Civil Emergency Planning in the NATO/EAPC Countries 18

Home , Estonian Rescue Board, Parliament of Georgia

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1. Albania 24. Latvia Jupiter Reklam AB

2. Armenia 25. Lithuania nentoa E adok2006 International CEP Handbook 3. Austria 26. Luxembourg

4. Azerbaijan 27. Moldova

5. Belarus 28. Netherlands

6. Belgium 29. Norway

7. Bulgaria 30. Poland

8. Canada 31. Portugal

9. Croatia 32. Romania

10. Czech Republic 33. Russia SEMA’s Educational Series 2006:1 11. Denmark 34. Slovakia

12. Estonia 35. Slovenia

13. Finland 36. Spain

14. France 37. Sweden

15. Georgia Swedish 38.Emergency Switzerland Management Agency Swedish Emergency 16. Germany 39. Tajikistan Management Agency International P.O. Box 599 40. The Former Yugoslav 17. Greece P.O. Box 599 SE-101 31 Stockholm Republic of Macedonia* CEP Handbook 2006 SE-101 31 Stockholm Civil Emergency Planning in the NATO/EAPC Countries 18. Hungary Tel +46 (0)41. 8Turkey 593 710 00 Tel +46 (0) 8 593 710 00 SEMA’s Educational Series 2006:1 Fax +46 (0) 8 593 710 01 19. Iceland 42. Turkmenistan Fax +46 (0) 8 593 710 01 SEMA’s Educational Seriies 2003:2 kbm@krisberedskaps kbm@krisberedskaps 20. Ireland 43. Ukraine myndigheten.se myndigheten.se

21. Italy 44. United Kingdom www.krisberedskaps ISBN 91-85053-95-3 www.krisberedskaps myndigheten.se ISSN 1652-3539 myndigheten.se 22. Kazakhstan 45. United States

23. Kyrgyzstan 46. Uzbekistan

*Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name. 12868 Oms Handbok 06-01-17 09.14 Sida 2

13 Member Countries of the 37 29 Euro-Atlantic 12 33 24 11 20 25 Partnership Council 44 5 28 30 16 6 43 26 10 34 3 27 38 14 18 32 35 9

21 7 31 36 40 1 17 41

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International CEP Handbook 2006 Civil Emergency Planning in the NATO/EAPC Countries 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 13.46 Sida 2

Title: International CEP Handbook 2006 Published by the Swedish Emergency Management Agency (SEMA) Cover photo: Matton Number of copies: 2,000 ISBN: 91-85053-95-3 ISSN: 1652-3539 SEMA’s dnr: 0789/2005 Design: Jupiter Reklam AB Print: NRS Tryckeri AB, Helsingborg, Second print June 2006

Copies can be ordered from SEMA. E-mail: [email protected] The publication can also be downloaded from SEMA’s website: www.krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se

SEMA’s Educational Series 2006:1 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 3

Member Countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia*, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan. *Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name. 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 4

Notes to the Reader All the country files have been written by In order to limit the number of inter- respective national cep experts. national organisations mentioned under “Facts at your fingertips”, the seven most A uniform structure has been applied relevant organisations to Civil Emergency throughout this handbook. In other words, Planning have been selected as follows: the headlines are the same for all countries the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and each chapter consists of a maximum (eapc), the North Atlantic Treaty of 6 pages. Organisation (nato), the United Nations (un), the European Union (eu), the As regards military expenditures, the source Organisation for Security and Co-operation of information presented in “Facts at your in Europe (osce), the Council of Europe fingertips” is either from national sources and the Commonwealth of Independent or from the Stockholm International Peace States (cis). Research Institute´s (sipri) website: www.sipri.org 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 5

Table of Contents

Preface 6 Slovakia 157 Slovenia 162 Albania 9 Spain 169 Armenia 13 Sweden 174 Austria 17 Switzerland 180 Azerbaijan 23 Tajikistan 186 Belarus 26 The Former Yugoslav Belgium 29 Republic of Macedonia1 192 Bulgaria 34 Turkey 195 Canada 41 Turkmenistan 200 Croatia 47 Ukraine 204 Czech Republic 52 United Kingdom 209 Denmark 57 United States 215 Estonia 61 Uzbekistan 222 Finland 66 France 74 About the Swedish Georgia 78 Emergency Management Germany 81 Agency (sema) 230 Greece 86 SEMA’S Educational Series 232 Hungary 90 Iceland 95 Ireland 98 Italy 101 Kazakhstan 105 Kyrgyz Republic 110 Latvia 111 Lithuania 115 Luxembourg 120 Moldova 124 Netherlands 128 Norway 132 Poland 138 Portugal 143 Romania 147 1 Turkey recognizes the Republic of Russia 152 Macedonia with its constitutional name. 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 6

Preface Following the last couple of years’ events and the capability to act as a more including terrorist attacks, storms, co-ordinated group of countries. In this floodings, earthquakes, bird flu outbrakes, respect I believe that co-operation in the tsunamis and fire storms one cannot but fields of research, exchange of knowledge, emphasize the need for international training and exercises must continue and co-operation. Since emergencies like the develop in order to improve our systems ones mentioned do not stop at national and to get new valuable insights on borders and are often of an overwhelming improved ways of managing emergencies. magnitude, the international community It is in this light that the Swedish needs to make sure that there is a capacity Emergency Management Agency (sema) to handle such situations. Hence the has produced the sixth edition of the challenge ahead is to continue to develop International Civil Emergency Planning the international community’s capability Handbook. This handbook presents the to co-operate in emergency situations. structure and organisation of Civil Emer- Civil Emergency Planning (cep) plays gency Planning systems in each nato and a crucial role in this development since partner country, and provides a general and cep represents a key element for the plans easily accessible overview of the cep field. and organisation of the assistance to be sema is honoured to continue publishing delivered. We have already come a long this handbook, which originates from way in most countries but the intensities Sweden’s long involvement in the frame- and the devastation of the last couple of work of nato’s Partnership for Peace years emergencies seems to be increasing. program. Hence we need to improve further. In this handbook you will find Therefore it is essential that we continue information about all 46 countries in the our international exchange of knowledge Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. To and experience for developing the national keep the chapters up to date, however, we capabilities of each individual country urge all countries to keep us informed of

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any changes in their Civil Emergency Planning systems. This is particularly important for the few countries that are only covered brieﬂy. The publication is also available on sema’s website: www.krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se Finally, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation and thanks to the secretariat and the members of scepc as well as all the experts in each country who have contributed to and assisted in producing this handbook. Your contributions have not only made this publication possible; they have also taken us yet another step closer towards greater understanding of and co-operation in the ﬁeld of Civil Emergency Planning. In this respect, the handbook belongs to all of us.

Ann-Louise Eksborg Director General, SEMA

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Albania* Republika ë Shqipërisë

Serbia

Montenegro

The Former Yugoslav Republic Tirana of Macedonia Adriatic sea Albania

Greece

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Albania is a parliamentary republic. The Alfred Moisiu (2002-) President is the Head of State. Albania Head of Government Prime Minister has a single house of parliament, the Fatos Nano (2002-) National Assembly (Kuvendi), made up Capital Tirana of 140 members (deputies). The President Population 3.2 million is elected by the Assembly. The Council Area 28,748 sq. km of Ministers consists of the Prime Minister, GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 3,506 the Deputy Prime Minister and other Military Expenditures 1.2% of GDP ministers. The Council of Ministers Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, exercises every state function that is not Council of Europe

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delegated to other organs of state power mental services, ensuring the continuous or to local government. functioning of infrastructure and making The units of local government are the life of its citizens easier in crisis communes or municipalities and regions. situations. Communes and municipalities exercise all The Government of Albania recognises the duties of self government with the ex- that management of civil emergencies ception given by law to other units of local should be based on civil control. It also government. The representative organs of acknowledges that all levels of government the basic units of local government are have a responsibility in planning and councils which are elected every three preparing for emergencies, which are years by direct elections with secret voting. beyond the resources and capabilities of The executive organ of a municipality or individual citizens. Where governmental commune is the Chairman, who is elected action is required for responding to emer- directly by the people. gencies, the sequence of responsibility A region consists of several basic units would normally begin at the local level, of local government with traditional, eco- move to the regions and ﬁnally to the nomic and social ties and joint interests. national level, if necessary. Various civic The region is the unit in which regional organisations, ngo:s and the private sector policies are constructed and implemented also have particular roles in planning for and where they are harmonised with state and responding to civil emergencies. policy. The representative organ of the region is the Regional Council. Munici- 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives palities and communes delegate members The overall objective of Albanian Civil to the Regional Council in proportion to Emergency Planning is to protect, in the their population. most appropriate way, the state and its citizens. The Government of Albania 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning emphasises the importance of: Albania is currently developing its future ➤ Identifying potential emergency situa- Civil Emergency Planning system. The tions within Albania as well as preventive Government of Albania commits itself to measures. protect, in the most appropriate way, its ➤ Preparing response plans for the various citizens in case of crisis. For this purpose, kinds of disasters to which Albania is it intends to establish a well functioning exposed. overall system to respond to emergencies ➤ Facilitate training in crisis prevention, and to mitigate their consequences. preparedness and response as well as Through this system, it aims at protecting preparing all resources necessary to the civilian population, providing the cope with emergency situations. essential supplies, sustaining the funda-

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➤ Facilitate effective response to crisis representatives from relevant line mini- situations, minimising their effects on stries, various state institutions and the population and the environment. representatives from civil societies, which ➤ Restoring essential services in order to will be established. This Commission safeguard human lives. shall meet on regular basis for conferring ➤ Organising early warnings and keeping on Civil Emergency Planning issues. In the public informed during emergencies. case of emergency the Civil Emergency ➤ Providing training of citizens in self Planning directorate can call upon a protection. special committee of technical experts ➤ Informing the nation about necessary for their advice. actions in emergency situations. 3. Civil-Military Co-operation 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure Civil-Military co-operation is co-ordinated Civil Emergency Planning in Albania by the Ministry of Defence. Long term will be part of the Ministry of Local planning for joint activities in crisis situ- Government structure. A special directo- ations is carried out by the General Staff rate within the Ministry of Local Govern- of the Armed Forces. At regional level, the ment will deal with Civil Emergency main areas of co-operation are planning Planning. The directorate will be under for major disasters and technological direct supervision of the Minister who, disasters in the region and training and in case of an emergency, becomes the exercising local units for on site manage- overall co-ordinator of all emergency ment of operations in disaster areas. responses. This directorate will have two sections; 4. Legal Framework a section for policy and planning, and an The Constitution of the Republic of operational section, which will include Albania is the political and juridical an operational centre and a training starting point for organising Civil Emer- centre. Both sections shall co-operate gency Planning in Albania. Articles 170 closely with Civil Emergency Planning and 174 provide for the obligation of the points of contact in all line ministries, state powers to prevent or avoid conse- local government, civil societies, ngo:s, quences of natural disasters or techno- private sectors, media as well as with the logical accidents. Civil Protection Base, the ﬁre brigade, the Based on the relevant articles in the ambulances services, and other bodies as Albanian Constitution, the Government might be appropriate. of Albania recognises its obligation to Attached to the Ministry of Local further develop the necessary legislative Government is a Commission consisting framework to organise and implement of the key appropriate bodies; i.e.

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Civil Emergency Planning in an effective way. The principles for action in case of emergencies, planning and prevention, the role and competence of the various bodies and relationships among them will be deﬁned by law.

Contact: Civil Emergency Planning Directorate Ministry of Local Government Tirana Albania

Telephone/Telefax: +355 42 28895 Website: www.tirana.al

Brussels: Mr. Plator Kalakulla Mission of Albania to NATO Manfred Wörner Building B-1110 Brussels Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 707 27 80 Telefax: +32 2 707 27 81 E-mail: [email protected]

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Armenia* Hayastani Hanrapetutyun

Georgia

Armenia Azerbaijan

Yerevan

Turkey

Azerbaijan Iran

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Robert Armenia is a republic with a parliamentary Kotjarjan (1998–) system. Executive power in the Republic Head of Government Prime Minister Andranik of Armenia is implemented by the Govern- Margaryan (2000–) ment of the Republic. The Government Capital Yerevan is composed of the Prime Minister and Population 3.1 million other Ministers. The powers of the Area 29,800 sq. km Government are determined by the GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 2,559 Constitution and other laws. The organi- Military Expenditures 4.4% of GDP (est.) sation and rules of operation of the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, Government are determined by a decree Council of Europe, CIS of the President of the Republic upon the

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recommendation of the Prime Minister. supervising territorial administrations The President of the Republic appoints and local self-government bodies are all the Prime Minister. The President is the involved the Civil Protection system. The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Emergency Management Administration, and appoints its high command. under the Government of the Republic, Legislative power in the Republic of becomes the supervising authority in the Armenia is implemented by the National ﬁeld of Civil Protection in an emergency. Assembly. The Government submits its program to the National Assembly for 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives approval in accordance with settled rules. The Emergency Management Administ- The administrative territorial units of the ration (ema) is responsible for the current Republic of Armenia are the provinces state of the country’s preparedness, and and the districts. Provinces include urban provides prospective development policy and rural districts. The provinces are in Civil Protection. governed by regional governments. The districts have local self-governments. The objectives of the ema are to: The Government appoints the Gover- ➤ Establish a governmental policy in Civil nors in the provinces, who implement Protection and enhance the country’s the Government’s regional policy and preparedness level. co-ordinate the regional activities of the ➤ Mitigate the consequences of emergen- republican executive bodies. cies, prepare for possible consequences The Republic of Armenia is divided and establish, provide and implement into 10 provinces. The city of Yerevan has Civil Protection programmes. the status of a province. The Mayor of ➤ Co-ordinate and organise Civil Protection Yerevan is appointed by the President of system activities. the Republic upon the recommendation ➤ Organise governmental expertise as of the Prime Minister. regards solutions and projects concerning Local self-governing bodies are elected. objects and processes as possible causes The election procedure of local self-gover- of emergencies. ning bodies and their powers are deter- ➤ Organise and implement civil training mined by the Constitution and the laws. in the ﬁeld of protection and survival in emergencies. 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning ➤ Organise government control over the In emergencies, the Government imple- secured implementation of industrial ments the governing of the Civil Protec- activities concerning civil protection tion System. Ministries, department and the utilisation of mineral resources. administrations, regional governments,

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➤ Organise and implement preparedness The co-ordination and control of func- in government administrations, local tional and territorial subdivision activities self-government bodies and the admi- is implemented by the ema in emergency nistrative staff of organisations, and situations. promote stable activities in the civil There are three types of rescue services protection system in emergencies and in in the system for civil protection in the training of professional personnel. emergencies: Governmental, Department ➤ Participate, organise and co-ordinate Administrational, and Public (Volunteer). rehabilitation and rescue activities in Governmental rescue services are consi- emergencies and the invention of corre- dered subdivisions of the ema. sponding forces for that purpose. In the event of disaster, the activities of ➤ Promote co-operation between govern- Governmental, Department Administra- mental, departmental (administrational), tional and Public services are directly and public (volunteer) rescue organi- governed by the ema. sations. The organisation of civil training in ➤ Organise and provide resources for the event of disasters and the control of international co-operation in civil training activities are implemented by the protection issues. Crisis Management Institute within the ➤ Organise the certification of rescuers. structure of the ema. International co- operation in the field of civil protection 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure from disasters is implemented by the ema. Each ministry or department of the administration involved in the system of 3. Civil-Military Co-operation civil protection implements civil protec- The EMA co-operates with military tion policy in its own field. The corre- structures according to special plans. sponding subdivisions of emergency and These plans are mutually agreed upon civil protection implement the policy in and jointly accepted by the Ministry of the ministries and departmental admini- Defence and the Ministry of Interior strations. Affairs, etc, in the field of civil protection. Each territorial body involved in the The training of skills in military structures system of civil protection implements the and any necessary corrections to jointly territorial policy of civil protection from accepted plans are implemented through disasters. Emergency management and training exercises. civil protection subdivisions work in all provinces that are subject to the ema, 4. Legal Framework including the city of Yerevan, to implement Civil Protection activities and civil defence the policy. are regulated by a number of laws and legislative acts in the Republic of Armenia.

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Civil Protection in the Republic is based Contact: The Government of the on the following legislative acts: Republic of Armenia ➤ The Law of Civil Protection in Emergency Management Emergency Situations, accepted in Administration December 1998. Mr. A. Tananyan, Deputy Head ➤ The Law of Local Self-government, Pushkin st. 25 accepted in June 1997. Yerevan 375010 ➤ The decree issued by the President Armenia concerning the implementation of regional government in the provinces, Telephone: +374 1 52 18 02 accepted in May 1999. Telefax: +374 1 53 87 74 ➤ The decree issued by the President concerning Civil Protection structure activity organisation accepted in June 1995.

Besides the fore-mentioned legislative documents, the Civil Protection activities in emergency situations are regulated by decisions made by the Government of the Republic of Armenia, the Prime Minister and the head of the ema.

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Austria Österreich

Czech Republic

Slovakia Germany Vienna

Austria Switzerland Hungary

Italy Slovenia

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Austria is a federal republic and the Heinz Fischer (2004-) Government is composed of the Head of Government Chancellor Chancellor and the Ministers. The Wolfgang Schüssel (2000-) President has primarily representative Capital Vienna functions, such as appointing the Population 8.2 million Chancellor. The bicameral Federal Area 83,858 sq. km Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consist of GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 26,65 the Federal Council (Bundesrat) and the Military Expenditures 0.8% of GDP National Council (Nationalrat). The Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, EU, OSCE, Federal Council can delay bills approved Council of Europe in the National Council but has no veto

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power. Austria has 9 provinces (Bun- protection lies with Department 11/4 – desländer) with far reaching autonomy. Civil Priotection, Crisis and Disaster Each province has its own parliament Protection Management, in the Ministry and government, led by a provincial of Interior (moi). The department is governor (Landeshauptmann). organised into two units: “International The provinces are divided into 2,304 Civil Protection and Disaster Relief” and city and country municipalities. “National Crisis and Disaster Protection Management”. 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning Should disasters affect several federal Since May 2003, the Austrian Ministry of provinces at a time, or in fact the entire the Interior (moi) has been responsible territory of Austria – as would be the case not only for coordinating civil disaster with accidents occurring in nuclear plants protection management but also for near the border or “large-scale events” matters concerning civilian crisis manage- within the eu or elsewhere in the inter- ment and international disaster relief. national community of nations – co- Responsibilities for co-ordinating ordination would invariably be conducted supraregional/international incidents in from this co-ordinating committee. Besides Austria have thus for the first time been representatives from the Ministries, this unified under one roof, the National Crisis body also includes the officers responsible and Disaster Protection Management in for disaster protection from the federal the Federal Ministry of the Interior of the provinces. In the event of concrete relief Republic of Austria, which allows tasks, the body even includes rescue improved and, more importantly, faster services, fire brigades and other units and, response and assistance in emergency if required, the Austrian Broadcasting situations. Corporation (orf) and the Austrian press agency (apa). 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives The aims of Civil Protection in Austria Emergency relief services are to defend and shield the population The system of civil protection in Austria from all possible threats and dangers. is based on relief services which provide Civil Protection is defined as the sum of assistance in case of emergencies. Opera- all precautionary measures and activities tionally, the State relies on a large number that will enable the population to survive of voluntary relief services which are in a crisis situation. integrated into the system of civil protection on the regional level. In the event of 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure emergency, these act as disaster relief Responsibility for civilian crisis and services under the supervision of the disaster protection management and civil relevant administrative body.

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The principle of voluntariness is one of and the realisation of joint exercises in the cornerstones of the system of civil preparation for actual cases of emergency. protection in Austria. It is also one of its Should these occur, bilateral assistance strengths and influences its structural measures are coordinated and implemented set-up. The high level of performance by the Federal Alarm Centre in the moi. characterising this honorary office provides Austria with one of the best networks of The Federal Alarm Centre (BWZ) emergency relief services world-wide in In the event of natural or technological terms of density and coverage. To give disaster occurring in Austria or abroad, some examples, Austria has more than information concerning the disaster arrives 4,800 fire fighting squads and more than at the Federal Alarm Centre of the Federal 900 ambulance centres, and disposes of a Ministry of the Interior. total of approx. 250,000 active firefighters The Federal Alarm Centre ensures and more than 40,000 emergency medical communication without undue delay, as technicians. well as coordination of the necessary action, as an essential requirement of Bilateral assistance effective crisis management or emergency In addition to international programmes, relief. It is a permanently staffed operations enhanced cooperation with immediately and information centre serving National neighbouring countries is given special Crisis and Disaster Protection Manage- emphasis because of the speediness of its ment as well as supra-regional and assistance in emergencies – under the international civil and disaster protection motto “Acting fast makes assistance twice purposes. as effective”. For this reason, Austria The Federal Alarm Centre forms part of maintains bilateral emergency assistance an information network also comprising agreements with nearly all neighbouring the Regional Alarm Centres, the relevant countries and several other states within 24-hour services of the General Directorate and outside Europe. These agreements for Public Security, the regional control provide the broadest available framework centres, all competent agencies on the of cooperation for preventing and add- federal and regional levels, emergency ressing disasters, particularly by defining and rescue services including fire brigades, the focal points, facilitating border transits the Red Cross, the Mountain Rescue by emergency teams, simplifying entry Organisation etc. as well as focal points and exit of goods and equipment required on the bilateral (neighbouring countries), for provision of assistance, as well as add- supra-national (eu), multinational (nato ressing issues concerning leadership during Partnership for Peace) and international ongoing interventions, cost refunding, (un) levels. any claims for compensation of damages

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The Federal Alarm Centre acts as central Broadcasting Corporation (orf), the agency for the combined warning and signals are activated either from a central alarm system operated by the Federal source (bwz) at the moi, from the regional Government and the Provinces (centralised alarm centres (lwz) or the district-level siren control, the “Ringleitung” – a dedi- alarm centres. cated line of communication) and as a A sophisticated measurement system permanent observatory for the radiation (radiation early warning system operated early warning system. by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, The Federal Alarm Centre has the Environment and Water Management) is technical means of contacting all involved available for rapid detection of large-scale agencies simultaneously in a star-shaped radioactive contaminations. The data are system by radio facsimile (rafax), e-mail, continuously monitored by the Federal “Ringleitung”, or group text messaging. Alarm Centre (bwz). The bwz also relies Should a federal province's human or on two back-up centres. physical resources prove insufficient in case of emergency, and provided a request is 3. Civil - Military Co-operation made to the MoI, assistance is coordinated Because of the federal structure of Austria, on an Austria-wide and/or, if necessary, co-ordination committees have been on a bilateral (under bilateral emergency established at provincial level on the basis assistance agreements), supranational (eu), of the provincial constitutions. These multinational (nato PfP) or international Provincial Co-ordinating Committees are (un/ocha) level. designed to advise provincial governors. The aims of the provincial crisis manage- Warning and alerting the population in the ment system are similar to those at federal event of crisis level. One of the principal concerns related to The military representative at this level civil protection and disaster relief is to warn is the territorial military commander. and alert the population in the event of The territorial commander is responsible disaster or civilian crisis without delay. for all military tasks relating to his/her With sirens covering the whole territory, respective province, such as providing Austria has a well-developed warning and assistance to local authorities. alarm system which is operated jointly by In similarity to provincial arrangements, the MoI and the offices of the regional District Co-ordinating Committees have governments. been established at district level, serving At present, emergency signals can be as advisory bodies to the District emitted from more than 7,900 fire alarm Commissioners. The District sirens. Depending on the situation and Commissioner is assisted by a number of in coordination with the Austrian persons such as the District Commander

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of the Fire Brigade, the highest represen- the Federal Provinces. In an actual tative of the Red Cross, etc, who have emergency event, it is the Federal Alarm responsibilities for individual tasks. These Centre in the moi which serves as an people serve on the District Co-ordinating operational tool of coordination and Committee as advisors. The Committee information and becomes the single focal also has a Liaison Officer for military point for the Federal provinces, neigh- matters. bouring countries, the European Union, If a disaster cannot be managed by and international organisations. In case civilian organisations alone, such as fire of emergency occurring in Austria or brigades or rescue services, assistance can abroad, the Federal Alarm Centre can be requested from the Austrian Federal operate 24 hours a day and take the Army. The military units will then report appropriate initial steps. to civilian authorities. Preventive measures to protect from disaster fall within the responsibility of 4. Legal Framework both the Federal Government and the The above mentioned new structure is Provinces. Most of the measures to avert based on the Law on Federal Ministries as imminent, or to remove or alleviate the amended in 2003. On January 20, 2004, effects of past disasters (emergency assis- the Council of Ministers passed a tance and disaster relief), are incumbent resolution on the reorganisation of on the Federal Provinces. For that purpose, “National Crisis and Disaster Protection the Provinces have adopted laws defining Management” establishing organisational the management of interventions on the details of the consolidation measure. The community, district and regional levels, chief amendment concerns the consoli- leaving the federal authorities with certain dation of various coordinating bodies concomitant responsibilities. hitherto belonging to different units into Provision for disaster relief therefore lies this new coordinating committee chaired primarily within the responsibilities of by the Director-General for Public the Federal Provinces. First and foremost, Security. The “Austrian platform for this includes the organisation of disaster international humanitarian and emergency relief services and the furnishing of assistance”, set up in 2000, was also resources for emergency assistance and incorporated into the new committee. disaster relief measures. Under Austria's federal system and In case of local emergencies, regional constitutional division of powers, laws generally foresee official responsibility responsibility for crisis and disaster for relief measures and their management protection management is distributed to rest with district administrations or over all administrative levels, although mayors, while major disasters fall under the competence is principally incumbent on competences of regional administrations.

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The regional alarm centres assume opera- Initial point of Contact (24/7): tional responsibility for the coordination Federal Alarm Centre of interventions. Under their special tasks, Operations and Crisis Coordination the Federal authorities support the Centre Provinces in disaster relief operations. Directorate General for Public Safety Operationally the Provinces rely chieﬂy Federal Ministry of the Interior on voluntary relief organisations. Herrengasse 7 P.O.Box 100 Contact: Dr. Doris Ita, Director A-1014 Vienna Federal Ministry of the Interior Austria Department II/4 (Civil Protection, Crisis- and Disaster Protection 24 hours duty service: Management) Telephone: +43 1 53126 3800 P.O. Box 100 Mobile: +43 664 2827561 A-1014 Vienna Telefax: +43 1 5356364 Austria PC-Fax: +43 1 53126 108509 Email: [email protected] Telephone: +43 1 531 26 3298 Email: [email protected] Telefax: +43 1 531 26 3476 or Website: PC Fax: +43 1 531 26 10 8563 www.bmi.gv.at/zivilschutz E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

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Azerbaijan Az rbaycane Respublikasi

Russia Georgia

Azerbaijan Baku Armenia Caspian Sea

Turkey

Iran

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Azerbaijan is a republic. A universal Ilham Aliyev (2003–) referendum adopted the Constitution of Head of Government Prime Minister Azerbaijan on November 12, 1995. The Artur Rasizade (1996–) system of government administration in Capital Baku Azerbaijan is based on the principle of Population 8.4 million separating legislative, executive and Area 86,600 sq. km judicial powers. GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 2,936 The President is the Head of State. Military Expenditures 2.7 % of GDP The executive power is vested in the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, President. The President is elected for a Council of Europe, CIS 5-year term by direct elections. The

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legislative power is vested in Milli Mejlis 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives – a one chamber Parliament consisting of Civil defence has the following objectives 125 deputies who are elected for a 5-year and tasks, to: term on the basis of a majority and ➤ Implement preventive measures aimed proportional electoral system. at hindering emergencies. The supreme body of the executive ➤ Minimise damage caused by power of the President is the Cabinet of emergencies. Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. ➤ Eliminate the consequences of The judicial power is vested in indepen- emergencies. dent courts: the Constitutional Court, ➤ Protect the population and property Supreme Court and High Economic from the consequences of emergencies. Court. ➤ Inform the population of threats and Administratively, the republic is divided the subsequent actions to be taken. into 65 rural regions (rayon), 11 cities and ➤ Organise and perform rescues and other the autonomous republic of Nachitjevan. urgent operations. ➤ Train key personnel in government 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning bodies and civil defence forces, and The national functions of civil defence in train the population in protection and the Republic are carried out by the civil emergency response. defence system. This system embraces all government agencies, corporations, enter- The tasks of the state in civil defence prises, institutions, organisations and other are to: entities, irrespective of their ownership, ➤ Formulate and implement policies. as well as their personnel and resources. ➤ Adopt corresponding programmes and It performs civil defence activities plan necessary measures for the entire throughout the entire country and its country and its territorial units. territorial units. ➤ Determine the structure of civil defence, There are civil defence headquarters in its funding and logistics. the central and local bodies of executive ➤ Provide ﬁnancial and material resources power, as well as corporations, enterprises, for crisis management. institutions and individual facilities, which organise and carry out civil defence 2.2 CEP Organisational structure activities. The overall command of the Civil Defence of the Azerbaijan Republic is vested in the President of the Azerbaijan Republic; the Prime Minister is responsible for its immediate leadership, the

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Minister of Defence for everyday Contact: Duty Ofﬁcer management. Ministry of Defence Planning, implementation and control Baku of civil defence activities are carried out Azerbaijan by the Civil Defence Directorate of the Ministry of Defence and its regional Telephone/Telefax: +99 412 931 130 departments. Brussels: Mr. Nusrat Suleymanov 3. Civil-Military Co-operation Mission of Azerbaijan to NATO The Civil Defence Directorate, which is VA Building responsible for the planning, implemen- NATO HQ tation and control of civil defence in the B-1110 Brussels Republic, is directly subordinate to the Belgium Ministry of Defence, and the issues of civil-military cooperation are reﬂected in Telephone: +32 2 707 27 99 its activities. Telefax: +32 2 707 27 98 E-mail: [email protected] 4. Legal Framework The legal framework of Civil Defence is provided by the Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, the Law of the Azerbaijan Republic on Civil Defence, obligations under the international agreements of the Azerbaijan Republic and other legislative acts.

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Belarus* Respublika Belarus

Latvia Russia

Baltic Sea Lithuania Kaliningrad (Russia) Minsk

Belarus

Poland

Ukraine

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Belarus is a constitutional republic. The Alexander Lukasjenko President is head of state and has broad (1994–) powers over the Government. The Head of Government Prime Minister Gennady President appoints a Prime Minister, who Novitsky (2001–) heads the Council of Ministers, i.e. the Capital Minsk Government. The country’s legislature Population 9.9 million consists of two houses: an upper house Area 207,600 sq. km called the Council of the Republic, and GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 7,544 a lower house called the House of Military Expenditures 1.3 % of GDP Representatives. Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, CIS

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The Constitutional Court is the highest ➤ Gather, process, exchange and distribute court of Belarus. The judicial system also information related to the protection of includes a Supreme Court and provincial, the population and the territories in city and district courts. emergency situations. Belarus is divided into six provinces: ➤ Prepare the population for action in Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev emergency situations. and Vitebsk. A council elected by the ➤ Supervise and control the protection of voters governs each province. The President the population and the territories in appoints regional and local executives. emergency situations. ➤ Liquidate emergency situations. 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning ➤ Implement measures related to the social The national system for the prevention protection of the victims of emergency and liquidation of emergency situations situations. unites a republican state management ➤ Carry out humanitarian operations. body for emergency situations (Ministry ➤ Realise the rights and duties of the of Emergency Situations); other republican population in the field of protection in state management bodies; local executive emergency situations. and administrative bodies; and the enter- ➤ Co-operate internationally in the field prises, establishments and organisations of protection of the population and the that, regardless of their legal status, are territories in emergency situations. responsible for making decisions about the protection of the population and the 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure territories in emergency situations. The organisational structure of the national system for the prevention and liquidation 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives of emergency situations consists of: The basic tasks of the national system of ➤ The Government of the Republic of prevention and liquidation of emergency Belarus. situations are to: ➤ The Commission for emergency ➤ Develop and implement legal and eco- situations under the Council of nomic regulations regarding the protec- Ministers. tion of the population and the territories in emergency situations. Co-ordinating bodies: ➤ Implement scientific and technical pro- National level – Commission for emer- grams to prevent emergency situations. gency situations of the republican state ➤ Create financial and material reserves for management bodies and associations. the liquidation of emergency situations.

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Regional level – Commission for emer- ➤ “Industrial Safety and Dangerous gency situations of the executive and Industrial Works” Act. administrative bodies of regions, districts and cities. Several draft bills are currently being Emergency management bodies: prepared for examination by the National National level – Ministry of Emergency Assembly. These are: Situations. ➤ “Services of the Ministry of Emergency Branch sub-systems – departments (sectors) Situations of the Republic of Belarus” for emergency situations in the republican Act. state management bodies and associations. ➤ “Rescue Services and Status of the Regional level – regional and Minsk city Rescuer” Act. divisions of the Ministry of Emergency ➤ “Civil Defence” Act and “State of Situations. Emergency” Act. Local level – services of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Contact: Mr. Valery Astapov Minister of Emergency Situations 3. Civil – Military Co-operation 5, Revolutsionnaya Str. Specially prepared forces and means of 220050 Minsk the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus Belarus, and other troops and military formations can be used for the liquidation Telephone: +375 17 206 54 25 of emergency situations in the Republic +375 17 223 68 60 of Belarus. The President of the Republic Telefax: +375 17 223 77 81 of Belarus determines the order of involvement. Brussels: H.E. Mr. Sergei N. Martynov Ambassador 4. Legal Framework Embassy of Belarus The following laws determine the legal Av. Molière 192 basis for emergency management: 1050 Brussels ➤ Act of the Republic of Belarus on Belgium “Protection of the Population and the Territories in Natural and Man-made Telephone: +32 2 340 02 70 Disasters”. Telefax: +32 2 340 02 87 ➤ “Fire Safety” Act. ➤ “Radiation Safety for the Population” Act.

