DOCSLIB.ORG

Binocular Vision

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Binocular Vision Published by Jitendar P Vij Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Corporate Office 4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi -110002, India, Phone: +91-11-43574357. Fax: +91-11-43574314 Registered Office B-3 EMCA House. 23'23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj. New Delhi -110 002, India Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021 +91-11-23245672, Rel: +91-11-32558559, Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683 e-mail: [email protected], Website: www.jaypeebro1hers.com O ffices in India • Ahmedabad. Phone: Rel: +91 -79-32988717, e-mail: [email protected] • Bengaluru, Phone: Rel: +91-80-32714073. e-mail: [email protected] • Chennai, Phone: Rel: +91-44-32972089, e-mail: [email protected] • Hyderabad, Phone: Rel:+91 -40-32940929. e-mail: [email protected] • Kochi, Phone: +91 -484-2395740, e-mail: [email protected] • Kolkata, Phone: +91-33-22276415, e-mail: [email protected] • Lucknow. Phone: +91 -522-3040554. e-mail: [email protected] • Mumbai, Phone: Rel: +91-22-32926896, e-mail: [email protected] • Nagpur. Phone: Rel: +91-712-3245220, e-mail: [email protected] Overseas Offices • North America Office, USA, Ph: 001-636-6279734, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] • Central America Office, Panama City, Panama, Ph: 001-507-317-0160. e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.jphmedical.com • Europe Office, UK, Ph: +44 (0)2031708910, e-mail: [email protected] Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology (Strabismus Surgery) ©2010, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors and the publisher. This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by contributors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and editors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error (s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only. First Edition: 2010 ISBN 978-93-80704-24-1 Typeset af JPBMP typesetting unit Printed at Ajanta Offset & Packagings Ltd., New Delhi Szerzoi jogi vedelem alatt alio anya Contents Section .I: Clinical Strabismus 1. Binocular Vision............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Belquiz A Nassaralla, Joao J Nassaralla Jr (Brazil) 2. Surgical Anatom y..........................................................................................................................................................8 Ewa Oleszczynska Prost (Poland) 3. The Neuroanatomical Basis of Accommodation and Vergence....................................................................... 16 Marcel PM Ten Tusscher (Belgium) ^-Strabism us Examination; An Overview........................................ ........................................................................ 22 AmarAgarwal, Ashok Garg (India) 5. Clinical Features and Adaptations in Strabismus................................................................................................ 38 AmarAgarwal, Ashok Garg (India) 6. Instrumentation in Orthoptic S etu p ........................................................................................................................ 45 Kumar J Doctor, Pooja Deshmukh (India) 7. Amblyopia..................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Shui H Lee (Canada) 8. Rectus Muscles Strengthening Surgery.................................................................................................................72 Ewa Oleszczynska Prost (Poland) 9. Rectus Muscles Weakening Surgery....................................................................................................................... 76 Ewa Oleszczynska Prost (Poland) 1Q. Concomitant Strabisums.......................................................................................................................................... 81 Ewa Oleszczynska Prost (Poland) 11. Management of Paralytic S quint............................................................................................................................123 Rohit Saxena, Swati Phuljhele, Ankur Sinha (India) 12. Superior Oblique Surgery : Indications, Approach and Complications....................................................... 136 Reena Sharma, Pradeep Sharma (India) 13. Management of A and V Patterns in Strabismus............................................................................................... 143 Pradeep Sharma, Harinder Singh Sethi (India) 14. Botulinum Toxin in Strabismus Management.....................................................................................................150 Ewa Oleszczynska Prost (Poland) 15. Management of Nystagmus......................................................................................................................................154 Rohit Saxena, Reena Sharma (India) 16. Intranuclear Disorders of Ocular M otility............................................................................................................ 164 JL Goyal, Sachin Mehta (India) M Edward Wilson, Berdine M Burger (USA) Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology (Strabismus Surgery) 18. Strabismus Surgery— An Update............................................................................................................................170 Rohit Saxena, Ankur Sinha (India) 19. Special Forms of Strabismus.................................................................................................................................. 182 Rohit Saxena, Swati Phuljheie, Ashish Kakkar (India) 20. Post-traumatic Strabismus.......................................................................................................................................190 В Shukia, P Bhasin (India) Section II: Recent Advances and Innovative Techniques in Strabismus Surgery 21. Newer Surgical Procedures in Strabism us.......................................................................................................... 192 Paromita Datta, Pradeep Sharma (India) 22. Update on Strabismus Surgery in C hildren..........................................................................................................201 Brigitte Pajic-Eggspuehler (Switzerland) 23. Mobius Syndrome (Sequence): Strabismus Surgery.........................................................................................206 LO Ventura, SB Travassos, HC Almeida (Brazil), MT Miller (USA), PA Jorge, BV Ventura (Brazil) 24. New Methods for the Analysis of Ocular Motility: 3D Video Oculography.....................................................213 Carlos Laria, Jorge L Alio (Spain) 25. Sutureless Closure in Strabismus Surgery.......................................................................................................... 