 ©Agnes Callamard p.44 ©Joel Simon p.46 ©Julio Muñoz p.48 ©Beth Costa p.50 ©International Freedom of Expression Exchange p.52 ©Rodney Pinder p.54 ©Alison Bethel McKenzie p.56 ©Gwen Lister p.58 ©Christophe Deloire p.60 ©Maria Pia Matta p.62 ©Vincent Peyregne p.64 ©Ronald Koven p.66 ©UNESCO/World Press Freedom Day 2013 p.68 ©Kate Forbes p.70 ©Mohamed Odawaa p.73 ©Diana Senghor p.76 ©Toby Mendel p.78 from left to right: ©Ben Wagner and ©Cynthia Wong p.80 ©Julien Pain p.82 ©UNESCO/Frank La Rue p.84 ©UNESCO/Belkhamsa Chedly Pressing for Freedom 20 Years of World Press Freedom Day Editing provided by William Horsley Published in 2013 by the United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2013 All rights reserved ISBN 978-92-3-001162-8 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover photo: © Mopic – Fotolia.com Graphic design: Maro Haas Cover design: Maro Haas Typeset: UNESCO Printed in the workshop of UNESCO Printed in France 2 Table of Contents JOINT FOREWORD BY DIRECTORS-GENERAL OF UNESCO Irina Bokova (2009 – present), Koichiro Matsuura (1999-2009), and Federico Mayor (1987-1999) 7 LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS 11 UNESCO’s mandate to promote the free fl ow of ideas 11 Gathering in Windhoek: Birth of the Windhoek Declaration – 1991 11 Post Windhoek: The momentum continues with the establishment MISA and IFEX –1992 14 Establishment of World Press Freedom Day by United Nations General Assembly – 1993 14 3 May 1991 – A Day to Remember, a Reason to Celebrate by Henrikas Iouchkiavitchious, Assistant Director-General (1990-1999) for Communication, Information and Informatics, UNESCO 16 3 May, a resounding tribute paid to Africa by Alain Modoux, Assistant Director-General (1999-2001) Communication and Information, UNESCO 18 Over the years: World Press Freedom Day Themes (1994-2012) 20 Establishment of UNESCO Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize 25 Testimonial from Ana Maria Busquets de Cano, President, Fundación Guillermo Cano Isaza 27 Testimonial from May Chidiac, 2006 Laureate 29 Testimonial from Monica Gonzalez Mujica, 2010 Laureate 31 Testimonial from Peter Preston, 1999-2001 Jury Member 33 Testimonial from Kunda Dixit, 2000-2005 Jury Member 35 Testimonial from Remzi Lani, 2005-2007 Jury Member 37 CONSOLIDATION PERIOD: BUILDING A CIVIL SOCIETY FOR PRESS FREEDOM 41 Fighting those who move to silence, repress and censor: A testimonial from ARTICLE 19 by Agnes Callamard 42 Press freedom’s growing fi ght: A testimonial from the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) by Joel Simon 44 3 A long and fruitful journey in support of freedom of expression: A testimonial from Inter American Press Association (IAPA), by Julio Muñoz 46 A constant struggle: A testimonial from International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) by Beth Costa, General Secretary 48 Twenty years of IFEX and World Press Freedom Day: A testimonial from IFEX by Kristina Stockwood 50 There can be no press freedom where journalists must work in fear of their lives: A testimonial from International News Safety Institute (INSI) by Rodney Pinder 52 And We Say No!: A testimonial from International Press Institute (IPI) by Alison Bethel McKenzie 54 Doubts did not stop us: A testimonial from Gwen Lister, co-founder of The Namibian and founding member of the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) 56 For the existence of all others: A testimonial from Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF) by Christophe Deloire 58 The right for communities to communicate: A testimonial from World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC) by MarÍa PÍa Matta 60 The right that underpins all rights: A testimonial from World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) by Vincent Peyrègne 62 UNESCO: A Partner for Press Freedom: A testimonial from World Press Freedom Committee by Ronald Koven 64 LOOKING FORWARD 67 Safety and impunity: One of the most pressing issues facing freedom of expression and press freedom 68 Testimonial by Kate Forbes, Journalist with BBC News Africa Desk 68 Testimonial by Mohamed Odowaa, Somali journalist 70 Special section of gender issues in freedom of expression and press freedom in the past 20 years 73 Searching for women in African media, by Diana Senghor, Director of the Panos Institute of West Africa and President of the UNESCO Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize