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Please Say Thanks to Original Poster Basmala Blog Poster Original blog to Basmala Thanks Say Please SQUINT Manual of Poster Original blog to Basmala Thanks Say Please Poster Original blog to Basmala Thanks Say Please Manual of SQUINT Leela Ahuja Ex-Professor of Strabismology Ex-Director, Institute of Ophthalmology Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, UP India Poster Original blog to ® Basmala Thanks Say JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD Please New Delhi • Ahmedabad • Bengaluru • Chennai • Hyderabad Kochi • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai • Nagpur Published by Jitendar P Vij Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Corporate Office 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Registered Office B-3, EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021, +91-11-23245672 Rel: +91-11-32558559 Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683 e-mail: [email protected] Visit our website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Branches • 2/B, Akruti Society, Jodhpur Gam Road Satellite Ahmedabad 380 015 Phones: +91-79-26926233, Rel: +91-79-32988717 Fax: +91-79-26927094 e-mail: [email protected] • 202 Batavia Chambers, 8 Kumara Krupa Road, Kumara Park East Bengaluru 560 001 Phones: +91-80-22285971, +91-80-22382956, +91-80-22372664 Rel: +91-80-32714073 Fax: +91-80-22281761 e-mail: [email protected] • 282 IIIrd Floor, Khaleel Shirazi Estate, Fountain Plaza, Pantheon Road Chennai 600 008 Phones: +91-44-28193265, +91-44-28194897, Rel: +91-44-32972089 Fax: +91-44-28193231 e-mail: [email protected] • 4-2-1067/1-3, 1st Floor, Balaji Building, Ramkote Cross Road Hyderabad 500 095 Phones: +91-40-66610020, +91-40-24758498 Rel:+91-40-32940929 Fax:+91-40-24758499, e-mail: [email protected] • No. 41/3098, B & B1, Kuruvi Building, St. Vincent Road Kochi 682 018, Kerala Phones: +91-484-4036109, +91-484-2395739, +91-484-2395740 e-mail: [email protected] • 1-A Indian Mirror Street, Wellington Square Kolkata 700 013 Phones: +91-33-22651926, +91-33-22276404, +91-33-22276415 Rel: +91-33-32901926 Fax: +91-33-22656075, e-mail: [email protected] • Lekhraj Market III, B-2, Sector-4, Faizabad Road, Indira Nagar Lucknow 226 016 Phones: +91-522-3040553, +91-522-3040554 e-mail: [email protected] • 106 Amit Industrial Estate, 61 Dr SS Rao Road, Near MGM Hospital, Parel Poster Mumbai 400012 Phones: +91-22-24124863, +91-22-24104532, Rel: +91-22-32926896 Fax: +91-22-24160828, e-mail: [email protected] • “KAMALPUSHPA” 38, Reshimbag, Opp. Mohota Science College, Umred Road Nagpur 440 009 (MS) Phone: Rel: +91-712-3245220, Fax: +91-712-2704275 e-mail: [email protected] USA Office Original 1745, Pheasant Run Drive, Maryland Heights (Missouri), MO 63043, USA blog Ph: 001-636-6279734 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] to Manual of Squint © 2008, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or Basmala Thanks otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by author is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and author will not be Say held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only. First Edition: 2008 ISBN 978-81-8448-382-6 Please Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit Printed at Ajanta — Mygrandchildren–Ashir,Arjun,Shishir,Aanchal, — MyHusbandProf.(Dr)OPAhuja — ShridivaleSaiBaba Rhea andSavani—thefutureofIndia Director, FounderofAhujaEyeCentre,Aligarh Ex-Director ofInstituteOphthalmologyand Poster To Original blog to Basmala Thanks Say Please Poster Original blog to Basmala Thanks Say Please Preface A lot of literary works have been done on squint but still there is a dearth of standard books on strabismus for postgraduate students. No Poster doubt, surgery of squint is done by many ophthalmologists, but mostly, it is on cosmetic grounds and that too without the help of proper orthoptic department. It is also a fact that general public is reluctant to have treatment, particularly surgical treatment of squint, as this malady is considered to be due to displeasure of some Goddess. The importance is not to cure deviation, but to improve binocular function. Blindness has existed since time immemorial as illustrated in the story of Shravan Original blog Kumar. I realize that some of the topics are very much comprehensive so I to have tried to simplify them by providing their description in simple and easily understood language. Most controversial aspects of certain conditions have been deliberately left out for the sake of easy understanding. This book includes material from Duke-Elder, Kyth Lyle, von Noordan, Kanski, Muller and