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Belgium België Belgique Belgien

North Sea United Kingdom Netherlands

Brussels English channel Germany Belgium

France Luxembourg

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State His Majesty The Government is a federal parliamentary King Albert II (1993-) democracy under a constitutional monarch. Head of Government Prime Minister The Federal Government consists of the Guy Verhofstadt (1999-) Prime Minister and the Ministers. The Capital Brussels King, with the approval of the Parliament, Population 10.3 million appoints the Prime Minister and the Area 30,528 sq. km Council of Ministers. Belgium has a bi- GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 27,178 cameral Parliament consisting of the Military Expenditures 1.3 % of GDP Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, OSCE, Constitutional revisions between 1970 Council of Europe and 1993 enabled Belgium to devolve into

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a federal state with federal, regional and These types of crises are generally managed community institutions. within the framework of multilateral Belgium has three regions (Walloon, organisations. Flanders and Brussels-capital) and three To cope with the consequences of these communities (French, Flemish and two types of crises, two different legislative German). Regional areas of administration and administrative systems have been are related to economic, industrial and developed. environmental issues. Communities administer in areas that are mainly related 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives to their respective language (e.g. education, The major objectives of Civil Emergency media). Planning in Belgium in times of crisis The Flemish Government and Parlia- and war are to: ment administrate at both regional and ➤ Guarantee the continuity of community levels. Other regions or the Government(s). communities (French and German) have ➤ Protect the population. their own governments and parliaments, ➤ Guard socio-economical life. with several decentralized departments ➤ Comply with international obligations. and a Minister-President. These govern- ➤ Meet multi- and bilateral agreements. ments also have their own legislative ➤ Perform engagements within alliances assemblies. (nato, eu, weu, osce, un). Belgium has 10 provinces, each with a provincial council that is led by a governor. 2.2 CEP Organizational Structure Local government consists of 589 munici- The overall responsibility for Civil Emer- palities with Municipal Council and a gency Planning in Belgium rests with the Mayor. federal Government and the ministries. Each minister is responsible for Civil 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning Emergency Planning in his competence A distinction is made in Belgium between area. To deal with these issues, a cep emergency situations that arise as a result Board has been established in the federal of a national crisis and those that arise as a administration of each ministry, also called result of an international crisis. A national the Federal Public Services (fps). The crisis has its origins and effects on national mandate of the cep Board is to anticipate territory, and will be managed nationally. and counteract low and high level crises. Severe accidents, natural and industrial In a national crisis, the Minister compe- disasters fit into this category. International tent for the fps Interior Affairs becomes crises usually fit into a political and/or the highest executive agent. The Minister military framework, and usually find is responsible for the overall co-ordination their roots beyond national borders. and supervises the permanent

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Co-ordination and Crisis Center of the Crisis Response System, and participates Government (cgccr). Through this Crisis in the preparation of national and inter- Center he executes the management of national crisis management exercises national emergencies and he is competent such as nato cmx. to engage the (two-level structured) In the event of international crisis, it Integrated Police, the rescue services and acts, in accordance with its new mandate the Civil Protection Corps. The Integrated authorized by the Ministerial Council in Police and the rescue services are organized January 1999, as co-coordinator of the in areas (groups of municipalities). The cep boards of the different Ministries Civil Protection Corps consists of six (Federal), the comix (see below) and the permanent units, each mandated to inter- relevant Governmental Organizations vene in pre-deﬁned sectors. (gos). Therefore the cpnd organizes In international crises, the overall regular multi-disciplinary meetings in responsibility lies with the Ministerial order to discuss all administrative and Council, which is chaired by the Prime technical aspects of the crisis, which Minister. could have consequences on national level. The Commission of National Defence The outcome of these meetings is then Matters (cpnd) is a permanent inter- processed into advice or recommendations ministerial body, integrated in the to the Ministerial Council. Co-ordination and Crisis Center of the In case of international crisis, two Government (cgccr). Its chairman additional structures can be activated. reports to the Minister competent for The crisis centre of the ministry of foreign Interior Affairs. He is also mandated as affairs coordinates the information and the ofﬁcial Belgian representative at the diplomatic support as well as the support Senior Civil Emergency Planning to the crisis area. To this end the Belgian Committee (scepc) of nato. First Aid and Support Team, an inter- Under normal circumstances, the cpnd departmental quick intervention team can participates in the preparation of the assist in the earliest stages of disaster relief. Belgian cep together with the cep Boards of the respective federal public services 3. Civil-Military Co-operation (fps) and other relevant national organi- A special arrangement has evolved in zations and agencies. Other mandates for Belgium in the area of civil-military co- the cpnd are to co-ordinate and stimulate operation (dialogue), and has resulted in Civil Emergency Planning activities for the creation by Royal Decree of a number all the relevant authorities, and encourage of joint and inter-ministerial committees the authorities to take part in Partnership (comix). These comix are composed of activities. It also co-ordinates a National representatives from the Federal Public crisis response Plan, based on the nato Services as well as representatives of the

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partly state-owned enterprises (railway and and, under certain conditions, the Armed postal services, Air Traffic Management). Forces. At present, the comix may only be The Minister of Economic Affairs and activated in times of war, to deal with the Minister of Agriculture have been civil/military engagements on national given extensive powers in order to main- territory (transport, repair, telecommuni- tain or restore essential economic activi- cations, medical support, etc.). Therefore ties, and to satisfy the vital needs of the their respective Royal Decrees are now population. subject to revision and actualization. A Royal Decree of 1990 states that the Nowadays, the comix are helpful in obligation of all public administrators, the co-ordination of crisis management, municipalities, provinces, hospitals and and although they have a non-permanent enterprises is to develop individual status, they meet regularly. Their secre- emergency plans in relation to their own taries attend the meetings organized by particular risk possibilities. the cpnd and participate in the Planning Boards & Committees (pb&c) of the International crisis: In national legislation, scepc. the concepts of ‘peacetime’ and ‘wartime’ During the Cold War era, the task of the are defined. ‘Peacetime’ is defined as the different comix bodies was to mobilize absence of war. According to this defini- support for the military. Today their task tion, wartime starts with the mobilization is to account for the needs of the general of the armed forces and ends with the society, including individual citizens and cessation of the mobilization. During industry, and to be prepared for new wartime, extensive powers are granted to threats, such as proliferation of Weapons national authorities, and these prevail of Mass Destruction, terrorism, etc. over individual rights. During wartime, an even more restrictive legislation can 4. Legal Framework. be applied upon the decision of the National crisis: Adequate legislation Government. A so-called ‘State of Siege’ already exists for dealing with emergency transfers major responsibilities from civil situations during national crises. The to military authorities. Minister competent for Interior Affairs is In certain circumstances, commonly authorized to engage the Integrated Police, referred to in nato as ‘times of crisis’, the the rescue services, and the Civil Protection mobilization order may not be applicable, Corps. Furthermore, in times of crisis, the and could create difficulties in times of Minister of Interior Affairs, the Governor crisis. Then, there are a couple of measures of a Province and the Mayor are authorized that can be taken: to call upon any civil resources if required

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1. The Ministers of Economic Affairs and Contact: Commission pourles Problemes Agriculture can, according to law, claim Nationaux de Defense (CPND) personnel, equipment, etc., in order to (Commission on National safeguard the vital interests of the country Defence Matters) and its population. Col. J. Naert, Director 2. Bilateral agreements already exist or can Governmental Crisis and be made, that authorize the stationing, Co-ordination Center movement, and national support of nato Centre Gouvernementale forces on national territory (the so-called de Coordination et de Crise (CGCCR) Host Nation Support – hns). 53 Rue Ducale B-1000 Bruxelles Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 506 47 06 Telefax: +32 2 218 80 50 E-mail: [email protected]

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Bulgaria Balgarija

Romania

Black sea

Serbia Bulgaria Sofia The Former Yugoslav Republic Turkey of Macedonia

Greece

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President The Republic of Bulgaria is a country of Georgi Parvanov (2002-) law with a parliamentary form of govern- Head of Government Prime Minister ment based on the Constitution and laws Sergey Stanishev (2005-) of the country. The Republic of Bulgaria Capital Soﬁa is a state with a local government. Population 7.9 million Autonomous territorial formations are Area 110,993 sq. km not allowed. Government authorities are Language Bulgarian divided into legislative, executive and Military Expenditures 4 % of GDP (est.) judiciary bodies. Membership Int. Org. NATO, UN, OSCE, The National Assembly is the legislator Council of Europe and has parliamentary control over the executive authorities. The President of

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the Republic of Bulgaria is the Head of activities i.e. social, economic, scientiﬁc State. He personiﬁes the unity of the and technological, that are aimed at nation and represents the country in its protecting the population and national international relations. The Council of economy, providing emergency relief and Ministers leads and implements foreign mitigation, carrying out rescue and and domestic policies in accordance with humanitarian operations, and creating the the Constitution and the laws of the necessary preconditions for survival and country. The Council is responsible for support in cases of disasters, accidents and public order and security, and carries out catastrophes. the overall management of the state administration and the Armed Forces. The 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives judiciary is independent. It protects the Bulgarian State Agency for Civil Protection rights and lawful interests of the citizens, has the following tasks and objectives: legal entities and the state. ➤ Maintains and develop the legislative The territory of the Republic of Bulgaria framework regarding the protection of is divided into municipalities and regions. population and the national economy. The municipality is the basic administra- ➤ Responsible for building up, recruit- tive unit where local government is carried ment, training and use of the command out. In a municipality, the Municipal divisions and units, as well as for their Council carries out local government, high level readiness for conducting and the Mayor is the executive authority. rescue and protective initiatives. The region is an administrative unit ➤ Supervises the development of plans for that carries out regional policies; it protection of population and national represents the Government in the regions economy. and guarantees a balance between national ➤ Organizes the protection of the popu- and the local interests. Regional govern- lation; directs and carries out training ments are led by a Governor, and of the members of the public for supported by regional administrations. protection, assistance and mutual aid in disasters, accidents and catastrophes. 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning ➤ Cooperation with the Armed Forces A specialized structure has been established during rescue and emergency operations for emergency relief and civil-military in disaster struck areas. emergency planning in the Republic of ➤ Prevention and mitigation of harmful Bulgaria. The State Agency for Civil consequences when emergencies arise. Protection of the Republic of Bulgaria is ➤ Application of international experience part of the national security framework in civil protection in disasters and of the Republic of Bulgaria and it is accidents, principles and standards of responsible for a system of humanitarian International Humanitarian Law.

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➤ Information to the population and Regional Administrations and specialists governmental authorities when disasters, in Municipal Administrations. accidents and catastrophes arise. A National Center for Crisis Manage- ➤ Organizes the activities of the Standing ment (nccm) with a non-military Committee for protection of the character and a 24/7 activity has been population in disasters, accidents and established in the Agency. Positions within catastrophes with the Council of the nccm have been created for the Ministries of the Republic of Bulgaria, Headquarters of the Standing Committee which carries out and coordinates the which solely has the task to manage the relief and emergency activities between rescue and urgent emergency-restoration the ministries, departments and regional works on an upper-department level. governing authorities for the protection The nccm has the task of coordinating of the population and the national the operative activities of the managing economy. bodies and forces participating in the implementation of rescue and urgent 2.2 CEP Organizational Structure emergency-restoration works. nccm also The Civil Protection Service of Republic collects, processes, analyzes information of Bulgaria under the Ministry of Defense and makes prognosis´ about radiation, was transformed into the State Agency chemical, biological, hydro-meteorological, for Civil Protection under the Council of roads, fires during crisis and extraordinary Ministries as per Enactment of Council situations. Information is collected from of Ministries dated 2 March 2001. The management bodies and government former Head of Civil Protection of the authorities as well as from other concerned Republic of Bulgaria, Nikola Nikolov institutions in the country, competent Ph.D., was appointed a Chairman of the authorities of neighboring countries and Agency. The Civil Protection State Agency international organizations. This infor- of Republic of Bulgaria is assisted in its mation is then immediately submitted to daily operations by its directly subordinate the government and the local manage- structural sections; The National Center ment bodies via communication devices. for Crisis Management, the Central nccm exchange information in normal Laboratory Complex, the Technical and critical situations via the information Workshops, the School of Civil Protection, system of the State Agency for Civil the Central Warehouse Depot, and the Protection at the Council of Ministers. Service Block. The operative official on duty in nccm is The State Agency for Civil Protection responsible for maintaining connection of the Republic of Bulgaria has built up with all the operative officers on duty in management specialized sections consis- ministries, the military command centre, ting of 28 Civil Protection Directorates in authorities, telecommunication companies

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and media. The press center of the State Agency for Civil Protection is the contact Agency for Civil Protection informs media point in performing the tasks for warning when needed for disasters, accidents and the Republic of Bulgaria in compliance catastrophes. In case of a large scale with the Convention for Cross-border measure for protecting the population or Pollution from Industrial Accidents. if warnings to certain regions are needed, The Agency also provides support to the operative ofﬁcer on duty in nccm can the siren system of the country and be directly put through and transmitted controls the technical working order of by the national media. the local automated systems for alerting The nccm also exchanges information nationally important and critical infra- in cases of international humanitarian structure and industry. It also informs aid and coordinates the management of the population in the adjoining areas. the Bulgarian formations in international The civil protection equipment for e.g. rescue operations, in particular with the collective sheltering of the population in Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response the Republic of Bulgaria like anti-radiation Co-ordination Center (eadrcc) in nato shelters (ars), and its maintenance, is a Headquarters, the Monitoring and permanent responsibility of the Civil Information Center in the eu and others. Protection and includes: preventive A national automated system for maintenance and repairing, further permanent monitoring of the radiation equipment and training of the service gamma-background (ramo) has been sections. built in the Republic of Bulgaria under an Civil Protection Directorates in eu project. The State Agency for Civil Regional Administrations and specialists Protection maintains a parallel emergency in Municipality Administrations give center for timely warning and for main- assistance to the regional governors and taining permanent communication with the mayors in execution of their engage- the International Atomic Energy Agency ments in preparation, organization, (iaea). The integration of the system for execution and control of the protection external radiation control of Kozlodui of population and national economy in Nuclear Power Plant into it is imminent. disasters, accidents and catastrophes. In pursuance of the 'Convention for The main focus of Civil Protection Cooperation in Preservation and Stable activities is the creation of all conditions Use of the River Danube' arrangements, and prerequisites needed for professional, a system for warning and satellite authorities and forces to efﬁciently address connection with the countries of the cases of disasters, accidents and Danube basin has been built and is already catastrophes. in operation at the nccm. The State

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The State Agency for Civil Protection (2 in a state of permanent readiness within provides for: the composition of the Euro-Atlantic ➤ The readiness of communicational and Disaster Response Unit (eadru) for informational systems for announcing participation in humanitarian operations) country and population about different which take duty on shifts twenty-four- types of danger. hours/day, 9 technical groups, 6 diving ➤ Management of the Civil Protection teams and 5 alpine groups. Services and Forces and the Standing One of the major tasks of the State Committees for protection of the Agency for Civil Protection is preparing population in the cases of disasters, the entire population for cases of extra- accidents and catastrophes. ordinary situations. Training is an important element of the policy of the Govern- A National Emergency Plan has been ment and its Civil Protection activities developed in the Republic of Bulgaria and it is carried out en block in the whole which creates an organization for making country – via the educational system, the prognosis, managing and implementation media and mass communications and the of rescue and urgent emergency-restoration established Civil Protection Training activities in extraordinary situations. The Centers in the country. Plan also defines the resulting obligations and tasks for the preparedness and parti- 3. Civil-Military Co-operation cipation of the management bodies and The Civil Protection of the Republic of resources, the insurance order as well as Bulgaria, which is the national structure matters regarding sending or receiving that coordinates the efforts and capacity international emergency assistance. Plans of all the institutions responsible for for the protection of the population are protection of the population, is the focal developed by the ministries, departments, point for the implementation of civil- regions, municipalities and the companies military co-operation. This cooperation of national economy. The Civil Protection is defined in the plans for the interaction Services bears responsibility for developing of Civil Protection, local administration the National Plan and the database there- and the units of the armed forces. These in. All specialists who work on various plans are developed from a territorial protection issues have access to the plan administrative basis and determine: in the part that concerns them. ➤ The specific risks and dangers for the The State Agency for Civil Protection various regions of the country. has established 14 teams for emergency- ➤ The bodies, capacity and reserves in rescue activities at the regional Civil terms of resources and operations. Protection Directorates with personnel of 437 people. There are 55 rescue teams

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➤ The procedures for action, inter- will be to effect immediate and efﬁcient operability and management of rescue planning and co-ordination of all available operations and disaster mitigation. resources for disaster response and management. Civil-military co-operation in the Republic of Bulgaria is based on permanent civil- 4. Legal Framework military systems for: Some of the most important legal acts ➤ Early warnings about various risks. relating to protection of the population ➤ Radiation monitoring and control. and the national economy in cases of ➤ Exchange of information about radiation disaster are as follows: and chemical risks. ➤ The Constitution of the Republic of ➤ Early warnings about disasters and Bulgaria. pollution along the Danube watershed. ➤ Crises Management Act. ➤ National Operational Telemetric ➤ The Defence and Armed Forces Act of System for Seismic Information, etc. the Republic of Bulgaria. ➤ The State Administration Act. There are specialized units for the ➤ Enactment 18 of the Council of protection of the population in many civil Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria of and military agencies. These are staffed 23 January 1998, regarding endorsement and equipped with the necessary equip- of the Rules for Prevention and Response ment and they maintain permanent to Natural and Manmade Disasters. readiness for response and training for ➤ Enactment 53 of the Council of improvement of their professional capa- Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria of city. For example, there is a Specialized óú 2 March 2001, regarding transfor- Rapid Reaction Unit with the Military mation of the Civil Protection Service Medical Academy in Soﬁa. The purpose of of Republic of Bulgaria under the this unit is to provide medical assistance in Ministry of Defense to a State Agency cases of disaster, in both the Republic of for Civil Protection under the Council Bulgaria and other countries. of Ministries. In order to further develop civil-military co-operation, and in response to the efforts by international institutions and other countries in the region to establish a zone of security and stability on the Balkans, the Republic of Bulgaria initiated the Civil-Military Emergency Planning Council for the countries of South-Eastern Europe. The main task of the Council

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Contact: Dipl. Eng. Nikola Nikolov PhD Chairman State Agency for Civil Protection 30, N. Gabrovski Str. 1172 Soﬁa Bulgaria

Telephone: +359 2 960 10 322 Telefax: +359 2 868 81 55 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

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Canada Artic Ocean Canada

Labrador Sea United States of America

Hudson Canada Bay

Pacific Ocean Ottawa

United States Atlantic Ocean of America

Mexico

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Governance Head of State Her Majesty Canada is a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II (1952-), The Canadian parliamentary system of represented by government is modeled upon that of the Her Excellency the Right United Kingdom: .. Honourable Michaelle ➤ A Governor General represents the Jean, C.C., (2005-) Crown; Head of Government Prime Minister ➤ The Prime Minister is the elected head Stephen Harper (2006-) of Government; Capital Ottawa ➤ The executive branch of Government is Population 32.2 million the Cabinet, appointed and led by the Area 9,984,670 sq. km Prime Minister; GDP/Capita (PPP) US $30,303 ➤ The Cabinet proposes legislation, Military Expenditures 1.0% of GDP presents budgets, and implements laws; Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, OSCE, and Council of Europe ➤ Staff support to the Cabinet is provided (observer) by the Public Service, divided into departments and agencies.

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The legislative part of Government, the The Department’s mandate is to develop Parliament, is made up of the elected policies and provide advice to the Minister House of Commons and the appointed of Public Safety and Emergency Prepared- Senate. Its role is to pass laws and vote ness on issues related to criminal justice, on proposals for taxes and other forms of public safety and emergency management. revenue and expenditure. It also holds It effectively harmonizes public safety and the Government to account, and can emergency management policies across precipitate an election through votes of sectors that were formerly disconnected. non-confidence. In addition to its policy role, psepc also Regional government is organized into delivers a range of programs designed to: 10 provinces and three territories. Local ➤ Promote community safety; governments are created by provincial ➤ Protect Canada’s critical infrastructure; authorities and have no constitutional ➤ Improve capacity to handle emergencies; basis. There are approximately 5,000 ➤ Provide disaster assistance relief; municipalities in Canada. ➤ Improve information sharing among public safety partners; and 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning ➤ Increase Canada's science and technology In December 2003, the Government of capacity. Canada announced a reorganization of the federal government to better address 2.1 CEP Objectives and Tasks public safety and emergency issues. Civil Emergency Planning in Canada is This reorganization brought together the responsibility of psepc. The Depart- the former Department of the Solicitor ment’s objectives are to protect people, General, the National Crime Prevention property and the environment from the Centre and the Office of Critical Infra- harmful effects of emergencies. structure Protection and Emergency To achieve its objectives, psepc is Preparedness. operationally linked with provincial and The new department is called Public local emergency authorities. It maintains Safety and Emergency Preparedness inventories of resources and experts in Canada (psepc). psepc’s Portfolio various fields. It coordinates the federal includes six agencies: Royal Canadian response. It delivers preparedness and aid Mounted Police; Canadian Security funding to provinces and territories Intelligence Service; Correctional Service through two funding programs: of Canada; National Parole Board; Canada ➤ The Disaster Financial Assistance Firearms Centre; and Canada Border Arrangements (dfaa) provide funding Services Agency. The Portfolio also to provinces and territories affected by includes three review bodies. large scale natural disasters;

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➤ The Joint Emergency Preparedness request federal government aid. At the Program (jepp) is a cost-shared program federal level, these requests are managed with the provincial and territorial through psepc. governments aimed at carrying out projects that increase emergency 2.2 CEP Organizational Structure response and recovery capabilities There are two key components of the across Canada. Canadian emergency response system: ➤ Government Operations Centre (goc) psepc also works with federal departments ➤ National Emergency Response System to develop, coordinate and maintain (ners) appropriate emergency arrangements. Emergency plans and preparations The Government of Canada created the undertaken by the federal government goc, which operates 24 hours a day, emphasize operations related to: seven days a week, with the mandate to ➤ Saving lives and mitigating suffering; provide leadership and stable, around- ➤ Preservation of peace, order, and good the-clock co-ordination and support to government; government and key national players in ➤ Responsibilities within the federal sphere; the event of national emergencies. ➤ Large-scale disasters; Much of the Government Operations ➤ Assisting provinces or territories unable Centre’s response activity is in support of or less able to respond; provinces, territories, and other federal ➤ Emergencies of trans-border or government departments and agencies. international concern; and Typically this involves assembling inter- ➤ Risk analysis, warning and departmental representatives to plan and communication. coordinate the federal response to an emergency. The ners outlines how these When an emergency incident occurs, representatives would be organized, how local response organizations provide ﬁrst the Centre will communicate with senior response. The response is escalated, as ofﬁcials, and how it will coordinate with necessary, through the various levels of other stakeholders. government which provide resources and The governance element of ners response as requested to deal with the describes the federal leadership and emergency. management structure for events that Provincial and territorial Emergency affect either a single federal mandate or Measures Organizations provide assistance in the case of a complex emergency, and support to municipal or community multiple federal mandates. The psepc resources. If a province or territory Minister is the lead Minister responsible requires assistance, they must formally for events related to national security.

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As well, the Minister has the leadership and air assets in support of domestic role to ensure a coordinated “whole of operations. government” response to events that cross psepc is the lead department respon- ministerial mandates. The role of psepc’s sible to coordinate a federal response to a Minister is to ensure that there is overall request for assistance from civil authori- strategic coordination, and that appro- ties, including support provided by the priate ministers have been fully engaged. Department of National Defence. Though psepc’s Minister leads the Although the CF may have unique skills overall coordination, other Ministers and capabilities, they remain part of a retain their mandated authorities and coordinated federal response in support responsibilities. of the lead department (i.e. psepc). For ‘multiple mandate emergencies’, the goc supports senior officials and 4. Legal Framework Ministers. For emergencies affecting Three important pieces of Canadian only a single federal mandate, the goc legislation set out the responsibilities of can provide assistance and support to the the Government of Canada for emergency responding Department. planning and response: The goc is also the focal point for cyber incident analysis and it coordinates Department of Public Safety and and supports other departments and Emergency Preparedness Act (DPSEPA) agencies in meeting their responsibilities The dpsepa brings together the Depart- for protecting their information techno- ment and the portfolio agencies of the logy systems and networks. Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 3. Civil-Military Co-operation the Correctional Service of Canada, the In a recent (2005) restructuring of the National Parole Board, the Canada Canadian Forces (cf), the Minister of Firearms Centre, the Canadian Border National Defence announced the creation Services Agency, and three review bodies, of Canada Command which is responsible and fulfills the fundamental role of for all domestic operations both routine government to secure the public’s safety and contingency. The Commander of and security. This integration maximized Canada Command is the national opera- emergency preparedness and responses to tional authority for the defence of Canada natural disaster and security emergencies, and North America. It ensures a unified and improves connections to provincial and integrated chain of command at the and territorial emergency preparedness national and regional levels with imme- networks. The dpsepa also confers a diate authority to deploy maritime, land leadership role at the national level to the

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Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness of Canada to deal effectively with emer- Minister. gencies. It is the basis for the Government of Canada’s disaster assistance (financial Emergencies Act (EA) and otherwise) to the provinces and The ea includes appropriately limited territories and for the development of exceptional powers to deal with four national plans to deal with disasters and categories of emergencies in which the emergencies. Under this Act, the psep Government may be required to act, and Minister has government-wide as well as ensures that such powers granted by specific duties related to advancing civil Parliament will quickly give the Govern- preparedness in Canada by facilitating ment of Canada the necessary authority and coordination, within the federal to marshal any resources required to government and with other jurisdictions, respond to them. the development and implementation of The categories of emergencies covered civil emergency plans. Other ministers under the ea include: are responsible for identifying possible ➤ Public welfare emergencies (natural or emergencies that may occur within their human induced disasters which affect respective areas of accountability and the health and safety of Canadians); making plans to deal with them as well ➤ Public order emergencies (threats to as conducting training and exercises in Canada’s internal security such as relation to these plans. The Emergency insurrections or acts of terrorism); Preparedness Act, which was adopted in ➤ International emergencies (external 1988, is currently under review. threats to the sovereignty, security or For national emergency policy, the territorial integrity of Canada or its Federal Policy for Emergencies sets out allies); and basic principles of emergency preparedness ➤ War. in Canada. It sets out the objectives of governmental activities related to emer- The exceptional powers conferred on the gency preparedness; enunciates the basic government under the ea are temporary principles upon which emergency pre- and are not meant to be interchanged paredness in Canada is based; elaborates with or replace other authorities. The ea upon the individual federal ministerial has never been invoked since its passage responsibilities for emergency prepared- in 1988. ness and identifies lead roles for the development of plans for specified Emergency Preparedness Act (EPA) emergencies. The epa provides the statutory foundation for the planning and preparedness programs necessary for the Government

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For more information on the legislative framework, visit the Department of Justice Canada website:

Emergencies Act: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4.5/50040.html

Emergency Preparedness Act: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/e-4.6/text.html

Contact: Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada 340 Laurier West Ottawa, ON K1A 0P8 Canada

Telephone: +1 613 991-7000 (duty ofﬁcer) Telefax: +1 613 996 0995 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.PSEPC.gc.ca

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Croatia Republika Hrvatska

Hungary

Italy Slovenia Zagreb Croatia

Bosnia & Serbia Hercegovina

Adriatic sea

Montenegro

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President The state powers are divided into legisla- Stjepan Mesic tive, executive and judicial. The Croatian Head of Government Prime Minister political system is democratic and based on Ivo Sanader the respect for human rights, law, national Capital Zagreb equality, social justice and multiple poli- Population 4 437 460 tical parties. Croatia has a unicameral Area 87 609 km2 parliament (Sabor). The mp’s are elected Language Croatian for a 4 year period. The Prime Minister is GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 9800 approved by the Parliament and appointed Military Expenditures 1, 84% of GDP by the President. The President is the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, Supreme Commander of the Armed Council of Europe (CE), Stability Pact for SEE 47 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 48

Forces. Local Government in Croatia is ➤ Maintains, upgrades and operates a divided into 20 Counties (Zupanija) plus public alerting system. the City of Zagreb. Counties are respon- ➤ Conducts activities related to the sible for local issues. 112 system. ➤ Organises, trains and equips operational 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning forces. The Civil Emergency Planning in the ➤ Conducts inspection and supervision of Republic of Croatia is responsibility of the operational forces. the National Protection and Rescue ➤ Drafts and conducts training Directorate which is an independent, programmes. professional and administrative organi- ➤ Organises and conducts exercises. sation, tasked with preparing plans and ➤ Proposes types and quantities of state managing operational forces as well as commodity reserves necessary for co-ordinating the activities of all partici- protection and rescue. pants in the protection and rescue system. ➤ Tests equipment and means of protection and rescue, establishes needs and 2.1. CEP Tasks and Objectives proposes Croatian norms in that area. The basic tasks of the National Protection ➤ Cooperates with companies and scientific and Rescue Directorate are: institutions in development of technology ➤ Risk assessment and drafting of and protection and rescue equipment. protection and rescue plans for local ➤ Cooperates with competent bodies in and regional self-government. other states and international organisa- ➤ Preparation of mandatory guidelines tions in the field of protection and rescue. for risk management. ➤ Carries out promotion and publishing ➤ Monitoring and analysing the p&r in the field of protection and rescue. situation; recommending to the ➤ Carries out other activities established Government improvement measures. by law. ➤ Collecting, analysing and distributing risk and consequence information 2.2. CEP Organizational Structure through a unique communication Following the experience of other system. European protection and rescue systems ➤ Maintaining a database on operational the Government of the Republic of forces, assets and measures. Croatia established the Croatian National ➤ Creation of by-laws and sop. Protection and Rescue Directorate on ➤ Recommends to the Government a risk January 1, 2005 pursuant to the Law on assessment and protection and rescue protection and rescue passed by the plan for the entire territory of the Parliament on December 18, 2004. Republic of Croatia.

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The National Protection and Rescue recommends and organises education/ Directorate is divided into several sectors. training measures for citizens. The central national administration Fire fighting Sector. On the national consists of the Directors Cabinet and the level this Sector monitors the situation Internal Affairs Dept. as well as five and events in the field of fire protection, sectors: Civil Protection Sector, Fire Sector, drafts strategies and tasks, trains and Sector for 112, the Firefighting and equips fire brigades as well as other parti- Protection and Rescue School and cipants in fire fighting activities. This Personnel, Legal and Financial Sector. Sector directly manages the National The functionality of the Directorate is Intervention Units and coordinates the ensured through its territorial organization activities of all participants in fire fighting i.e. each County has a Regional Protection operations. When a fire incident spreads and Rescue Office consisting of a Protec- into two or more Counties – this Sector tion and Rescue Dept. and the County commands and coordinates the response; 112 center, while Offices along the coast it also coordinates the more demanding also have National Intervention Units. operations that involve both land and air These Units are primarily intended as first forces i.e. it coordinates with the mod responders to forest fires but they also and moi regarding the involvement of participate in all protection and rescue military or police forces. operations especially those that require a This Sector, along with the moi, higher level of training and expertise. prepares and drafts the annual Programme These units are also sent aboard on rescue of Activities in implementing special missions. measures for fire protection of national Civil Protection Sector, consists of two interest. It also collaborates with the mod departments – the Operations and Control and the Croatian Fire fighting Association Department and the Prevention and in recommending the Intervention Plan Planning Department. This Sector directly for large scale forest fires. manages civil protection forces during a It consists of two Departments: the disaster or larger accident it conducts Operations and Duty Department and mobilisation and coordinates other the Fire fighting Equipment, Planning protection and rescue operational forces and Control Department. engaged in disaster response activities. Sector for 112 The Operational- The Sector also conducts prevention communication duty services within this activities i.e. drafting sop-‘s, risk assess- Sector operate 24/7 (County and City 112 ments and response plans. It monitors Centres) and collect and process infor- the situation and events in the field of mation, notifications and data. They are civil protection, establishes the situations tasked with informing the population, and methods for utilising shelters, legal persons, national administration,

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rescue services, civil protection officers as civil servants and employees in the local well as others regarding all possible threats administration as well as employees of legal and their consequences. This service also persons in the field of protection and rescue. keeps logs on the situation of events, The School is also in charge of the quality dangers, accidents and disasters; it prepares standards for fire fighting equipment which the public alert system and coordinates the means that it tests and issues certificates transferral of commands and decisions. for technical equipment used in the field The Sector for 112 consists of National protection and rescue and fire fighting – 112 Centre, the Planning and Operations not only for the needs of the National Department, the Public Alert System and Protection and Rescue Directorate but also Technical Equipment Department and for other legal and physical persons. the Communications and it Department. The School initiates and participates in The Fire fighting and Protection and the drafting and adoption of Croatian Rescue School also operates within the standards in the field of protection and central administration as one of its Sectors. rescue; it develops and implements expert The School plans, prepares, conducts and and scientific methods in the field of fire monitors the schooling, training and fighting, protection and rescue. advanced training of professional firemen; The School consists of: the Fire fighting organised protection and rescue forces School, the Education and Specialist (command hq’s, unit commanders, shelter Training Centre and the Equipment managers and civil protection commissio- Development and Testing Centre. ners). The School also conducts course for

Administrative and Expert Competence Chart

National Level DIRECTOR DEPUTY DIRECTOR DEPUTY DIRECTOR DEPUTY DIRECTOR

SECTOR FOR 112 CIVIL PROTECTION PERSONNEL, LEGAL & FIREFIGHTING, FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM SECTOR FINANCE SECTOR P&R SCHOOL SECTOR Assistent Director Assistent Director Assistent Director Assistent Director Assistent Director

COUNTRY PROTECTION AND RE- County Level SCUE OFFICE HEAD OF OFFICE

NATIONAL INTERVENTION UNITS COUNTRY 112 CENTRE PROTECTION AND RESCUE DEPT. (X4)

CITY 112 CENTRES (X39) ADMINISTRATIVE COMPETENCE EXPERT COMPETENCE 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 51

Along side these Sectors the Directorate ➤ The Law on the protection against also has the Personnel, Legal and Finan- natural disasters determines the term ce Sector. This Sector is in charge of all natural disaster and provides for the legal, personnel and financial matters, basic protective measures, rights and especially in relation to drafting laws and duties of protection officers, evaluate other legal acts, maintaining a real estate the damages and defines how to assist property data base, preparing contracts, the damages areas. maintaining books on business relations, ➤ Regulations about the organization, health and medical insurance of attendance, recruitment and the use of employees, etc. units, services and bodies for manage- The Sector consists of: the Legal and ment, and other forms or organizing Personnel Department, the Finance and civil protection. Accounting Department and the Logis- ➤ Regulations about the methodology tics Department. and the content of plans relating to protection and rescue. The plans are 3. Civil-Military Co-operation being made on the basis of evaluation The National Protection and Rescue of dangers and consequences of natural, Directorate can call upon the Ministry technical-technological and ecological of Defense, on the recommendation of accidents and war destruction. As well the Civil Protection Commander, in the as on basis of available human and event of a disaster. The Ministry of material forces for the protection and Defense participates in the protection rescue of subjects which relate to this and rescue operations and especially in plan. The plan relating to the protection the situations like forest fires, earthquakes and rescue is being made for munici- and floods, which require special means palities, cities, the City of Zagreb and and forces. the State.

4. Legal Framework Contact: Mr. Duro Poldrugac,˘ Director ➤ Protection and Rescue Law. National Protection and ➤ Fireﬁghting Law. Rescue Directorate ➤ The Law on changes and amendments Nehajska 5 of the Law on interior affairs consists of 10000 Zagreb a special chapter with 24 articles which Republic of Croatia regulate the area of civil protection (deﬁne civil protection, establish a basic Telephone: +385 1 3650 085 goal, tasks and the organizational Telefax: +385 1 3650 025 structure of civil protection). E-mail: [email protected]

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Czech Republic Ceská˘ Republika

Germany Poland

Prague Czech Republic Slovakia

Austria

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Václav Klaus The Czech Republic is a parliamentary Head of Government Prime Minister democracy. The Cabinet consisting of Jiríˇ Paroubek the Prime Minister and the Ministers Capital Prague performs the executive powers. The Population 10,21 million (2004) Cabinet, appointed by the President, is Area 78,900 km2 responsible to the Chamber of Deputies. Language Czech The bicameral Parliament consists of the GDP/Capita (ppp) USD 16,500 (2003) Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Military expenditures 2,02% of GDP (2004) The National Security Council of the Membership Int. Org. (Council of Europe), Czech Republic is the governmental EAPC, NATO, UN, OSCE, EU, advisory body for the security of the CEFTA, OECD Czech Republic. The chairperson is the

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Minister of Interior. The other members for the management of emergency conse- of the National Security Council are quences and crisis situations. appointed heads of assigned ministries. As of January 2003, following a reform 2.1. CEP Tasks and Objectives of the public administration, the territorial The aim of Civil Emergency Planning administration authorities are divided into (cep) in the Czech Republic is by means 14 regions co-operating with the Central of planning, co-ordination and manage- Administrative Authorities in their respec- ment precautions to ensure preparedness tive areas of competency. The capital of of the state to prevent and manage emer- Prague constitutes one region. gencies and crisis situations threatening the population, the running of the 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning administration, the economy, to perform cep of the Czech Republic is an insepar- international security engagements as well able part of the security system, which as supporting the armed forces in case of interconnects the political level with state emergencies. internal security, protection of the popu- The primary scope and focus of cep is lation, finance and economy. The to co-operate especially in the following government is responsible for the func- areas: tioning of the security system. The basic ➤ Performance of the tasks within elements of the security system are the protection of population. constitutional institutions, in particular the ➤ Continuous function of state President of the republic, the Parliament, administration, national authorities the government and the National Security and municipal authorities. Council with its permanent working ➤ Acceptable form of social and bodies. In order to further assist the work economy life. of the Committee for National Defence ➤ Functionality of critical infrastructure. and of the Chamber of Deputies, the ➤ Cooperation of public and private Subcommittee for Integrated Emergency sector. System and cep was established. These ➤ Civil resources necessary to ensure systems are also assisted by central and security. municipal authorities. All legislative, ➤ Measures against weapons of mass executive, central and municipal institu- destruction used against civilian tion mentioned above are responsible for population. contributing to the cep, and represents ➤ Co-ordination of security research. one of the significant process instruments ➤ Co-ordination of education in the field of the Czech security system for planning of crisis management and protection of prevention and preparedness measures the population.

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➤ Planning and assessment of exercises ➤ The Intelligence Activities Committee of crisis management authorities. (iac). ➤ Providing and receiving humanitarian aid and rescue operations. The dpc is responsible for co-ordinating ➤ Solving speciﬁc problems and planning and preparedness arrangements co-ordination of effective systems of and to ensure the defence of the Czech communication with the public as an Republic as well as of activities related to integral part of preparedness of the military crisis situations. The chairman Czech Republic to crisis situations. of the Committee is Minister of Defence. ➤ Enhancement of problem-oriented The cepc coordinates planning of communication and information measures designated for: systems. ➤ The protection of the population, ➤ Civil support of armed forces and economy, internal security of state and security corps activities in cases of their critical infrastructure. use including co-ordination of requests ➤ The provision of preventive measures for armed forces. against cbrn impacts including solutions ➤ International cooperation in the ﬁelds focused on removing of cbrn conse- mentioned above (particularly in the quences. frame of eu, nato and other relevant ➤ The harmonization of pre-requisites international organizations and concerning civil resources essential for authorities). security provision of the Czech Republic.

2.2. Organisational Structure The Minister of Interior chairs the The National Security Council of the Committee. Czech Republic was established by the The fspcc was established as the third Government and has become its advisory working body of National Security body. To ensure its tasks the Council Council of the Czech Republic. It is established four permanent working headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs committees. Their responsibilities were and is responsible for co-ordinating the assigned by decision of the government foreign and security policy in the state in 1998: with the emphasis on the international ➤ The Defence Planning Committee status of the Czech Republic. (dpc). The iac is engaged in activities of ➤ The Civil Emergency Planning intelligence service and is chaired by the Committee (cepc). Prime Minister of the Czech Republic. ➤ The Foreign Security Policy Members of the above mentioned Co-ordination Committee (fspcc). committees are deputy ministers of the

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central administration and are assigned For intervention in emergencies and crisis to participate in solving crisis situation. situations the Integrated Rescue System To further improve the effective Law was legally established in 2000. management for solving a crisis situation The main components are: a Central Crisis Staff has been established ➤ The Fire and Rescue Service Units as a governmental executive body. It is – involving both professional and called upon in situations of emergency, voluntary fire-fighters. in state of wars, a potential crisis, for ➤ The Police of the Czech Republic. fulfilling obligations and actions abroad ➤ The Medical Rescue Service. e.g. humanitarian and rescue operations, and for the participation of the Czech In cases of major crisis situations the Republic armed forces in international system is complemented with additional operations aiming at restoring and main- structures: taining peace. The Staff provides opera- ➤ The Army of the Czech Republic. tional co-ordination, supervision and an ➤ The Sanitary service. assessment of measured used to prevent ➤ The Veterinary Corps. or solve a crisis. It also supports activities of crisis management bodies of territorial 3. Civil-Military Co-operation authorities. The role of the Ministry of Interior The responsibility for Civil Emergency during non-military crisis situations is to preparedness in all administrative bodies co-ordinate activities at the inter- lies with the statutory representatives. ministerial level. The responsibilities of Existing Civil Emergency departments the Ministry of Interior in non-military operates in both Central Administrative crisis situations are the same as the and Territorial Administrative Offices. responsibilities held by the Ministry of The present structural cep set up: Defence in military crises. ➤ National level: Ministry of Interior (moi) Military forces support civil authorities co-operating with other central admini- in emergencies, i. e. when the resources of stration bodies including municipal the local and regional units are inadequate. authorities in the field of cep. This support is provided to the Fire ➤ Regional and local level: Cooperation Rescue Corps, to the Police and to local between municipal authorities and authorities. central authorities. Assistance from the Ministry of ➤ International level: moi co-ordinates Defence is provided in the form of army cep both at the national level and troops, or in co-operation with Civil international level and provides future Protection Rescue Bases. In military crisis policy guidance and directions for the cep provides all the necessary civilian cep process. resources for the Army.

