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How One Newspaper's Editors Talk About 'Real People DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 082. CS 509 176 TITLE Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (78th, Washington, DC, August 9-12, 1995). Newspaper Division. INSTITUTION Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. PUB DATE Aug 95 NOTE 462p.; For other sections of these proceedings, see CS 509 173-187 and CS 509 196. Babcock and Wilson paper may not reproduce clearly because of Light type; Riffe and Johnson paper have some broken type. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC19 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Editors; Higher Education; *Journalism; Mass Media Effects; Mass Media Role; *Newspapers; *News Report;-g; *News Writing; Politics; Publicity; Public Opinion IDENTIFIERS *Journalists; Media Bias; Media Coverage; News Bias; Newspaper Graphics; *News Sources ABSTRACT The newspaper section of the Proceedings contains the following 18 papers: "The Role of Headlines and Nut Graphs in Helping Readers Learn from News Stories" (Glen L. Bleske); "Daily Newspaper Reporters' Views of Journalistic Roles: An Integrated Per_pective" (Dan Berkowitz and James TerKeurst); "'Cohen V. Cowles Media': Has the Court Decision Affected Journalistic Practices?" (William A. Babcock and Sherrie Wilson); "The Relationship of Copy Desk Leader Behaviors to Job Stress, Hardiness and Health Factors in Copy Editors" (Betsy B. Cook and others); "How Journalists at Monopoly Dailies View Newspaper Competition" (David C. Coulson); "Rules for Getting Real: How One Newspaper's Editors Talk about 'Real People" (David A. Craig); "Comparing Questionnaire Formats in Accuracy Studies" (Julie E. Dodd and others); "Segmenting the Electorate by Medi-, Use Types: The Value of Newspapers in Local Election Campaigns" (Arthur G. Emig and Jill Millspaugh); "The Political Dance: A Test of Agenda-Setting Effects in the 1994 Texas Gubernatorial Election" (Dixie Evatt and Tamara Bell); "Computer-Assisted News Reporting Tools: A Study of Daily Newspaper Use in 1994" (Bruce Garrison); "The Bias of Visual Appeal in the Selection of General Excellence Winners in Newspaper Contests" (George Albert Gladney); "Where Americars Really Get Their News" (Thomas Hargrove and Guido H. Stempel III); "Ideological Manipulation via Newspaper Accounts of Political Conflict: A Cross-National Comparative News Analysis of the 1991 Moscow Coup" (Li-Ning Huang and Katherine C. McAdams); "Help Wanted: The Adoption of Personal Advertisements by the Daily Press"(Debra L. Merskin and Thomas J. Herling); "Unnamed Sources in White House Coverage" (Daniel Riffe and Gail Johnson); "Inability to Recognize News Source Bias and Perceptions of Media Bias" (Donna Rouner and others); "Newspapers and Public Opinion. An Examination of 'The Des Moines Register' and Its Iowa Poll" (Craig W. Trumbo); and "Intercity Competition and Local Election Coverage: A Case Study" (James B. White) . (CR) PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION (78th, Washington, DC, Newspaper Division. August 9-12, 1995). 'PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS BY U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED Once ot Educational Research and Impost...mom EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION ptc--G-a_e_ CENTER (ERIC) co' This document has been reproduced as recenntO Irom the person or organisation originating it 0 Minor changes have bun mad* to ^prow reproduChOn Quality TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of vortwor opinions StatdinthtsdoCu- INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC).- moot rlo not necemenly representofficial OERI DOsdion or policy o BEST COPY AVAILABLE THE ROLE OF HEADLINES AND NUT GRAPHS IN HELPING READERS LEARN FROM NEWS STORIES Glen L. Bleske Assis :ant Professor California State University, Chico School of Communication Department of Journalism Chico, CA 95929-0600 (916) 898-4770 [email protected] Manuscript presented to the Newspaper Division, Association of Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Washington, D.C., August 1995 ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF HEADLINES AND NUT GRAPHS IN HELPING READERS LEARN FROM NEWS STORIES Headlines are conceptualized as texts that prepare readers for processing information in a news story. A controlled, 2X2 repeated measures experiment was used to test what 56 student subjects remembered from a series of eight news stories. Headlines varied at two levels: Abstract headline vs. Concrete by Traditional headline vs. Nut Graph. The dependent variable, Memory, was based on a multiple- choice questionnaire. Findings: 1) Headlines do help or hinder reader learning,2) concrete headlines are better than abstract ones; and 3) nut-graph summaries,if well-written, can improve reader