237 CS Dhull, Sumit Sachdeva (India) 26. Accommodative Esotropia - An Update................................................................................................................239 Arturo Perez-Arteaga (Mexico) 27. Functional Brain Imaging of Suppression........................................................................................................... 242 Marcel PM Ten Tusscher (Belgium) 28. Managing Amblyopia with Corneal Wavefront-guided Lasik in Children..................................................... 247 Keiki R Mehta, Cyres К Mehta (India) 29. Strategies for Amblyopia: Rehabilitation Orthoptics and Refractive Surgery..............................................257 Roberto Pinelli, Fabrizio Gabas, llaria Sireno (Italy) 30. Double Elevator Palsy (Monocular Elevation Deficit): An U pdate...................................................................264 Sneha Kataria (USA), Sunil Moreker, Mayur Moreker, Rashmi Shukia, Sheetal Kharatmal (India) Index...................................................................................... 267 Copyrighted material Section I: Clinical Strabismus Chapter Binocular Vision Belquiz A Nassaralla, Joao J Nassaralla Jr (Brazil) Binocular vision is the integration of the sensation superimposition of dissimilar objects viewed by the two produced by the light stimulus in each eye into a unified eyes. An example of this lowest grade of binocularity is perception. It is an acquired, conditioned reflex, which the ability to perceive a lion in a cage (Fig. 1) when viewing has some requisites for its development: the cage with one eye and the lion with the other through 1. There must be proper fixation with each eye. The a synoptophore (Fig. 2). muscles controlling the movements of each eye must Simultaneous perception of differing binocular function normally and turn both eyes in such a images is limited by the phenomenon of rimlry, which manner that the object of regard is fixated by may exclude from visual awareness part of the input from corresponding retinal areas, e.g. the two foveas. one fovea or the other when the two differ sufficiently. 2. The visual fields of the two eyes must overlap to a If a person looks into a stereoscope at two dissimilar large extent. targets with overlapping nonfusible contours, first one 3. Approximately
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Student V.T. Manual
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CommonKnowledge Pacific University CommonKnowledge College of Optometry Theses, Dissertations and Capstone Projects 1982 Student V.T. manual Craig Cutler Pacific University Colleen Schubach Pacific University Recommended Citation Cutler, Craig and Schubach, Colleen, "Student V.T. manual" (1982). College of Optometry. 630. https://commons.pacificu.edu/opt/630 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations and Capstone Projects at CommonKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Optometry by an authorized administrator of CommonKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Student V.T. manual Abstract Student V.T. manual Degree Type Thesis Degree Name Master of Science in Vision Science Committee Chair Rocky Kaplan Subject Categories Optometry This thesis is available at CommonKnowledge: https://commons.pacificu.edu/opt/630 Copyright and terms of use If you have downloaded this document directly from the web or from CommonKnowledge, see the “Rights” section on the previous page for the terms of use. If you have received this document through an interlibrary loan/document delivery service, the following terms of use apply: Copyright in this work is held by the author(s). You may download or print any portion of this document for personal use only, or for any use that is allowed by fair use (Title 17, §107 U.S.C.). Except for personal or fair use, you or your borrowing library may not reproduce, remix, republish, post, transmit, or distribute this document, or any portion thereof, without the permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Form of Rapid Binocular Plasticity in Adult with Amblyopia
    OPEN A new form of rapid binocular plasticity SUBJECT AREAS: in adult with amblyopia PERCEPTION Jiawei Zhou1, Benjamin Thompson2 & Robert F. Hess1 PATTERN VISION STRIATE CORTEX 1 2 McGill Vision Research, Dept. Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H3A 1A1, The Department of NEUROSCIENCE Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 1142. Received Amblyopia is a neurological disorder of binocular vision affecting up to 3% of the population resulting from 9 May 2013 a disrupted period of early visual development. Recently, it has been shown that vision can be partially restored by intensive monocular or dichoptic training (4–6 weeks). This can occur even in adults owing to a Accepted residual degree of brain plasticity initiated by repetitive and successive sensory stimulation. Here we show 22 August 2013 that the binocular imbalance that characterizes amblyopia can be reduced by occluding the amblyopic eye with a translucent patch for as little as 2.5 hours, suggesting a degree of rapid binocular plasticity in adults Published resulting from a lack of sensory stimulation. The integrated binocular benefit is larger in our amblyopic 12 September 2013 group than in our normal control group. We propose that this rapid improvement in function, as a result of reduced sensory stimulation, represents a new form of plasticity operating at a binocular site. Correspondence and requests for materials mblyopia (lazy eye) is the most common form of unilateral blindness in the adult population and results should be addressed to from a disruption to normal visual development early in life. Adults with amblyopia are currently offered R.F.H.