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Examples of civil-military co-operation tasks and responsibilities of the Central are army participation in anti-flood Administrative Offices, the Territorial operations, army support during humani- Administrative Offices, legal bodies and tarian operations and army participation citizens in order to meet the defence in international peacekeeping operations. requirements. D.The Law on Economic Measures for 4. Legal Framework Solving Crisis Situations. This law sets up The Constitutional Law on Security of the preparatory economic measures for crisis Czech Republic was endorsed by Parlia- situations and adoption of economic ment in April 1998. In this law, Parliament measures after a crisis situation announce- stipulated that the sovereignty and integrity ment. The law came into force in of the nation, the protection of democratic January 2001. principles and the protection of human lives, their health and property are basic Contact: Ministry of Interior state duties. This law also enables the Att. Mr. Miroslav Stepán,ˇ ˇ Cabinet/Government to declare a state Fire Rescue Service General Director of emergency and the Parliament to Deputy Minister of Interior declare a state of threat in the country. (Executive Vice-Chairman of the CEPC) A state of war can only be announced Kloknerova 26, through the Constitution of the Czech 148 01, Praha 414 Republic. Czech Republic

The principal laws related to crisis Telephone: +420 2 974 819 220 management are: Telefax: +420 2 974 819 960 A.The Law on Crisis Management. E-mail: B.The Law on Integrated Rescue System. [email protected] These two laws define the responsibilities of the Government, the Central Admini- strative Offices and the Territorial Administrative Offices, plus elements of the Integrated Rescue System. In addition, they stipulate crisis preparedness measures, and the limitations that apply to individual rights during crisis. The laws came into force in January 2001. C.The Law on Securing the Defence of the Czech Republic. This law, which came into force in December 1999 stipulates the

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Denmark Danmark

Denmark Sweden

Copenhagen North Sea

Baltic Sea

Germany

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State Her Majesty Queen Denmark is a constitutional monarchy and Margrethe II (1972-) has a single chamber parliamentary system, Head of Government Prime Minister Anders supplemented by access to referendums. Fogh Rasmussen (2001-) The legislative power rests with the Queen Capital Copenhagen and the Parliament (Folketinget). The Population 5.4 million Parliament includes representatives from Area 43,094 sq. km the Faeroe Islands and Greenland. The GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 27,627 executive power rests with the Queen, Military Expenditures 1.5% of GDP but is exercised through the ministers. Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, OSCE, Public administration is carried out by Council of Europe the departments of the ministries. Each

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Minister is normally in charge of a and advising the authorities about cep ministry. The majority of the ministries related issues. have one or more subordinate agency or Since 1 February 2004 the Emergency directorate. In some areas there are regional Management Agency is a governmental or local state authorities. agency under the Ministry of the Defence. In June 2004 a majority of the Danish According to the Danish Preparedness Parliament reached an agreement on a Act the principal task of the Emergency structural reform, which will take effect Management Agency is to manage the as of 1 January 2007. This agreement will National Rescue Preparedness, to supervise alter the present structure with 14 counties the national and municipal rescue pre- and 271 municipalities into a structure of paredness and to advice the authorities 5 regions and 98 municipalities. on matters of preparedness. The national The reform defines a new public sector rescue preparedness has a staff of some 600 where municipalities, regions and the persons. About 170 of these are employed central government each have their own in the central Emergency Management identity in terms of tasks. The central Agency. The rest are employed at the government will establish the general Agency’s five rescue centres and three framework. Large and more sustainable schools. municipalities will be responsible for performing most welfare services and will 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives become the primary access point to the The overall objective of Danish Civil public sector for citizens and companies. Emergency Planning is to prepare for the In light of the increased size of the continuous function of society during municipalities, a number of tasks will be crisis or war, and to support the overall transferred from the counties to the defence of the country. municipalities, for instance tasks related to Danish Civil Preparedness is defined as a health care service (prevention, training plan for the continual function of society and care), social services and the under extraordinary conditions. Civil environment. Preparedness is basically a planning concept – rather than an organisation. Its aim is 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning to ensure that the resources of the civil Danish Civil Emergency Planning consists society are utilised in a coordinated of two parts: Civil Preparedness and Rescue manner. Areas of responsibility are, for Preparedness. example, water, food, health, electricity, The Emergency Management Agency and transport. (Beredskabsstyrelsen) is responsible for The ministries are responsible for co-ordinating national Rescue Preparedness planning within their own respective areas.

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The tasks that have been assigned to B. Civil Preparedness at Regional and them are to maintain the functions of the Municipal Level Government and public administration, The population is dependent upon producing necessary legislation and pro- municipal implementation and planning viding guidance to regional and municipal of assignments. The municipalities must authorities. therefore, according to the Preparedness Rescue Preparedness shall prevent, Act, prepare a contingency plan for all reduce and remedy any damage or injury assignments that the municipalities are inflicted upon human life, to property or responsible for, in peacetime or periods upon the environment by accidents or of crisis and war. At the regional level, disasters, including war or danger of war. the most important assignment is the The preventive tasks include warning the administration of hospitals. population. It is also responsible for nuclear preparedness. C. Rescue Preparedness at Regional Level The regional centres for the National 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure Rescue Preparedness are subordinate to A. Civil Preparedness at Central Level the Emergency Management Agency. The The individual ministers are responsible, national regional Rescue Preparedness within their own respective fields of consists of five regional centres. The administration, for planning and taking regional centres provide assistance to the the necessary measures for Civil Prepared- Municipal Rescue Preparedness whenever ness. The Minister of Defence is respons- such assistance is necessary, depending ible for the co-ordination of Civil on the nature or extent of an accident or Preparedness planning, for implementing disaster. any associated measures plus attending The national regional Rescue Prepared- the work that is not taken care of by ness system also provides a national other authorities. Rescue Preparedness Reserve in times of The Emergency Management Agency crisis. The most significant task for the has the coordinating responsibility on regional Rescue Preparedness remains behalf of the Minister of Defence. As part therefore, the training of conscripts. At of the planning at the national level, the present 750 conscripts are called up every Emergency Management Agency year for a 6 months training programme. co-ordinates the work of the ministries in the Civil Emergency Planning at nato (scepc).

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D. Rescue Preparedness at Municipal Level 4. Legal framework The municipal Rescue Preparedness The legislative framework for Danish cep system shall be capable of providing proper is mainly based on: turnout services. In addition, it shall be ➤ The Constitution of the Kingdom of prepared to receive, billet and feed Denmark Act. evacuees and other distressed persons, ➤ Acts (three readings in the Parliament). including victims of foods and other ➤ Orders/Administrative Directives/ natural disasters. Decrees (depending on legal authority). A Preparedness Commission, appointed ➤ Circulars. by the municipal council, administers ➤ Guidelines. municipal Rescue Preparedness. The Chief Constable has a permanent seat in the Contact: Emergency Management Agency Commission. Municipalities shall (Beredskabsstyrelsen) co-ordinate their Rescue Preparedness Mr. Henrik G. Petersen under a joint Preparedness Commission 16 Datavej and a joint administration. The munici- Postboks 189 palities can sub-contract ﬁre ﬁghting and DK-3460 Birkerød rescue service operations to a neighbouring Denmark municipality’s rescue preparedness or private salvage corps. Telephone: +45 45 90 60 00 Telefax: +45 45 90 60 60 3. Co-operation at regional level E-mail: [email protected] Regional boards have been established Website: to coordinate the tasks in relation to www.beredskabsstyrelsen.dk emergencies and catastrophes, including acts of war. A regional board consists of representatives from the regional and local emergency management authorities. The regional boards are intended to function as a forum for cooperation and coordinated utilization of the resources in the region. In accordance with the principle of sector responsibility each authority contributes with their competences. The Regional Chief Constable of the Police has the leading responsibility for the regional board.

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Estonia Eesti

Gulf of Finland Bothnia

Tallinn

Russia Baltic Sea Estonia

Latvia

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Estonia is a republic with a parliamentary Arnold Rüütel (2001-) system. The Government (cabinet) consists Head of Government Prime Minister of the Prime Minister and Ministers, and Andrus Ansip (2005-) is the executive arm of the state. The legi- Capital Tallinn slative branch of the Estonian Government Population 1.3 million is constituted by the unicameral Parliament Area 43,479 sq. km (Riigikogu). The country’s President is GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 14,300 appointed by the parliament. The President Military Expenditures 1.7 % of GDP in turn appoints the head of Government Membership Int. Org. NATO, EU, UN, OSCE, with the approval of the Parliament. The Council of Europe President is also the Supreme Commander of National Defence.

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Administratively, Estonia is divided into ➤ Inform the public about how to behave 15 counties (maakond), each led by a in emergency situations. County Governor. At the local level there are 241 local governments, led by local The crisis management system: The crisis government’s councils. Local governments management is defined as a complete consist of 202 rural municipalities and 39 system, prepared and implemented by towns. governmental organisations in co-operation with local governments and public 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning organisations in order to guarantee Civil emergency planning in Estonia is public safety during a crisis or emergency. made up of crisis management system Public safety is defined as the protec- based on the Emergency Preparedness Act. tion and uninterrupted function of state institutions and local governments, the 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives physical and emotional well-being of the The crisis management system: Estonian population and the continued functioning crisis management system is based on of establishments that are necessary for the measures that can be taken in order sustaining normal everyday life during to protect human life, property and the a crisis. environment during emergencies and not in war. 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure Estonian cep has two dimensions: The aims of crisis management are to: 1. Functional responsibility, which ➤ Define possible emergency situations, implies that the ministry/administration and the possibilities of preventing them in charge of a specific function directs or minimising their consequences. and co-ordinates the emergency planning ➤ Develop plans of action for possible of that function at all levels (national, emergency situations. regional and local); ➤ Prepare the forces and resources necessary for solving emergency situations. 2. Area responsibility, which implies that ➤ Respond to crisis situations, and responsibilities have been allocated to the minimise their effects on the population different administrative levels (national/ and the environment. central, regional and local) and that ➤Restoring essential services in order to emergency planning functions according safeguard human life. to the degree of competence that exists ➤ Organise early warning and keep the at each different level. public informed during emergencies. ➤ Provide training in crisis prevention, preparedness and response.

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2.2.1 Functional responsibility The responsibility for other areas is The Organisation of life-essential decided by the National Government. (cip – Critical Infrastructure Protection) responsibilities are distributed between 2.2.2 Area responsibility the different ministries as follows: National level: The Ministry of Internal Affairs has the Crisis Management and Co-ordination: overall co-ordinating responsibility for Ministry of Internal Affairs cep in Estonia. The areas of authority Energy Supply and Supply of Industrial assigned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs Goods: include the internal security of the state Ministry of Economic Affairs and maintenance of public order. The Food Supply: Ministry is responsible for Civil Protection Ministry of Agriculture and the management of issues related Financial System: to ﬁre ﬁghting and rescue work. Ministry of Finance The Ministry of Internal Affairs is also Public Order and Security, Civil Protection responsible for local government and and Rescue Services, Data Security: regional development, citizenship and Ministry of Internal Affairs, immigration, churches and congregations, Rescue Board, Police Board, Board of guarding and protecting the state border, Border Guard, Security Police Board and the preparation of appropriate draft Health and Medical Services, legislation. Social Insurance and Care: The co-ordinating body for cep in Ministry of Social Affairs Estonia is the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Labour: who is supported by The Estonian Re- Ministry of Social Affairs scue Board. The Estonian Rescue Board Telecommunications and Postal Services: is responsible for: Ministry of Economic Affairs and ➤ Take part in national and international Communications development and implementation of Transport: crisis management policy. Ministry of Transport and ➤ Give advice to the Minister of Internal Communications Affairs in the matters of crisis manage- Foreign Trade: ment plans and risk-analyses. Ministry of Foreign Affairs ➤ Present proposals for the development Protection of Cultural Heritage: of communication and early warning Ministry of Culture systems. Psychological Defence and ➤ Give advice to the county governments Public Information: in crisis management matters. State Chancellery

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➤ Co-ordinate county governments crisis law and other regulations, and according management related cooperation with to the Government guidelines. non-profit making organisations and foundations. Regional level: ➤ Plan and take part in crisis management At the regional level, there are 15 counties. trainings. County governors are in the context of ➤ Participate in crisis management related crisis management directly responsible to research and explanation work. the Minister of Interior. The County ➤ Conduct and coordinate crisis manage- Governor is the highest cep authority at ment activities in the rescue field. the regional level and chairperson of the ➤ Take part in national and international County Civil Protection Committee. crisis management actions. ➤ Gather, analyze and transmit emergency Local level: situation related national and inter- At the local level, there are 241 local national information. governments. The local Government Council is the highest cep authority. The Government Crisis Committee co-ordinates cep co-operation between 3. Civil Military Co-operation the different governmental departments. At the national level, the Ministry of The duties of the Committee are to: Internal Affairs and the Ministry of ➤ Establish a national policy on Crisis Defence co-ordinate civil-military Management. activities. Practical co-operation takes ➤ Make proposals to the Government. place between the Defence Forces and ➤ Prepare, harmonise and present plans of different governmental departments. action to the Government for resolving At the regional level, civil-military crisis situations. co-operation takes place between county governments, state defence departments In addition, the Government Crisis and Defence League regional units. The Committee shall present proposals to the main areas of civil-military co-operation Government regarding each incident, are planning, training and exercises. defining pre-crisis and crisis factors. Another task is the analysis of information 4. Legal Framework necessary for the prediction and resolution The main regulations regulating cep of crises, the results of which will be work in Estonia is contained in the Emer- presented to the Prime Minister. Finally, gency Preparedness Act, the Rescue Act, the Committee shall attempt to resolve the State Reserves Act, the Emergencies crisis situations in accordance with the Act and the State of Emergency Act.

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Several other laws, directives, decrees and ➤ Government Decree No. 166 (May 20, decisions, also regulate Estonian cep. 2002) states the system for announcing a state of emergency, which gives state Some of these are: organisations as well as town and city ➤ The Rescue Act of 1994, which regulates governments the responsibility of passing the organisation of fire and rescue on information regarding emergency operations and defines responsibilities, situations. rights and accountability in this area. ➤ The State Reserves Act of 1994, which In the cep field several other laws also defines the various classifications of apply: Peace Time State Defence Act, national reserves and how these are Health Care Act, Public Health Act, administered, etc. Border Guard Act, Police Act etc., as well ➤ The Emergency Situation Act of 1996, as several laws relating to prevention – which prescribes the necessary measures Radiation Act, Chemicals Act etc. to be taken in the cases of natural disaster The tasks of the different ministries and or catastrophes and for the prevention municipalities in relation to cep are regu- of the spread of infectious diseases. lated by the Emergency Preparedness Act, ➤ The State of Emergency Act of 1996, which was adopted in November 2000. which defines the conditions that must be present in order to declare a state of Contact: Estonian Rescue Board emergency. As with the Emergency Head of Crisis Management Situation Act, this Act defines the Department protectoral duties of the Government 2 Raua Str. Crisis Committee should the consti- 10124 Tallinn tutional order be exposed to threat. Estonia ➤ The Emergency Preparedness Act of 2000, which defines the duties, tasks and Telephone: +372 62 82 000/52 222 92 requirements related to Civil Emergency Telefax: +372 62 82 099 Planning at both functional and E-mail: [email protected] territorial dimensions of responsibility. ➤ Government Decision No. 626 (July 8, 1996) lists crisis situations in which the Government Crisis Committee must be immediately summoned. ➤ Government Decree No. 312 (October 2, 2001) names the Government Crisis Committee’s members and the Committee’s foundations.

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Finland Norwegian Suomi Sea

Norway

Sweden Russia

Finland Gulf of Bothnia Helsinki

Estonia

Baltic Sea

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Finland is a republic. The Government Tarja Halonen (2000-) consists of the Prime Minister and a Head of Government Prime Minister maximum of 17 ministers. The unicameral Matti Vanhanen (2003-) Parliament (Eduskunta) constitutes the Capital Helsinki legislative branch. The President has a Population 5.2 million relatively strong position in the areas of Area 338,145 sq. km foreign policy and national defence. GDP/Capita (PPP) Euros 28,643 (2004), The President is the Commander-in-Chief US$ 34,658 (2004) (1 euro is 1,21 dollars in 26th of the Defence Forces and appoints the of September 2005) Government on the approval of the Military Expenditures 1.3% of GDP Parliament and senior ofﬁcials. Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, EU, OSCE, Council of Europe 66 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 67

At the regional level, state administration in municipal elections, and various boards consists of provinces and other state for practical administration. The muni- administrative districts. Each of the six cipalities have a mandatory responsibility provinces has a State Provincial Office for providing not only welfare services managed by a governor and representing such as health care and nursing, social multi-sectoral expertise in its area. It is a welfare, education and culture, but also joint regional authority of seven different rescue services. Elected by municipalities, ministries. Safeguarding public order and there are 19 Regional Councils with their security is an essential part of the State own administrative offices. Provincial Offices’ tasks since regional The Åland Islands form an autonomous command of both police and rescue region. The Åland Council, elected by services is held by them. The State the inhabitants of the Åland Islands, has Provincial Office promotes and evaluates the supreme power of decision. For the implementation of local services in particular state administrative and its sphere of activities. The Ministry of security purposes, Åland also has a State the Interior has the main responsibility Provincial Office. for provincial administration. For other branches of state administration, there 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning are various district offices subordinate to 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives their respective ministries. Regarding Each authority is responsible for its Civil Emergency Planning, the State statutory functions not only in a normal Provincial Office’s role is to co-ordinate peacetime situation but also during crises regional-level measures. such as serious international disturbances, For local level administration, there a threat of an armed attack, war, post-war are 90 State Local Districts. The local situations, economic crises and disasters. tasks related to police, prosecutor, bailiff To prepare for emergencies, authorities and register services are carried out in are obligated by law to take precautionary these districts. State Local Districts are measures such as making contingency subordinated to the State Provincial plans, acquiring special equipment, and Offices. In rescue services there are 22 training personnel. In principle, the same regions that are responsible for rescue or similar emergency plans apply to the services in their area. civil administration during both wartime At the local level, basic administration and peacetime civil emergencies. consists of 432 municipalities. The One guiding principle of the cep is management of municipalities is based that each authority continues with its on the self-government of the citizens. normal functions also during a state of In each municipality, there is a local crisis. However, in such a case, authorities council which is elected every four years can assume specific additional respons-

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ibilities related to their normal functions. needed to secure the functions vital to Another principle is that as few new society in all situations. They are based bodies as possible are introduced into civil on current legislation and the existing administration in a crisis situation. Any division of powers between the different organisational changes are kept to a authorities. minimum. In addition to the authorities, The functions vital to society can be also governmental bodies, companies and divided into seven broad areas contri- institutions are to continue with their buting to national sovereignty and the peacetime functions. Authorities are livelihood and security of citizens. The expected to allocate the necessary funds ministries are each responsible for the for emergency planning and other pre- strategic tasks relevant to their own sphere paratory measures in their annual budgets. of operation. Crisis tolerance and preparedness The functions vital to society are as encompasses all functions that are follows: state leadership (The Prime necessary for coping with a wartime Minister’s Office and Ministry of Justice), situation or a peacetime emergency. external capacity to act (Ministry of Contingency planning should meet the Foreign Affairs), the nation's military demands of preparedness for all distur- defence (Ministry of Defence), internal bances to ensure that the administration is security (Ministry of the Interior), functional under all circumstances. The functioning of the economy and society goal is to make society able to cope with (Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Trade any crisis in the best possible way. and Industry and Ministry of Transport For doing this as good as possible and Communication), securing the government embarked on a project to livelihood of the population and its define the areas vital to the functioning of capacity to act (Ministry of Social Affairs society and to draft action and develop- and Health), and their ability to tolerate a ment plans. crisis (Ministry of Education), prevention This Government Resolution and the of floods and preparedness to arrange related document (Strategy for Securing water services in exceptional situations the Functions Vital to Society) define (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry), society’s vital functions and establish prevention of environmental hazards targets and development policies that will (Ministry of the Environment). guide each administrative branch of the According to the objectives of Finland’s government in dealing with its strategic security and defence policy, the securing tasks in all situations. Ministries are also of society’s vital functions contributes to designated responsibilities for co-ordi- the safeguarding of national sovereignty nating these functions. In this Resolution, and citizens’ livelihood and security. strategic tasks refer to tasks which are

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2.2. CEP Organisational Structure management and general preparedness. National defence in Finland is based on The military high command is also the concept of total defence. In addition involved. to military defence, the main sectors of To ensure co-operation between the national defence are civil defence, econo- relatively independent ministries, mini- mic defence, defence information and sterial Chiefs of Readiness are appointed the maintenance of public order and to take charge of contingency planning security. and the necessary measures for emergency Provisions on general preparedness for preparedness. Related to these tasks, the a state of emergency are laid down in the Chiefs of Readiness organise mutual (Emergency Powers Act) Readiness Act communication and co-operation between providing that authorities at each admini- the ministries. The Chief of Readiness is strative level, through contingency normally the Permanent Secretary of the planning and other preparatory measures, respective ministry. The Permanent are prepared to continue their statutory Secretary of the Prime Minister’s Office duties even during a state of emergency. is the chairperson for the Chiefs of At the highest administrative level, pre- Readiness. parations for crisis management are super- In some administrative sectors, there are vised, controlled, and co-ordinated by the advisory, preparatory and co-ordinating Government and the ministries within committees as well as boards for crisis their respective areas of competence. management planning, such as the One of the ministerial committees in the National Board of Economic Defence Government is the Cabinet Committee on (the Ministry of Trade and Industry), and Foreign and Security Policy. Its objective the Planning Commission for Defence is to harmonise national total defence Information (the Ministry of Defence). preparations between the different sectors. At the regional level, the State Provincial At the national level, the Cabinet Offices have a significant role in the Committee on Foreign and Security organisation of co-operation between the Policy focuses on general guidelines and various regional administrations and the principles. The Committee consists of three Military Commands. ministers of major importance to national At the local level, the duties of civil security. To facilitate the proceedings of emergency planning are mainly carried the Cabinet Committee on Foreign and out by municipalities. The responsible Security Policy and the ministries, a official is the Mayor. Heads of different Committee on Security and Defence has municipal services are responsible for been set up. The Committee consists of contingency planning for their respective the Permanent Secretaries of the ministries pursuits. that are important in the field of crisis

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Other main components of civil Finland has also established an organisa- emergency planning are: tion for international rescue operations, ➤ Rescue services and civil defence. The Finn Rescue Force (frf). The organisa- Department for Rescue Services in the tion, with a staff of 200 trained persons, Ministry of the Interior is the highest is based on the regional fire brigades. The authority responsible for rescue activities force has a mobilisation time of 2–24 and protection of the population. Rescue hours for a group of experts and 1–3 days services consist of accident prevention, for a rescue unit. fire fighting and other measures related to rescue operations. According to legislation, ➤ Public Order and Security. Police protection of the population is also part authorities are responsible for maintaining of rescue services, as well as plans and public order and security both in peace- preparations to maintain readiness for time and in emergency situations. The action and preparedness for protection of Police Department within the Ministry of the population. For example, the owner the Interior is the highest police authority of a building is responsible for arranging at the national level. The State Provincial a shelter at his or her own expense. At the Office is the highest police authority at regional level, rescue services are organised the regional level. At the local level, police and co-ordinated by State Provincial districts are organised in conjunction with Offices and their rescue departments. At the State Local Offices. the local level, 22 regional rescue services that are organised jointly by municipalities ➤ Frontier Guard. The Frontier Guard is in each region are responsible for rescue militarily organised and its duty is to services within their borders. The borders maintain peaceful and safe conditions in of the regions have been decided by the the border areas. Its most important government. In practice, rescue activities tasks are border control on land borders are carried out by regional fire brigades, and sea areas, and border checks at border and where necessary, in co-operation with crossing points, ports and airports. The several assisting authorities and voluntary Frontier Guard is in charge of maritime organisations. Voluntary fire brigades’ role search and rescue services, and contri- in fire fighting and rescue missions is vital, butes to other rescue services as well. especially in rural areas. The Ministry of the Interior acts as the The regional rescue service system is Supreme Command of the Frontier not applied in the Åland Islands and in Guard. there the individual municipalities are still responsible for rescue services in their own area.

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➤ Economic Security and Security of Supplies. When special administrative powers are The Ministry of Trade and Industry is applied in wartime on the basis of the responsible for the development and State of Defence Act, provincial and supreme management of security of municipal authorities are obliged to carry supplies. The aim is to be able to secure out orders from military authorities and the basic functions of society for a mini- support defence preparations. This obli- mum of one year on average. The National gation only concerns tasks in regions Emergency Supply Agency, subordinate where such support measures would be to the Ministry of Trade and Industry, required because of a threat of an enemy allocates available funds to projects that attack. are the most important for the security On the other hand, during peacetime, of basic supplies. The Agency’s annual the military forces must provide assistance spending for the maintenance of security in, for example, difficult rescue inter- of supplies is about us$ 50 million. ventions. The National Emergency Supply Agency organises stockpiling of material that is 4. Legal Framework of vital importance to the society in a ➤ The Constitution of Finland (11 June crisis. Security of supply operations is 1999/731). The Constitution states that aimed at ensuring that the administration public authorities are responsible for the is functional in all circumstances. Strategic protection of fundamental and inter- stockpiles of the State are primarily national human rights. Temporary excep- designed to safeguard the continuity of tions to the protection of fundamental energy supply, food supply, public health rights, yet consistent with Finland’s inter- services and industrial production for the national human rights obligations, may national defence. be prescribed by an Act of Parliament in case of an armed attack on Finland, and 3. Civil-Military Co-operation also under other states of emergency that Co-operation between civil and military threaten the nation and are lawfully authorities is organised at each admini- comparable to an armed attack. strative level. At the highest level, ministries co-operate with the Ministry ➤ (The Emergency Powers Act) Readiness of Defence and the Defence Staff. At the act (22 July 1991/1080). The purpose of the regional level, the Western, Eastern and (Emergency Powers) Readiness Act is to Northern Commands co-operate with guarantee, under a state of emergency, the State Provincial Offices and other state the nation’s livelihood and the national administrative regional offices. At the local economy, to maintain law and order, to level, operational defence units co-operate protect the basic rights of citizens, and to with municipalities. safeguard the territorial integrity and

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independence of the nation. A state of Strategic stockpiles are maintained by emergency can arise from a serious inter- the State. These include raw materials national disturbance, the threat of an and other products which are necessary armed attack, war, economic crisis or a for maintaining the population’s livelihood disaster provided that authorities’ normal and the continual function of the econo- powers are not sufficient. mic sector and which are indispensable The Act states that the Government, for the fulfilment of Finland’s engage- government bodies, state authorities, state ments in international agreements. The enterprises, and municipalities must responsibility for the development and optimise the progress of their work in management of the security of supply emergencies by making emergency plans rests with the Ministry of Trade and and by taking other preliminary measures. Industry. The National Emergency Supply Preparations for emergency situations are Agency is set up for the development and directed, supervised and co-ordinated by maintenance of the security of supply. the Government and each ministry within its administrative sector. The reform work ➤ The Act on the Formation of Rescue of the Readiness Act has been started and Service Regions (13 December 2001/1214). it is going on (October 2005). Rescue services is organised regionally by municipalities together which can decide ➤ In addition to the (Emergency Powers) on the administrative model and sharing Readiness Act, the State of Defence Act of expenses. The administrative model is (22 July 1991/1083) lays down provisions based either on a joint municipal board on the power of authorities in a state of or on an agreement according to which, emergency. The latter applies to an armed for example, one of the member muni- attack or war. In both instances, the cipalities is responsible for management. Parliament can delegate provisional The act authorizes the government to powers to the Government and its determine the borders of the regions. administrative authorities to carry out the immediately necessary measures in ➤ The New Rescue Act (468/2003) has come an emergency or a warlike condition. into force at the beginning of 2004. Rescue services have an extensive ➤ The Security of Supply Act (18 December meaning. The concept includes rescue 1992/1380). The purpose of this Act is to activities referring to emergency measures safeguard all economic activities that are to be taken in the event of an accident necessary for maintaining the population’s and civil defence activities referring to livelihood, the national economy, and the protection of people and property national defence during a crisis. under a state of emergency as defined in

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the (Emergency Powers) Readiness Act and in the State of Defence Act. The Act also lays down provisions on measures to be taken for civil defence preparedness. During an emergency, civil defence authorities may need additional powers to execute the necessary measures. The provisions on how the powers are granted are given in the (Emergency Powers) Readiness Act.

Contact: Ministry of the Interior Mr. Pentti Partanen, Director General of Rescue Services P.O. Box 26 FIN-OOO23 Government Helsinki Finland

Telephone: +358 9 1604 2960 Telefax: +358 9 1604 4672 E-mail: pentti.partanen@intermin.ﬁ Website: www.intermin.ﬁ/sm/pelastus

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France République Française

United Kingdom Netherlands

English Channel Belgium Germany

Luxembourg Paris

France Switzerland Bay of Biscay Italy

Spain Monaco Andorra

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President France is a republic which comprises: Jacques Chirac (1995-) ➤ The metropolitan territory, divided into Head of Government Prime Minister 22 regions and 96 departments. Dominique De Villepin ➤ Four overseas departments (Guadeloupe, (2005-) Martinique, French Guyana, Réunion). Capital Paris ➤ Four overseas territories (French Polynesia, Population 62.0 million New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, the Area 552,000 sq. km Southern Lands and French Antarctica). GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 24,223 ➤ Two territorial communities with special Military Expenditures 2.6 % of GDP status (Mayotte and Saint-Pierre-et- Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, Miquelon). OSCE, Council of Europe 74 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 75

The 1958 Constitution is the foundation 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning for the institutions of the Fifth Republic. Civil emergency management in France is These are: shared between three levels of authority: ➤ The Constitutional Council ➤ National. The Constitutional Council, consisting ➤ Zonal. of nine members, ensures the regularity ➤ Departmental. of elections and the constitutional nature of laws. The Ministry of the Interior, within the ➤ The President of the Republic limits of its own powers, prepares and The President of the Republic is elected implements civil defence and security by direct universal suffrage for a term measures. In addition, it co-ordinates the of five years. He is the Head of State action of the various competent ministries and Head of the Armed Forces. The involved in the management of a crisis. President of the Republic nominates the Prime Minister. He chairs the Council 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives of Ministers and promulgates laws. The general task of the Directorate of ➤ The Government Civil Defence and Security is to protect The Government is placed under the the State, persons and property in authority of the Prime Minister. The response to threats of aggression by Government determines and directs emerging dangers and against risks, national policy. It is responsible to disasters of all kinds and catastrophes. Parliament. The Prime Minister directs Finally, it also takes part in environmental Government action and guarantees that protection. law is put into effect. ➤ The Parliament Civil emergency plans are the outcome Parliament checks Government action of four components: and passes laws. It is made up of two ➤ General security. chambers. ➤ Protection and rescue of vital A. The Senate – the Senators (321) are installations. elected by indirect universal suffrage ➤ Population rescue. and re-elected one third at a time every ➤ Maintenance of public spirit and will three years. to resist aggression. B. The National Assembly – the Deputies (577) are elected by direct They provide for the steps to be taken universal suffrage for a period of five and emergency resources to be employed years. to counter specific risks.

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2.2 CEP Organisational Structure network of experts and the joint-forces The general organisation corresponds operations centre. to the three levels of authority referred If a crisis arises, three new operational to above. centres are activated, one at the Ministry of the Interior and the other two at the National level: zonal level (Zonal Defence Operations The Minister of the Interior prepares Centre) and the departmental level rescue measures and co-ordinates the (Departmental Operations Centre). emergency resources coming under the State, territorial communities and public 3. Civil-Military Co-operation establishments throughout the territory. The Armed Forces may be put at the He is assisted by the defence senior civil disposal of the civil authority, in the servants. He is assisted by the Inter- context of their public service tasks, in departmental Crisis Management order to lend their assistance to the Operations Centre (cogic) in fulfilling his population in the event of natural disasters task of co-ordinating emergency resources. or to deal with the consequences of technological accidents. They can offer Zonal level: the possibility of making use of their The Zone Prefect co-ordinates the logistic resources, particularly in the emergency resources in the defence zone. fields of transport and rapid intervention. He has the Interregional Civil Security In addition, they may take part in the Operational Co-ordination Centre (coz) protection of certain installations. at his disposal in fulfilling this task. He is assisted in the preparation of rescue 4. Legal Framework measures by the General Secretariat of The reference texts governing civil the Defence Zone and the Civil Security defence and security tasks are: Zone Headquarters Staff. ➤ The 1950 Ordinance and the 1965 Decree relating to civil defence. Departmental level: ➤ The Law of 22 July 1987 as amended by The departmental Prefect implements the the Laws of 5 January 1988 and 28 public and private emergency resources November 1990 with respect to civil and co-ordinates these resources in the security. department. He has the Departmental ➤ The Order of 24 August 2000 Operations Centre of the Fire and Emer- concerning the organisation and powe- gency Services (codis) at his disposal. rs of the Directorate of Civil Defence cogic is in continuous contact with and Security. the various ministries, the public and private service providers, a national

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Contact: Monsieur le Préfet Christian De Lavernée Directeur de la Défense et de la Sécurité Civile Haut Fonctionnaire de Défense Ministère de l’Intérieur 1 bis, Place des Saussaies F-75800 Paris France

Telephone: +33 1 56 04 74 30 Telefax: +33 1 47 93 18 57

OTAN/NATO Colonel Philippe Nardin Chef de la Mission des Relations Internationales 87-95 quai du docteur Dervaux F-92600 Asnieres sur Seine France

Telephone: +33 1 56 04 76 71 Telefax: +33 1 56 04 75 62

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Georgia Sakartvelo

Russia

Black Sea Georgia

Tbilisi

Turkey Azerbaijan Armenia

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President The Government is constituted by the Mikheil Saakashvili Prime-Minister and the Ministers. The Head of Government Prime Minister President of Georgia is the Head of State Zurab Noghaideli and holds the executive power. The Capital Tbilisi President represents Georgia in foreign Population 5.411.000 relations, appoints the Government, by Area 69.700 km 2 guaranteeing the unity and integrity of the GDP/Capita(PPP) US$ 1.80 country and is the supreme Commander Military Expenditure 1.1 % of GDP (est.) of the Armed Forces. A principle of Membership int.org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, “checks and balances” has been imple- Council of Europe, CIS mented, i.e. the President cannot dismiss

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the Parliament, but the parliament has 2.2 CEP Organizational Structure the right to impeach the President. Special Permanent Inter-institutional Commission on Civil Defense and 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning Emergency Situation (created in 1996) The Government of Georgia created the and Emergency Situation and Civil Safety Department of Emergency Situation and Service of the Ministry of the Internal Civil Defence under the supervision of Affairs are the main bodies in civil emer- the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1996. gency issues. The Commission is chaired On December, 2004 the Department was by the Minister of internal Affairs. The reorganized into the Emergency Situations Service is subordinate to the Ministry of and Civil Defence Service under the Internal Affairs, and its activities are Ministry of Internal Affairs within the supervised by a Deputy Minister. It is also framework of the Governmental reforms, a part of the National Security Council, covering the civil emergency area and which is chaired by the President. The rescue activities. Service has a Scientiﬁc Expert Council made up of different academics and 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives scientists, and aims to co-ordinate the The primary task Georgian Civil actions of different services during crisis Emergency Planning is to establish and management. implement state policy in the cep area, Georgia aims, within a short period of maintaining an overall capability to time, to create rescue groups that will be manage crises management in order to able to co-operate with international rapid eliminate and avoid the results of disasters response forces, under the auspices of the in the Civil Defence area. un or nato within the PfP framework Additional tasks are to carry out protecting people during disasters. operational activities according to a set plan, handled by special divisions of Georgian National Staff (hq). One of the main objectives is to establish a Crisis Management Center, which is on stand by at all times during disaster. There are several other tasks related to medical services such as forming emergency medical rescue teams, training them and organizing activities in different disaster areas for constructing and maintaining the civil protection system.