Paymann. The first three chapters on Basmala applied anatomy of paralytic squint are venture of my husband Prof OP Thanks Ahuja, Ex-Director, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Founder and Director of Ahuja Eye Centre, Aligarh, UP. I owe so much to Prof GP Gupta, Ex-Director of Institute of Say Ophthalmology, Aligarh, Prof BS Goel, Ex-Director, Institute of Ophthalmology, Aligarh and my son Dr Anupam Ahuja, Consultant, Ahuja Eye Centre, Aligarh for help and providing me photographs. I am immensely thankful to Late (Prof) LP Agarwal, Ex-Director AIIMS, Delhi, Prof (Dr) Manoj Shukla, Ex-Director, Institute of Please Ophthalmology, Aligarh, Prof (Dr) SS Soodan, Principal and Director of Ascon College of Medical Science, Jammu, Prof S Mittal, Head, Department of Ophthalmology, Meerut Medical College, Prof BD Sharma, Head, Department of Ophthalmology, Agra Medical College, Prof RC Nagpal, Head, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Jolly Grant Medical College, Dehradun and Dr Bhavna Chawla, Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, AIIMS, New Delhi for their support. viii Manual of Squint Moreover, I would like to thank Dr Namrata Bhardwaj, Dr Awadesh Bhardwaj, Dr Gyatri Ahuja, Dr Indira Mehrotra, Dr Naintara Vasudeva, Dr Sheela Sachdeva, Dr Usha Chawla, Dr Shashi Ahuja, Mrs Vimal Narula, Mrs Manju Ahuja and Mrs Aruna Ahuja for their encouragement to me. My sincere thanks to Mr Zaheer Ahmad (Limra Computers), Rumana Naz (Artist) and Mr Kanaihya (Typist) for help. I am extremely grateful to Aligarh Muslim University for giving me opportunity to serve in the Department of Ophthalmology for 33 years. Poster My special thanks to my publisher Shri JP Vij, CEO, editorial board and the other staff of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi for giving me this opportunity to author this book. Last, but not the least, the strength and energy given by God alone could have made me complete this book. Leela Ahuja Original blog to Basmala Thanks Say Please Contents 1. Introduction........................................................................................... 1 Poster 2. Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles ...................................................... 2 3. Neurological Control of Ocular Movements .................................. 6 4. Binocular Vision................................................................................. 16 5. Visual Acuity ...................................................................................... 20 6. Abnormalities of Binocular Vision ................................................ 27 Original blog 7. Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio................ 32 to 8. Heterophoria ....................................................................................... 38 9. Pseudostrabismus ............................................................................... 57 10. Manifest and Concomitant Squints ............................................... 59 11. Paralytic Squints .............................................................................. 114 Basmala 12. Vertical Strabismus .......................................................................... 139 Thanks 13. A-V and X Syndromes ..................................................................... 144 14. Musculofascial Anomalies ............................................................. 156 Say 15. Abnormal Retinal Correspondence .............................................. 164 16. Amblyopia ......................................................................................... 176 17. Aniseikonia ....................................................................................... 196 18. Nystagmus ......................................................................................... 204 Please Index ..................................................................................................... 207 1 Introduction Poster The strabismus, a condition of lack of coordination between the two eyes is known and recognized since the earliest time. In the primitive folklore and mythology, it was considered to be an effect of evil eye. The word strabismus was derived from the name of Greek Geographer named, ‘STRABO’ who had a horrible and unbecoming squint. The reorganistic and documentation of the condition of the squint in the literature dated back to 2600 BC. It was stated that Egyptian Goddess Original blog Maya Squinted and also Egyptian King D Joser (2600 BC) for whom the first pyramid was built, has gross internal squint, Guillemean described to
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