    [Show full text]
  • In Patients with Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS)
    Non-Visual Components of Anomalous Head Posturing (AHP) In Patients with Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) AuthorBlock: Richard W. Hertle1, Cecily Kelleher1, David Bruckman2, Neil McNinch1, Isabel Alvim Ricker1, Rachida Bouhenni1 1Children's Hosp Medical Ctr of Akron, Hudson, Ohio, United States; 2Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States; DisclosureBlock: Richard W. Hertle, None; Cecily Kelleher, None; David Bruckman, None; Neil McNinch, None; Isabel Alvim Ricker, None; Rachida Bouhenni, None; Purpose To investigate the visual and non-visual etiologies of anomalous head posturing in patients with INS.Methods This is a prospective, cohort analysis of clinical and AHP data in 34 patients with INS. Data collected included routine demography and surgical procedure. Main outcome measures included: 1) binocular, best-corrected, LogMAR visual acuity in the null position (BVA), 2) AHP in degrees while measuring best-corrected binocular acuity, 3) AHP in degrees while being prompted to position their head in “the most comfortable position.” 4) response to question regarding their subjective sense of straight in their AHP and 5) with their head straight. Paired t-test was used to determine significance in objective vs. subjective AHP.Results Age ranged from 10-51 yrs (mean 16.5 yrs). 56% were male. 53% had BVA > 20/40. Associated systemic or ocular system deficits were present in 88%, including; developmental delay (12%), neuropsychiatric disease (29%), albinism (50%), strabismus (32%), amblyopia (24%), optic nerve and/or retinal disease (44%) and refractive error (94%), 74% (25 pts) had eye movement recording confirmed eccentric null position and a > 10 degree AHP, 15% (5 pts) had a periodic or aperiodic component.
    [Show full text]
  • VISION THERAPY TECHNIQUES Partha Haradhan Chowdhury1*, Brinda Haren Shah2, Nripesh Tiwari3 1*M
    International Journal of Medical Science in Clinical Research and Review Online ISSN: 2581-8945 Available Online at http://www.ijmscrr.in Volume 02|Issue 03|2019| SHORT COMMUNICATION VISION THERAPY TECHNIQUES Partha Haradhan Chowdhury1*, Brinda Haren Shah2, Nripesh Tiwari3 1*M. OPTOM, Associate Professor, PRINCIPAL, Department of Optometry, Shree Satchandi Jankalyan Samiti Netra Prasikshan Sansthan, Pauri, Affiliated to Uttarakhand State Medical Faculty, Dehradun, India 2M. OPTOM, Practitioner, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 3D. OPTOM, Chief Optometrist District Hospital Pauri Government of Uttarakhand Received: April 26, 2019 Accepted: May 08, 2019 Published: May 12, 2019 Abstract This paper describes about Introduction to Vision Therapy and its *Corresponding Author: Procedures. *PARTHA HARADHAN CHOWDHURY M. Optom, Associate Professor, Principal, Department of Introduction Optometry, Shree Satchandi Binocular Vision Therapy is sub divided into two main categories. They Jankalyan Samiti Netra are: Prasikshan Sansthan, Pauri, Affiliated to Uttarakhand State ➢ First category Medical Faculty, Dehradun, India. ➢ Second category E-mail: Before prescribing Vision Therapy, Amblyopia should be treated first. First Category: This category is less natural and more artificial compared to other procedures. Here, patient is instructed to look at the instrument. Here, only patient’s eye is seen, and no body movement occurs. Eg. Stereoscopic devices. Second Category: Diplopia: During Vision Therapy if patient will Here, “Free Space Training” is the proper complain of Diplopia, it means improper example. Here, there is no restriction on body alignment and it should be solved. movements. i.e. body movements are possible. Blur: During Vision Therapy, if patient will During Vision Therapy always practitioner should complain of Blur sensation, it means there is be acknowledged and conscious regarding focusing problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofeedback-Enhanced Vision Training for Strabismus