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Function Responsibility

1. Civil Defence Management Emergency Situation and Civil Safety Service 2. Public Order and Security Ministry of Internal Affairs 3. Reserve Services, Communications and Transport. Engineering Services Ministry of Economic Development 4.Medical Services Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs 5. Food Supplies Ministry of Agriculture 6.Defence Ministry of Defence 7.Fuel and Energy Ministry of Energy

3. Civil-Military Co-operation All emergency issues are subject to Civil-Military co-operation in Georgia discussion by the National Security is regulated by a preliminary plan. An Council. Each activity is based on inter- additional uniﬁed plan for emergencies national law and Georgian legislation. has been made by the Emergency Situa- Georgia is currently attempting to tions and Civil Safety Service. An action expand international co-operation in the document has been put together, deﬁning cep area. There are cooperation agree- the different responsibilities (security, ments on emergency management with evacuation etc.). The training promotes Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, the civil-military co-operation in non-military Russian Federation and Ukraine. (formed by enterprises) and rescue teams. The reservists are used to eliminate the Contact : Pridon Sadunishvili consequences of natural and technological Chief of Emergency Situation disasters. The military units stationed in and Civil Safety Service regional administrations can also be used Ministry of Internal Affairs in emergency situations according to the of Georgia agreement. Tsurtaveli 29 38005 Tbilisi 4. Legal framework Georgia The Constitution of Georgia was adopted in 1995. The legislative body, the Parlia- Telephone: + 995 32 755388 ment, comprises several committees. The Telefax: + 995 32 752161 Defense and Security Committee of the E-mail: Parliament of Georgia deals with Civil [email protected] Defence and other related issues. 80 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 81

Germany Deutschland

Denmark

Baltic Sea

North Sea

United Kingdom Berlin Netherlands Poland

Belgium Germany Luxembourg LUX. Czech Republic France

Austria Switzerland

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Germany is a federal republic. The Horst Köhler (2004-) Government consists of the Chancellor Head of Government Chancellor and the Ministers who are selected by the Angela Merkel (2005-) chancellor and appointed by the Federal Capital Berlin President The bicameral Parliament Population 82.5 million consists of the Bundestag, which is the Area 357,031 sq. km parliamentary assembly representing the GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 27,460 people, and the Bundesrat representing Military Expenditures 1.1% of GDP (2004) the constituent states (“Land,” or Membership Int. Org. EU, WEU, Council of collectively, “Länder”). Europe (COE), OSCE, OECD, UN, NATO 81 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 82

Germany has 16 Länder each with its own ➤ Emergency Planning in peacetime – the Parliament and Government, and a high competence of the Länder. degree of autonomy. Each state has its own ➤ “Extended” Emergency Planning in constitution, enabling it to enact laws, in case of war – the responsibility of the particular those related to education, police federal state. and local administration. Additionally, they hold extensive administrative authority 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives regarding the implementation of federal The overall objective of German Civil law, for example, in trade, industry and Emergency Planning is to protect the state environmental protection, as well as in the and its citizens. implementation of federal law on behalf Operational responsibilities for the of the Federation in the construction of protection of the population in times of national highways, etc. The Länder receive emergency lie with the constitutional states, revenues from wage and income taxes, as representatives of the Federal Govern- corporation taxes and value-added tax. ment. Federal preparedness for the Most states are divided into admini- protection of the population during war strative districts (Regierungsbezirke), and or imminent threat thereof, is regarded as each district is divided into administrative “extended” Civil Emergency Planning, counties (Landkreise) and county boroughs and the responsibility of the federal state. (kreisfreie Städte). Local self-government All civil protection authorities contribute administrates over local transport and planning, administration and material road construction, electricity, water and resources to the prevention of, disaster gas supply, sewerage and town planning. management during, and recovery from all kind of disasters and emergencies as 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning well as during armed conflicts. Responsibility for the management of civil emergencies in Germany is distributed 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure between the four different governmental According to the respective laws of each levels: the federal state, the constituent Land, the first authority in charge during states (Länder), towns and counties a peacetime disaster is the cognizant rural (regional), and municipalities (local). district, county or municipal authority. A distinction is made between Civil The director of administration for each Protection as a national (federal) task in such authority manages the local response times of war, and peacetime emergency to emergencies and disasters. To carry out management and planning. This leads his administrative duties, he is assisted by to two independent areas of law and a staff composed, according to the needs administration: of the situation, of the officials of his

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own administration, of representatives of ➤ Co-ordinating the Federal government’s other authorities and services as well as task of informing the Länder and their of other organizations involved in disaster communities, the private sector and the management. For the technical and people about prevention, planning and tactical execution of the required measures, current threats. he appoints a director of operations, who ➤ Supporting the management of deployed is assisted by a staff that includes the Länder forces and other public and representatives of the organizations and private resources in large-scale hazard units participating in the operation situations. (e.g. police, fire departments, non- ➤ Co-ordinating the protection of people governmental organisations, and private against weapons of mass destruction. enterprise). When a disaster affects several ➤ Providing personnel in leadership districts or exceeds the capabilities of positions at all administration levels in the local government, the next highest civil protection with the appropriate hierarchical authority ensures co- training to cope with threats. ordination. ➤ Providing national co-ordination in the The federal government supports local field of civil preventive security within and regional authorities, as well as the the framework of the European Länder, with its own operational forces integration process. (e.g. Technisches Hilfswerk, Federal Police, ➤ Co-ordinating the Federal government, Armed Forces) when asked for (admini- the Länder, fire services and non- strative assistance), and with services governmental relief organisations when provided by the Federal Office of Civil assuming international humanitarian Protection and Disaster Assistance tasks and for civil-military-co-operation. (Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe – BBK) which is the An inter-ministerial co-ordination group responsible authority for: may be set up within the Federal Ministry of the lnterior when the catastrophe ➤ Performing the German government’s exceeds the ability of a Land to cope or has civil protection tasks. spread beyond its territorial boundaries. In ➤ Co-ordinating the protection of such cases, the Federal Ministry of the critical infrastructures. Interior, in liaison with other Federal ➤ Collecting, evaluating and reporting Ministries and the other Länder, ensures information of all types of and from all the coordination of assistance for the sources so as to define one single Land affected by the disaster. hazard situation. In case of a military crisis, 13 different ministries are responsible for civil emergency planning within their own

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respective areas, and the Ministry of the 4. Legal Framework Interior holds an overall coordinating Germany’s 1949 Constitution (Grund- function. Federal planning for civil gesetz) stipulates that protection of the emergencies consists of taking measures to population in peacetime is the respons- ensure the continuity of social functions ibility of the 16 constituent states. Federal in times of emergency. These include: responsibility and legislation only exists continuity of government, civil protection, for the protection of the population in case supply of goods and services, and support of war or if the Bundestag (parliament) has of the armed forces. determined that a state of tension exists (stage preliminary to war). The April 4th 3. Civil-Military Co-operation 1997 civil defence law delegates emergency Civil-military co-operaton is carried out planning and operational preparation in at all administrative levels and includes peacetime entirely to the Länder and their planning, training and exercises. At structures (agencies, procedures, organi- national level the Federal office of Civil zations) set up to carry out these func- Protection and Disaster Assistance (bbk) tions. The Länder, therefore, have their and the Joint Support Command of the own laws regulating measures for urgent Bundeswehr (Federal Armed Forces) medical assistance and fire-fighting, as co-ordinate civil-military activities. Joint well as procedures for technical assistance civil-military courses at the bbk’s and disaster management. The Federal Academy for Crisis Management, Emer- Government supplements the Länder’s gency Planning and Civil Protection are equipment with war-time resources, e.g. obligatory for all cimic-personnel of the special nbc-vehicles, which can be used Bundeswehr. Preparation for peace time during peacetime as well. disasters as well as Civil Defence matters Federal prescriptions concerning are being discussed at regular meetings measures necessary for civil protection of civilian and military authorities to during a war are carried out by the local insure the mutual support. authorities, in their respective territories, At regional level, civilian and military as agents for the federal government. co-operation includes planning for regional The September 11th 2001 attacks, and to crises as well as local training and exercises. an even greater degree, the catastrophic In times of emergency, such as natural floods of 2002 led to the development of disasters or major accidents, the military a new strategy for protecting the people assists the civil community. of Germany, which was agreed upon by Measures that have to be taken in times the Federal Minister of the Interior and of war or emergency have been accounted his colleagues from the Länder. A joint for in military and civilian alert plans. and coordinated approach by the Federal authorities and the Länder concerning

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the crisis management of unusual and Contact: Bundesministerium des Innern nationally significant disasters and damage Alt Moabit 101 D situations characterizes this new strategy. D-10559 Berlin Without changing laws concerning the Germany traditional allocation of competency the Federal Government increased its co- Chief of Division Level ordination of services with the Länder by Abteilungsleiter IS Joachim Steig setting up an new Federal Office of Civil Telephone: +49 1888 681 1562 Protection and Disaster Assistance Telefax: +49 1888 681 2926 (Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und E-mail: Katastrophenhilfe) in May 2004. The [email protected], Office’s mission, apart from performing [email protected] the German government’s civil protection Website: tasks, is to provide support for the Länder www.bundesregierung.de through coordination and information. www.bmi.bund.de

Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe (Federal Ofﬁce of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance) Deutschherrenstraße 93-95 D-53177 Bonn Germany

President of the Federal Ofﬁce of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance Christoph Unger Telephone: +49 1888 550 501 Telefax: +49 1888 550 580 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.bbk.bund.de

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Greece Hellas

Black sea Bulgaria The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Albania Turkey

Greece Aegean Sea

Ionian Sea Athens

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Karolos Greece is a parliamentary republic. The Papoulias (2005–) Government is composed of the President Head of Government Prime Minister Kostas and the Ministers. The Cabinet is appoin- Karamanlis (2004–) ted by the President on the recommen- Capital Athens dation of the Prime Minister. The President Population 11.0 million is the Head of State and Supreme Area 131,957 sq. km Commander, but has merely representative GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 20,302 tasks. The legislative branch consists of Military Expenditures 2.7% of GDP the unicameral Chamber of Deputies Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, (Vouli ton Ellinon). OSCE, Council of Europe

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Greece is divided administratively into 13 Government framework for the identiﬁ- regions. These are led by Secretary- cation and mitigation of natural and Generals appointed by the central technological disasters. Government. The regions are divided into ➤ Plan and lead recovery operations and 51 prefectures (nomoi) or counties, which response in the event of major emergen- include 900 new large municipal districts cies which threaten the population, and 133 small districts. The Constitution infrastructure, property and national grants far-reaching autonomy. inheritance.

2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure The two main bodies of Greek Civil The Greek bodies responsible for the Protection are sdo, an inter-ministerial implementation of Civil Protection co-ordination body which co-ordinates measures are: governmental action during major disas- A. sdo, an inter-ministerial co-ordination ters, and the General Secretariat for Civil body. Protection which handles disaster preven- B. The General Secretariat for Civil tion, management and relief. In addition, Protection. each region and prefecture have the task of C. Several authorities, organisations and establishing their own emergency plans. institutions working together as an integral part in planning and rescue 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives operations (e.g. the ministries, Fire Civil Protection in Greece is organised Brigade, Police, Defence Forces, Health upon a co-ordinated resource system and Welfare, Aviation and radiation whereby national, regional, provincial authorities). and local authorities work together with D. The General Secretariat of the Region. local and public institutions and services. E. The Prefecture. Each of these authorities and institutions has developed its own part of the national A. SDO. This is an inter-ministerial Civil Protection plan (Xenokrates), and co-ordination body, which has been makes its own contribution towards established to look after exceptional achieving the aims of Civil Protection. needs in peacetime and to co-ordinate The overall objective of the Greek Civil governmental action in the event of a Protection system is to ensure protection major disaster. The role and objective of of the population, the environment and sdo is to reinforce, within a defined property in the event of natural or techno- government framework, the co-ordinated logical disasters. Specific objectives are to: activities of the General Secretariat for ➤ Implement measures within a defined Civil Protection in the implementation

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of national policy during emergency seismologists, meteorologists, geologists, situations. structural and other scientists and sdo is chaired by the Secretary General responsible experts for consultation in of the General Secretariat for Civil case of disaster. They will also be presented Protection. The General Secretariat for with proposals on disaster-related subjects. Civil Protection is the most competent If a disaster occurs, the Secretary body for dealing with prevention, manage- General for Civil Protection is to be ment or relief from the consequences of informed of the consequences by both disaster. Its members include the Secretary- the Prefect and the Secretary General of Generals of the Ministries of the Interior, the Region. The Secretary General for Public Administration and Decentralisa- Civil Protection sends orders and disposes tion, Development, Public Works, Forests the required intervention forces. and Environment, Health and Welfare, Merchandise Marine, Public Order, C. Authorities. Each of the ministries Transportation and Communications, concerned draws up individual general Media and Public Information, and the plans for various types of disasters. The Deputy Chief of the National Defence general guidelines are provided by the General Staff. framework of the overall national Civil Protection plan, ”Xenokrates”, which is B. The General Secretariat for Civil issued by the General Secretariat for Civil Protection. This secretariat has been Protection. In addition to the Armed established within the Ministry of the Forces, the following authorities provide Interior, Public Administration and intervention forces: Decentralisation. It is a new institution ➤ Ministry of Public Works and Environ- and deals with the prevention and miti- ment (pe.ho.de) – responsible for floods, gation of natural, technological and other landslides, snowfalls and seismic pre- disasters within an integral political frame- vention and protection. work. The General Secretariat for Civil ➤ Ministry of Development – responsible Protection is the most competent body for safety regulations and measures in for dealing with disaster prevention, relief the industrial sector. and consequence management, and for ➤ Ministry of Health and Welfare – implementing measures for the identifi- provides social care. cation and mitigation of any type of ➤ Ministry of Public Order, Fire Fighting hazard and protection of the population, Brigade Service and State Police – infrastructure, environment and property. responsible for both fire fighting and The General Secretariat for Civil rescue in urban areas and forest fire Protection is currently establishing an fighting. emergency scientific team consisting of

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➤ Ministry of Merchandise Marine – training echelons together with appropriate responsibility for search and rescue at sea. civil agencies in order to improve co- operation. D. The General Secretariat of the region. Civil-military co-operation is being The 13 regions of Greece draw up their developed according to the model provided own respective regional plans and are by nato, with consideration for the responsible for planning and co-ordination particular features of the region. Several within the prefectures or counties. national projects related to Civil Emer- gency Planning and civil-military co- E. The Prefecture. The 54 Prefectures of operation have been designed to achieve Greece draw up their own respective the objectives of nato during times of prefectural regional plans. The Prefect, crises or war, i.e. mutual support, based as the local government representative, on national legislation. grants assistance if the disaster is limited. The Prefect can request individual and The Prefect is assisted by sno, a prefecture equipment support in emergency situa- co-ordination body, which consists of the tions. directors of the prefectural services (the military commandant, the head of State 4. Legal Framework Police, directors of the interior and There are two main laws regulating technical services, local ﬁre brigades, etc.) Greek emergency planning. These are the At the prefectural level, sno is the decision- Law on Civil Protection Planning and making body responsible for handling other Provisions (No. 2344/95) of 11 emergency situations. October 1995, and the Act of Ministerial Council no. 288 of 23 December 1996. 3. Civil-Military Co-operation These laws regulate the planning of Since 1974, civil-military co-operation prevention, response and relief efforts in has operated within a new institutional the case of natural, technological and framework. One of the aims of Greek other disasters. civil-military co-operation is to achieve harmonious co-operation between the Contact: Hellenic National Defence Armed Forces, appropriate governmental General Staff agencies and the population, within the C Branch-CEP/CIMIC Directorate framework of ad hoc laws and institutions. Cdr. G. Therianos Another aim is to maintain peace and GR-15562 Holargos – Athens prosperity by handling emergency situa- Greece tions, war and natural and technical disasters successfully. For this purpose the Telephone: +30 210 748 7246 Armed Forces take part in a program of Telefax: +30 210 778 2025

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Hungary Magyar Köztársaság

Ukraine Slovakia

Budapest Austria Hungary Romania Slovenia Croatia

Serbia

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Hungary is a parliamentary republic. The László Sólyom (2005-) supreme governmental and representative Head of Government Prime Minister organ is the Parliament. The Parliament Ferenc Gyurcsány (2004 -) is a legislative body and it enacts laws, Capital Budapest approves the budget, concludes inter- Population 10,1 million national agreements with outstanding Area 93,030 sq. km importance for foreign relations, and GDP per capita (PPP) US$ 12,416 determinates the declaration of a state of Military Expenditures 1.71 % of GDP war and the conclusion of peace treaties. Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU OSCE, The Head of State - and simultaneous Council of Europe Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces – is the President of the Republic who is

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elected by the Parliament for a five-year role, and significant tasks fall upon the term and cannot be re-elected more than Ministries of Economy and Transport, once. The President represents the Informatics and Communications, Health, Hungarian State, signs international agree- Agricultural and Rural Development, ments, sets the date for parliamentary National Defence as well as Finance. and local elections as well as referendums. He/she initiates new laws and if he/she 2.1. CEP Tasks and Objectives does not agree with a particular law or The objective of Civil Emergency provision therein, can return the adopted Planning is to establish a uniform system law to the Parliament for reconsideration. that covers all possible emergencies and If the law is considered anti-constitutional, complies with domestic and international the President can send the law to the expectations including the requirements Constitutional Court for comments of the continuous implementation of before signing it. associated planning, organisation and The Government consists of the Prime logistics support tasks. Minister and the ministers. The majority The main objectives of Civil Emergency of the Members of Parliament elect the Planning are to: Prime Minister upon the recommendation ➤ Establish clear statutory provisions, of the President of the Republic. The norms and requirements fulfilling both ministers are appointed or relieved by nato and eu expectations. the President of the Republic upon the ➤ Establish the institutional, organisational recommendation of the Prime Minister. and personnel conditions that are Local power is exercised by local self- necessary to create a uniform system of governments in local public affairs requirements for protection. affecting the community of the voters. ➤ Prepare and continuously monitor the The capital, 19 counties and local self- training of professionals taking part in governments of the settlements form the tasks. the local level. There is no subordinate ➤ Develop prevention and response capa- relationship between the county and the bilities that are efficient and correspond local self-governments. The local popu- to the vulnerability of the country and lation elects the members of the local the minimum extent of mitigation for self-governments. the consequences that may occur. ➤ Develop the equipment supply, the 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning technical and economic background of In the Civil Emergency Planning system, protection, and establish a system that responsibility for the different activities is encourages the involvement of the divided between the different ministries. economy. The Minister of the Interior has a decisive

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➤ Offer and receive assistance in the event with nato’s Civil Emergency Planning of a domestic or international disaster, Directorate (cepd) and the nato Senior and co-operate with the participating Civil Emergency Planning Committee international forces. (scepc). Within this framework, it co- ordinates the activities of ministries The main tasks are to: involved in cep tasks, ﬁlls in the Civil ➤ Pay continuous attention to the develop- Emergency Planning Questionnaire ment of legislation and the initiation of (cepq) and forwards it to nato; co- corrections, where appropriate. ordinates the activities of ministries taking ➤ Establish a uniform system and logistics part in international disaster assistance base for emergency planning. and maintains contact with the Euro- ➤ Maintain continuous co-operation and Atlantic Disaster Response Co-ordination a co-ordinated information ﬂow between Centre (eadrcc). Experts delegated by organs/organisations taking part in the the ministries concerned represent system. Hungary in scepc’s Planning Boards & ➤ Maintain continuous co-operation with Committees as follows: organs and organisations taking part in international assistance operations. ➤ Planning Board for Inland Surface ➤ Prepare personnel for taking part in Transport (pbist), Civil Aviation Plan- international assistance operations. ning Committee (capc) and Planning ➤ Provide participants for international Board for Ocean Shipping (pbos), disaster assistance exercises, workshops Industrial Planning Committee (ipc) – and seminars. Ministry of Economy and Transport. ➤ Process the experiences gained in protection and assistance activities and ➤ Civil Communications Planning elaborate upon the conclusions, pro- Committee (ccpc) – Ministry of posals and methods. Informatics and Communications.

2.2. CEP Organisational Structure ➤ Food and Agriculture Planning In the Republic of Hungary – according Committe–e (fapc) – Ministry of to a Government Decision adopted in Agricultural and Rural Development. 1999 – the Minister of the Interior is responsible for Civil Emergency Planning ➤ Joint Medical Committee (jmc) – and co-ordinates the implementation of Ministry of Health. national tasks associated with Civil Emergency Planning. The Ministry of the Interior and its Department for nato cep and eu Co-ordination maintain contacts

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➤ Civil Protection Committee (cpc) – different plans and based on the require- Ministry of the Interior, National ments of the Armed Forces. Directorate General for Disaster Manage- B. Co-operation of military forces in civil ment. It is directly subordinated to the emergency assistance Minister of the Interior and has 20 This co-operation can be realised in the regional organisations, 73 branch ofﬁces event of: and 82 local ofﬁces. The co-ordination ➤ Nuclear accidents. of operative tasks associated with popu- ➤ Floods and inland water protection. lation protection is managed in both ➤ Supply and transportation tasks in a peace and wartime by the National state of emergency. Directorate General for Disaster ➤ Delivery of radiological and chemical Management and the subordinated measurement data. professional disaster management ➤ Disaster assistance if food supply and organs. Responsibility for the planning, public utilities are threatened or for the organisation, direction and implemen- elimination of emerging hazards. tation of protection and assistance lies with the leaders of local governments Supervision and enlargement of the (chairmen of the general assembly of elements concerned takes place con- the counties and the mayors) while the tinuously. Important issues include: disaster management organs prepare ➤ The provision of medical support in decisions and plans and co-ordinate the event of large-scale disasters (e.g. the implementation of tasks. The earthquakes). professional disaster management organs ➤ Elimination of large-scale epidemics. are also responsible for the operation ➤ Humanitarian assistance in the efent of and maintenance of the alarm system disasters occurring abroad. and for providing material reserve stocks ➤ Expert, logistical and technical organi- for central assistance. sational support.

3. Civil-Military Co-operation C. Host-nation support Civil-military co-operation is realised in This includes the support of the military the following main ﬁelds: activity of the sfor forces departing A. Civil support to military operations and from or passing through the area of the other military activities Republic of Hungary (e.g. military This is ensured by the system of defence facilities, availability of shooting-grounds, preparation and country mobilisation. transportation, communication, etc.) In the event of crisis or war the form and content of this support is described in

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4. Legal Framework Contact: Ministry of the Interior The spheres of authority in civil Department for NATO CEP and emergency planning are harmonised EU Co-ordination with internationally accepted practices. Dr. László Botz, Head of Department The legislative background of cep is: 1903 Budapest ➤ The Constitution. P.O. Box 314 ➤ Laws (e.g. on national defence, civil Hungary protection, disaster management, etc.). ➤ Other provisions arising from laws, Telephone: +36 1 441 1260 such as the Government Decision for Telefax: +36 1 441 1161 maintaining contact with nato Senior E-mail: [email protected] Civil Emergency Planning Committee (scepc) and the co-ordination of civil Operational point of contact emergency planning tasks and the in the event of disaster: Government Decision deﬁning national National Directorate General responsibilities arising from the nato for Disaster Management cep Ministerial Guidance. MG Attila Tatár, Director General 1903 Budapest P.O. Box 314 Hungary

Telephone: +36 1 469 4152 Telefax: +36 1 469 4199 E-mail: [email protected]

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Iceland Ísland

Norwegian Sea

Reykjavik Iceland

North Atlantic Ocean

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Olafur Ragnar Iceland is a constitutional republic. The Grimsson (1996–) President nominates the Government but Head of Government Prime Minister Haldor the ministers are responsible to the uni- Asgrimsson (2004–) cameral Parliament (Althing). Executive Capital Reykjavik power is shared, in theory, between the Population 300,000 President and the Government but, in Area 103,000 sq. km practice, rests with the Government. GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 29,581 There are rural counties and town Military Expenditures None counties in the local government, but Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, OSCE, no regional government. The duties and Council of Europe activities of local government in Iceland are similar to those of other Nordic countries. In the past few years, the number of municipalities has fallen rapidly from over 220 down to the present number of 124.

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2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning be taken in the event of war, threats The National Civil Defence Organisation of war or catastrophes. of Iceland is organised under the Ministry ➤ Plan for and see that stockpiling is of Justice. The Civil Defence Council is carried out. responsible for the general organisation ➤ Inform the Government about the of Civil Defence. The government agency need to regulate important necessities responsible for Civil Defence and Civil if different threats should arise. Emergency Planning in Iceland is avrik (Almannavarnir rikisins). Voluntary There are two types of emergency plans: organisations and personnel also play a 1. General plans for different types of significant role in Civil Defence and hazards, regardless of location or disaster relief. likelihood. 2. Specific plans for highly likely events 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives (for example a large earthquake or a The tasks of the Icelandic Civil Defence plane crash). are to: ➤ Organise and implement measures to 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure prevent, as far as possible, bodily harm The Icelandic Civil Defence is subordinate to the public or damage to property to the Ministry of Justice, except in issues caused by military action, natural or relating to health and medical services. other types of disasters. The Minister of Justice designates a Civil ➤ Render relief and assistance due to any Defence Council, which administrates losses that have occurred, assist people issues in that field and has a consultative during emergencies, unless the respon- role in the implementation of the Civil sibility for this assistance rests with Defence law. other authorities or organisations. The task of the Civil Defence Council is to organise Civil Defence, which implies As regards economic preparedness, the directing the activities that fall under Prime Minister shall appoint an Economic the Government’s responsibility. It shall Precaution Council consisting of the monitor and support research and studies secretaries of state of the various ministries. related to risk factors and natural cata- The tasks of the Economic Councils strophes. It shall also monitor, co-ordinate are to: and support measures aimed at reducing ➤ Be the consultative organ for the risks for bodily damage. Government in issues relating to Each municipality has its own Civil economic preparedness. Defence Committee. The Act on Civil ➤ Compile calendars for the various Defence stipulates who is to be included ministries consisting of measures to on the Committee. The task of the

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Committees is to organise and carry out 4. Legal Framework rescue and protection activities, preventive In the event of an emergency, the as well as of an acute nature, caused by Government is authorised to issue special war, natural catastrophes or other similar instructions in relation to general traffic, incidents. rules and safety in official places and areas The government agency responsible to which the public has access. In cases for Civil Defence and civil emergencies of imminent danger, the Chief of Police in Iceland is avrik. The day to day may forbid in part, or in full, the use of functions of avrik include risk analysis, meeting halls and other public gathering mitigation and co-ordination (i.e. plan- places to which the public has access. ning, training and equipment). The role The Act on Civil Defence was created of the agency during emergency opera- in 1962 and has since been revised on tions is to control all outside assistance several occasions. The Act includes the (national or international) in a stricken tasks and organisation of Civil Defence, area, as deemed necessary by the Chief civil services, obligations of specific of Police. enterprises, evacuation, stockpiling and The Chiefs of Police are in charge of other preparedness issues. all Civil Defence operations. There are In the event of a catastrophe, the Act 27 Chiefs of Police in Iceland. Within also permits the Government to issue each police jurisdiction there are one specific directives for traffic, and rules or more Civil Defence Committees, regarding security in public and other depending on the communities. At places to which the general public has present there are 45 Committees, how- access. The Act can also be put into ever many Committees within the same practice during Civil Defence exercises. jurisdiction are merging to strengthen their capacities. Contact: The National Commissioner of the Iceland Police 3. Civil-Military Co-operation Mr. Bjorn Halldorsson Iceland has no armed forces of its own. Skugata 21 Instead, Iceland is a member of nato and 101 Reykjavik has a bilateral agreement (since 1951) with Iceland the United States. This agreement permits the us to operate an air base at Keflavík. Telephone: +354 552 55 88 avrik co-operates with the air base in Telefax: +354 562 26 65 various issues, such as plans and exercises E-mail: [email protected] for disasters at the international airport Website: www.avrik.is located on the base, and in Partnership for Peace exercises.

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Ireland* Éire

North Atlantic Ocean

North Sea

Dublin Ireland

United Kingdom

English Channel

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Ireland is a parliamentary democracy. Mary McAleese (1997–) The Oireachtas (national parliament) Head of Government Prime Minister consists of the President, the Dáil and Bertie Ahern (1997–) the Seanad (the two Houses of legislators). Capital Dublin Functions and powers of the Oireachtas Population 4.0 million derive from the Constitution. As provided Area 70,283 sq. km in the Constitution, and subject to obli- GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 29,866 gations of eu membership, legislative Military Expenditures 0.7% of GDP power rests with the Dáil and the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, EU, OSCE, Seanad. The Taoiseach (Prime Minister) is Council of Europe appointed by the President on the

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nomination of the Dáil. Ministers are Reform and Department of Defence appointed by the Taoiseach. The Govern- which meets to coordinate the activity of ment acts collectively and is responsible these services. to the Dáil. The Dáil is elected at least once every ﬁve years by popular suffrage ➤ National Emergency Plan for Nuclear under the proportional representation Accidents system of voting. Contains the response arrangements in the event of Ireland being contaminated by 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning nuclear materials. Ireland has no nuclear Statutory responsibility for various power generating plants but would act to functions are allocated to Ministers by protect its population in the event of the Oireachtas (Parliament). Government accidents in other countries. The Depart- Departments take the lead role in planning ment of the Environment and Local for emergencies in areas for which each Government, assisted by the Radiological has statutory responsibility. Other Govern- Protection Institute of Ireland, leads the ment Departments and State Agencies response in this area with the support of assist the Lead Department as required. Government Departments and State Emergency Plans are co-ordinated at Agencies. agency, local and national levels. ➤ Plan for Biological Threats 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives The Department of Health and Children Emergency plans cover one or more of leads Health Service planning for biolo- the likely emergency situations. These gical threats, which may arise from time include but are not conﬁned to: to time. ➤ The Major Emergency Plan This is a co-ordinating mechanism for ➤ Major Marine Emergencies the local response services namely the Plans for dealing with Marine Search & Fire, Health & Garda (Police) Services Rescue and with major oil spillage from which are supported by the Defence Forces vessels is lead by the Department of the in emergencies. This planned grouping Marine through the Coast Guard. works on emergencies that are beyond the capacity of the normal response 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure services at local level. There is an Inter- The Minister for Defence chairs a departmental Committee consisting of Government Task Force on Emergency representations from the Department of Planning which co-ordinates Government the Environment & Local Government, Emergency Planning and responses Department of Health & Children, and across the State sector. An Interdepart- Department of Justice, Equality and Law mental Working Group supports the work

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of the Task Force and carries out studies Contact: Mr. Ciaran Desmond, and review of structures and processes. Office of Emergency Planning An Office of Emergency Planning has Department of Defence been set up within the Department of Infirmary Road Defence and has taken the lead role in Dublin 7 emergency planning to meet new threats Ireland from International terrorism. The Office exercises an oversight role in relation to Telephone: +353 1 804 2176 emergency planning issues, generally, in Telefax: +353 1 804 2255 order to ensure the best possible use of E-mail: resources and compatibility between [email protected] different planning requirements. The Office supports the work of the Task Force and the Interdepartmental Working Group and assists with facilitation of various issues throughout the emergency planning structures.

3. Civil-Military Co-Operation Civil-Military co-operation in emergencies can take two different forms. Firstly, in order to maintain law and order the military authorities may provide support and assistance to the Garda Síochána (Police Force) and, secondly, to maintain essential service in times of difﬁculty the military authorities provide aid to the civil authorities. The Ofﬁce of Emergency Planning is a civil branch of the Depart- ment of Defence with both military and civil staffs.

4. Legal Framework There is no speciﬁc emergency planning legislation. Emergency Planning is part of general planning carried out by each Government Department under its appropriate legislation.

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Italy Italia Austria Switzerland

Slovenia

France Croatia

Italy Adriatic sea

Rome

Tyrrhenian Sea

Mediterranean Sea

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Giorgio Italy is a republic. Ministers are nominated Napolitano (2006-) by the Prime Minister and approved by Head of Government Prime Minister the President of the Republic. Italy has a Romano Prodi (2006-) bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) Capital Rome composed of the Senate and the Chamber Population 57.4 million of Deputies. The President appoints the Area 301,230 sq. km Prime Minister and is entitled to dissolve GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 23,626 the Parliament. Military Expenditures 2.1 % of GDP Italy is divided administratively into 20 Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, regions (regioni), 106 provinces and OSCE, Council of Europe approximately 8,000 municipalities.

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Every region is governed by a giunta (often 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure a coalition between two or more parties), Civil Protection which is also responsible for the Regional The Department for Civil Protection, Council. The regions, provinces and under the auspices of the Prime Minister’s municipalities have different levels of ofﬁce, promotes and co-ordinates the administrative autonomy and carry out activities of central and local State local government. Due to the present administrations, regions, provinces, devolution process, local authorities are municipalities, national and territorial expected to acquire extended administra- public bodies plus all public and private tive and political powers in the near future. institutions and organisations in the national territory. 2. Structure of CEP Planning The Department for Civil Protection 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives consists of representatives from all state Civil Emergency Planning in Italy bodies and administrations. It prepares comprises both Civil Protection and Civil national relief programs and emergency Defence. The primary role of Civil operation plans, has a forecast and Protection is to protect lives, integrity, prevention function and coordinates the property, buildings and the environment national response to major disasters under from damage or possible damage caused the direction of a Chief of Department. by natural or manmade disasters. The The regions have a planning/monitoring primary aim of Civil Defence is to increase function and a coordination role in case the country’s preparedness for coping of a inter-provincial emergency. with major emergencies and crises, The provinces are responsible for including war. forecasts and prevention in accordance The objectives of Civil Defence are to with national and regional programs. In ensure the continuity of government each province, a government-appointed action, to maintain law and order, to prefect supervises the implementation of mobilise and co-ordinate the use of natio- Civil Emergency actions. nal resources (energy, labour, productive In the case of disasters, the Prefect shall: capability, food and agriculture, raw ➤ Inform the Department for Civil materials, telecommunications, etc.) and Protection, the President of the regional to co-ordinate alarm and rescue services, Giunta, and the Ministry of the Interior. which are aimed at reducing the conse- ➤ Direct emergency services at provincial quences of disasters. level. ➤ Take all the necessary measures to ensure early rescue assistance. ➤ Ensure the implementation of emergency services.

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The municipalities carry our civil pro- 4. Legal Framework tection activities, if the magnitude of the The Italian Constitution only provides emergency does not require the Prefect’s for emergencies caused by war. A “state involvement (provincial level). of war” must be declared by Parliament, whereby the relevant powers are then 2.3 CEP Organisational Structure granted to the Government. However, Civil Defence these measures are not intended to cope The organisational structure mirrors Civil with peacetime emergencies. A new legal Protection and the Minister of the Interior framework, which accounts for both is tasked with a directing role. He avails changes in the international situation and himself of a Department – the Depart- the growing political and administrative ment of Fire and Rescue Services and powers assigned to the local authorities, Civil Defence – within the Ministry of has been drafted and is presently sub- the Interior. mitted to the various authorities for consideration, before it is forwarded to 3. Civil-Military Co-operation the Parliament for approval. Civil-military co-operation in Italy takes The Prime Minister, as political head place in both Civil Protection and Civil of the Civil Protection structure, is Defence activities. A practical example is responsible for co-ordinating activities in the earthquake of September 1997, when the case of disasters. The Council of the Ministries of the Interior and Defence Ministers, under proposal of the Prime co-operated in order to mobilise resources Minister, can declare and revoke a state and ensure accommodation, relief and of emergency, and deﬁne the duration early assistance to the population. and extent of the emergency, delegating Civil-military co-operation in Italy can case by case the Chief of the Department also be seen in the regular participation of the Civil Protection or a Commissioner of national (e.g. Ditex) and international ad hoc to coordinate the management of (e.g. cmx) exercises, and in the organisa- the emergency. tion of courses (co.ci.cm), which are aimed at updating the procedures that are necessary for co-ordination between civil administrations and the military in the case of intervention. A new legal framework should provide the military with civil support, not only in traditional defence of the national territory, but also in peace support operations under the aegis of nato and eu.

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Contact: Civil Defence Prefect Riccardo Compagnucci Head of the Italian Civil Defence Directorate Ministry of Interior Piazza del Viminale I-00184 Rome Italy

Telephone: +390 6 465 37 288 Telefax: +390 6 481 46 37 Website: www.mininterno.it www.vigilfuoco.it E-mail: [email protected]

E-mail international relationship ofﬁce: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Civil Protection Dr. Guido Bertolaso Chief of Department Civil Protection Department Via Ulpiano, 11 I-00189 Rome Italy

Telephone: +390 6 68 201 Telefax: +390 6 68202360 Website: www.protezionecivile.it

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Kazakhstan* Qazaqstan Respublikasy

Russia Astana

Kazakhstan China

Aral Sea

Kyrgyzstan Caspian Sea Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Turkmenistan

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Nursultan A. Kazakhstan is a republic. The Council of Nazarbayev (1991–) Ministers is appointed by the President. Head of Government Prime Minister Imangali The President appoints the Prime Minister Tasmagambetov (2002–) and the ﬁrst deputy Prime Minister. The Capital Astana bicameral Parliament consists of the Population 15.4 million Senate and the popularly elected bottom Area 2,717,300 sq. km chamber of Parliament (Majilis). Laws GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 5,871 come into effect only after being signed Military Expenditures 0.7 % of GDP by the President and approved by the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, CIS Parliament. The President has extensive

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powers and only he can initiate constitu- co-ordination between the different tional amendments, appoint and dismiss branches involved in the prevention and the Government, dissolve the Parlia- management of emergencies, including ment, call referenda and appoint admi- the field of Civil Defence. The Emergency nistrative heads of regions and cities. Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is divided administratively shall: into 14 regions (oblast) and two cities ➤ Co-ordinate the work of ministries, (Almaty and Astana), which have special departments, local executive bodies and status and their own budget. Each region scientific establishments in the field of consists of several districts and the centre natural or man-made emergencies, and of each districts is a small city or large Civil Defence. settlement. Local governments (regions ➤ Co-ordinate norms, standards and rules, and districts) are responsible for the conduct the state account, prepare and distribution of the local budget and consider Government reports on the regional, social and economic develop- conditions of protection of the popula- ment issues. tion, environment and property in case of emergencies, and report on the state 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning of the Civil Defence system. The Government of the Republic of ➤ Supervise Civil Defence forces in their Kazakhstan is responsible for the central tasks of taking preventive measures, system of Civil Emergency Planning, forecasting, and controlling information through the Emergency Agency. This and management in emergencies. agency implements state policy and over- ➤ Supervise a state expert appraisal and, seas co-ordination between the different where necessary, organise independent branches. expert appraisal together with international expert organisations. 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives ➤ Provide and publicise information The objectives of Kazakh Civil Emergency during emergencies. Planning are to reduce possible damages ➤ Be responsible for taking financial in the event of an emergency, whether measures including the use of means natural or man-made, and to protect the from the Government reserve fund, and population during both peacetime and for bringing in offers to the Government war. regarding the use of incorporated state The Emergency Agency of the Kazakh and mobilisation reserves, such as mate- Government is the authority responsible rials, food, medical and other resources. for Civil Emergency Planning. The ➤ Organise scientific research, increase agency’s main tasks are to implement sta- the knowledge base and train experts te policy in the cep area and to oversee and the population.

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➤ Supervise state inspections, carry out ➤ Participate in international co-operation, state control and undertake state super- support the activities of foreign organi- vision within the framework of Civil sations and citizens, and organise Defence measures. humanitarian actions. ➤ Issue certificates and licenses to individuals/units responsible for rescue service 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure and reconstruction work. The central office of the Emergency ➤ Supervise mobilisation preparedness Agency consists of five departments: within Civil Defence military units and non-military formations within Civil 1. The Department of Emergency Defence, such as enterprises and Prevention, which handles the planning organisations. and control of preventive measures to be ➤ Supply instructions for the prevention taken during emergencies, forecasts and management of emergencies and natural disasters, develops legislative and the fulfilment of Civil Defence force normative certificates and co-ordinates requirements to ministries, state scientific research in the field of emer- committees, central executive bodies gencies and international co-operation. not included in the structure of the Government, local executive bodies, 2. The Department of Operative organisations and citizens. Response, which handles the co-ordination ➤ Investigate and collect facts about and control of continuous functions disasters and distribute this information during emergencies, rescue services and to officials, citizens and organisations the licensing of their activities, commu- concerned. nication organisations, taxation and the ➤ Direct and manage regional and global processing of operative information. emergencies. ➤ Mobilise all the physical resources of an 3. The Department of Civil Defence and organisation, irrespective of its depart- Military Units, which handles the plan- ment of origin and in accordance with ning and control of measures related to current legislation, during an emergency. the protection of the population and ➤ Develop normative legislation in this management of weapons of mass destruc- field. tion, the management of military units ➤ Develop the Civil Defence plan, and and non-military formations of Civil direct and manage the Civil Defence Defence and the disposal of these units/ system. formations during peacetime emergencies.