Jury in 2012 4 Defamation laws, a lack of legislation to better protect journalists and the need to have freedom of information laws 76 Fragility of press freedom and legal development, by Toby Mendel, Centre for Law and Democracy Internet and censorship: a look at online press freedom 78 Voices that echo through the Internet, by Ben Wagner and Cynthia Wong, European University Institute and Human Rights Watch Blurring of the frontier between citizen journalists and professional media: a look at the rise of citizen journalism 80 Journalists, stop innovating: Verify! by Julien Pain, Editorial Manager for France 24 The Observers Selected text by the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection 82 of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue ANNEX Annex I – Declaration of Windhoek 3 May 1991 85 Annex II – Resolution 4.3 adopted by the UNESCO General Conference at its 26th Session in 1991 88 Annex III – Resolution 29 “Condemnation of violence against journalists” 89 Annex IV – Selected Joint Messages on the occasion of World Press Freedom Day 91 FOOTNOTES 94 5 TAWAKKOL KARMAN Tawakkol Karman, 2011 Laureate for the Nobel Peace Prize delivering the keynote speech during the World Press Freedom Day 2012 in Tunis, Tunisia 6 Joint Foreword BY DIRECTORS-GENERAL IRINA BOKOVA, FEDERICO MAYOR AND KOÏCHIRO MATSUURA “Pressing for Freedom: 20 Years of World Press Freedom Day” or 20 years, May 3 has been a day when the world are crucial building blocks for democracy, development celebrates freedom of expression and stands and dialogue. Ftogether for its protection. This is the spirit of the 1991 Declaration of Windhoek, whose anniversary We have seen real progress over the last 20 years. the United Nations General Assembly chose for World Increasing numbers of countries have put in place Press Freedom Day. UNESCO was instrumental in framing freedom of information laws. With some noticeable the Windhoek Declaration and works today to promote lapses, we have seen a rise in the acceptance of freedom of expression across the world. professional and ethical standards in journalism. More and more national media systems are moving in the We have experienced a revolution over the last 20 years. direction of self-regulation. Organizations to defend press Newspapers have gone online and publish today freedom have fl ourished at the local, national and global through a multitude of media. The 24-hour news cycle levels, and are working across the board — to enhance has become the norm embraced by most networks, the protection of journalists’ safety and end impunity, to with news broadcasted around the world every minute promote media self-regulatory mechanisms and provide of every day. Blogging, tweeting, and podcasting have advice on media legislation and policy. UNESCO has opened vast new channels for sharing information and worked closely with a great many of these organizations. fostering expression. Citizen reporters are increasingly leading the news cycle, using mobile phones, especially At the same time, old challenges remain strong, and new in disaster and confl ict areas. threats to freedom of expression are emerging. Far too many countries continue to criminalize expression, and The transformation of the media landscape has created journalists continue to be penalized with prison terms exciting opportunities for exchange and dialogue, and for libel. The complete decriminalization of libel remains for sharing knowledge and information. However, it has a fi ght we must take across the globe. Most tragically, not translated into stronger respect for fundamental the safety of journalists, media workers and social freedoms. Today, it has never been more urgent to media producers is worsening year after year, with the promote and protect the fundamental human right number of deaths increasing. In 2012, UNESCO issued a enshrined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of record number of condemnations of such killings, the Human Rights. This objective guides all UNESCO’s action, majority of which concern journalists reporting on local in both the real and the virtual worlds. Our position is corruption and criminality, silenced to keep misconduct fi rm—freedom of expression and access to information from being revealed. Too many journalists still find 7 themselves in prison for the wrong reasons.
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