    Pacific University CommonKnowledge College of Optometry Theses, Dissertations and Capstone Projects 2-6-1981 Biofeedback-enhanced vision training for strabismus Marlene Inverso Pacific University Tricia Larsen Pacific University Recommended Citation Inverso, Marlene and Larsen, Tricia, "Biofeedback-enhanced vision training for strabismus" (1981). College of Optometry. 577. https://commons.pacificu.edu/opt/577 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations and Capstone Projects at CommonKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Optometry by an authorized administrator of CommonKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Biofeedback-enhanced vision training for strabismus Abstract It was the purpose of this study to explore the use of auditory biofeedback strabismus therapy prior to conventional visual therapy and to determine if a functional cure was possible with such a strabimnus therapy program. The results were that for five patients with a good prognosis for binocularity and regular attendance of training sessions, a functional cure was effected. For those patients with a poor prognosis for binocularity, the biofeedback portion of the therapy decreased the magnitude of the angle of deviation or taught ocular alignment, but did not appear to affect the sensory anomalies which prevented a functional cure. Those patients with anomalous angles, horror fusionis, deep amblyopia, deep eccentric fixation, and incomitancy had the same problems at both the beginning and the end of the study. Degree Type Thesis Degree Name Master of Science in Vision Science Committee Chair Harold M. Haynes Subject Categories Optometry This thesis is available at CommonKnowledge: https://commons.pacificu.edu/opt/577 Copyright and terms of use If you have downloaded this document directly from the web or from CommonKnowledge, see the “Rights” section on the previous page for the terms of use.
    [Show full text]
  • Dichoptic Treatment of Amblyopia in a Clinical Setting – a Retrospective Study Giovanni M
    CE Credit Article Dichoptic Treatment of Amblyopia in a Clinical Setting – a Retrospective Study Giovanni M. Travi, MD; Seyedbehrad Dehnadi; Behzad Mansouri, MD, PhD, FRCSC Abstract effective in improving VA and SA, and reducing suppression Purpose: Dichoptic visual stimulation has been evolving as in amblyopia. We emphasize the importance of an active a promising treatment for amblyopia. We aimed to assess follow-up regarding game monitoring and frequent patient’s the visual outcomes of Dichoptic Amblyopia Treatment reassessments. (DAT) in a clinical setting for patients who had completed all conventional amblyopia treatments and did not have any Keywords: Amblyopia, Binocular Vision, Brain Stimulation, other clinical treatment options. The primary outcome was the Visual Acuity, Visual Development improvement of visual acuity (VA) in children and adults. The secondary outcomes were improvement in stereo acuity (SA) Introduction and reduction of suppression. Amblyopia is an abnormal development of the visual system secondary to its inadequate (i.e. anisometropia and deprivation Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of amblyopia) or erroneous (i.e. strabismic amblyopia) binocular amblyopic patients who received DAT from 2014 to 2016 stimulation during early visual development. It is usually in an eye care practice. DAT consisted of playing “Falling unilateral, and it occurs due to a mismatch of information Cubes” game on an iPod, using dichoptic presentation. between the two eyes. Beyond affecting the visual acuity, amblyopia affects contrast sensitivity,1 spatial integration,2 Results: 23 patients with a median age of 12 years-old global motion perception3–5 and depth perception.6 Moreover, (Interquartile range (IQR) = 9-30) met the inclusion criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Improvement of Therapy for Amblyopia
    Improvement of therapy for amblyopia Sjoukje Elizabeth Loudon The research project was initiated by the Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC Uni­ versity Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The work described in this thesis was fi­ nancially supported by the Health Research and Development Council of the Netherlands (project number 2300.0020). Financial support for the printing of this thesis was received from the Prof.dr. Henkes Stichting, Orthopad, 3M Opticlude, the Rotterdamse Vereniging Blinden­ belangen and the Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. ISBN 978­90­8559­268­2 Copyright © 2007 S.E. Loudon, Rotterdam, the Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the permission of the author, or when ap­ propriate, of the publishers of the publications. Layout and printing: Optima Grafische Communicatie, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Cover design: VOF Vingerling & De Bruyne Improvement of Therapy for Amblyopia Verbeteren van de Behandeling voor Amblyopie Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr. S.W.J. Lamberts en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op woensdag 21 februari 2007 om 15:45 uur door Sjoukje Elizabeth Loudon geboren te Huddersfield, Groot­Brittannië PROMOtieCOMMissie Promotoren Prof.dr. G. van Rij Prof.dr. H.J. Simonsz Overige leden Prof.dr. P.J. van der Maas Prof.dr. J.