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4. The Department for Supervision of and organisations, and territorial bodies Emergencies and Mining, which handles of the central ministries and departments. the prevention of man-made emergencies These commissions are formed by area and the safety control of industries and and regional chiefs and work towards the technical facilities. prevention and management of emergencies of regional and local character. 5. The Department of Fire-Prevention At the centre of these territorial commis- Service, which handles the prevention sions are the territorial bodies of the and management of fires and the certifi- Emergency Agency. cation of activities related to fire safety. 3. Civil-Military Co-operation The Emergency Agency has regional and Civil-Military co-operation in Kazakhstan local bodies, with whom it carries out operates within the framework of the functions in regional areas. There are following laws: “About Civil Defence” also scientific, educational, industrial, (1997) and “About Defence and Armed rescue and forecasting organisations Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan” subordinate to the Agency. (1993) plus a number of other parliamen- Interdepartmental Commissions have tary resolutions. In peacetime, the plans been created by the Government to assist regulate military participation, of limited in decision-making processes related to strength, in large-scale emergencies. The the prevention and management of pro- Emergency Agency co-ordinates joint blems during emergencies. All ministries, actions between the military and civil departments and local executive bodies services. have functions determined by the In times of war, the Emergency Agency Government. The Government also co-operates with the Ministry of Defence, determines the order of interaction during and local executive bodies, directing disasters. In this centralised system all decision-making processes related to decisions related to emergency manage- population protection. The fire and rescue ment are made by the State System of services of the Emergency Agency, plus Prevention and Management of Emer- volunteers from Civil Defence within gencies. A central part of this system is private enterprise and other organisations, the Emergency Agency. The Chairperson have a significant role in the fulfilment of the Agency is also the Chairperson of of Civil Defence responsibilities. the above interdepartmental commissions. The Prime Minister is responsible for At regional and local levels there are the general management of Civil Defence. Territorial Commissions on Emergencies, All central and local executive bodies with representatives from local services participate in Civil Defence decision-

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making processes. All citizens and orga- national level, the chief of area at the nisations are legally obliged to take part regional level, the chief of the region or in Civil Defence operations in Kazakhstan. city at local level and managers of other enterprises or organisations. 4. Legal Framework The officials are responsible for The legal basis for Civil Emergency preventive measures, protection of the Planning in Kazakhstan comprises the population, the environment and pro- following laws: perty during emergencies, plus the ➤ “About emergencies of a natural or preparedness of subordinated organisations man-made character”. and establishments within Civil Defence. ➤ “About Civil Defence” (protection of The Emergency Agency also considers the population and territories during opportunities to assist nato, the un and war from mass defeat). other countries. ➤ “About rescue services and the status of rescuers”. Contact: Emergency Agency of the ➤ “About fair safety”. Republic of Kazakhstan ➤ “About the legal mode of an extreme 300, Baizakov St. situation”. 480070 Almaty Kazakhstan Civil Emergency Planning is also adjusted by Government resolutions, Chairman, Mr. Shalbay K. Kulmakhanov and reflects the following: Telephone/Telefax: +7 3272 91 93 90 ➤ The creation of the State System of Prevention and Management of Mr. Alexander V. Kravchuk Emergencies. Director, Department for ➤ The fulfilment of a long-term program Emergency Prevention for preventive measures for population Telephone: +7 3272 91 37 79 protection. Telefax: +7 3272 91 27 37 ➤ The function of interdepartmental E-mail: commissions. [email protected] ➤ The improvement of rescue formation and emergency medical services. Mr. Nurlan K. Panzabekov ➤ The construction of a Civil Defence International Cooperation Office, Head system. Telephone: +7 3272 91 81 95 / 91 23 91 Telefax: +7 3272 91 27 According to legal documents, the E-mail: responsibility for cep is assigned to the [email protected] Chairperson of the Emergency Agency at [email protected]

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Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz Respublikasy

Kazakhstan

Bishkek

Kyrgyz Republic

Uzbekistan

China

Tajikistan

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips Contact: Mr. Janysh Rustenbekov Head of State President Kurmanbek Minister for Emergency Situatiuons Bakiev (2005–) 2/1 Toktonaliev Str Head of Government Prime Minister Bishkek 720055 Feliks Kulov (2005–) Kyrgyzstan Capital Bishkek Telephone: +996 312 541 177, 548 281 Population 5.2 million Telefax: +996 312 541 178 Area 198,500 sq. km E-mail: [email protected] GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 2,711 Military Expenditures 1.9% of GDP Brussels: H.E. Mr. Chingiz Aitmatov Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, CIS Head of the Kyrgyz Mission to NATO 47, rue de l’Abbaye B-1050 Brussels Belgium Telephone: +32 2 640 18 68 +32 2 640 38 83 Telefax: +32 2 640 01 31 E-mail: [email protected]

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Latvia Latvija

Gulf of Finland Bothnia

Estonia Russia

Baltic Sea Riga Latvia

Lithuania

Belarus

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Vaira-Vike Latvia is a republic. The President is elected Freiberga (1999-) by the Parliament (Saeima) and is the Head Head of Government Prime Minister of State. According to the Constitution, Aigars Kalvitis (2004-) the President represents the State, is the Capital Riga Supreme Commander of the National Population 2.3 million Armed Forces and fulﬁls several other Area 64,600 sq. km functions. The Government – a Cabinet of GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 5,448 Ministers – is appointed by the President Military Expenditures 1,92 % of GDP and approved by Parliament. It is led by Membership of Int.Org NATO, UN, EU, OSCE, the Prime Minister. Council of Europe There is no regional government level in Latvia. The local level, consisting of municipalities, is divided into 7 urban

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districts (cities) and 26 rural districts. ➤ To ensure economic stability in The rural districts comprise a total of hazardous situations. 486 smaller municipalities (pagast). Both ➤ To ensure that State authoritative and types of municipalities are led by a administrative institutions, the economy popularly elected Municipal Council. and the population are prepared for situations caused by emergencies. 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning Extensive changes have taken place in the The Prime Minister is responsible for the Latvian system of Civil Protection since continuous function of the system and amendments were made to the Civil the fulfilment of its obligations. Civil Protection Law in 1998. The main respons- Protection operations are planned, co- ibility for Civil Emergency Planning now ordinated, led and controlled by the State rests with the State Fire and Rescue Service Fire and Rescue Service, under the (sfrs). Responsibilities for municipal Ministry of the Interior. Civil Emergency Planning tasks lie with the local chief of Fire and Rescue Services. 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure At the national level, responsibility for 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives Civil Emergency Planning rests with the The structure of Latvian Civil Emergency State Fire and Rescue Service (sfrs). The Planning changed radically in the summer local chief of Fire and Rescue Services is of 1998 when amendments were made to responsible at the municipal level. The the Civil Protection Law, i.e. the main local fire chief reports directly to the chief tasks of cep were delegated to the State of sfrs. Fire and Rescue Service. This law defines The municipal authorities are respons- Civil Protection of the Republic of Latvia ible for a number of tasks according to as a system of technical, economic, social the law, such as “.. .to work out together and rescue measures created to fulfil the with local structures of the sfrs a plan obligations of the State. It is aimed at of civil protection measures, as well as protecting the civilian population, territorial rescue operations plan.” The economic activities and the environment municipalities are also responsible for from possible dangers and damages caused establishing cep tasks for enterprises and by potential emergencies. organizations within the municipality. Managing consequences of the storm The main tasks of Latvian Civil in winter 2005 led to establishment of an Protection are: intergovernmental body – Crisis ➤ To provide assistance to victims. Management Council – under the leader- ➤ To reduce losses. ship of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Latvia. The main role of this Council

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is to co-ordinate civil-military co-operation area of a Home Guard battalion is within and operational activities of governmental the territory of a district or city municipa- institutions aimed at overcoming crises. lity. As a rule, the Home Guard battalions The Crisis Management Councils' have agreements concerning mutual assi- Secretariat (operated by the Ministry of stance and co-operation with respective Interior) guarantees the function of The fire brigades and police departments. Crisis Management Council and provides The largest emergency assistance support and coordination between operations carried out so far by the responsible institutions. National Armed Forces have been the involvement in the forest fires of 1992 3. Civil-Military Co-operation and the spring floods of 1996 and 1998, Existing legal arrangements are concentra- and the storm during the winter 2005. ted on military support to civil authorities In March 2006, the Government in peacetime emergencies. The organisation approved regulations that specify proce- of civil support to military activities is at an dures how civil protection agencies could initial stage and requires further investi- request the assistance from the Armed gation in regard to respective legal acts forces to deal with the major civil and regulations. emergencies. The National Armed Forces consist of the Defence Forces (a regular army based 4. Legal Framework on a conscription system) and the Home The basic legal act regulating the civil Guard. The duty of the Armed Forces is protection system in Latvia is the Civil to participate in peacetime emergency Protection Law, accepted by Parliament operations as stated in the Law on Armed in 1992. Forces. The two principal differences contained Their main tasks are: in the amendments of 1998 are: ➤ To support civilian services with A. The delegation of national civil manpower, vehicles, communication protection responsibilities to the State and life-support equipment. Fire and Rescue Service as opposed to ➤ To participate in the maintenance the special Civil Emergency Planning of public order. Institution (until 1998 – Civil Defence ➤ To participate in rescue works. Centre). ➤ To fulfill specific tasks, such as blowing- B. The delegation of local civil protection up ice on rivers, clearing mines, responsibilities to local fire and rescue decontamination, etc. services (which are part of the centralized state institution – sfrs) as opposed to the The Home Guard is organized according municipalities. to the territorial principle, i.e. the location

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Contact: The State Fire and Rescue Service Janis Ivanovskis Head of EU and NATO affairs co-ordination division Maskavas iela 5 LV-1050 Latvia

Telephone: +371 70 75 970 Telefax: +371 72 23 542 E-mail: [email protected]

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Lithuania Lietuva Finland Gulf of Bothnia

Estonia Russia

Baltic Sea Latvia

Lithuania

Kaliningrad (Russia) Vilnius

Poland Belarus

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President The state of Lithuania is a republic with Valdas Adamkus (2004-) a parliamentary system of government. Head of Government Prime Minister The legislative branch of the Lithuanian Algirdas Mykolas Government is constituted by the unica- Brazauskas (2001-) meral Parliament (Seimas). The executive Capital Vilnius branch of the Government (cabinet) Population 3.4 million consists of the Prime Minister and the Area 65,300 sq. km ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 6 490 (2004) and dismissed by the President of the Military Expenditures 2.01% of GDP Republic with the approval of the Seimas. Membership Int. Org. NATO, EAPC, UN, EU, OSCE, The Prime Minister represents the Council of Europe Government and leads its activities. The Government is responsible for the

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protection of the constitutional order, the implementation of tasks prescribed to and inviolability of the borders of the their scope of its responsibility. Republic of Lithuania. It administers the Since January 1, 2005 the Fire and affairs of the country, ensures the security Rescue Department under the Ministry of the State and public order, and has the of the Interior and the Civil Protection right of legislative initiative in the Seimas. Department at the Ministry of the Interior The Government is in charge of organising have been merged. The Fire and Rescue the county governors, ministries and Department under the Ministry of the governmental institutions in the upper Interior is an integral part of the Civil territorial administrative units of the Protection and Rescue System. It leads Republic of Lithuania. The Government the activities of the Civil Protection and is accountable to the Seimas for its general Rescue System, and is responsible for activities. organising disaster prevention, co-ordina- The activity of the Government is based ting the civil protection activities of public on the principles of collegiality, democracy, institutions and economic entities and lawfulness and publicity. ensuring the preparedness to implement The President is the head of the state, the planned civil protection measures in elected by the direct universal suffrage. emergency situations during peacetime The President promulgates laws enacted and war. by the Seimas. The President is the Within their scope of responsibility, the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. ministries and other public authorities are responsible for forecasting emergency 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning situations and evaluating the possible Civil Emergency Planning is a function consequences; establishing the functions of the State to ensure the preparedness of to be performed in emergencies; preparing public institutions, local authorities, plans for executing the said functions; economic entities and the population for training the civilian population to under- emergency situations and should the need take protection measures and developing arise, their capability for undertaking the capabilities for executing the functions response measures. laid down in contingency plans in times The Ministry of the Interior, in of peace and war. conjunction with other institutions, is responsible for the elaboration and 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives implementation of the governmental The cep objective is to ensure emergency policy in the ﬁeld of civil protection in preparedness, development of capabilities peacetime. It also co-ordinates the at all levels of civil protection management activities of the institutions of the Civil system that to meet the main requirements Protection and Rescue System regarding for national security and civil protection

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in emergencies, encompassing response environment after the consequences of and recovery after emergency situations. an accident are mitigated. Elimination of the consequences of 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure accidents may require resources that are In Lithuania cep is organised at three not locally available. The daily work levels: national, county (regional) and conditions may be interrupted. Response municipal (local). to emergencies may exert a long-term The national level comprises the influence upon people and the environ- Government, the Governmental Emer- ment. In this event, local authorities will gency Commission, the Emergency work together to eliminate the conse- Management Centre, the Ministry of the quences of an emergency. Interior, the Fire and Rescue Department, When consequences of an emergency other ministries and public authorities. affect the territories of more than one The county level is constituted of municipality it is classified as a County administrations of county governors, level emergency. It may interrupt the county civil protection departments, and function of local authorities. Local level county emergency management centres. Emergency Management Centres will be The municipal level consists of mayors activated and the County Emergency (boards) of municipalities, civil protection Management Centre will be extended to personnel, municipal emergency manage- co-ordinate the resources of the affected ment centres, fire rescue services, search territory. If necessary, the Lithuanian army and rescue services and economic entities and industrial enterprises will provide as support. assistance. Emergency services: fire brigades, police The aim of involving state management and medical services develop response structures in this work is to provide action plans. resources for local authorities and County The primary function of local authorities Emergency Management Centres, and to in the event of local emergency situations help society return to its initial state after is to provide with the necessary assistance, an emergency due to an accident of state while continuing with their regular tasks, proportions. help people under its jurisdiction, to make All governmental institutions are local resources available to mitigate the expected to perform their functions during consequences of an emergency, and to emergencies. The Government Emergency co-ordinate actions of assisting services Commission is entitled to make decisions except emergency services. concerning the allocation of services and Local authorities help society to return to resources. its initial state, and rebuild the destructed

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The institutions of the Civil Protection of a disaster will also be obliged to execute and Rescue System are responsible for appropriate functions and tasks. developing an organisational structure The central authority plans the measures in the ﬁeld of emergency and rescue to be undertaken by such services and preparedness. designs their contingency plans. The Civil Emergency Preparedness is a key support body plans the measures that are function of the State, and encompasses included and, in accordance with prepared the civil emergency preparedness and plans, provides resources and assists the response measures undertaken by public central civil protection authority in the institutions, local authorities, economic execution of its functions within the scope entities and the population in regard to of its responsibility. State resources used to sustain the national economy and the population, and protect Civil protection functions by institutions: the environment and property from the ➤ Fire and Rescue Department: effects of emergency situations. Civil planning, management and co-ordination, Emergency Preparedness also entails active warning and information, ﬁre extingui- participation of the population. Civil shing and rescue Emergency Preparedness includes all ➤ Ministry of Environment: activities and measures carried out by hazardous substances and monitoring, public authorities and emergency forces, construction and engineering work and as such, is a prioritised area of activity ➤ Ministry of Social Security and Labour: for ensuring an organised and targeted social security deployment of forces and resources in ➤ Ministry of Transport: order to effectively eliminate consequences transport, communications, search and of emergency situations. rescue Rescue Preparedness is the readiness of ➤ Ministry of Health Care: special rescue and relief services to provide health care urgent assistance and support to the ➤ Ministry of Economy: population in the event of emergency supply and energy situations or threats thereof. ➤ Ministry of the Interior: When executing the functions and tasks maintenance of public order assigned by the experts of the central civil ➤ Ministry of Agriculture: protection authority and support bodies, food and agriculture the ministries and other public institutions ➤ Ministry of Culture: shall establish internal civil protection protection of cultural heritage and services. The performance of these services property is based on the single common principle: a ministry or public authority in the event

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3. Civil-Military Co-operation Contact: Fire and Rescue Department If the scale of disaster in an emergency under the Ministry of the Interior situation overcomes beyond the capabilities of the Republic of Lithuania of the available civilian resources, the General Kazys Zulonas, Director heads of administrative units may request ˇSvitrigailos str. 18 assistance from the local military com- 03223 Vilnius mand to perform speciﬁc tasks. When Lithuania the Armed Forces are summoned, they operate under interaction schemes that Telephone: +370 5 271 68 66 have been prepared in advance. Civil- Telefax: +370 5 216 34 94 military co-operation and the procedure E-mail: [email protected] for using military units in emergency Website: www.vpgt.lt situations is regulated by the Law on the Basics of National Security of the Republic of Lithuania and other legal acts, the orders of the Minister for National Defence, and the Lithuanian Armed Forces.

4. Legal Framework Activities in the ﬁeld of civil protection are regulated by: ➤ Law on the Basics of National Security of the Republic of Lithuania (December 19, 1996). ➤ The Civil Protection Law of the Republic of Lithuania (December 12, 2002). ➤ Fire Protection Law of the Republic of Lithuania (December 15, 1998).

The Civil Protection and Rescue System is developed in accordance with the Programme for the Development of Civil Protection and Rescue System, which is approved by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, and the Action Plan for the Programme, which is approved by the Government of Lithuania.

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Luxembourg* Luxembourg

North Sea

Netherlands

Belgium Germany

Luxembourg Luxembourg

France

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State The Grand Duke Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy. Henri (2000–) The Ministers are appointed by the Grand Head of Government Prime Minister Jean- Duke and responsible to the Chamber of Claude Juncker (1995–) Deputies (the Parliament). The Grand Capital Luxembourg-Ville Duke has the executive power according to Population 453,000 the Constitution, although it is exercised Area 2,586 sq. km by the Ministers. GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 50,061 The legislative power rests jointly with Military Expenditures 0.7% of GDP the Grand Duke and the Chamber of Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, Deputies. The Conseil d’Etat also has a OSCE, Council of Europe signiﬁcant role in legislative work. This

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body reviews all proposed bills and has At present, concepts are still being worked the power to veto them. However, the out by the hcpn, including: Chamber of Deputies can repeal the veto ➤ The function of the National Protection of the Conseil d’Etat. The separation of structure, including the drafting of powers provided for under the Constitu- legal texts. tion is ﬂexible and includes numerous ➤ National capabilities evaluation, relations between the legislature and the including cbrn aspects. executive. ➤ The continuity of governmental Luxembourg is divided into three function. administrative districts (Diekirch, ➤ Essential infrastructure protection. Grevenmacher and Luxembourg), twelve ➤ The elaboration of national crisis counties and 118 municipalities. The response measures, according to the governmental form is central, although evolution of the ncrs. each municipality has a certain degree of autonomy within its own area. 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives Civil Protection in Luxembourg includes 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning all the necessary measures and means that Created after the Second World War, the must be taken in order to protect and High Commission for National Protec- supply aid to the population and to safe- tion (Haut-commissariat à la Protection guard the national inheritance and other Nationale, HCPN) is a civil authority, assets in the event of catastrophe or directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. disaster, whether or not they are ascri- Dormant after the end of the Cold War, bable to an international, armed conﬂict. it was reactivated in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure hcpn is responsible for co-ordinating 2.2.1 National Protection the planning and training of all Govern- Up until the present, in the event of an ment and State bodies and agencies, in emerging crisis, the Government would all precautionary and protection matters have designated a Leading Minister to in the event of crisis, emergency or war. take charge. A crisis unit or inter- The hcpn also represents the country in ministerial committee would have been international fora dealing with civil emer- created in order to adopt measures within gency planning, such as nato’s Senior the means and measures established by Civil Emergency Planning Committee laws and other regulations. (scepc). Participation in other meetings is These civil emergency tasks have now decided on a case-by-case basis. been taken over by the Senior Council for National Protection (cspn), chaired by the High-Commission for National

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Protection, under the authority of the made between Luxembourg and its three Ministerial Council for National neighbouring countries: Belgium, Protection. Germany and France. Each minister of the Government is The Civil Protection Authority in responsible for reviewing his/her own Luxembourg consists of 15 officials and area of activity and taking the necessary employees. The Emergency Assistance measures in order to maintain govern- Centre (csu) “112”, is served by 15 opera- mental continuity, population protection, tors. This brigade of first-aid volunteers, maintenance of economic activities and ambulance personnel and rescue workers civilian support for military activities in is composed of 2,232 volunteers based in times of crisis. 25 regional centres. The municipal fire brigade is independent of Civil Protection 2.2.2 Civil Protection and reports to the Ministry of Interior. The Luxembourg Civil Protection Authority is subordinate to the Ministry 3. Civil-Military Co-operation of the Interior. In the event of a cata- Civil-military co-operation operates with- strophe, the Civil Protection Authority out special regulations in Luxembourg. leads rescue operations and reports to the Ad hoc co-operation is organised on a Minister of the Interior. It also manages case-by-case basis during crisis or emer- national intervention funds, sets up gency situations. The appropriate general and individual intervention plans mechanism is tested in national and and organises public training in first aid. international exercises. The Civil Protection Authority is qualified to recruit and train the instruc- 4. Legal Framework tors (volunteers) of the assistance units Luxembourg National Protection is based and supervise the volunteers’ instructions on the following legislation: in the various fields of protection. In The bodies of the National Protection addition, it manages the National School are regulated by the Grand-Ducal of Civil Protection (encp), which instructs regulation of 25 October 1963 concerning volunteers in weekend training courses, the general organisation of National as well as the National Civil Protection Protection. Support Base, which includes training with heavy intervention equipment. Luxembourg Civil Protection is based on Finally, the Civil Protection Authority the following legislation: develops links with first-aid organisations ➤ The Law of 18 November 1976 in neighbouring countries and helps to concerning the organisation of Civil implement plans and directives arising Protection. from the mutual assistance agreements

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➤ The Law of 8 December 1981 on Contact: Haut-Commissariat à la requisitioning in the event of armed Protection Nationale conﬂicts, serious international crises Col (ret) Guy Lenz and disasters. Ministry of State ➤ The Law of 11 January 1990, amending L–2910 Luxembourg the law of 18 November 1976, concerning the organisation of Civil Protection. Telephone: +352 2629 021 ➤ The Grand-Ducal regulation of 22 Ja- Fax: +352 2629 0230 nuary 1991 concerning instructions for Email: Art. 16 of the Law of 8 December 1981 [email protected] on requisition in the event of armed conﬂicts, serious international crises The Director of Civil Protection and/or disasters. Mr. Léon Anen ➤ The Grand-Ducal regulation of 15 1, rue Robert Stümper February 1995 concerning the instruction L-2557 Luxembourg of the population and of the rescue units of the Civil Protection. Telephone: +352 4977 1406 Telefax: +352 4977 1771 E-mail: [email protected]

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Moldova Republica Moldova

Ukraine

Chis‚naˇu MoMoldova Romania

Black Sea

Bulgaria

Turkey

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Vladimir Moldova is a parliamentary republic. The Voronin (2001–) parliament is the supreme legislative body Head of Government Prime Minister and elected by the population by general Vasile Tarlev (2001–) vote. The parliament elects the President, Capital Chis‚naˇu who is also Commander in Chief of the Population 4.3 million Armed Forces. Upon the proposal of the Area 33,700 sq. km President, the Parliament approves the GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 2,109 candidature of the Prime Minister. The Military Expenditures 0.4 % of GDP Prime Minister, in turn, proposes candi- Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, dates for members of the Government, Council of Europe, CIS for the Parliament’s approval.

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The Republic of Moldova is divided into 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure 32 administrative -territorial entities (ate) The National Civil Emergency Planning is (raioane), and the capital Chisinau. led by the Government, which establishes The ate are divided into territorial the character, scope and deadlines for the sub-units: cities, towns and villages. Each execution of the tasks. The working body city, town and village is led by a Mayor, of the Government in this area is the who is elected by the people. Department for Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning implements cep measures and tasks. The National Civil Emergency Planning The Prime Minister is the Chairman of (cep) system is a centralized one, the the National Commission of Emergency general management being carried out by Situations of the Republic of Moldova. the Government. The Minister of Internal Affairs is the deputy chairman of this Commission. 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives cep management in the ate, cities, The basic tasks of the Moldovan Civil towns and villages is carried out by the Emergency Planning are: heads of respective local public admini- ➤ To protect the population and property strations: In the ministries, state agencies in cases of civil emergencies. and economical agents it is carried out by ➤ To co-ordinatie the activities of ministries, ministers, general directors and general departments, public authorities in the managers. The Department of Emergency area of civil protection. Situations is represented in raions by ➤ To train and prepare the population to Directorates/sections for Emergency cope with disasters. Situations, as well as cep specialists who ➤ To carry out urgent works of search and carry out the cep tasks and measures in rescue in cases of emergencies. the territory. ➤ To mitigate the consequences of natural The Civil Protection Directorate as a and manmade disasters. part of the Department of Emergency Situations, caries out state supervision in cep organizes the necessary forces to the cep. Civil Protection Directorate is implement these tasks. To ensure the represented in national and local authori- protection of the population in emergen- ties, and supervise the following areas: cies, cep provides these forces with engineering, radioactive/chemical/medical/ mechanisms, materials and special training, biological protection of the population and keeps them prepared for action. and objects of national economy. cep forces include the Search and Rescue Units of the Department for Emergency Situations, the Fire Protection and Rescue

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Service, and specialized teams of the ➤ The Law of the Republic of Moldova, ministries, state agencies, institutions and Nr. 267-xiii “On Fire Protection”, enterprises. The Department’s forces are dated with November 9, 1994. managed by the Directorate of Operations. ➤ The Law of the Republic of Moldova Troupes of Carabineers of the Ministry of Nr. 1440-xiii “On radiation protection Internal Affairs are involved in liquidation and safety”, dated with December 24, of emergency situations according to a 1997. special plan. These laws regulate the prevention and 3. Civil-Military Co-operation mitigation of the consequences of civil In the Republic of Moldova, there is a emergencies. They determine the respon- Plan for Co-operation in this area between sibilities and tasks of the public authorities Department of Emergency Situations and at different levels, in daily activities and the Ministry of Defense and other parts of emergency situations. Armed Forces, which has been elaborated by the Department of Emergency The most important Government’s Situations according to the Law on Civil Decrees are: Protection and the Decision of the ➤ Decree of the Government of the National Commission for Emergency Republic of Moldova Nr. 477 “On the Situations. The plan is designed to co- national network of monitoring and ordinate activities in the case of emergen- laboratory control on contamination of cies within the territory of the Republic environment with radioactive, poisonous, of Moldova. toxic and bacteriological agents”, dated According to cep tasks, measures apply with May 19, 2000. for the entire territory of the Republic of ➤ Decree of the Government of the Moldova. Republic of Moldova Nr. 648 “On the The activities of the public administ- Commission on Emergency Situations ration authorities and enterprises’ admi- of the Republic of Moldova”, dated nistration in the cep area and security of with November 26, 1996. population are open to the public. Other laws and Government Decrees 4. Legal Framework include issues such as nuclear and chemical Several Laws and Government Decrees safety, toxic waste, ﬂood prevention, apply for Civil Emergency Planning. transportation of hazardous materials, etc. The main ones are: ➤ The Law of the Republic of Moldova, Nr. 271-xiii “On Civil Protection”, dated with November 9, 1994.

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Contact: Colonel Andrei Sumleanschi‚ Head of the Department of Emergency Situations Ministry of Internal Affairs 69, Gheorghe Asachi Street Chisnau, MD-2028 Moldova

Telephone: +373 22 73 85 16 +373 22 73 85 45 (24/24 7/7) Telefax: +373 22 73 85 01 + 373 22 73 85 69 (24/24 7/7) E-mail: [email protected]

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Netherlands Nederland

North Sea

Amsterdam United Kingdom Netherlands

English channel Germany Belgium France

Luxembourg

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State Her Majesty Queen The Netherlands is a constitutional Beatrix (1980–) monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. Head of Government Prime Minister Jan Peter Executive power is exercised by the Balkenende (2001–) Government and the Council of Ministers. Capital Amsterdam (The Hague The Ministers are responsible for govern- is the seat of ment policy, and the Parliament can call government) the Ministers to account. The Ministers Population 16.3 million are appointed by the Queen on the Area 41,528 sq. km recommendation of the Prime Minister Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, of the new cabinet. OSCE, Council of Europe Legislative power rests with the bicameral Parliament (Staten Generaal). The Staten General has two chambers, the 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 129

First and Second Chamber. The members 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives of the First Chamber are indirectly elected Crisis Management in the Netherlands by the Provincial Councils, while the consists of “the entire set of measures members of the Second Chamber are taken and provisions made by the public directly elected by the people. authorities, in co-operation with other Local government consists of 12 pro- organisations in view of (acute) emergen- vinces (provincies) and 636 municipalities. cies to guarantee safety in a wide sense.” The provinces have a limited form of Crisis Management aims to protect the self-government. They are governed by country's vital interests under all circum- popularly elected Provincial Councils. stances. The Queen's Commissioners (Commissaris der koningin) are appointed by the Queen. The Ministry of the Interior has the The municipalities are governed by following tasks: popularly elected Municipal Councils and ➤ to develop appropriate legislation, a Mayor. The municipalities have their information guidelines and control as own police forces and are responsible for, well as co-operation arrangements; inter alia, fire services and disaster ➤ to adopt regulations regarding safety management. and performance levels, norms and standards for fire services and rescue 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning equipment that has been manufactured, In the Dutch system of Crisis Manage- imported or marketed for use in the ment, each Ministry is responsible for Netherlands; Crisis Management within its own specific ➤ to provide financial resources, training area. The Ministry of the Interior and and communications; Kingdom Relations has an overall co- ➤ to test the quality of emergency systems ordinating function. A permanent and to make specialist knowledge operational National Co-ordination available. Centre (ncc) has been established within the Ministry of the Interior. 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure Civil Protection in the Netherlands In the Dutch system of Crisis Manage- has been replaced by a Disaster Relief ment, each Ministry is responsible for organisation, which is seen as a special Crisis Management within its own specific form of Crisis Management. The respon- area. Overall responsibility rests with the sibility for Dutch Disaster Relief is placed Directorate General for Public Order at local level and the Mayor is the supreme and Safety within the Ministry of the commander in emergencies. Interior. The Ministry of the Interior co-ordinates Crisis Management preparedness.

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The Minister of the Interior is responsible command of disaster management, and for public order and safety. This includes, the Minister of the Interior gives instruc- among other things, responsibility for tions directly to the Commissioners. fire services, disaster management and the organisation of medical assistance in 3. Civil-Military Co-operation the event of disaster. In exceptional cases, the Queen's A permanent operational National Commissioner in a province may request Co-ordination Centre (ncc) has been military assistance for the Minister established within the Ministry of the concerned. The Minister shall approach Interior for the purpose of co-ordination. the Minister of Defence, who will take The ncc handles the dissemination of the necessary measures, unless there are information, plus the co-ordination of urgent reasons for not doing so. administrative measures between various In very urgent cases, the Mayor may ministries and provincial and municipal make a direct request for military assistance authorities. The National Information to the provincial military commander or Centre, also within the Ministry of the the regional military commander-north. Interior, handles public information. In this case, the Queen's Commissioner If a crisis occurs, a crisis centre for in the province shall immediately be decision-making will be set up within informed. the ministry concerned. Apart from the Minister concerned, the Prime Minister 4. Legal Framework may call upon other ministries to become The following acts provide the admini- part of the Prime Minister's crisis decision- strative and operational framework for making structure. In this event, a National the physical aspects of population Co-ordination Centre will be set up. protection in the Netherlands: Responsibility for Disaster Relief, and safety in general, rests with the munici- The Fire Service Act (1985): The Fire palities. In the event of disaster, munici- Services in the Netherlands are organisa- palities co-operate regionally. If regional tions consisting mainly of volunteers. assets should prove insufficient, assistance Professional firemen are in a minority. can be requested from national level. The According to the Act, each municipality Minister of the Interior is responsible for shall have its own Fire Service, run by a this co-ordination. municipal fire service commander. If If a disaster cannot be managed at local assistance from the local level should level, the Commissioner of the Queen can prove inadequate, the Mayor may submit instruct the Mayor (or Mayors) about the a request to the Queen's Commissioner policy to be undertaken. In this event, the for assistance from other regions within Commissioner takes over the operational the Province. The Commissioner may

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also request that measures be taken by co-ordination and management of the Minister of Internal Affairs. medical assistance services. All of these acts are based on the The Disasters Act: This Act describes a position that responsibility for disaster disaster as an event which seriously affects management should rest at local public safety, and thereby poses a serious (municipal) level. threat to the life and health of many people and/or significant financial interests, and which requires the co- Contact: National Coordination Centre ordinated use of services and organisations Ministry of the Interior and within different disciplines. The Fire Kingdom Relations Service forms the core of the organisatio- Schedeldoekshaven 200 nal structure for disaster management. P.O. Box 20011 It also has a co-ordinating role in the NL-2500 EA. The Hague preparation and implementation of The Netherlands disaster management. Telephone: +31 70 345 4400 To ensure adequate preparedness, the Telefax: +31 70 361 4464 Disasters Act establishes three types of E-mail: [email protected] plans: ➤ disaster management plans ➤ disaster contingency plans National Crisis Centrum ➤ provincial co-ordination plans Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations The Mayor has final command in disaster Schedeldoekshaven 200 management and in the taking of measures P.O. Box 20011 in the event of serious threat or disaster. NL-2500 EA. The Hague The Netherlands The Act on Medical Assistance in Times of Disaster: Medical assistance in times of Telephone: +31 70 426 5000 disaster is an integral part of disaster Telefax: +31 70 361 4464 management and is designed to provide E-mail: [email protected] the best possible treatment to as many victims as possible. In the event of major incidents and disasters, the director of the designated public health service in the region is charged with the organisation,

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Norway Norge

Norwegian Sea

Finland

Gulf of Norway Bothnia

Oslo Sweden

North Sea

Denmark Baltic Sea

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State His Majesty King Norway is a constitutional monarchy. Harald V (1991–) The executive power rests formally with Head of Government Prime Minister the King, but in practice with the Govern- Jens Stoltenberg (2005–) ment, and the legislative power rests with Capital Oslo the unicameral Parliament. The King, Population 4.6 million with the Parliament’s approval, appoints Area 323,878 sq. km the Government, and both the Prime GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 54,391 Minister and each Cabinet Minister is Military Expenditures 0.9% of GDP judicially directly responsible to the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, OSCE, Parliament. Each Minister is normally in Council of Europe charge of a ministry, which is responsible

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for carrying out public administration in the functions of normal, everyday activi- their field. ties, will presumably improve the ability The regional level consists of 19 regions, to handle critical situations. Thus, each the Regional Commissioner being the Ministry is responsible for emergency highest representative of the central planning within its own sector. However, government. There are however, only 18 the Ministry of Justice and the Police has Regional Commissioners as two regions been given a more distinct responsibility (Oslo and Akershus) are organised with a for co-ordinating the administration of common Commissioner. At the local work on safety, security and emergency level there are 435 municipalities. The planning within the civil sector in general. capital, Oslo, is both a county and a The principle of decentralisation states municipality. The municipalities are lead that the responsibility for crisis manage- by a popularly elected Municipal Board, ment should be handled at the lowest with tax raising powers, and a broad range possible level. of political responsibilities in providing The principle of conformity states that local services to the population. society must be able to operate in accordance with normal standards no matter 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning what challenges it is exposed to, and that The concept of Total Defence is still the structures of responsibility are main- important in Norwegian cep, and means tained in extraordinary situations. that civil and military authorities provide mutual support and complement each 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives other at central, regional and local levels The politically defined objectives for the in order to provide maximum protection work on safety and security of the for the people and society against threat. Norwegian society are based on the The work on safety and security of the notion that emergencies should be society is furthermore based upon the prevented, and that emergencies that principles of liability, decentralisation and arise shall be tackled in the best possible conformity. Together these principles are manner. Basically, the society must be the foundation for establishing efficient able to meet any threat and handle any crisis prevention and crisis management. situation that may occur. The central The principle of liability states corre- objective is ensuring that interruptions sponding responsibility either when to important societal functions and large dealing with a normal situation or an accidents will not entail large societal extraordinary situation. This principle losses, to initiate measures preparing applies to all public and private activities. society to meet any challenge and In addition each citizen is responsible for securing emergency planning in general. his or her own safety. Responsibility for

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For the period of 2005–2008 the new national guidelines, making principal Government aim to emphasise: decisions regarding the Norwegian civil ➤ Preventive activities, including health, preparedness system, as well as administ- environment and security work. rative responsibility for the Search and ➤ Ensuring that agencies with emergency Rescue Service (sar). However, each responsibilities are able to tackle large Ministry is responsible for planning incidents, including acts of terrorism within its own sector. The Council for and/or mass destruction. Emergency Planning, as a subordinate ➤ Coordinated and purposeful work with structure to the Ministry of Justice, does regard to ensuring Critical Infrastructure conduct discussions with other ministries Protection. about policies and budget sharing ➤ Increased cooperation, including plans and exercises, between civil and military Directorate for Civil Protection and authorities. Emergency Planning (DSB) ➤ A strengthening of the ability of intelli- In 2003, the Government established the gence and security services to analyse, Directorate for Civil Protection and warn and prevent different forms of Emergency Planning consisting of the terrorism in Norway. former Directorate for Civil Defence and ➤ A holistic and coordinated crisis mana- Emergency Planning and the former gement centrally, regionally and locally. Directorate for Fire and Electrical safety. The purpose was to create a basis for a 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure wider range of expertise within the ﬁeld The executive authorities must at all times of safety and security, and a common be prepared to manage any crisis that may structure of authority from national to occur. A basis for crisis management is local level of administration of Fire, the corresponding responsibility when Rescue and Emergency planning. The dealing with a normal situation or a crisis Directorate is the executive body of the situation or war. Some Government Ministry of Justice and Police with regard actors do however have special Civil to civil emergency preparedness, and its Emergency Planning responsibilities. formation is intended to result in more efﬁcient use of resources and give the Ministry of Justice and the Police Ministry of Justice and the Police a more The Ministry of Justice and the Police distinct role concerning the collective has a particular responsibility for co- emergency and rescue services. The ordinating the administration of work on Directorates objective is to maintain a safety, security and emergency planning full overview of risk and vulnerability in within the civil sector in general. This society, promote measures which prevent includes responsibility for developing accidents, crises and other undesirable