learning. THE ROLE OF HEADLINES AND NUT GRAPHS IN HELPING READERS LEARN FROM NEWS STORIES Headlines are handy tools for newspaper readers. Just about any editing textbook will sing about the benefits of a well-written headline. Headlines have long been considered an important part of the newspaper package. Typically, discussions of headlines conceptualize them as serving basic functions of allowing the reader to easily scan a page for news and attracting the reader to a story (Baskette, Sissor, & Brooks, 1986). The purpose of this present study is to conceptualize news headlines in a different way: as texts that prepare readers for processing information in the story, pre-texts that may help the reader understand the news and learn from the news story. The principal question for this study is whether headlines help readers iearn from news stories. Nut-graph Headlines Recent design changes in U.S. newspapers have called for providing increased amounts of information in headlines (Hilliard, 1991). One of the recent innovations is called the "nut-graph" headline: a deck headline that is more like a piece of body copy (Hilliard, 1991; Garcia, 1987). Traditionally, a nut graph referred to a paragraph, placed early in a news story, that summarized the important details of the news. Editors judged the nut graph to be an integral link between the beginning and the mainbody of the story. A nut-graph headline, therefore, contains essential details from the main story and serves as a link between a headline and the lead of the news story. The nut-graph headline often is produced in larger type size than body copy but is smaller than the main headline type size and is often in contrasting or complementary typographical style. It usually is wedged between a main headline and the body copy. Dozens of newspapers, including many metropolitan dailies such as the 1 Los Angeles Times, The Raleigh News and Observer and the PhiladelphiaInquirer, are using nut-graph headlines as part of their designs. As does the typical deck headline seen in most U.S. newspapers, the nut-graph headline summarizes key information from the story and works with the mainheadline to communicate a story's meaning (see Figure 1 for a comparisonof headline styles). Unlike the traditional headline style that calls for elliptical and compressedlanguage, the nut-graph headline uses multiple, complete sentences and standard punctuation. Insert Figure 1 about here Hilliard (1991) found that nut-graph headlines were highly accepted by about 70% of readers of one Washington state newspaper. The readers reportedthat the new form of headline helped themunderstand the context of the story. Hilliard called for further testing of the effects of headline content on readers and questioned whether the added headline space taken up by the nut-graph headline was a good use of the space. In light of recent attempts by the industry to develop an electronic newspaper (Christopher, 1994; Morton, 1993), headlines and nut-graph summaries may be even more important than they are for a traditional newspaper.To make it easier for readers to enter the newspaper, section fronts of the electronic newspaper arebeing designed so that they feature headlines and summary paragraphs (Christorher, 1994). Under this design, a reader would then have an option to select the complete story. Questions about the style and content of headlines and summaries, which may serve as electronic gates for the reader of thefuture, are questions that should be answered. Therefore, a secondary question for this paper is whether nut-graph headlines help readers learn from news stories better than traditional headlineshelp. A third question of this study will consider a common wisdom in the field: Are concrete words in headlines better for learning than words that are more vague and general? LITERATURE REVIEW Research on Headlines. Research on the effects of newspaper headlines has been mixed, and there have been only a few studies. In 1953, Tannebaum complained that almost no research had investigated the psychological effects of headlines. In 1963, other researchers (MacLean, & Kao) noted that although the effects of page design and headline typeface had been subjects of extensive research, theeffects of headline content on newspaper readers had undergone little analysis. In 1991, Hilliard found that little had changed since 1963: the psychological effects of newspaper headlines remained an unknown factor. Yet, the overall evidence suggests that headliries do play an important role in readers' information processing. For example, headlines can affect attitudes. Headlines that emphasized "bad war news" during World War II were more effective in instigating a positive attitude toward participation in the war effort (Allport& Lepkin, 1943) than were headlines with positive
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