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Binocularity-Stimulating Treatment in Children with Residual Amblyopia Following Occlusion Haeng-Jin Lee1,3 and Seong-Joon Kim1,2,3*
    Lee and Kim BMC Ophthalmology (2018) 18:253 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-018-0922-z RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Effectiveness of binocularity-stimulating treatment in children with residual amblyopia following occlusion Haeng-Jin Lee1,3 and Seong-Joon Kim1,2,3* Abstract Background: To evaluate the effectiveness of binocularity-stimulating treatment in children with residual amblyopia following occlusion therapy for more than 6 months. Methods: Of patients with amblyopia caused by anisometropia and/or strabismus, patients with residual amblyopia following more than 6 months of occlusion therapy were included. Subjects underwent one of the following types of binocularity-stimulating therapy: Bangerter foil (BF), head-mounted display (HMD) game, or BF/HMD combination (BF + HMD). Factors including age, sex, types of amblyopia, visual acuity, and duration of treatment were investigated. Baseline and final (after at least 2 months of treatment) visual acuity were also compared. Results: Twenty-two patients with a mean age of 8.7 ± 1.3 years were included. Seven patients had anisometropic amblyopia, 8 patients had strabismic amblyopia, and 7 patients had combined amblyopia. After 4.4 ± 1.8 months of treatment, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity in the amblyopic eye improved from 0.22 ± 0.20 to 0.18 ± 0.15. Five of 22 patients (22.7%) gained more than 0.2 logMAR, including 1 of 10 patients (10.0%) in the BF group, 2 of 7 patients (28.6%) in the HMD group, and 2 of 5 patients (40.0%) in the BF + HMD group. No significant differences in clinical characteristics were identified among the three groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Treatment of Refractive Anisometropia with Prismatic
    perim Ex en l & ta a l ic O p in l h t C h f Journal of Clinical & Experimental a o l m l a o n l r o g u Lai and Hsu, J Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015, 6:3 y o J Ophthalmology ISSN: 2155-9570 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9570.1000427 Case Report Open Access Successful Treatment of Refractive Anisometropia with Prismatic Progressive Additional Lenses: A Technical Report Li-Ju Lai1,2* and Wei-Hsiu Hsu2,3 1Ophthalmology, Chang Gang Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan 2Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gang University, Kwei-San, Tao Yuan, Taiwan 3Department of orthopedics surgery, Chang Gang Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan *Corresponding author: Li-Ju Lai, MD, No.6, West section, Chia-Pu Road, Puzih City, Chia-Yi Hsien, 61363, Taiwan, Tel/Fax: 886-5-3621000 ext 2580; Email: [email protected] Received date: Feb 20, 2015, Accepted date: May 28, 2015, Published date: May 30, 2015 Copyright: © 2014 Li-Ju Lai, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Background: Anisometropia was a challenge for ophthalmologists to treat unilateral refraction condition. Failure of build-up the same clear image from two eyes together was the major cause for quitting spectacle wearing, which usually led to amblyopia in the eye with more myope. Case presentation: The two patients with anisometropia were found that the two eyeballs position were asymmetric by photography (RTV, Carl Ziess Meditec, Co).