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incidents, and ensure sufficient emergency emergencies. This applies to local infra- planning and efficient management of structure, health services, care for the accidents and crises. elderly and information to the public. The municipalities have primary respon- Civil Defence sibility to tackle any peacetime emergency. The Civil Defence Organisation is an Important tools in this respect are risk operative part of the dsb, and divided and vulnerability assessments and estab- into 20 regional districts. 50 000 persons lishing local crisis management plans. All serve in the Civil Defence Organisation, municipalities are required to have a fire and about one third of these forces are service, and this is the municipals primary ready to be utilised in peacetime emer- resource for handling both fires and/or gencies. The dsb is responsible for the other type of emergencies. The munici- education and training of Civil Defence palities are furthermore required by law Forces, which in peacetime will be an to undertake civil emergency preparations important supplementary resource to the within the health sector. police and other emergency and rescue services, the regional and the local The Police authorities. The Police are tasked with securing people, property, order, and public safety. Regional Commissioners It is responsible for handling accidents The Regional Commissioners coordinates and incidents where life and health are at and supervise cep in their region. The risk, and to ensure measures to avert regional administration promotes emer- danger and limit consequences. Crime gency planning at the local level and prevention and investigation are also an participates in the planning of support important part of the work on safety and of the military forces, as well as being security of the society. The Police reserve responsible for environmental issues, may be utilities during large accidents agriculture and the inspection of munici- and disasters. The Police Directorate pal administrations. In a major crisis the furthermore has an operative staff that Regional Commissioner may also be may be established during large emer- responsible for crisis management co- gencies or acts of terrorism. ordination, and this authority increases greatly in times of war. The Rescue Service The Norwegian sar Service maintains an Municipalities integrated coordination structure, which The municipalities are responsible for means that each joint rescue coordination key societal services, and ensuring the centre is prepared to handle land, sea or continuation of these services during air operations, rescue operations on

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offshore oil or gas installations, as well as societal values and in relation to crisis operations requiring international co- management. Focus is on prevention operation. The collective sar management against a broad spectre of threats to the at the two rescue coordination centres, society, and they consist of the Defence located in Bodø and Stavanger, and the Intelligence Service, The Police Security rescue sub-centres leads and coordinates Service and the National Security Agency. search and rescue operations within their The National Security Agency reports both respective areas. These centres consist of to the Ministry of Defence, as superior representatives from a number of govern- authority, in cases concerning the military ment agencies together with the local chief sector and to the Ministry of Justice and of police, who is in overall command, the Police, as superior authority, in cases leads and coordinates search and rescue concerning the civil sector. operations within their respective areas. 3. Civil-Military Co-operation Military Defence Civil military co-operation in Norway is Military defence forces may be utilised to based on the Total Defence concept, save live and material values during large which states that there will be a “total accidents and/or emergency situations mobilisation of all possible civil and where civilian recourses are insufficient. military resources to maintain the will to Persons in compulsory military service defend oneself, to offer the greatest or in the Home Guard are the ones possible resistance to aggression, to primarily available for such incidents. protect life and health, to maintain an The Military Defences heads the Coast organised society and to prevent damage Guard and participate in the civilian caused by peacetime crises and/or war”. rescue service. They conduct intelligence The purpose of the concept is to further work, as well as being responsible for the defence and protection of Norway, security in Government administration. and to ensure optimal use of all civil and military resources during periods of crises, Voluntary organisations tension and/or conflict. This implies Voluntary organisations give important interdependence and close co-operation contributions during accidents at local between civil preparedness and military level, as well as emergency aid to other defence. Civil preparedness measures countries. may be used during peacetime in efforts to avoid or limit serious accidents when Intelligence-, counter-intelligence and sufficient aid cannot be obtained from the security services ordinary aid organisations. In addition, These services have responsibilities both in civilian defence provides assistance to the preparations against threats to important police, fire brigades, health services and

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other public bodies and non-governmental tasks and are responsible for civil emer- organisations. Furthermore, in the case gency planning, and every part of the of a full military mobilisation the army administration must ensure that the will need substantial resources from the necessary detailed emergency plans are civilian society, and it is therefore of vital put into effect. This is mainly regulated importance that civilian society functions through laws and regulations concerning well in order to both supply the military speciﬁc sectors. and keep everything else running. The following legislation is important in 4. Legal Framework this regard: Legislation concerning Norwegian cep ➤ Police Act of 4 August 1995. may be divided into two pillars consisting ➤ Fire Protection Act of 8 December 2000, of Acts, prepared delegations of powers implemented as of 1 January 2001. for lawmaking, regulations and directives. ➤ The Fire and Explosion Prevention Act The ﬁrst concerns the protection of the of 14 June 2002. population in times of hostile acts and ➤ The Planning of Building’s Act of 14 war, and the second relates to peacetime June 1985, amended 24 November 2000. emergencies. ➤ Protection Against Pollution Act of 13 March 1981. The following Acts provide the main ➤ Regulation of 4 July 1980 on the main framework for administrative operations principles for the organisation of the in times of crisis/war: Search and Rescue Services. ➤ The War Act of 15 December 1950. ➤ The Supplies Act of 14 December 1956, Contact: Directorate for Civil Protection and made valid for a peacetime crisis in Emergency Planning (DSB) 1974. Mr. Jon Lea, Director General ➤ The Act on Civilian Defence of 17 July P.O.B 2014 1953. This act applies both in war and NO-3103 Tønsberg during peacetime, this act is currently Norway under revision. ➤ The security Act of 20. March 1998. Telephone: +47 33 41 25 00 ➤ The Act of Social and Health Prepared- Telefax: +47 33 31 06 60 ness of 23 June 2000. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dsb.no There is no overall legislation concerning civil protection in peacetime. Many government agencies and private organisations do however have civil protection

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Poland Polska

Lithuania Baltic Sea Kaliningrad (Russia)

Belarus Warsaw Germany Poland

Ukraine

Czech Republic

Slovakia

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Poland is a republic. The Prime Minister Mr Lech Kaczynski (2005–) and the Council of Ministers constitute Head of Government Prime Minister the Polish Government. The executive Mr Kazimierz power rests with the President and the Marcinkiewicz (2005–) Council of Ministers. The legislative Capital Warsaw bodies are within two houses of the Parli- Population 38.6 million ament: the Sejm and the Senate. The Area 312,685 sq. km Council of Ministers is responsible for GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 9,051 law enforcement and national security. Military Expenditures 1.9 % of GDP The Council is responsible to the Prime Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU Minister and the Sejm. OSCE, Council of Europe The President has responsibility for the defence policy and is head of the Armed

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Forces. The President appoints the Prime ➤ To co-operate with the military during Minister and, upon the recommendations peacetime disasters, crisis or war. of the Prime Minister, the other ministers. ➤ To support peacekeeping operations. Territorial self-government is the ➤ To co-ordinate international humani- primary organizational structure of the tarian, technical and expert assistance. local government. Poland is divided into 16 provinces, each with a Provincial The main tasks of Polish Civil Emergency Governor. The 373 administrative districts Planning are: (powiat) make up the higher component ➤ To prepare appropriate emergency of self-government. There are 2,489 muni- legislation and any other arrangements cipalities (gmina) in Poland, including necessary for meeting emergency approximately 800 towns. The munici- situations. palities are responsible for areas such as ➤ To recognize threats and create an education, healthcare, housing and local appropriate Civil Protection System. transport. ➤ To develop a cep organizational structure that can be adopted to 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning emergency situations. A new Civil Emergency Planning/Civil ➤ To co-ordinate efforts within the Civil Preparedness System has been developed Preparedness areas. in Poland in order to deal with different ➤ To train authorities in order to increase types of crisis situations. The establishment cep capacities. of an appropriate legal framework has been ➤ To exercise elements of the Civil deﬁned as the most necessary requirement Preparedness System. for the effective management of disaster ➤ To support research in the cep area. or crisis situations, including war. ➤ To improve civil–military relations in peacetime emergency operations. 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives ➤ To accumulate and maintain appropriate The overall objective of Civil Emergency stocks and resources. Planning in Poland is to ensure the secu- ➤ To co-ordinate the Civil Emergency rity and welfare of the civil population. Planning process. ➤ To increase the awareness of the The aims are: population concerning threats and how ➤ To carry out crisis and disaster prevention to behave in emergency situations. and management operations. ➤ To ensure the proper functioning of 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure authorities during disaster, crisis or war. Central level: The Council of Ministers is ➤ To protect the population in disaster, responsible for the maintenance of public crisis or war. order and the internal security of the

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State. It is empowered to declare a state governmental levels and assist lower of emergency. Within the Council a governmental levels if their resources are Committee for Emergency Management inadequate. The voivodes have Emergency has been created, chaired by the Minister Response Boards at their disposal. of the Interior and Administration. The main task of the Committee is to co- Lower regional level (the higher self- ordinate efforts aimed at mitigating, pre- governmental level – powiat): Respons- paring for, responding to and recovering ibilities at this level include protection of from all types of hazards at the national the population in events that exceed the level. Furthermore, each ministry is capabilities of the local level. The Starosta responsible for actions within its own (head of authority at this level) has the area of competence. Emergency Response Board serving as an Most of the emergency services are advisory body. subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior and Administration. The Ministry of the Municipal level (lower self-governmental Interior and Administration is responsible level – gmina): Responsibilities at muni- for the maintenance of public order, the cipal level are all local public matters, in protection of the population in emergency particular fire protection and the main- situations and the prevention of disasters tenance of public order. Additional and emergencies. responsibilities are the monitoring of The central body of state administration threats, early warning systems, alarms and is responsible for the National Civil the co-ordination of rescue operations and Defence of Poland and, in addition to evacuations. The Mayor defines the tasks making amendments to certain laws, is of Civil Protection for all institutions that responsible for the co-ordination of Civil are operational within the municipality Emergency Planning and education with the help of the permament Emer- within the field of Civil Protection. The gency Response Board. Chief Commandant of the State Fire Finally, the heads and employers of Service was in 2000 appointed to the plants, institutions and associations are position of Chief of the Civil Protection. responsible for developing and main- It has resulted in the unification of the taining activities and training. fire service and civil protection structures. 3. Civil-Military Co-operation Regional level: The provinces are headed During emergency situations, the by representatives of the Council of Government can call upon special pre- Ministers (voivodes). Their main tasks paredness forces, from both Civil Defence are to co-ordinate the prevention of all and the military. types of hazards, support efforts at self-

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The main areas for civil-military ➤ Participation stabilization mission co-operation are: in Iraq. A. Peace operations ➤ Co-operation in areas such as danger ➤ Separating conflicting parties. detection, early warning and alarm ➤ Restricting migration. systems. ➤ Eliminating dangers (e.g. mines). 2. Civilian support to the armed forces: B. Civil Defence ➤ Supply of food, fuel, energy etc. ➤ Protecting the population in crisis ➤ Supply of transport and transport situations. services. ➤ Participating in rescue operations. ➤ Provision of communication facilities. ➤ Participating in early warning and ➤ Reservation of transit routes. alarm systems. The organisation of co-operation between C. Transportation the civilian sphere and the armed forces D. Communication applies to all levels of state administration E. Material resource maintenance and territorial self-government. F. Medical sanitary services G. Local infrastructure protection 4. Legal Framework H.Information services, radio and There is at present no formal legal frame- TV stations, press work for Civil Emergency Planning in I. Law enforcement and protection services Poland, since this concept has not yet J. Training (exercise) been defined by Polish law. However, preparations are under way for legislation Examples of civil-military co-operation in this area, especially as regards the that has taken place: national rescue system and civil protection. 1. Army engagement in the civilian sphere: Existing laws that are connected to ➤ Participation in the Oder anti-flood cep are: the Constitution of the Republic operation of July 1997, including local of Poland, chapter 11, “Emergency anti-flood operations and the elimi- Situations”; The Law on Natural Disasters, nation of flood effects. the Decree on Measures to Combat ➤ Support for humanitarian operations Natural Disasters; the Law on the Police, aimed at helping victims at home and the Law on Fire Protection, the Law on abroad. the State Fire Service; and the Council of ➤ Participation in disaster elimination Ministers Directive on Civil Defence. efforts. ➤ Participation in peace missions in the Middle East and the Balkans.

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Contact person: Mr. Boguslaw Cichon´ Director, Department for Crisis Management Ministry of Interior and Administration Telephone: +48 22 601 40 70 Telefax: +48 22 601 40 03 E-mail: [email protected]

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Portugal* República Portuguesa

Bay of Biscay France

Andorra Portugal Lisbon Spain Atlantic Ocean

Mediterranean Sea

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Jorge Portugal is a republic based on parlia- Sampaio (1996–) mentary democracy. Its sovereign organs Head of Government Prime Minister José are the President, the Parliament, the Manuel Durão Government, and the Courts. The Presi- Barroso (2002–) dent (Presidente da República) is elected Capital Lisbon by universal, direct, and secret suffrage of Population 10.1 million the Portuguese people, and is Head of Area 92,391 sq. km State and Supreme Commander in Chief GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 17,290 of the Armed Forces. The unicameral Military Expenditures 2.1 % of GDP Parliament (Assembleia da República) Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, follows the results of the legislative elec- OSCE, Council of Europe tions and exercises the legislative power,

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together with the Government and other ➤ Health Emergency Planning Committee. functions. The Government (Governo da ➤ Civil Aviation Emergency Planning República), consisting of the Prime Committee. Minister and the Ministers, holds the ➤ Ocean Shipping Emergency Planning executive power. The President nominates Committee. the Prime Minister, in consideration for ➤ Inland Surface Transport Emergency the legislative election results, and appoints Planning Committee. the Ministers upon the recommendation ➤ National Service for Civil Protection of the Prime Minister. The Courts (with a different status). (Tribunais) administrate justice on behalf of the people and are only accountable The Civil Emergency Planning Commit- to the law. There is a Council of State tees are entrusted with the planning of (Conselho de Estado), which serves as a preparedness in their area in order to face political advisory body to the President. any crisis or war situation, and to assist Portugal is divided administratively into the respective Minister in national defence eighteen districts and two autonomous matters. regions (Região Autónoma dos Açores and Região Autónoma da Madeira). 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives At national level, the main objectives of 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning the Portuguese Civil Emergency Planning Portugal has a national system for civil are to deﬁne and update Civil Emergency emergency planning, consisting of: Planning policies in the following areas: A. The National Council for cep – transportation, energy, agriculture, The National Civil Emergency Planning industry, communications and health in Council (cnpce) order to guarantee, in both crisis and B. Emergency Planning Committees for wartime: essential activities that correspond to the ➤ The continuity of government action. nato scepc Boards and Committees, as ➤ The survival capacity of the nation. follows: ➤ The support of the Armed Forces. ➤ Agriculture, Fishing and Food Emer- ➤ The protection of the population. gency Planning Committee. ➤ The safeguarding of the national ➤ Communication Emergency Planning heritage. Committee. ➤ Energy Emergency Planning Committee. ➤ Industrial Emergency Planning Committee.

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At nato level the main objectives are: The Minister of National Defence can ➤ To define polices and doctrines adopted also invite representatives from the public under the nato scepc. or private sectors, depending on the sub- ➤ To co-ordinate the Portuguese repre- ject under analysis, although they are not sentatives in the bodies subordinate to entitled to vote. the nato scepc. In case of crisis, the staff of the Civil Emergency Planning Committees become 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure the Crisis Management staff for their own The Council of Ministers is the essential Minister, and the staff of the National policy-making body and has a nation- Civil Emergency Planning Council takes wide responsibility for all activities. on the same role in relation to the Prime The National Council for Civil Emer- Minister. A National Crises Management gency Planning (cnpce) is the Prime System has been developed according to Minister’s co-ordination and support this model. body. It contributes to the definition of At present, there are Crisis Management national cep policy, and creates guidelines Centres in the areas of energy, ocean for fulfilling civilian and military needs. shipping, and support to the Azores It also identifies the public and private Government. resources or sectors, including experts, Furthermore, the National System for which may be called upon for cep Civil Protection has its own centres at missions. national, regional, district, and municipal levels. The cnpce is chaired by the Minister of National Defence, and consists of the Vice 3. Civil-Military Co-operation President and the following members: Civil and military co-operation takes ➤ Presidents of the national Civil Emer- place in the following areas: gency Planning Committees. ➤ The preparation of plans, procedures, ➤ Representative of Civil Protection. and regulations for mobilisation and war. ➤ Representative of the Chief of Defence. ➤ The determination of priorities in the ➤ Representative of the Republic Minister planning of national resources, as requi- for Azores Autonomous Region. red by the Armed Forces, the public and ➤ Representative of the Republic Minister private sectors, and the population. for Madeira Autonomous Region. ➤ The support of military preparedness ➤ Representative of Azores Regional and military operations. Government. ➤ The taking of measures in the field of ➤ Representative of Madeira Regional civil defence after hostile actions or Government. disasters.

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➤ The arrangement of training, exercises, Contact: Conselho Nacional do and public information. Planeamento Civil de Emergencia ➤ The co-ordination of nato Civil Emer- Mrs. Maria Figueirinhas, gency Planning and Civil-Military Vice-Presidente do CNPCE Co-operation. Palácio Bensaúde Estrada da Luz, 151 4. Legal Framework P-1600 Lisboa There are both administrative and legal Portugal instruments that give Portuguese national authorities the power to engage in civil Telephone: +351 217 214 604 emergency activities and to manage crisis, Telefax: +351 217 270 522 mobilisation and war, as well as peacetime E-mail: [email protected] emergencies. Civil emergency legislation regulates all civil emergency activities, Mr. Rui Carvalho including civil-military co-operation Portuguese Delegation NATO HQ during peacetime emergencies as well as B-1110 Brussels wartime crises. Belgium

The most important national laws and Telephone: +32 2 707 64 22 regulations for cep are: Telefax: +32 2 707 64 27 ➤ The National Defence and Armed E-mail: Forces Act. [email protected] ➤ The Resolution of the Council of Ministers approving the Strategic Concept for National Defence. ➤ The Law and regulations of the cnpce. ➤ The regulations of the different national Emergency Planning Committees. ➤ The Civil Requisition Act. ➤ The Mobilisation and War Act, and its regulations.

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Romania România

Ukraine

Moldova Hungary

Romania

Bucharest Black Sea Serbia Bulgaria Turkey

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Romania is a republic. The Government is Traian Basescu˘ (2004-) composed of the Prime Minister and the Head of Government Prime Minister Calin˘ ministers who are appointed by the Prime Popescu-Tariceanu˘ (2004-) Minister and approved by Parliament. Capital Bucharest The President has a strong position and in Population 22.2 million certain conditions can appoint and dismiss Area 238,391 sq. km governments, and dissolve the Parliament. GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 3,845 The President is also the Commander of Military Expenditures 2.5% of GDP the Armed Forces and Chairperson of the Membership Int. Org. NATO, UN, OSCE, Council of Supreme Council of Country Defence Europe (invited to join EU) and can declare a state of emergency or state of siege. The bicameral Parliament

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consists of the Senate and the Chamber ➤ Protect the population from use of of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor). conventional or mass destruction Romania is divided into 41 counties weapons, or from the consequences (judete) and the capital of Bucharest. Each of disasters. county has a County Council consisting ➤ Provide protection for population, of elected advisors and a Prefect who is property, cultural values and environ- also the Government’s representative in ment from disasters or armed conﬂicts the county and runs the executive body. consequences. The counties consist of a number of cities ➤ Participate in the mitigation of enemy and communes, which are administrative attacks or the consequences of a disaster. territorial sub-units. There are 56 larger ➤ Effect mine clearing if unexploded cities with increased administration, 189 ammunition is found within the smaller cities and 2,700 communes. At territory. city, municipal and communal levels, ➤ Keep the population informed regarding there are Local Councils run by Mayors. preventive measures in case of emergency There is no subordination between the situations in order to provide protection. county, city and communal units; each ➤ Participate with forces on international unit is ruled according to the principle humanitarian assistance missions. of autonomy. ➤ Participate with forces and provide equipment to prepare the national 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning economy and territory for defence. Romania has a National Emergency Situations Management system headed by Civil protection activity is planned, the Prime Minister through the Minister organised and carried out in accordance of Administration and Interior. At local with the speciﬁcations that are currently level, Prefects and Mayors are in charge stipulated in documents regarding inter- of Emergency Situations within their national humanitarian law and endorsed respective administrative-territorial units. by Romania. During peacetime, the Emergency Situations General Inspectorate 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives in Romania acts as a state body whose The objectives of Romanian Civil main duty is to participate in or carry Emergency Planning are to: out preventive measures and deal with ➤ Identify and manage the different type situations that endanger or threaten of natural or technological risks on human lives and material goods. national territory. ➤ Warn the public in the event of 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure emergency situations. Romanian Emergency Situations Manage- ment is organised by the ministries and

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other specialised authorities of central The county Emergency Situations public administration at all administrative- Inspectorates consist of military structures territorial units. There is also an Emer- and include public services and specialised gency Situations organisation for public technical bodies. These are at the disposal institutions and for state and private enter- of the Prefect, who is responsible for prises with more than 100 employees. organising, managing and controlling all The Emergency Situations Management Emergency Situations Management structure includes the heads of General activities in the county. Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, The Emergency Situations units consist Inspectorates, committees, units, sub-units of individuals with no military obligations. and other groups. They are organised into teams, groups or The head of the Emergency Situations detachments with speciﬁc missions, inclu- Management Structure in Romania is ding observing and searching, transmis- the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister sions/alarm, energy, protection/sheltering, manages Emergency Situations Manage- remote area/low access area rescue, ment Structure activities through the installations, roads and bridges, nuclear Minister of Administration and Interior. biological, chemical (cbrn) and environ- The Minister of Administration and mental protection, medical, sanitary, Interior, in turn, has a General Inspecto- veterinary, pyrotechnics, logistics, etc. rate for Emergency Situations at his/her These structures are not permanent and disposal as a specialised body for the are organised periodically as training general co-ordination of Emergency activities, or for intervention in the event Situations. of emergencies. At national level, the At local level, the Prefects of the National Committee for Emergency counties and the Mayors in the local Situations, led by the Minister of public administrations are responsible for Administration and Interior and under Emergency Situations Management. They the Prime Minister’s coordination, has have the right and duty to manage, guide been established in order to organise and and control all Emergency Situations manage defence activities in the event of Management measures that are imple- disasters. The National Committee for mented by local and public authorities Emergency Situations has the support and private enterprise within their own of specialised ministerial committees administrative-territorial area. organized according to risks and threats The managers of public institutions that are within respective ministry’s and companies are responsible for Emer- responsibility. gency Situations Management in their At local level, there are county, muni- own organisations. cipal and communal committees for emergency situations, headed by the

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Prefects or Mayors of the respective The preservation of military structures administrative-territorial areas. within the county Emergency Situations The Stockholm Principles can be found Inspectorates and their subordination to in the organisation of Civil Emergency the Prefect are a guarantee for Civil Planning in Romania. For example, emer- Protection at county level. The assurance gency management powers are under civil of civil-military co-operation is very control and responsibility for the cep important for county Emergency Situa- organisation lies with the lowest level of tions Inspectorates, and they direct this authority. co-operation. The Emergency Situations The law gives the Prefects and Mayors Inspectorates have double subordination: in Civil Emergency Planning authorisation 1. Military subordination to the General over all forces and means within their Inspectorate for Emergency Situations administrative-territorial units, regardless and the Ministry of Administration and of the activity, professional subordination Interior or property. The upper level only inter- 2. Civil subordination to county public venes upon request or when municipal or administration authorities county means prove inadequate for handling a situation. 4. Legal Framework The main laws concerning Civil 3. Civil-Military Co-operation Emergency Planning in Romania are: Romanian civil-military co-operation is 1. The Civil Protection Law (481/2004). generally based upon emergency situations This law sets out the measures that must and disaster defence plans and speciﬁcally be taken to protect the population, equip- upon co-operation plans. In order to ment, cultural values and the environment ensure that the emergency situations in the event of war or disaster. The law organisation provides an overall and provides for emergency planning in the functional framework, several orders and event of crisis or war. instructions have been issued (e.g. 124/1995 and 106/1996). 2. National Emergency Management The Ministry of National Defence and System – Government Decision (G.D.) the Ministry of Administration and no. 21 / 15.04.2004. This law establish the Interior have prepared detailed settle- composition and functioning of the ments, stipulating the forces and means National Emergency Management System, that are utilised, the conditions of their the ministries and central public admini- utilisation, the methods of management, stration institutions with responsibilities co-operation, etc. during emergency situations and their main tasks.

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3. G.D no. 2288 /2004 regarding the Contact: General Inspectorate for Emergency support tasks of ministries, other central Situations – GIES institutions and non-governmental Major general Vladimir Secara˘ organizations for emergency situations General Inspector prevention and management. Ministry of Administration and Interior 4. G.D 1489 / 09.09.2004 – organization 46, Banu Dumitrache Street principles, functioning and tasks of the Sector 2, Bucharest professional emergency services. Romania

5. G.D 1490 / 09.09.2004 –Regulations Telephone: +40 21 242 0990 of organization and functioning of the Telefax: +40 21 242 0990 General Inspectorate for Emergency E-mail: [email protected] Situations. [email protected] Website: www.mai.gov.ro 6. G.D 1491 / 28.09.2004 – Regulations on organization, functioning, tasks and International Relations Department endowment of operative committees and – GIES centers for emergency situations. Telephone: +40 21 232 9586 7. G.D 1492 / 28.09.2004 – organization Telefax: +40 21 232 9586 principles, functioning and tasks of the E-mail: [email protected] professional emergency services.

Other laws in this ﬁeld that complete the legal framework of Civil Emergency Planning are the National Defence Law, the Law of Defence Preparedness of the National Economy and Territory, the Fireman Law and others. The Government has also adopted decisions concerning, for example, the evacuation of people in the event of war or disaster, the preparation of reserves and the preservation and use of intervention in the event of a disaster.

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Russia Rossija

Arctic Ocean

Barents Sea

United States Russia Finland of America Moscow Bering Sea

Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Pacific Ocean

China Japan

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Russia is a federation. The President Vladimir Putin (2000-) appoints the Government. The Prime Head of Government Prime Minister Minister is also appointed by the President Michail Fradkov (2004-) but must be approved by the State Duma Capital Moscow of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Population 143.4 million Federation (the parliament). The legislative Area 17,075,200 sq. km body consists of two houses, the Federal GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 9,800 Council and the State Duma. Military Expenditures 4.3 % of GDP (est.) According to the 1993 Constitution, the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, Council President holds signiﬁcant powers, i.e. in of Europe, CIS a confrontation between the President

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and the Parliament, the President has the city, district, and enterprise, in the field final say. The President is the Supreme of emergency prevention and response. Commander, and lays down the guide- This system is aimed at decreasing risks lines for domestic and foreign policies. and mitigating the consequences of The Russian Federation consists of two emergency situations. types of entities: national and administ- The main co-ordinating body of rative. The national entity consists of 21 emergency management activities is the autonomous republics, 10 autonomous emercom of Russia. This body was districts (okrugs) and one autonomous established in 1994 and given the region (avtonomnaya oblast). The admi- following tasks: nistrative entity consists of six territories ➤ To draft governmental policy proposals (kraj), 49 regions (oblasts) and two federal for Civil Protection and prevention and cities. At the regional level, there is a response in emergency situations, popularly elected assembly with a including nuclear disasters and accidents. Governor who is head of administration. ➤ To provide and develop the Unified Emergency Situations Prevention and 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning Response State System;to supervise The Russian State Disaster Management Civil Protection, and search and rescue System regulates all relations between services. government, non-government and civil ➤ To supervise activities in emergency and military organisations. In this system, situation prevention and response. all administrative bodies, at all levels, ➤ To supervise actions connected to have their own contingency planning for wide-scale disasters, accidents and emergency activities, and these are inte- emergency situation response. grated into the State Emergency Plan. The ➤ To supervise the financial resources that main co-ordinating body for emergency have been allocated by the Government management activities is the Ministry for for emergency situation response Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimi- activities. nation of Consequences of Natural ➤ To organise training in preparedness Disasters (emercom of Russia). for the population in regard to action and reaction in emergency situations. 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives The overall objective of the Russian Since 2002 the State Fire Service is Disaster Management System is to unify subordinate to emercom of Russia the efforts, manpower and resources of federal agencies, community administrations and agencies of the entities, at all the different levels, i.e. central government,

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The major tasks of the State Disaster 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure Management System are: There are five levels of management in ➤ To provide state expertise, supervision the system: federal, regional, territorial, and control in the field of protection of local and on-site. the population and regions in emergency Every level of the Russian Disaster situations. Management System has its own co- ➤ To prepare and implement legal and ordination unit (permanent control economic regulations in the field of bodies). These units are responsible for: protection of the population and regions protection of the population and territories in emergency situations. in the case of an emergency, management ➤ To implement purpose-oriented and offices, emergency response units and scientific/technical programmes in facilities, financial and material assets, emergency situation prevention. communication systems, plus warning ➤ To provide stand-by provisions of and information support. forces and assets for emergency prevention and response. The main co-ordinating bodies are: ➤ To collect, process, exchange and ➤ Federal level: The Interagency distribute information in the field of Commission for Disaster Management protection of the population and regions (see below) and the Emergency in emergency situations. Management Commissions in the ➤ To carry out awareness programmes for federal agencies. the population regarding actions in the ➤ Regional level (including entities of the case of emergency situations. Russian Federation): emercom ➤ To forecast and evaluate possible social Regional Centres. and economic consequences and effects ➤ Territorial level (within the borders of as a result of emergency situations. the entities of the Federation): ➤ To accumulate financial and material Emergency Management Commissions resource reserves for emergency response. of the executive agencies in the respective ➤ To carry out social protection measures entity. and humanitarian operations in cases ➤ Local level (district, town or municipa- where the population has suffered as a lity): Emergency Management result of an emergency. Commission of the local community ➤ To co-operate internationally in the administrations. field of protection of the population ➤ On-site level (within an industrial or and regions in emergency situations. public facility, etc.): On-site Emergency Management Commission.

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The Interagency Commission consists of 3. Civil-Military Co-operation representatives of the Federal ministries Civil-military co-operation in disasters and Departments in the rank of Deputy and emergency situations in Russia is Minister (Head). Any decisions made by supervised by the State Disaster Manage- the Interagency Commission, concerning ment System. the administration and co-ordination of According to contingency planning, disaster prevention and response activities, military units that are located in disaster are mandatory for all member agencies, areas are to take an active role in disaster at both federal and local levels. response activities, in close co-operation The operational bodies of the Disaster with the special units of the State Disaster Management System are: Management System. Normally, military ➤ Federal level: emercom of Russia. commanders are members of the disaster ➤ Regional level: emercom:s regional co-ordinating body located in their area. centres. In major disasters, military units can ➤ Territorial and local levels: Civil Defence be requisitioned for emergency response and Emergency Management’s local actions. agencies of the entities (regions and republics) and local administration. 4. Legal Framework ➤ On-site level: Civil Defence and Emer- The legal basis for emergency management gency Management ofﬁcers or specially activities is determined by the following assigned personnel. two laws: 1. The Federal Law, “Emergency and Emergency response is carried out by Rescue Services and the Status of the special units, authorised by local admi- Rescuer”, 14 July 1995 edition of 7 nistration and special agencies of the November 2000. entities and commanded by the respective 2. The Federal Law, “Protection of the emergency commissions. If, due to the Population and Territories against Emer- scale of an emergency, disaster resources gencies of Natural and Technological are inadequate, the local emergency com- Origin”, 11 November 1994, edition of 28 mission can make a request for assistance October 2002. from commissions at a higher level. 3. The Federal Law “On Fire Safety”, 18 If necessary, the resources of the federal November 2002, edition of 10 January agencies may also be employed in a 2003. build-up. In extreme situations, a special 4. The Federal Law “On Civil Defence”, Government Commission may be set up 26 December 1997, edition of 9 for emergency response. September 2002.

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In addition, there are approximately 100 When these laws come into effect, a other legal documents at the federal level variety of existing laws and decrees will that deal with disaster management issues. be invalid. This widespread legal basis, although it covers many aspects, has several short- Contact: Ministry of the Russian Federation comings, i.e. laws that are developed by for Civil Defence, different ministries occasionally contradict Emergencies and Elimination of each other. In an attempt to remedy this the Consequences of situation, the “Program of Development Natural Disasters of the Legal Basis of the Functioning of (EMERCOM of Russia) the Russian State System of Disaster Management” has been developed by the Mr. Yuri Brajnikov different ministries, departments and Head of International authorities that make up the Interagency Co-operation Department Commission for Disaster Management. Teatralny proezd, 3 103012 Moscow The program contains proposals for the Russia elaboration of drafted legal documents in five major areas of the Disaster Manage- Telephone: +7 095 926 35 82 ment System: Telefax: +7 095 924 8410 1. State policy in the field of Civil Defence, plus the functions and development of the Disaster Management System. 2. Protection of the population and the environment, plus peacetime and wartime emergency prevention and response. 3. Continuity of industry in emergencies. 4. Logistic and financial support, and allotment of reserve funds. 5. State supervision and control of Civil Defence activities and emergency response preparedness.

In accordance with the above mentioned program, and in addition to already existing laws, new laws for Civil Defence and Natural Disasters are being developed.

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Slovakia Slovenská Republika

Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Ukraine Bratislava Austria

Hungary Romania

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Slovakia is a parliamentary democracy. Ivan Gasparovic (2004-) The Slovak Republic was constituted on Head of Government Prime Minister 1 January 1993, following its separation Mikulás Dzurinda (2002-) from the former Czechoslovakia. Legisla- Capital Bratislava tive power rests with the National Council, Population 5.4 million the Parliament (Narodna Rada). Executive Area 49,036 sq. km power is shared between the President and GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 11,243 the Government. The Government is Military Expenditures 1.8 % of GDP appointed by the President upon the Membership Int. Org. NATO, EU, UN, OSCE, recommendation of the Prime Minister. Council of Europe Both the President and the Government have extensive powers in relation to the Parliament.

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The Slovak Republic is organised admini- The act implies a new orientation of the stratively into eight counties, each with a Slovak concept of Civil Protection, i.e. County Authority. At regional level there from protection in times of war to are 50 districts, led by a District Authority; protection in times of peace. at local level there are 2,781 municipalities. An additional objective is to co-operate The municipal authorities and the tax with the corresponding institutions of offices (part of the state administration) other countries in order to be able to are authorised to levy taxes. In 2001, self- provide co-ordinated emergency assistance. governmental regions were established in each county. The Slovak Civil Protection is responsible for the following tasks: 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning ➤ The organisation, management and The Security Council, with its four execution of rescue, containment and committees, has been established by the elimination activities, especially those Constitutional Act of the National Council involving search and rescue operations, of the Slovak Republic on the Security of provision of paramedical and medical the State in Times of War, Warfare and care, release of trapped persons and State of Emergency. Within the Security transportation of wounded. Council, the Committee for Civil ➤ The organisation and provision of Emergency Planning deals with the co- warning and information services. ordination and planning activities for the ➤ The provision of emergency supplies provision of national security, protection and shelter. of the population and economy, co- ➤ The provision of refuge and evacuation. ordination of civil resources in support ➤ The implementation of radiation and of military operations, and international chemical protection measures. co-operation within the field of Civil ➤ The organisation and training of the Emergency Planning. The Committee is Civil Protection Forces, and the training presided over by the Minister of the of citizens in self-protection and Interior. The Office of Civil Protection self-assistance. serves as the secretariat. ➤ The evaluation and location of buildings according to land-use building proce- 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives dures and the observation of the technical The aims of Civil Protection, as specified parameters of Civil Protection facilities. in the Act on Civil Protection of the ➤ The support of publishing, scientific Population (January 1994), are to protect research and development activities in the lives, health and property of the popu- the Civil Protection field. lation and create conditions for survival under extraordinary circumstances.

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In addition, Civil Protection includes the and public legal institutions within their complementary activities necessary for territory. performing the above tasks, such as When carrying out Civil Protection planning, organisation and provision of tasks, the Ministry of the Interior co- material and technical resources, as well oprates with state bodies, municipalities, as inspections. legal entities and individuals as well as These Civil Protection tasks shall “public service institutions with a humani- continue to apply if a state of increased tarian mission” (for example the Associa- preparedness has been declared. The scope tion of Rescue Services, the Mountain of the tasks is stated in the Decree on the Rescue Service, the Slovak Red Cross, Classification of the Territory of the Slovak etc.). Civil Protection tasks include active Republic issued by the Government of involvement in rescue, containment and the Slovak Republic. elimination activities in disasters and emergency situations. 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure The Civil Protection Union is a The responsibility for Civil Protection voluntary and politically independent tasks lies with: Civil Protection organisation that carries ➤ The Government. out universal Civil Protection measures ➤ The ministries, other central public in the spirit of the Geneva Agreements. administration bodies and public Its activities include training programmes authorities. in self-protection, mutual assistance and ➤ The county authorities, district population protection during extraordinary authorities and municipalities. events. ➤ Legal entities and individuals. The association of Rescue Services and Systems of the Slovak Republic is a special The Ministry of the Interior is the central interest association for all rescue services authority for the Slovak Civil Protection. and systems. It operates all over the country Its Office for Civil Protection is responsible and co-operates with similar organisations for the administration of Civil Protection in other countries. Its major tasks are to in co-operation with public authorities co-ordinate voluntary and individual and municipalities. The Office for Civil rescue services and systems, co-operate Protection also co-operates with public and with public authorities, and secure the legal institutions and civil/humanitarian conditions necessary for Slovak rescue associations. workers to fulfil their mission. The eight County Authorities and 79 District Authorities are primarily respon- 3. Civil-Military Co-operation sible during civil emergencies. They can As enacted by law, the Ministry of Defence make use of employees at plants, factories guarantees the support of the Army to

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the Slovak Republic in emergency response 6. Order No. 297/1994 Coll. on Construc- activities. tions/Technical Building Requirements Special status is granted to the Fire and and Technical Conditions of the Facilities Rescue Corps. These Corps carry out in Terms of the Civil Protection Needs. rescue, localisation and elimination activities in emergencies. Their tasks 7. Order No. 75/1995 Coll. on the include search and rescue, fire fighting Provision of Evacuation. operations, removal of dangerous substances after industrial accidents, rescue 8. Order No. 300/1996 Coll. on the activities during floods, epidemics, etc. Provision of Population Protection in Production, Transport and Handling of 4. Legal Framework Dangerous Substances. The legal framework for the Civil Protec- tion activities comprises of the following 9. Order No. 303/1996 Coll. on the acts and orders: Provision of Training for Civil Protection. 1. The Act of the National Council of Slovak Republic No. 42/1994 Coll. on 10. Order No. 314/1998 Coll. on Details in Civil Protection of the Population, as Provision of Economy of Civil Protection worded in later amendments. Material.

2. The Act of the National Council of 11. Order No. 348/1998 Coll. on the Slovak Republic No. 129/2002 Coll. on Provision of the Technical and Operational Integrated Rescue Systems. Conditions of the Civil Protection Information System. 3. The Act of the National Council of Slovak Republic No. 387/2002 Coll. on 12. Order No. 557/2002 Coll. on the State Crisis Management of the State in War Budget Expenses for the Civil Protection and Warfare. of Population.

4. The Act of the National Council of 13. Order No. 201/2002 Coll. on the Slovak Republic No. 261/2002 Coll. on Provision of the Organisation of the the Prevention of Major Industrial Civil Protection Units and the Rescue, Accidents and on the amendments of Containment and Elimination Operations. some acts.

5. The Constitutional Act No. 227/2002 Coll. on the Security of the State in Times of War, Warfare and State of Emergency.

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Contact: Civil Protection Ofﬁce Mr. Jan Repa, Director General Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic Drienová Str. 22 826 04 Bratislava Slovakia

Telephone: +421 2 43 41 1190 Telefax: +421 2 43 41 10 95 E-mail: [email protected]

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Slovenia Republika Slovenija

Austria Hungary

Italy Ljubljana Slovenia Croatia

Adriatic Sea

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Slovenia is a republic based on parliamen- Janez Drnovsekˇ (2002-) tary democracy. The highest legislative Head of Government Prime Minister authority is the unicameral National Janez Jansaˇ (2004-) Assembly (Drzavniˇ zbor). The President Capital Ljubljana of the Republic of Slovenia is the Head Population 2.0 million of State and Supreme Commander of the Area 20,273 sq. km Armed Forces. Executive power is vested GDP/Capita (PPP) 12,319 EUR (2003) in the Government, which is overseen by Military Expenditures 1.53 % of GDP (2004) the Prime minister, 15 ministers and 1 Membership Int. Org. EU (presidency in the minister without portfolio. The Prime ﬁrst half of 2008), NATO, Minister is chosen by the Parliament UN, OSCE (chairmanship in (National Assembly) and appointed by 2005), Council of Europe the President of the Republic.

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The country (State Administration) is Essential elements of the civil emergency organized into 58 administrative units for planning structure can be found in the the purposes of territorial administration. systems of civil defence and protection For civil emergency planning purposes, 8 from natural disasters, taking into account defence administrations and 13 regional that: ofﬁces of the Administration for Civil 1. Civil defence comprises the measures Protection and Disaster Relief represent and activities of state authorities, local territorial parts within the Ministry of self-government authorities, business Defence. corporations, institutions and other orga- Local government in Slovenia is divided nizations and citizens, as well as human into 193 municipalities. Municipalities resources that supplement and support are responsible for local issues. A Mayor the national military defence through represents a municipality and is the head non-military means and methods, assure of the municipal administration. continuous operation of the Government as well as the supply system, and the 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning protection and survival of citizens in the In order to insure national security, the event of emergencies, war or crises. Civil Republic of Slovenia (rs) is currently defence includes the defence measures of developing a national security system authorities, economic defence, psycholo- with three subsystems: a defence system, gical defence and other forms of unarmed an interior security system and a system resistance. for protection against natural and other disasters. 2. The system of protection against natural The defence system includes military and other disasters is compact in terms of and civil defence. The defence system standards, organization, functions and comprises a variety of mechanisms and monitoring. The system provides for the provides for the security of Slovenia in protection of people, animals, property, the area of defence. cultural heritage and the environment and The military defence of the Republic operates in peacetime and other situations, of Slovenia is carried out by the Slovenian such as emergencies and war. The major Armed Forces. Internal defence is carried objectives are to prevent natural and other out by the police, the public prosecutor, disasters, determine and monitor the legislative bodies, monitoring and inspec- likelihood of accidents and notify appro- tion bodies as well as other institutions priate authorities of these possibilities, that contribute to internal stability and conduct preparations and measures for security. protection and rescue, and reduce or abolish the effects of disasters.

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2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives tasks are related to co-operation as regards 2.1.1 Protection against Natural and Other international efforts. Therefore, one of Disasters the basic tasks of national security is to The basic tasks included in the system staff and support the military defence of for protection against natural and other the country and participate along with disasters are: to study natural and other the Slovenian Armed Forces in peace data related to the probability of disasters support operations. Other tasks are: to occurring; to notify the appropriate provide for the continuous function of the authorities and issue warnings of imminent authorities; to provide for the continuous danger; to implement measures for disaster function of economic and other activities prevention and, thus reduce the after- essential to the life and work of the people; effects; to establish and maintain prepared- to ensure public awareness in Slovenia and ness measures; to implement protection, abroad, and to stimulate motivation for rescue and relief measures in the event of national defence along with the conduct a disaster; to prevent secondary effects of psychological defence measures. and maintain basic living conditions in affected areas; participate in international Slovenia is therefore implementing the co-operation efforts, and provide assistance following objectives in the area of civil to other countries affected by natural and defence: other disasters. ➤ Measures of governmental and state bodies: to provide for a continuous 2.1.2 Civil Defence functioning of the authorities through- The civil defence contributes to the out the territory of the Republic of implementation of national security and Slovenia and to maintain independent defence objectives by planning measures actions for the Republic of Slovenia in that ensure the continuous functioning of all social areas and situations, in both authorities in the event of emergencies, the country itself and the international war and crises. It does that by providing community. for the independent action of authorities ➤ Economic defence: to maintain the both in the country and in the inter- functional economic capacity and to national community and by providing provide for the continual operation of for measures to maintain the functional economic and other activities, in capabilities of the Slovenian economy as particular industry, energy, agriculture, well as measures for psychological defence trafﬁc, information and communication, and the conduct of defence by citizens. as well as medical care, thus effectively Since one of the basic objectives of supporting military defence and provi- national defence is to maintain peace and ding regular and sufﬁcient supplies for stability, the main portion of civil defence the population.

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➤ Psychological defence: to maintain formal Government) define the tasks of the and informal communication in times Government, the ministries and govern- of war between the government and ment services. The Government is also other authorities, the media and public, directly involved in protection, rescue and to strengthen defence preparedness relief, and is responsible for mitigating the amongst citizens. effects of exceptionally severe disasters. It ➤ Other non-military forms of defence: to co-ordinates assistance and relief efforts make national citizen defence or non- in the event of major disasters at inter- violent resistance against an aggressor national level. possible. The Ministry of Defence organizes, develops and implements administrative 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure and professional matters related to 2.2.1 Protection from Natural and Other protection in the event of natural or other Disasters disasters. One of two subordinate agencies The National Assembly of Slovenia is responsible for civil emergency planning responsible for: establishing directives for is the Administration for Civil Protection measures that must be introduced to and Disaster Relief, which is responsible protect the population in the event of for administrative and professional duties natural or other disasters; approving related to the system for protection from national programs for protection in the natural and other disasters. The other is event of disasters; supervising the execution the Civil Defence Agency, which carries of protective measures; and making out tasks related to civil defence (see decisions regarding the financial funding §2.2.2). of measures that must be introduced to Administrative and professional tasks lessen the after-effects of major natural related to protection in the event of disasters. natural or other disasters at the regional The Government supervises the work level are performed by the Administration of the various ministries in the disaster for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief protection sphere. The ministries are and its 13 regional offices. responsible for implementing measures to State tasks at national and regional prevent natural and other disasters, and levels also include regulating the system; for dealing with the results of such disasters planning development projects and within their own areas of responsibility. research activities; assessing risk and The ministries are also responsible for national protection, rescue and relief ensuring that organizations and activities plans; organizing supplies of equipment within their own area of responsibility for national forces in the field and for are prepared. The national protection search and rescue; organizing and mana- and rescue plans (approved by the ging protection, rescue and relief in the

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event of major disasters; organizing and regional and local), other advisory bodies implementing a unified system of obser- and commanders of units, services and vation, notification and warning; assessing other operational systems. The commander the damage caused by disasters; assisting may decide upon intervention in indivi- local communities in the elimination of dual cases. The commander and the leader the consequences of a disaster; inspecting of rescue interventions hold additional the implementation of regulations and authorizations, which enable them to take regulating inter-state and international protective action and carry out protective co-operation in this area. and rescue actions. The Mayor is responsible for organizing protection in the event of national and 2.2.2. Civil Defence other disasters. In larger local communities, Lessons learned from modern wars and administrative and professional duties are crises prove that events can be intensive carried out by the local administration. and situations change rapidly. Authorities In smaller local communities, these duties must make rapid decisions. Decision- are carried out by protection and rescue making bodies need effective support in the advisors. One special service may carry form of crisis management mechanisms, out these duties for several small local to help analyse a situation and prepare communities. possible responses and, at the same time, The tasks of local communities also enable the rapid transmission of these include: monitoring possible disaster con- decisions to the appropriate levels of leader- ditions in their area; notifying authorities ship in order to carry out civil defence and operating alarm systems; analysing measures. In Slovenia we continued with risk assessments; planning and implemen- transformation civil defence into a ting protective measures; organizing and comprehensive crisis management and developing individual and collective civil crisis planning system. We finished protection; organizing Civil Protection; an analysis of the crisis management in providing temporary accommodation for Slovenia and comparative analysis of the population; implementing training national crisis management systems in programs within municipalities; organizing other nato and eu member states, with and managing protection, rescue and relief intention to form conceptual starting in the event of a disaster and eliminating points to build up a new organisational the consequences after disasters. structure of an efficient civil emergency Rescue and relief management in the planning and crisis management system, event of a disaster is carried out by the comparable with nato and eu nations. At commanders for Civil Protection (national, the moment civil defence organisational regional and local), the various head- structure is still such us is defined in the quarters for Civil Protection (national, Law on Defence.

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The national Assembly adopts laws, The Ministries conduct preparations for monitors the defence system and approves civil defence and civil defence measures the defence budget. In relation to organi- in the area of their responsibilities. zing and conducting civil defence tasks, Administrative units at the local level of it has no direct authority. Based on public (state) management conduct recommendations by the Government preparations related to civil defence based and at times when the National Assembly on guidelines from the appropriate cannot hold meetings, the President of ministries. the Republic declares war or a state of Local self-government bodies and emergency. In this situation, the President agencies prepare only the necessary adopts regulations related to defence and amount of defence documents by deter- decides on the deployment of the Slove- mining organizational and operational nian Armed Forces and the introduction methods, which provide for the continu- of materiel, working duties and general ous conduct of tasks in their own area of mobilization. responsibility. The Republic of Slovenia Government The Republic of Slovenia Government has standardised the organization, pre- has determined eleven business corpora- paration and leadership of civil defence tions, institutions and other organizations in order to lead and conduct tasks in the that are especially signiﬁcant for national area of civil defence. The National Security defence and essential for maintaining Council and the National Operative supplies to the Slovenian Armed Forces Staff also have important roles in civil and citizens, as well as the economy. Civil defence by co-ordinating activities with defence preparations are also conducted other elements of the national security by business corporations, institutions and defence systems. and other organizations, which have all The Ministry of Defence organizes, signed contracts to supply the Slovenian develops and implements administrative Armed Forces and other elements respon- and professional matters related to civil sible for the national security system defence. In 2004 the National Crisis Manage- The Civil Defence Agency carries out ment Center (ncmc) organized within tasks related to civil defence (economic the Ministry of Defence began operating. defence, defence measures of authorities ncmc act as a co-ordination body for and other bodies, psychological defence activities related to civil emergency plan- and other non-military forms of defence). ning and crisis management at the national Tasks related to civil defence (standardi- level. The centre permits connections zation and preparations for implemen- and information exchange between the tation) at regional level are performed by Slovenian Notiﬁcation Centre, the saf the eight administrative bodies. Command Centre, Operation and

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Communication Centre of the General 4. Legal Framework Police Directorate, national authorities The Act on Defence and the Act on and non-governmental organisations Protection against Natural and Other involved in crisis management processes. Disasters provide the legal framework for The ncmc also promise links with nato civil emergency planning in Slovenia. and eu. The ncmc as a whole organisa- These laws define basic systematic tional structure will be activated in times solutions and establish the relations for of crises. other field-related legislation. Both acts are in the amending process. 3. Civil-Military Co-operation Civil-military co-operation is an essential Contact: The Ministry of Defence element of preparedness within the defence Administration for Civil Protection system and the system for protection and Disaster Relief against natural and other disasters. The Vojkova cesta 61 Slovenian Government (the Minister of 1000 Ljubljana Defence, on a proposal from the Chief Slovenia Commander of Civil Protection, or the Chief of the General Staff based on the Telephone: +386 1 471 3322 authorisation of the Minister of Defence) Telefax: +386 1 431 8117 can activate the Armed Forces in the E-mail: [email protected] event of a disaster. There were several important fields related to civil-military Civil Defence Agency co-operation and civil support of civil Vojkova cesta 55 defence to a military developed in a short 1000 Ljubljana time. The Civil Defence Agency is main Slovenia co-ordinator of Slovenian Host Nation Support Capability Catalogue and has Telephone: +386 1 471 2299 important role by the execution of the host Telefax: +386 1 431 8006 nation support in times of emergencies, E-mail: [email protected] war, crisis and exercises. The mentioned agency in co-operation with ministries also co-ordinates provision of civil functional specialists for cimic units deployed in the joint area of operations. Material and medical support as traditional form of civil support to military in Slovenia will stay important part civil-military co- operation and co-ordination.

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Spain* España

Bay of Biscay France

Andorra Spain

Madrid Portugal Atlantic Ocean

Mediterranean Sea

Morocco

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State His Majesty King Spain is a parliamentary monarchy. The Juan Carlos I (1975-) executive power rests with the Govern- Head of Government Prime Minister José ment constituted by the Prime Minister María Aznar (1996-) (“President of the Government”) and the Capital Madrid Council of Ministers. The monarch Population 41.1 million appoints the Prime Minister on the advice Area 504,750 sq. km of the Parliament, approves all legislation GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 19,472 and commands the Armed Forces. There Military Expenditures 1.3 % of GDP is also a Council of State functioning as Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, the supreme consultative organ of the OSCE, Council of Europe Government. The legislative power rests

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with the bicameral Parliament (Cortes) The specific resource sectors work on a composed of a Congress and a Senate. day to day basis, and can be mobilised Spain is divided into 17 autonomous immediately in the case of catastrophe or regions (communidades autónomas), each for the needs of national defence. with its own elected regional parliament, government and president. The autono- 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure mous regions are divided into 50 provinces, A. The Delegate Commission of the headed by a provincial government and a Government for Crisis Situations (cdgsc popularly elected provincial council. Local or the “Crisis Cabinet”) was created in government is composed of approximately 1986. It consists of the Prime Minister 8,000 municipalities, each with a muni- and the Deputy Prime Ministers (i.e. the cipal council. President and Vice Presidents of the Government), and the Ministers of 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning Foreign Affairs, Defence, Economy and The Spanish Civil Emergency Planning Finance, and the Interior. system consists of three main components: The task of the Crisis Cabinet is to 1. The Delegate Commission of the direct and co-ordinate all actions related Government for Crisis Situations to the prevention, control and manage- (the “Crisis Cabinet”) ment of crisis situations. Decision-ma- 2. The National Civil Emergency king responsibilities lie with the Prime Planning Committee (ncepc), an Minister. interministerial support body 3. The Department for Civil Defence B. The National Civil Emergency Planning Committee (ncepc), an inter- 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives ministerial support body for the Crisis Civil Protection in Spain is defined as Cabinet, was created in 1987. This the physical protection of the population committee (equivalent to nato:s Civil and goods in cases of severe risk, public Emergency Planning Directorate – cepd), calamity, or extraordinary catastrophe in is mainly concerned with tasks related to which the lives and physical integrity of the provision and implementation of the people are endangered. non-military resources in situations of cep activities concern mainly provision crisis or emergency. The Committee is or mobilisation of civil resources and subordinate to the Ministry for Govern- services that are needed to meet the mental Presidency. demands of National Defence. There are three main areas of support: defence of the nation, protection of the population and protection of specific resource sectors.

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The National Civil Emergency Planning President, the Director General for Civil Committee has the following functions: Protection as Second Vice President and ➤ To issue planning directives for different the Under Director for Civil Preparedness emergency plans, related to objectives, as the Secretary. Some of the other alternatives, and the determination of members are the Director of the Crisis time limits in order to plan for the Staff Department and the Committee different hypothetical crisis situations President’s Advisor for Defence and that are formulated by the Delegate Security. Commission of the Government for The Under-Directorate for Civil Crisis Situations (the Crisis Cabinet). Preparedness functions as a permanent ➤ To co-ordinate the different plans for support body for the ncepc. The Under- resource contribution designed by the Directorate was created in order to co- Sectorial Committees, and to send ordinate and manage the participation of them to the Crisis Cabinet for approval. other ministries within Civil Defence. ➤ To inform the Crisis Cabinet periodically about the state of preparedness in C. The Department for Civil Defence relation to crisis or emergency situations. manages ministerial participation and ➤ To represent Spain in nato:s Senior co-ordinates the participation of other Civil Emergency Planning Committee departments within Civil Defence. This (scepc) and participate in their work. department is subordinate to the Ministry of Defence. Nationally, ncepc functions as an inter- mediate organisation, with the Crisis 3. Civil-Military Co-operation Cabinet on one side, from which it Civil-military co-operation in Spain is receives directives and crisis hypotheses, carried out in cases of emergency and and the Sectorial Committees on the upon request by civil authorities. (Real other, which it directs and controls. Ordinances Law and Basic Judgement Internationally, the ncepc is Spain’s Law from the National Defence). A representative organisation in nato:s request for co-operation can be made by scepc. civil authorities through the Minister of The ncepc has a co-ordinating role the Interior. In cases of emergency, the within Spanish cep and is situated at the request can also be made verbally but top of Civil Defence’s organisational should be conﬁrmed as soon as possible structure. It can meet either in plenary in writing. Refusal to co-operate is or permanent sessions. The Committee regarded as a criminal offence (Law for consists of the Crisis Cabinet Secretary Military Penal Code). as the President, the Director General for Defence Policy as the First Vice

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One of the tasks of the Armed Forces is 2. Organic Law 1/1980 about National to create a national alarm network in Defence: co-ordination with the different bodies ➤ Stipulates that the Government shall within the Ministry of Defence (Civil arrange the contribution of whatever Protection Law). kind of resource that is necessary (human, The Armed Forces can be employed to material, etc., public or private). carry out support to any public service. ➤ Defines the Civil Defence concept Responsibility for the execution of such (Civil Preparedness), i.e. the standing support action rests with the military availability of all human, material and command, although not for the non-military resources in order to preparation. manage major disasters. ➤ Establishes that the Armed Forces will 4. Legal Framework co-operate at the request of civil The legal framework for Civil Emergency authorities. Planning in Spain is based upon the following laws and decrees: 3. Organic Law 4/1981 about warning, exceptions and siege situations: 1. Decree 1125/1976: ➤ Defines the above-mentioned situations, ➤ Establishes civil-military co-operation establishing the procedures for declaring rules during emergency situations. those situations and the measures that ➤ Settles procedures of request for the co- are to be taken in each case. operation of the Armed Forces during: A. a normal situation – from the 4. Law 2/1985 about Civil Protection, and Minister of the Interior to the Minister the legal arrangements derived of that law: of Defence. ➤ Defines the Civil Protection concept: B. in an urgent situation – from the A. Identifies the natural and techno- Civil Authorities (delegates or sub- logical hazards for which plans should delegates of the Government) to be made: nuclear and chemical hazards, Territorial Military Authorities (regional war, forest blazes, earthquakes, floods, military commanders). volcanic eruptions and transport of ➤ Specifies that the Military Authorities hazardous goods. shall be informed of and participate in B. Indicates the administrative territorial the emergency plans produced by the levels for which elaborate Civil Protection Civil Authorities (at state, regional and plans should be made: local, supra- local levels) and that they shall have municipal, insular, provincial, regional prepared response plans. and state levels. ➤ Establishes guidelines for planning.

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5. Prime Minister’s National Defence Contact: Civil Preparedness Guideline 1/1986: Div. Gen. José Antonio Beltrán Doña ➤ Creates a Crisis Management National Deputy Director General System and a Civil Preparedness National DIGENPOL / Ministry of Defence System, compatible and comparable Pº de la Castellana 109 with those of the Atlantic Alliance. 28071 Madrid Spain 6. Royal Decree 2639/1986: ➤ Creates the Crisis Cabinet, its compo- Telephone: +34 91 395 57 25 sition and its functions. The Crisis Telefax: +34 91 395 51 08 Cabinet is the leading authority of the Crisis Management National System.

7. Royal Decree 163/1987: ➤ Creates a Crisis Management Directo- rate, as working support of the system.

8. Ministers Council Agreement, dated 15 January, 1988: ➤ Creates the National Civil Emergency Planning Committee (cnpce) its composition and its functions. ➤ Creates the Sectorial Working Com- mittees, dependent upon cnpce, for the following sectors: food and drinking water, industry and raw materials, energy, health, civil landing, shipping and aerial transports, civil communications and shelter (protection of the population).

9. Royal Decree 1883/1996: ➤ Establishes the new structure of the Ministry of Defence. This document deﬁnes the functions of the Policy of Defence Directorate, i.e., concerning Civil Preparedness, Civil Emergency Planning and the Armed Forces co- operation in disaster relief operations.

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Sweden Sverige

Norwegian Sea

Finland Gulf of Bothnia Norway

Stockholm

Sweden North Sea

Denmark Baltic Sea

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State His Majesty King Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and Carl XVI Gustaf (1973-) a parliamentary democracy. The political Head of Government Prime Minister power rests with the government who Göran Persson (1996-) answers to Riksdagen (the parliament) Capital Stockholm who is the foremost representative of the Population 9 million people. The parliament passes laws, Area 449,964 sq. km determines taxes and state expenditures etc. GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 28,400 The parliament reviews the government, Military Expenditures 1.7 % of GDP its agencies and the overall administration Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, EU, OSCE, of the country. The government together Council of Europe, with the parliament jointly forms the Nordic Council 174 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 175

foreign policy. In most cases, the govern- 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning ment submits proposals for decisions to The Swedish structure for civil emergency be made by the parliament in the form planning has undergone a comprehensive of draft bills. In parliament, 16 standing change since 2002. The crisis management committees are responsible for debating capabilities of the municipalities and and evaluating the draft bills. The parlia- counties have been enhanced. The new mentary standing committee on defence is structure is based on a holistic perspective responsible for all defence and emergency aimed at developing society’s robustness management issues that are to be decided and capability to manage two situations; by the parliament. The government´s peacetime emergencies and wartime crises. policies and decisions are implemented by Focus lies on the ﬁrst situation where the ministries through the governmental the work aims at reducing the risks and agencies. The governmental agencies are consequences of major peacetime emer- each linked to a ministry but work gencies due to acts of either nature or independently implementing laws and man. The Swedish cep focuses mainly, at taking decisions within their own areas of the central level, on protection and responsibility and budgets. However, all preparedness against major emergencies ministries are collectively responsible and rather than “every day” accidents which take collective decisions for the policies are delegated to the regional and local and decisions affecting the agencies. The levels. In the event of major peacetime ministries' ability to control the work of emergencies personal life, security and the different agencies is connected with health should be safeguarded, and damage their power to approve the agencies’ to property and the environment should budgets and work out laws and regula- be prevented or minimized. tions to be implemented by the agencies. The second situation is for war and The regional level is organised into 21 warlike situations. For a long time Sweden counties (län), each with a county gover- has used the concept of total defence to nor and a county administrative board, manage these situations. The concept is and it is directly subordinate to the still important to Swedish cep but has government. At the local level, there are been reduced in priority following the 290 municipalities, each led by a munici- last couple of years’ political and security pal executive board which is appointed related developments. Total defence is by an elected municipal council. The deﬁned in Sweden as the range of activities municipalities are entitled to levy income that are required to ensure that Sweden taxes and provide a wide range of essential is prepared for war. In heightened states services to the citizens. of alert, total defence encompasses all public services that must be maintained

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at such times. It consists of military conﬁdence-building measures to co- operations (military defence) and civil ordinated crisis management in complex operations (civil defence). The concept emergencies. cep should be able to provide behind total defence is that modern and co-ordinate a wide range of resources warfare is total and affects all parts of that extend beyond traditional rescue society. Co-ordination between civil and services. military resources is therefore essential to withstanding the impact of war. Civil There are three basic principles guiding defence encompasses all the non-military Swedish emergency management: activities in society that must continue to The principle of responsibility, the function during wartime. In peacetime, principle of parity and the principle of civil defence comprises all activities that proximity. enhance the ability of society to resist an 1. Under the principle of responsibility, armed attack. whoever is responsible for an activity in normal conditions should assume corre- 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives sponding responsibility during major The tasks and objectives of Swedish cep emergencies or situations of war. regarding peacetime emergencies are to: 2. The principle of parity means that ➤ Minimise the risk and consequences of during major emergencies or war as far as major emergencies. possible authorities should be organized ➤ Reinforce overall capabilities for dealing and located as they are during peacetime. with major emergencies. 3. The principle of proximity means that major emergencies should be managed The tasks and objectives of total defence locally where they occur by authorised are to: public personnel at the lowest possible ➤ Defend Sweden against a military attack decision making level, only supported and acts that threatens Swedish by regional and national levels when soverignity. necessary. ➤ Protect the civilian population and secure essential social functions and 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure infrastructure during an armed attack The Ministry of Defence has the overall against Sweden or hostilities and war in political responsibility for Swedish cep, the close proximity. but additional authorities and agencies at central level are also assigned complemen- The extended international task of Swedish tary tasks by the government during cep is to increase capacity for dealing major emergency situations. with a wide spectrum of situations and emergencies ranging from international

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The responsibility for cep is managed by preparedness and civil defence is organi- three different levels of government – sed into six “co-ordination areas”: central/national, regional, and local. The ➤ Technical infrastructure. Swedish Emergency Management Agency ➤ Transportation. (sema or kbm [Krisberedskapsmyndigheten]) ➤ Spreading of toxic substances (including has the central role of co-ordinating chemical, biological, radiological, society’s work with cep. sema:s most nuclear). important task is to activate and support ➤ Economic security. cep activities in other authorities and ➤ Co-ordination of inter sector co- agencies (e.g. the Swedish Rescue Services operation and information (between Agency, the Swedish National Police counties and sector agencies). Board, the Swedish National Electrical ➤ Protection, rescue and care. Safety Board) and to assist in improving regional (county administrative boards) A number of public authorities are and local (municipal executive boards) represented in each co-ordination area emergency management capacity with (e.g. The Swedish Road Administration, the overall aim of reducing society’s The Swedish Rescue Services Agency, vulnerability and enhancing the capacity The Swedish National Post and Telecom to deal with major emergencies. Agency, the Coast Guard). Their task is Swedish municipalities have a large to co-ordinate activities, thus reducing degree of autonomy and play an impor- the vulnerability and enhancing the tant role in civil defence, civil emergency emergency management capabilities of planning and preparedness in accordance the respective area and, as a consequence, with the principle of proximity. During a also their own sector. They are also major emergency or war, the municipal expected to ensure co-ordination with executive board is the highest civilian the business sector, the municipality and authority within municipal borders and the county administrative boards. sema is responsible for all civilian command is responsible for overall integration of and crisis management at local level. the planning and resource allocation Many of society’s activities are highly process and ensures that co-ordination interdependent. For example, society areas interact regularly. would not continue to function effectively All Swedish authorities are obliged to without electricity, telecommunications carry out risk and vulnerability analyses in and it. To ensure that emergency manage- their own areas in an effort to strengthen ment work takes this interdependence their own, and Sweden’s overall, emer- into account, the planning and resource gency management capacity. allocation for peacetime emergency

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3. Civil-Military Co-operation 4. Legal Framework The overall aim of civil-military co- The Swedish Constitution of 1974 states operation is to achieve close co-operation that Riksdagen (the parliament) is the as well as a mutual exchange of informa- foremost representative of the people. tion in order to handle different kinds of However, in the event of war or imminent emergencies more efficiently. Civil- threat of war, a war delegation supersedes military cep co-operation is carried out the parliament. This delegation is at all administrative levels and includes appointed by the parliament and consists planning, international activities, training of specially elected members of parlia- and exercises as well as joint reporting to ment. During war or the imminent threat the government. At the national level of war, governmental tasks may also be sema and the Swedish armed forces head- delegated to subordinate authorities such quarters co-ordinate civil-military activi- as the county administrative boards ties. Military resources will support civilian following a decision by parliament. authorities during severe peacetime The Act on Total Defence and emergencies, which emphasizes the need Heightened States of Alert (1992:1403) for efficient resource utilisation. Opera- and the new Ordinance on Measures for tional co-ordination and co-operation is Peacetime Crisis Management and also important since military and civilian Heightened States of Alert (2002:472) command, in combination with public stipulate ways in which increased civil management bodies, can be deployed emergency preparedness should take place. jointly for major emergencies taking At the local and regional levels, the Act place on a local or regional level. on Extraordinary Events during Peacetime There are 23 voluntary defence organi- in Municipalities and County Councils sations who are involved in both the civil (2002:833) has been approved in order to and military aspects of cep. They are all enhance the crisis management capabili- independent and non-profit associations. ties of municipal executive boards and In co-operation with the authorities, these county councils. voluntary defence organisations inform, recruit and train volunteers for emergency preparedness and war situations. However, due to the changes currently taking place within civil defence and civil emergency planning, civil-military co-operation at all levels is under review.

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Contact: The Swedish Emergency Management Agency Ms. Johanna Enberg, Co-ordinator International Relations P.O. Box 599 SE-101 31 Stockholm Sweden

Telephone: +46 8 593 710 00 Telefax: +46 8 593 710 01 E-mail: johanna.enberg@ krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se Website: www.krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se

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Switzerland Schweiz Suisse Svizzera

Germany

France Bern Liechtenstein Austria Switzerland

Italy

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State Moritz Leuenberger (2006) Switzerland has been a federal state since The position rotates yearly among the 7 members 1848. There are three levels of government: of government). federal, cantonal (26 cantons) and muni- Capital Bern cipal (about 2,800 municipalities). The Population 7.35 million federal government, the Federal Council, Area 41,290 sq. km is a collegial body consisting of seven GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 32,700 (in 2004) members (federal councillors/ministers). Military Expenditures 1.1% of GDP The President of the Swiss Confederation Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, Council of Europe 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 181

is appointed each year by Parliament for are responsible for their specific tasks, and a period of one year; the position rotates for providing mutual support. A joint staff within the seven members of government unit (commando) ensures coordination of on the basis of seniority. The President planning and preparations and provides functions as ‘primus inter pares’. The operational command in case of deploy- seven councillors/ministers are collectively ment in disasters or emergencies. Where responsible for the decisions of the appropriate, other institutions (e.g. social government. Each councillor/minister services), private organisations (e.g. the heads one of the seven ministries, known Samaritans, Red Cross), private companies as federal Departments. (e.g. forestry, construction and transport Switzerland is a combination of direct firms) or the armed forces can be called and parliamentary democracy (“semi- upon to provide back-up. The partner direct democracy”) with far-reaching organisations work together at a municipal popular voting rights (elections, popular or regional level. The cantons and muni- ballots, people's initiatives, referenda and cipalities define their organisational form petitions). The Parliament (or United in accordance with their needs and their Federal Assembly) comprises two specific hazards and dangers. chambers with equal status: the Council of States, representing the 26 cantons, 2.1 CEP tasks and objectives and the National Council, representing The civil protection mandate, which is the people. The Parliament adopts laws, derived from the security policy objectives elects the members of the Federal Council, formulated in the government's report the Supreme Court judges, and, in case of 2000 on Security Policy, is to protect the war, a Supreme Commander of the Army. population and its vital resources in case of The cantons of Switzerland have a large disasters or emergencies, as well as in the degree of autonomy. Each has its own event of armed conflict. constitution, government and parliament. Civil Protection provides command The municipalities enjoy self-government structures, protection, rescue and relief for to an extent determined by the canton. the purposes of managing such incidents. It helps to prevent, limit and manage 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Plannning damages. Umbrella system Civil Protection fulfils this mandate by Civil protection is an integrated umbrella performing the following duties: system providing command, protection, ➤ provide the population with information rescue and relief. Within this umbrella about threats and dangers as well as system, the partner organisations (police, protective possibilities and measures fire brigade, public health care, technical ➤ alert the population, and issue conduct services and protection & support services) instructions to it

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➤ provide command structures P&S may be called upon to support ➤ coordinate preparations and deploy- tasks that require a lot of personnel (e.g. ment of the partner organisations traffic control). Fire brigade: The fire brigades are Operational readiness for managing an responsible for rescue and general damage armed conflict can be scaled down due control (incl. fire-fighting). They are to the very limited threat situation in regulated on a cantonal basis. Certain Europe. Disasters and emergencies are duties such as chemical, oil and radiation the hazards that define current planning. protection are transferred to specially In general, disasters and emergencies as equipped and trained fire brigades (”base well as violence that falls below the thres- units”). hold of war do not threaten Switzerland Public health care: The public health as a whole. This allows for planning and care ensures the best possible medical deployment of civil protection resources care of the population in all situations. in regional, cantonal or intercantonal This also comprises precautionary mea- cooperation, and for a quantitative sures and psychological care. The public reduction of personnel and equipment. health care is also regulated on a cantonal basis. A medical coordination committee Partner organisations and areas at federal level, medical logistic reserves of responsibility and a medical protection infrastructure A clear allocation of responsibilities to are available for meeting the needs of large the individual partner organisations is of numbers of patients (e.g. epidemics, great importance. As part of the overall earthquakes, radiation scenarios) or armed civil protection system, the police, fire conflicts. brigade, public health and technical Technical services: Technical services services constitute well-established rapid- (which may be public-sector or private deployment resources. Protection& organisations) ensure the functioning of Support (P&S) service, by contrast, is the technical infrastructure and logistics. chiefly a second-level resource mainly This relates in particular to the electricity, used in the event of larger disasters and water and gas supply, communications/IT, emergencies. waste disposal and the maintenance of Police: Within the framework of civil road links. To cope with peak loads, the protection, the police forces as a pro- technical services may be reinforced by fessional resource are responsible for private companies and the resources of maintaining safety and public order. The the other partner organisations of the cantonal and municipal police forces civil protection system. provide the operational resources. As a Protection&Support: P&S is responsible bridging measure during peak loads, for providing protective infrastructure

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and the resources for alerting the popula- information, intelligence, communi- tion, for caring for homeless persons and cations/IT, NBC-protection and logistics people seeking shelter, and for protecting co-ordination. cultural assets. If necessary it supports the other partner organisations by performing Modular structure, increasing readiness, long-term operations, lasting from a few build-up of forces days up to several weeks or months. It The partner organisations manage carries out repair work to prevent secon- incidents by drawing upon resources dary damage, and reinforces command structured in a modular fashion. The support and logistics. P&S, which is a modular structure is focused on everyday central part of the national service obli- incidents and the resources deployed gation, can also be deployed in general being reinforced in line with the nature duties of benefit to the community (e.g. and gravity of an event. The existing personnel for mass events). coordination of the partner organisations The local structure of P&S and its – and specifically of the rapid-deployment cooperation with the other partner orga- resources of police, fire brigade and public nisations are regulated by the cantons health care – suffice to manage everyday within the framework of federal laws and incidents. When an everyday event occurs, ordinances. these resources control operations on the spot following routine procedures. 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure Disasters and emergencies may require Command (staff unit) and management the deployment of several or all of the Overall responsibility for the civil partner organisations of a municipality protection umbrella system lies with the or region. The partner organisations can competent executive body (municipality, draft additional resources and reserve region, canton). If a disaster or emergency elements, which can be further reinforced occurs, command responsibility is assumed by calling in private organisations and by a politically authorised staff unit con- companies as well as the armed forces. sisting of members of the corresponding If the threat increases (e.g. increased authorities, the chief of staff, members of radioactivity or danger of a politico- the administrative staff, and departmental military nature), federal authorities, the heads of the partner organisations. The cantons and municipalities take steps duties of the staff unit include ongoing within their areas of responsibility to analysis of threats and dangers, the co- step up the operational readiness of the ordination of planning and the deploy- systems They increase this readiness in ment of the partner organisations in case line with the developing scenario. of disasters or emergencies. Management support consists of the special areas of

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Task sharing between the cantons and the service duty) and defines standards (e.g. Confederation for protective infrastructure). In the event The civil protection concept is based on of incidents affecting a number of cantons, shared responsibilities between the federal the entire nation or Switzerland’s imme- authorities and the cantons. With the diate neighbours (e.g. mass migration, exception of certain areas reserved for the earthquakes), it can assume coordinative Confederation, the cantons are responsible and command functions. for civil protection. They are especially responsible for handling disasters and Co-ordination and Co-operation emergencies. They ensure an appropriate Research and development: Protection of command structure and the operational the population must be steadily improved readiness of the partner organisations. by drawing on the findings of specific This enables the cantons to create efficient research and development. This chiefly structures tailored to their specific require- involves making available existing scien- ments. tific knowledge and clarifying complex Federal government is responsible for interrelations mainly in the fields of risk handling certain (generally large-scale) assessment and risk based emergency disasters and emergencies, primarily planning. Research and development is radioactive contamination, dam failures, managed and funded by the Confedera- human and animal epidemics, and armed tion and includes cantonal representation. conflict. Under federal legislation, the It is a long-term undertaking and requires Confederation also regulates fundamental planning over several years to ensure issues of civil protection (e.g. liability for continuity and sustainability.

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Institutions primarily active in the area of 4. Legal Framwork prevention: The civil protection umbrella ➤ Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 system is oriented first and foremost to (Article 61) precautionary measures, operational ➤ Federal law of 4 October 2002 on civil deployment in case of an incident and protection system and protection& sup- immediate repair work. Institutions in- port service volved primarily in the field of recovery ➤ Federal law of 6 October 1966 on the or prevention are not directly integrated protection of cultural properties during into this umbrella system. Close collabo- armed conflicts ration and coordination with these institutions is suitable, especially for event analysis and emergency planning. A com- Contact: Federal Office for Civil Protection prehensive and well-balanced security Monbijoustrasse 51 A planning comprises all the elements in CH-3003 Bern the fields of preparedness, response and Switzerland recovery. Telephone: +41 31 322 51 02 3. Civil-Military Co-operation Telefax: +41 31 324 87 89 Subsidiary support from the armed forces: E-mail: [email protected] The armed forces contribute to cope with existential hazards. In this context Website: www.civilprotection.ch they provide support on request of the authorities if civil protection resources are exhausted or unavailable, notably to cope with peak loads and to deal with grave disasters and emergencies. The deployment of military resources is based on the principle of subsidiarity. This means that the civil protection resources in the regional, cantonal and intercantonal umbrella structure are deployed first before military assistance may be requested. Overall responsibility for such operations lies with the civilian authorities, while the troop commanders are responsible for military command.