    [Show full text]
  • Prolonged Periods of Binocular Stimulation Can Provide an Effective Treatment for Childhood Amblyopia
    Eye Movements, Strabismus, Amblyopia, and Neuro-Ophthalmology An Exploratory Study: Prolonged Periods of Binocular Stimulation Can Provide an Effective Treatment for Childhood Amblyopia Pamela J. Knox,1 Anita J. Simmers,1 Lyle S. Gray,1 and Marie Cleary2 3 PURPOSE. The purpose of the present study was to explore the of about 18 months. Successful treatment outcomes are lim- potential for treating childhood amblyopia with a binocular ited by poor compliance,7–9 suboptimal treatment regimens,10 stimulus designed to correlate the visual input from both eyes. and regression in VA.11 METHODS. Eight strabismic, two anisometropic, and four stra- Recent studies using animal models have found that corre- bismic and anisometropic amblyopes (mean age, 8.5 Ϯ 2.6 lated binocular vision is essential for successful recovery from 12–16 years) undertook a dichoptic perceptual learning task for five experimentally induced amblyopia and that the absence sessions (each lasting 1 hour) over the course of a week. The of correlated binocular vision may play a critical role in the 13 training paradigm involved a simple computer game, which development of amblyopia. Other studies have cast doubt on required the subject to use both eyes to perform the task. the hypothesis that amblyopes do not possess cortical binoc- 17 ϭ ular connections, leading to the suggestion that active bin- RESULTS. A statistically significant improvement (t(13) 5.46; ϭ ocular suppression causes the amblyopic deficit rather than a P 0.0001) in the mean visual acuity (VA) of the amblyopic 17 eye (AE) was demonstrated, from 0.51 Ϯ 0.27 logMAR before reduction in cortical responsiveness to the amblyopic eye.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Amblyopia Treatment Learning Objectives
    9/22/2015 Advanced Learning Objectives: Amblyopia Learn about vision training for amblyopia to: Treatment 1. Decrease suppression 2. Improve fixation 3. Improve accuracy of accommodation 4. Develop depth perception 5. Improve acuity Jen Simonson, OD, September 2015 FCOVD All lecture slides and Boulder, Colorado links are available on USA www.bouldervt.com Potential Benefits of a Amblyopia Binocular New research is Approach: validating that a 1. Improved treatment binocular model compliance of treatment is 2. More functional superior to improvement than patching – especially in occlusion the development of Is our best treatment therapy. Is our best treatment patching stereopsis patching an eye? an eye? 3. Less regression 4. No harm to better seeing eye (reverse amblyopia) 1 9/22/2015 The prevalence Common of amblyopia is Causes of approximately Amblyopia: 3.5% of the 1. Misalignment population. of the eyes (strabismus) Mild 20/40 2. A refractive (6/12) or better error Moderate (anisometropia) 20/40-20/80 Is our best treatment Is our best treatment patching an eye? (6/12-6/24) 3. Form Severe patching an eye? deprivation 20/80-20/200 (6/24 – 6/60) (ptosis/cataract) Strabismus 13:93, 2005 S.E. Loudon, H.J. Simons, SUPPRESSION: THE CAUSE OF The History of the Treatment of Amblyopia AMBLYOPIA Robert F. Hess, PhD Director of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology ◦ Assumed these conditions McGill University, Canada interfered with the architecture of — “Recent findings have provided strong evidence the developing brain. that amblyopes actually have an intact binocular infrastructure including binocular processes, even in the adult amblyope.
    [Show full text]
  • Choroid Adjacent to the Edges of the Retinal Tear. Cases, the Retinal Tear
    ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT IN DIVERGENT STRABISMUS 37 In the cases under discussion there was no doubt, at any time, so far as could be judged by ophthalmoscopic examination, that the retinal tears were occluded by exudate. At first this occlusion would be of a cellular and fluid character and so would permit fluid to pass through it. Later, with the formation of fibrous tissue, such fluid filtration would be less free and eventually be cut off by the formation of firm adhesions between the retina and the choroid adjacent to the edges of the retinal tear. It is probable that something of this nature occurred in these cases, the retinal tear becoming firmly sealed and the inter-retinal fluid gradually undergoing absorption as the hydrostatic equili- brium of the vitreous and the intra-ocular pressure became adjusted or re-established. THE RESULT OF ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT IN DIVERGENT STRABISMUS BY SHEILA MAYOU LONDON I HE purpose of this article is to consider the effects of orthoptic treatnment on a series of cases of divergent strabismus of various types. As will be shown, orthoptic treatment plays an important part in every case, only a small number finally coming to operation. Of those operated on, all with the exception of one, had had previous training, which had developed fusion and some power of adduction before the operation, so that afterwards the desire for binocular vision enhanced and consolidated the success. Out of 800 consecutive cases I find that 93 are cases of divergent strabismus.* Of these 93 cases, 48 were emmetropic, 26 were hyper- metropic, and 17 were myopic.
    [Show full text]