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Tajikistan* Jumhurii Tojikiston

Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan

China

Tajikstan Dusjanbe

Afghanistan

Pakistan

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Emomali The Republic of Tadjikistan is a sovereign, Rahmonov (1994–) democratic, secular, constitutional state Head of Government Prime Minister based on the rule of law. The Head of Akil Akilov (1999–) State is the President of the Republic of Capital Dusjanbe Tadjikistan, who also holds the post of Population 6.2 million Chairman of the Government. Area 143,100 sq. km All national, economic and legal issues GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 1,152 are handled by the Government of the Military Expenditures 1.2 % of GDP Republic of Tadjikistan, headed by the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, CIS Prime Minister. The Government com-

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prises the heads of all Ministries of the 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives Republic, and the chairmen of committees The principal objectives of emercom are: that hold equal status with the Ministries. to organise preparedness, training and The highest body of the Republic of protection of the population, economic Tadjikistan is Madjlisi Oli, consisting of entities and territory of the Republic of two chambers: Madjlisi Namoyandagon, Tadjikistan from the effects of peacetime and Madjlisi Milli. emergencies and war; to supervise the The Madjlisi Oli ratiﬁes all legislative capabilities and training of personnel and normative acts that are passed in the in civil defence; to receive, deliver, and Republic of Tadjikistan. distribute humanitarian aid to people Regional bodies of state power in the affected by emergencies and their Republic of Tadjikistan are khoukoumats, consequences. which deal with all administrative and economic issues. emercom has the following main tasks: There are regional, city and district ➤ To develop proposals for state policy in khoukoumats. The chairmen of khoukou- the spheres of civil defence and protection mats are also chairmen of their respective of the population, economic entities and regions, cities or districts. territory of the Republic of Tadjikistan In the lower territorial entities of the from natural, environmental and Republic of Tadjikistan, power is concen- technological emergencies and their trated in the hands of djamoats, headed consequences, and the prevention, by their chairmen. Djamoats resolve all containment and elimination of such local issues, i.e. those issues that affect events. the lower administrative territorial entities. ➤ To organise medical assistance and preventive measures for people affected 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning by various emergencies and supervise The Ministry for Emergencies and Civil the implementation of these measures. Defence of the Republic of Tadjikistan ➤ To organise, develop and implement (emercom) is responsible for civil defence, activities aimed at preparing and and all activities aimed at protecting the protecting the population, economic population, economic entities and terri- entities and territory from possible tory of the Republic of Tadjikistan from emergencies, and to prevent, contain various emergencies and their consequen- and eliminate such emergencies. ces, by Decree of the President of the ➤ To lead and control rescue and relief Republic of Tadjikistan No 1239-a, operations in the event of large-scale July 2, 1999. industrial accidents, disasters and other emergencies, as well as operations to

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eliminate the consequences of such prevention and containment of emergencies. emergencies and elimination of their ➤ To organise the development of consequences, as well as protection of scientific and technical programmes the population, economic entities and aimed at preventing, containing and territory of the Republic from various eliminating the consequences of emergencies and their consequences. emergencies. ➤ Within the limits of its authority, to ➤ To protect the population, economic organise and implement international entities and territories, and to ensure co-operation and conclude international the continued function of economic agreements on emergency prevention entities in the event of various and response. emergencies and to implement the ➤ To co-ordinate and supervise civil above measures. defence and emergency prevention ➤ To set up and secure the preparedness activities in the regions, cities and of civil defence capabilities aimed at districts, as well as the ministries and eliminating the consequences of peace- economic entities, irrespective of their time emergencies and war. administrative affiliation, form of ➤ To organise comprehensive education ownership or economic status. of the population, and train civil ➤ To organise and co-ordinate efforts servants and civilian civil defence units for evaluating the probability of for action in emergencies. emergencies and their simulation, ➤ To draft and implement plans for and for demarcation of the Republic’s creating, developing and improving territory with respect to potentially the military civil defence units and dangerous industries and facilities. other structural elements of emercom. ➤ To participate in the development ➤ To ensure that the structural elements of measures aimed at preventing major of emercom maintain a constant state accidents and disasters and reducing of preparedness for rescue and relief their effects. operations, and to provide for their ➤ To provide methodological guidance logistical, financial and legal support, for work aimed at strengthening the as well as the social security of their functional stability of industries and members. economic entities during peacetime ➤ To set up an alarm system to warn emergencies and war. the population of various emergencies. ➤ To identify priorities in work aimed at ➤ To organise, develop and submit to preventing and eliminating emergencies the Government of the Republic of and their consequences, and to organise Tadjikistan draft legislation and other the development, co-ordination and normative acts concerning civil defence, implementation of specific scientific

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and technical programmes that address ➤ Financial and economic Directorate. these issues. ➤ Department for special missions. ➤ To plan the deployment and action of civil defence military units in 2. Representative ofﬁce of Tadjikistan’s emergencies, and to organise their emercom at emercom of the Russian interaction with non-military civil Federation. defence units in emergency response operations. 3. Control centre for emergencies and ➤ With respect to the scale of an civil defence. emergency, to co-ordinate or lead disaster response operations, and 4. Medical Directorate. determine the capabilities required for rescue work. 5. Republican chemical and radiometric ➤ To co-ordinate the activities of all laboratory. state bodies in the elimination of the consequences of emergencies, 6. Training centre. protection of the population, economic entities and territories, 7. Training and methodological centre and civil defence. for emergencies and civil defence.

2.2 CEP Organisational Structure 8. Directorate for construction, accom- 1. Central staff elements: modation of troops, and operation of ➤ emercom leadership. facilities. ➤ Private ofﬁce of the Minister. ➤ Directorate of military personnel. 9. emercom logistics. ➤ General Headquarters. ➤ Directorate of troops, forces and 10. Dushanbe city headquarters for population preparedness. emergencies and civil defence. ➤ Directorate for emergency prevention and protection of population an 11. Headquarters for emergencies and territories. civil defence in the Sugodsky region. ➤ Department of international co-operation. 12. Headquarters for emergencies and ➤ Legal Department. civil defence in the Khatlonsky region. ➤ Directorate of organisation and mobilisation. 13. Headquarters for emergencies and civil ➤ Personnel Directorate. defence in the Gorno-Badakhshansky autonomous region.

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14. Zonal Headquarters for emergencies the civil defence military units carry out and civil defence in the Gissarsky valley. practical measures aimed at protecting the population, economic entities and 15. Zonal Headquarters for emergencies territories, and performing rescue and civil defence in the Karateginsky operations. valley. 3. Civil-Military Co-operation 16. “Centrospas” Directorate. emercom organises the following civil- military co-operation: 17. Agency for implementation of the ➤ Co-operation with the military Sarezsky Lake project. and law-enforcement bodies of the Republic of Tadjikistan in the areas 18. Directorate for operation of the of mutual notification of natural, ”usoi” system. technological and environmental emergencies, assignment of military 19. Military civil defence units for rescue personnel, technical and special operations within the emergency equipment for transport and response framework. eliminating the consequences of emergencies in the economic entities 20. Air unit. and territories of the Republic of Tadjikistan, during peacetime and war. 21. Rapid deployment rescue unit for the ➤ Guidance for foreign rescue workers city of Khudjand. arriving in the Republic of Tadjikistan to assist in emergency response. 22. Rapid deployment rescue unit for the ➤ In compliance with the Law and city of Kurgan-Tube. within the scope of its field, the implementation of international All the above emercom elements, except co-operation in civil defence, for the “Centrospas” Directorate and the emergency prevention and response, military civil defence units, are aimed to and the provision of aid to the organise, lead and support the measures population, as well as gathering, carried out in the Republic for preventing studying and disseminating foreign emergencies and eliminating their conse- experience in this field. quences, and to safeguard protection of ➤ Interaction with the ministries and the population, economic entities and agencies in the event of an emergency, territories of the Republic of Tadjikistan and civil defence of the members of the from the consequences of emergencies, Commonwealth of Independent while the “Centrospas” Directorate and States and other nations, securing

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performance of obligations under international treaties and agreements. ➤ In compliance with the established order, participation in the development of draft international treaties and in external economic co-operation in matters within emercom’s sphere of competence, including civil defence, mutual notiﬁcation and emergency relief.

4. Legal Framework The legal basis for emercom activities is provided by the Constitution of the Republic of Tadjikistan and the Law of the Republic of Tadjikistan “On Civil Defence”, as well as international agreements and other valid legislative acts of the Republic of Tadjikistan, decisions of Madjlisi Oli of the Republic of Tadjikistan, edicts and decrees by the President and Government of the Republic of Tadjikistan concerning civil defence, preparedness and protection of the population, economic entities and territories of the Republic of Tadjikistan against peacetime emergencies and war, as well as prevention and containment of natural, environmental and technological emergencies and elimination of their consequences at the territory of the Republic, and ﬁnally by the special Regulation ”On the Ministry for Emergencies and Civil Defence of the Republic of Tadjikistan”.

Contact: Mr. Z. Ashurov Telefax: +0787 232 964/227 051

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The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1 Republika Makedonija

Montenegro Serbia Bulgaria Skopje The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Adriatic Albania Sea Aegean Greece Sea

➽ FACTS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS 1. Form of Government Head of State Mr. Branko Crvenkovski The Political System is Parliamentary (2004-) Democracy, based on the respect of free- Head of Government Mr. Vlado Buckovski dom and human rights, the rule of law, (2004-) legal protection of property, free market Capital: Skopje economy, humanism and social justice and Population: 2 022 547 solidarity. It is a sovereign, independent, Area: 25,713 sq. km democratic and social state. The state GDP/Capita (PPP): 4 521 US$ authority is divided into legislation, Military Expenditures: 2.3% of GDP executive power and jurisdiction. Membership Int. Org.: UN, OSCE, Council of The country has a unicameral Assem- Europe, WTO, EAPC bly or ,,Sobranie” with 120 seats. The

1Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name. 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 193

members are elected by popular vote from efficiency and adequate use of the available party lists based on the percentage of the resources in case of a crisis situation, as overall vote the parties gain in each of six well as providing qualitative and realistic electoral districts. Members serve four- threat and risk assessments for the security year terms. The Cabinet is composed of of the country, the crisis management the Council of Ministers, elected by system consist of: the Steering Committee; majority vote of all the deputies in the the Assessment Group and the Center Assembly. Local Government is divided for Crisis Management. into 85 municipalities. If the crisis situation becomes very grave, the Steering Committee will be 1.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives composed of representatives from the The crisis management system in the Assembly, the largest oppositionist party, country is organized and set up to provide the Prime Minister Cabinet and, if early warning and to manage crisis that deemed necessary, additional experts. represent threat to the health and life of The President of the Government nomi- people and animals, as well as assets, and nates the chairman of the Steering which emanates from natural disasters, Committee. The chairman must be a epidemics or other crisis situations. More member of the Committee in order to precisely the system encompasses infor- be nominated. mation gathering, assessments, situation The Assessment group is a Government analysis, objectives and task determination, body that does constant evaluation of the development and implementation of the risks and the threats on the security of the necessary activities for prevention, early country, and therefore proposes measures warning and dealing with the crisis. and activities for prevention and early warning in crisis situation. 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning The Crisis Management center is an In 2005, the Parliament adopted the new independent state body, with tasks to Law of Crisis Management. This law execute activities in providing continuity firmly structures the Crisis Management in the inter-departmental and international System notably around: organization and co-operation, as well as co-ordinating the performance, decision making, use of “state of play” of the crisis situation (i.e. resources, communication, coordination preparing and updating unified risk and and cooperation, national security threat threat assessments of the security in the assessment, planning and funding, as well country). It also provides proposals for as other issues connected to the crisis measures and activities resolving the crisis management system. situation as well as executes other tasks In order to provide decisions and addressed by the newly adopted Crisis continuous co-ordination, timely reaction, Management law.

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3. Civil-Military Co-operation Contact persons: The Crisis Management law is the base for the development of new standards and Mr. Agron Budzaku, Director of the operational procedures for the engagement Crisis Management Center (2005-) of the National Armed Forces in a Crisis Telephone: +389 2 3282 300 situation, as well as the engagements of +389 2 3290 480 civil-military experts in connecting professional fields. Mr. Risto Todorov, Deputy Director of the Crisis Management Center 4. Legal Framework add. ,,Dimitar Mircev,, bb With the adoption of the new Crisis Management Law on 22 April 2005, has Telephone: +389 2 3111 163 been firmly established the Legal Frame- Telefax: +389 2 3136 226 work for the organizational set up for, in particular, decision making, the use of the Contact person in the Mission to NATO, NATO HQ: resources, communication, co-ordination Mr. Muarem Jusufi, Third Secretary, and co-operation in the field of cep. Permanent Representative to SCEPC VA Building, NATO, HQ 1110 Brussels Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 707 2793 Telefax: +32 2 707 2757 E-mail: [email protected]

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Turkey Türkiye

Black Sea Bulgaria Georgia

Greece Armenia Ankara

Turkey Aegean Sea Iran

Mediterranean Syria Sea Iraq Cyprus

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Ahmet Turkey is a republic based on parliamentary Necdet Sezer (2000-) democracy. The executive power is vested Head of Government Prime Minister Recep in the President and the Council of Tayyip Erdogan (2003-) Ministers. The Council of Ministers is Capital Ankara appointed by the President on the nomi- Population 71.3 million nation of the Prime Minister. There is Area 780,580 sq. km also a National Security Council, which GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 6,974 serves as an advisory body to the President Military Expenditures 4.9 % of GDP and the cabinet. The President is the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, OSCE, Chairperson of the National Security Council of Europe Council. The Council is, inter alia, responsible for Turkey's security policy.

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The legislative power rests with the single- ➤ To support the military sector during chamber Parliament, the Grand National crisis and war. Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi). ➤ To maintain social and economic life The President can veto proposed bills, during peacetime crisis and war. although the veto can be reversed by the ➤ To provide protection of the population Parliament. The Government is respon- against threat and risks emanating from sible to Parliament and can be dismissed war and disasters. by a vote of no conﬁdence. ➤ To facilitate post-attack recovery. Turkish administration is based upon a ➤ To make contributions to nato/eapc central and local government concept. efforts at international level. The Country is divided into 81 provinces. ➤ To assure rehabilitation in disaster areas. A Governor, nominated by the Central Government, leads each province. The 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure Governor also has a popularly elected The Council of Ministers is the essential Provincial Assembly in the province. policy-making body, and has a nation- There is a popularly elected mayor in each wide responsibility for all activities carried town of more than 2,000 inhabitants. out during emergencies, mobilisation and war preparedness. 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning The National Security Council (nsc) Turkey has a central organisation that is the main advisory unit for consultation handles Civil Emergency Planning. This in matters related to Turkish national organisation includes the Council of security. The Council, chaired by the Ministers, the National Security Council President or Prime Minister, consists of and its Secretariat, and other ministers, the Deputy Prime Ministers, the Minister most notably the Minister of Defence. of Defence, the Minister of Interior, the In order to co-ordinate civil emergency Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister matters in cases of natural and techno- of Justice and other related ministers when logical disasters, as well as population the need arises as well as responsible movements, the General Directorate of military authorities and the Secretary Emergency Management was established General of the National Security Council. in late 1999. The nsc has established a forum consisting of senior civilian and military 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives authorities, which advises the Government. The main objectives of Turkish Civil This forum is responsible for consultation Emergency Planning are: in matters of Civil Emergency Planning ➤ To maintain government functions in and civil-military co-operation. Further- times of crisis and war. more, it is responsible for establishing the

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principles and procedures pertaining to With regard to other ministries and the civil plans that are to be executed in cases Law of Mobilisation and War, each of emergency, mobilisation and war, ministry must establish a responsible including post-war conditions. department for the execution of duties The General Secretariat of the nsc related to mobilisation and war prepared- carries out the secretariat duties of the ness. This department is responsible for Council. The Department of Total identifying all resources that are under Defence Civil Services, a sub-unit of the the control of the Ministries, including General Secretariat conducts the duties the private sector. and responsibilities of Civil Emergency National plans, to be used in times of Planning. mobilisation and wartime, are prepared and updated by the responsible ministries The Ministry of Defence is responsible in consultation with the related authorities, for the co-ordination and execution of such as the General Secretariat of the issues relating to the Turkish Armed National Security Council and other Forces. The Duties and responsibilities of bodies. the ministry are: Each respective ministry is responsible ➤ To provide information to the Turkish for Civil Emergency Planning matters Armed Forces about resources and means. within their own ﬁeld. Activities are ➤ To set the requirements of procurement carried out by the General Directorates for the Turkish Armed Forces and of the ministries. Gendarmery, and to inform the There are several Technical Planning responsible ministries of the needs of Committees responsible for the preparation the Armed Forces. of the plans. After the plans have been ➤ To identify and allocate the require- scrutinised by the Technical Committees, ments of the Main Forces according to they are evaluated and approved by the the principles and priorities of the planning Co-ordination Board. The Turkish Armed Forces. Planning Co-ordination Board consists ➤ To implement the National Defence of high level representatives from related Compulsory Contribution Law, and to ministries, including the Turkish General support the military sector in times of Staff and the General Secretariat of the mobilisation and war. National Security Council representatives, ➤ To oversee co-ordination between the and is under the chairmanship of the Turkish General Staff and civil authorities Under Secretary of the ministry. in order to meet military requirements. At provincial level, the Governors are ➤ To participate in manpower planning responsible for the preparation of local activities for military needs. civil plans and their implementation.

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They are also responsible for preparing ➤ The implementation of measures and updating these plans in line with necessary for meeting security needs national plans, and harmonising the and civil domestic disturbances. plans according to the requirements of ➤ The arrangement of training, exercises local public and private institutions. and public information. This includes the implementation of the ➤ The co-ordination of nato Civil National Defence Compulsory Law and Emergency Planning and civil-military other regulations in provincial matters. co-ordination activities.

3. Civil-Military Co-operation 4. Legal Framework Civil and Military co-operation takes There are a variety of administrative and place in the following areas in Turkey. legal instruments that give Turkish national ➤ The preparation of plans, procedures and authorities the power to engage in civil regulations for mobilisation and war. emergency activities and to manage crisis, ➤ The determination of priorities in the mobilisation and war, as well as peacetime planning of national resources for the emergencies. Civil emergency legislation requirements of the Armed Forces, regulates all civil emergency activities, public and private sectors and the including civil-military co-operation that population. are carried out during peacetime emergen- ➤ The use of both military and civil cies and wartime crises. resources and services such as food, agriculture, industry, energy, transpor- The main laws and regulations for crisis, tation, health and manpower. mobilisation and war are: ➤ The support of military preparedness ➤ The Law for Mobilisation and War and and military operations. its regulations. ➤ The taking of measures in the ﬁeld of ➤ The Directive for Mobilisation and civil defence, such as population War Preparedness. protection, population movement, ➤ The National Protection Law. rescue and medical services, temporary ➤ The National Defence Compulsory protection including warning, detection Contribution Law. and alert subjects, the distribution of ➤ The Emergency Law and its regulations food requirements and accommodation and guidelines. materials, infrastructure services and ➤ The Law and regulations of the National emergency aid. Security Council and its General ➤ The identiﬁcation of key point sites Secretariat. or installations that may be exposed to ➤ The Civil Defence Law. enemy threat including military ➤ The Law on the Regulation of Transport restricted zones and security areas. and Communication in Wartime.

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➤ The regulation for the National Alert Contact: General Secretariat of National System. Security Council ➤ The regulation for the establishment of (Milli Guvenlik Kurulu a crisis management centre. Genel Sekreterligi) ➤ Measures and assistance to be put into Brigadier General Tayyar ELMAS affect regarding natural disasters that Chief of Department for affect the life of the general public, and Planning of Mobilization and related regulations and guidelines. Wartime Preparedness ➤ The Law on Provincial Management. Eskisehir Yolu 9. km ➤ Martial Law. Ankara-Turkey ➤ The Law on Protection against Floods. ➤ The regulations for emergency aid Telephone: +90 312 285 74 76 organisations and principles for Telefax: +90 312 285 74 81 planning regarding disasters. +90 312 285 74 88 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.mgk.gov.tr

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Turkmenistan* Türkmenistan Jumhuiyäti

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Caspian Sea Ashgabat

Iran

Afghanistan

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Saparmyrat Turkmenistan is a republic based on Niyazov (1991–) democracy and law. The state is based Head of Government President Saparmyrat on the principle of division of the auto- Niyazov (1991–) nomous authorities: legislative, executive Capital Ashgabat and judicial. Population 4.9 million The highest representative agency of Area 488,100 sq. km state power is the Halk Maslahaty GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 3,956 (People’s Council) of Turkmenistan. Military Expenditures 3.8% of GDP (est.) Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, CIS

*Country ﬁle not updated, information provided 2003. 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 201

The highest state power and administra- implementation of activities aimed tion in Turkmenistan is implemented by at early warnings and the prevention the President, Medjlis (Supreme of accidents, catastrophes and natural Council), Supreme Kazyet (Court), the calamities, as well as the reduction Highest Economic Kazyet (Court) and of damage and loss during emergency the Cabinet Ministers of Turkmenistan. situations with the help of Turkmenistan consists of administrative corresponding specialists. territorial entities, velayares (regions), ➤ Organises the forecast of emergency etraps (districts), schahers (cities), equating aftereffects and the division of the state with etraps, where agencies of state admi- into districts due to the presence of nistration are established, as well as of potentially hazardous productions and towns and villages, where agencies of the increased risk of disaster, evaluates local self-government are established. the danger of extreme events and rates damage according to its possible 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning consequences. State government is carried out by the ➤ Considers and co-ordinates matters in President of Turkmenistan. The permanent connection with preparing legislative agency of the President of Turkmenistan proposals, issues of international for prevention and elimination of emer- co-operation in the sphere of civil gency situations is Turkmenistan’s State defence, emergency prevention and Commission for Emergency. elimination. ➤ Directs the establishment and function The Commission: of a state information system and ➤ Organises and monitors the activities of governmental communication in ministries, departments, enterprises, the sphere of emergency situations, hakimliks (executive committees) of implements interaction with the velayats (regions), etraps (districts), corresponding systems of neighbouring and cities in the scientific and metho- states and the Commonwealth of dological resolution of problems in Independent States. the sphere of population security. ➤ Collects and analyses information in ➤ Improves the reliability of industrial sites, relation to accidents, catastrophes, transport, power, engineering and ecological and natural disasters. communication. ➤ Develops, specifies and corrects all ➤ Controls the work of ministries, situations of extraordinary and natural departments, enterprises, hakimliks disasters. (executive committees) of velayats (regions), etraps (districts) and cities The commission forms and submits in the sphere of development and to the President for rectification a special

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reserve for financial, logistical and other particularly forest and steppe fires, resources in order to fulfil new or unfore- liquidating the consequences of natural seen work on the prevention and disasters, catastrophes, major accidents, elimination of the consequences of including accidents related to poison, natural disasters. gas or air pollution (chlorine, ammonia). ➤ Maintaining a civil defence 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives management system (strong points- The cep tasks and objectives of governments, ministries, departments, Turkmenistan include: hakimliks (executive committees), ➤ Ensuring the protection of the communication and early warning population and territory during natural systems, systems for warning the disasters and technical accidents by population of emerging threats. providing shelter, evacuation, ➤ Gathering and analysing information dispersion, equipment and medial aid. about emergencies in the territory of ➤ Increasing the stability of essential Turkmenistan and presenting this industries and objects during natural information to the Cabinet Ministries disasters, by planning to reduce and Minister of Defence. possible losses and distractions from ➤ Conducting chemical and radiometric various influences, creating conditions analyses of the environment, armaments for the restoration of distracted objects and equipment, and foodstuffs aimed and communications in the shortest at finding radioactive and poisonous possible time, and creating a vital materials. system of management in all economic activities. The creation, during peace- 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure time, of mobile reserves of industrial Turkmenistan’s Civil Defence consists of outputs, the supply of provisions and the Civil Defence Directorate. The Civil timely refreshments, and the protection Defence Directorate is subordinate to the of agricultural animals, plants, First Deputy Minister of Defence in provisions, raw materials, water Turkmenistan – the Chief of the General sources and water supply systems Staff of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan. from pollution and chemical infection. ➤ Preparing and performing rescue and The following units are subordinate to urgent emergency-restoration work in the Directorate: centres of destruction and catastrophic ➤ 7 defence staffs in each velayat (region) flood zones, and rendering help to the and the cities of Turkmenbashy and affected population. Civil defence Ashgabar. forces are always prepared to render ➤ 1 separate mechanised search and rescue immediate help in the area of destruction, regiment.

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➤ 3 separate mechanised search and ➤ The President’s Decree No. 2020 – rescue teams. “Turkmenistan’s State Commission for ➤ Central chemical-radiometric laboratory. Emergency” dated December 19, 1994. ➤ Unarmed civil defence territorial ➤ The Law of Turkmenistan – “Emergency and objective formations, among Prevention and Elimination” dated the high preparedness formations. September 15, 1998. ➤ Specialised organic departmental ➤ The Decrees and Edicts of the formations, which can be recruited for President and other directing specific tasks in civil defence: documents. A. anti-oil gusher service (gas and oil ➤ The international agreements of pipeline accidents) Turkmenistan. B. spasop (flights search and rescue ➤ The decisions of the State Commission procurement service) for Emergency. C. Formations within industry and power engineering Contact: Mr. Aynazarow D. Formations within national parks Civil Defence and Emergency E. Paramilitary fire guard service in the Directorate Ministry of Defence Ministry of Defence F. Fire service trains (special trains, Galkynysh str. 4 designed for fire control) Ashgabat G. Restorative trains (special trains, Turkmenistan equipped for restoration work and used in major accidents). Telephone: +993 12 40 24 31 +993 12 40 25 17 3. Civil-Military Co-operation +993 12 35 49 42 The State Commission for Emergency consists of the representative of the Brussels: Col. Kakadjan Mommadov Ministry of Defence, by which the Mission of Turkmenistan to NATO special military formations are recruited Ave. Franklin D. Roosevelt 106 with the purpose of carrying out civil B-1050 Brussels defence tasks. Belgium

4. Legal Framework Telephone: +32 2 648 18 74 The civil defence agencies are guided by: Telefax: +32 2 648 19 06 ➤ The military doctrine of the President of Turkmenistan.

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Ukraine Ukraina

Russia Belarus

Poland Kiev

Ukraine

Slovakia

Moldova Hungary Romania

Black Sea

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President Ukraine consists of 24 regions (oblast), Viktor A. Yushchenko the Crimean Autonomous Republic and (since 23 january 2005–) two cities with special status (Kyiv and Head of Government Prime Minister Yuriy Sevastopol). Ekhaurov (2005–) The territorial structure is based on the Capital Kyiv principles of indivisibility and unity of Population 46.7 million the country, the unity of centralisation and Area 603,700 sq. km decentralisation of power, the balance of GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 6,800 (2005 est) social-economic development of regions, Military Expenditures 1.4% of GDP (FY 02) historical, economic, geographical and Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, demographic peculiarities, as well as Council of Europe, CIS ethnical and cultural traditions. 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 205

The Constitution of Ukraine stipulates 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning that the President is the Head of State. According to the Decree of the President He guarantees sovereignty, territorial unity, of Ukraine from October 28, 1996, the leadership of the Constitution, and the Ukrainian Ministry of Emergency was rights and freedom of the people and the specified as the central institution of citizens. Ukrainian citizens elect the administrative authority, and carries out President for 5 years on equity of the vote. state policy in the field of civil defence, The President cannot be elected for more protection of the population and territories than 2 terms without a break. in emergencies, prevention and response Unicameral Supreme Council or to these emergencies, liquidation of their Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; under recent consequences and the consequences of amendments to Ukraine's election law, the Chernobyl catastrophe. The Ministry the Rada's seats are allocated on a pro- also governs the entrusted management portional basis to those parties that gain sphere and is responsible for its state and 3% or more of the national electoral vote; development. members serve five-year terms beginning with the March 2006 election. 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives The Ukrainian Constitution and laws The main tasks of the Ministry are to: set out the rights of the People’s Deputies. ➤ Develop and conduct activities in the The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine sphere of protection of the population (the Ukrainian Government) is the High from the consequences of emergencies Body of Executive Power of Ukraine. It and the Chernobyl catastrophe; acts according to the Constitution, the ➤ Supervise the managing bodies, laws of Ukraine and the President’s headquarters, civil defence forces and Decrees. Cabinet of Ministers selected by subordinated specialised formations; the prime minister; the only exceptions ➤ Co-ordinate the ministries and other are the foreign and defense ministers, central bodies of the executive power, who are chosen by the president. The the Council of Ministers of the Auto- Government is amenable to the President nomic Republic of Crimea, local state of Ukraine, controlled by the Verkhovna administrations, enterprises, institutions Rada. The President appoints and dis- and organisations of all forms of power misses the Prime Minister on the agree- in the sphere of protection of the popu- ment of Verkhovna Rada. The President lation and the territories in emergencies appoints and dismisses ministers on the and emergency response; proposal of the Prime Minister. ➤ Define the main directions of work with protection of the population and the territories in emergencies, social protection of the population, and

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rehabilitation of the territories that have ➤ Organs of central and local government, been contaminated by the Chernobyl plus the administration of enterprises, catastrophe; institutions and organisations that are ➤ Supervise and monitor civil defence and independent in form of ownership and technological safety, emergency prepared- management; ness and emergency prevention measures; ➤ Forces and equipment that have been ➤ Arrange and co-ordinate the activities built up to carry out Civil Defence in the territories of the exclusive zone tasks; and zone of the mandatory resettlement, ➤ Financial, medical, material and technical solve their financing problems, protect resources that are reserved for emer- public safety and the health of staff gencies; within this territory, protect the scientific ➤ Systems of communication, information and economical interests of Ukraine; and notification. ➤ Co-ordinate activities in the sphere of a unified scientific-technical policy when The President of Ukraine issued a Decree creating and implementing modern on joining the State Fire Protection information technologies, a civil defence Department with the Ministry of Ukraine database, and protection of the popu- of Emergencies and Affairs of Population lation and the territories from the Protection from the Consequences of consequences of emergencies and the Chernobyl Catastrophe of Ukraine, dated Chernobyl catastrophe; January 27, 2003. ➤ Train and retrain civil defence staff in the problems of protection of the 3. Civil-Military Co-operation population and the territories from the Responsibility for co-operation within consequences of emergencies and the the different areas of the Ukrainian civil- Chernobyl catastrophe, and train the military defence (organisation, structure population in emergencies. and activities) lies with both national and local authorities. In order to train 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure government organs, key personnel, duty The Act on the Civil Defence of Ukraine and dispatch personnel, key officials of states that the Civil Defence system will potentially dangerous operations and the include: staff of specialised and non-military ➤ Organs of executive power at all levels, trained formations in actions that must whose authorities apply to all functions be taken in emergencies, the State has associated with safety and protection of organised the following: the population, and to early warning ➤ National, state, territorial and local and response in emergencies; training;

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➤ A network of teaching institutions in in different international programs in the Ministry of Emergencies; techno-environmental safety. ➤ Training for students and school children; The Institute has developed and applied ➤ Training for the general public who are the state standards of higher education not already involved in protection and for the training of junior specialists and service provision. Bachelors of Civil Defence and Safety. Safety is studied at higher education The most stable and developed element level by examining the elements that create of the above-mentioned systems is the and form a personality. These include network of Civil Defence teaching insti- psychology, philosophy, logic, sociology, tutions. The network of Civil Defence cultural studies, fitness and jurisprudence. training courses all over Ukraine is The Institute continues to extend the methodologically supported and managed range of licensed activities. by the Institute of State Management in the Sphere of Civil Defence. 4. Legal Framework According to its status, the Institute of The Ministry of Emergencies was State Management in the Sphere of Civil established by a Presidential Decree on Defence is defined as the main establish- October 28, 1996. ment in the Ministry of Ukraine of Laws currently in force are: Emergencies and Affairs of Population ➤ The Act on Civil Defence in Ukraine Protection from the Consequences of ➤ The Act on Protection of the Natural Chernobyl Catastrophe system, which Environment co-ordinates, organises, administrates, ➤ The Act on Anti-Fire Safety plans and controls professional education ➤ The Act on Anti-Radiation Protection and advanced training for officials, and ➤ The Act on State of Emergency certifies scientific and pedagogical staff ➤ The Act on Rescue Services from higher educational establishments ➤ The Act on Civil Defence Forces as specialists in civil defence and safety. ➤ The Act on Natural Emergency The Institute provides English classes for Situations rescuers according to nato standards. ➤ The Act on State Mining Rescue Services The training is run by the Chairs, science and methodology structural subdivisions, and the Department of Education for international projects. Doctors of Philosophy and Candidates of Science are among the pedagogical staff. The specialists of the Institute take part

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Contact: Ministry of the Ukraine of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from the Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe Victor I. Baloga 55A O. Gonchara Str. 01030 Kyiv Ukraine

24 hours duty service: Telephone: +38 044 2473050 or +38 044 247 3054 (Ukrainan, Russian is also spoken) Telefax: +38 044 247 3211

International Co-operation and European Integration Department Telephone: +38 044 247 3013 or +38 044 247 3079 (English is also spoken) Telefax: +38 044 247 30-79 (84)

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United Kingdom United Kingdom

North Atlantic Ocean

North Sea

Ireland

United Kingdom

London

English Channel

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State Her Majesty Queen The United Kingdom is a constitutional Elizabeth II (1952-) monarchy. The Prime Minister appoints Head of Government Prime Minister a cabinet of approximately 20 ministers. Tony Blair (1997-) In addition, each government department Capital London has junior ministers, also appointed by Population 59.2 million the Prime Minister. Area 244,110 sq. km Parliament is the highest legislative GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 23,509 authority. The two-chamber Parliament Military Expenditures 2.5 % of GDP consists of the House of Lords and the Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, EU, House of Commons. The members of OSCE, Council of Europe the House of Commons are elected by

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popular vote, while the House of Lords responsibility for matters such as transport, is made up of appointed members and culture, planning and development. The senior religious figures. The House of 33 London Boroughs have their own Lords only has limited political power. roles and responsibilities as set down in The uk has no written constitution, but legislation, and they are not subordinate uses statute law and common law. to the Greater London Authority. Across The United Kingdom comprises the rest of England, there are also 34 England, Wales, Scotland and Northern County Councils, primarily focussed in Ireland. Responsibility for a number of rural areas, providing education and matters was devolved to the Scottish welfare services. Within Counties, there Parliament and the Welsh Assembly are 238 District Councils, which provide following elections in May 1999. local planning, housing and environ- Local Government has tax raising mental services. In addition there are 46 powers but is organised slightly differently English “All Purpose” Councils which within the four areas. It holds respon- are concentrated in the main, non- sibility for the full range of local services metropolitan, populated areas. including education, social services, housing, planning and environmental 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning health. Strategic policy on these issues is The Cabinet Office has overall respon- determined by Central Government but sibility for Civil Emergency Planning in delivered locally. “All Purpose” or England and Wales. In Scotland and “Unitary” Authorities provide all local Northern Ireland this is a devolved issue. services to the population of Scotland, The basic rule for handling civil emer- which has 32 Authorities and Wales, which gencies in the United Kingdom is that has 22. Northern Ireland, which has six prime responsibility, including the first County Areas, has similar services but response to any incident, should remain these are delivered centrally. at the local level. Local Government in England consists of ‘All purpose’ and two-tier local 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives government. In the 7 major metropolitan Civil protection in the uk is based on areas, there are 36 Metropolitan Districts the concept of integrated emergency and 33 London Boroughs, all of which management. Integrated emergency are “All Purpose”. Each area has a Fire management is a holistic approach to and Civil Defence Authority (fcda). For civil protection which comprises six London, there is a further strategic body related activities. – the Greater London Authority – headed 1. Anticipation and Assessment. An assess- by a directly elected mayor and with an ment must be made of the risks facing elected assembly, which has strategic an organisation and/or community.

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This is to be agreed upon by partner this would be revised to reflect current organisations. priorities. The uk has developed a programme designed to significantly 2. Prevention. Following an assessment of enhance capabilities in 11 key areas: an probable risks , measures must be adopted effective central (Government) response; to prevent emergencies occurring or to maintenance of essential services during reduce their severity. a crisis; an effective local response; decontamination; post-incident site 3. Preparedness. The preparation of plans clearance, including of contaminated must be in response to agreed risks and waste; capability to treat infectious unforeseen events. It includes, for example, diseases; capability to deal with mass arrangements for calling out key personnel casualties; mass evacuation; capability and the preparation of resource registers. to detect and identify threat; capability There must be clear ownership of the to warn and inform; and the capability plans, and their effectiveness should be for handling mass fatalities. This is a tested in regular exercises. Lessons that significant programme of work, involving are learned must be incorporated back many Government Departments. It is a into the plans. programme managed by the Civil Contingencies Secretariat in the Cabinet 4. Response. The initial response to an Office, which provides regular progress incident should normally be provided by reports to the Prime Minister. the statutory organisations (including emergency services and, local authorities) 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure and where necessary, supported by the The Cabinet Office, Civil Contingencies appropriate voluntary organisations. Secretariat (ccs), has responsibility for Civil Emergency Planning in England and 5. Recovery. This phase will encompass all Wales. This is a devolved responsibility in the activities that are necessary to provide Scotland and Northern Ireland. The ccs a rapid return to normality for both the has a key role in helping to maintain and community and those involved in the improve the quality of preparedness for response. disasters at the local level and across Central Government. A guiding principle The current priority for the uk is to is that the prime responsibility for develop greater resilience to disruptive handling disasters should remain at the civil incidents, especially for ‘catastrophic’ local level. events that may involve an accidental or In the event of a disaster, where deliberate release of chemical, biological, immediate reactions are concerned, radiological or nuclear material although reliance is placed upon emergency plans

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made by emergency services (police, fire, management of emergencies. The Civil ambulance and coastguard), local Contingencies Committee is a group of authorities, public health services, those ministers and officials which meets when responsible for industrial installations and necessary under the chairmanship of the others, including the voluntary sector. Home Secretary. Plans are developed using the framework The devolved administrations in set out in the Civil Contingencies Act Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2004 (Contingency Planning Regulations will, within their competencies, play a 2005) and supporting guidance. full role in response to an emergency. The police will normally take the lead in Their role will depend on two things: co-ordinating the local response to an whether the incident affects Scotland, emergency where a crime has been Wales or Northern Ireland; and whether committed or there is a threat to public the response to the emergency includes safety: the local authority would usually activity within the competence of the lead during the recovery phase. aministration. The devolved administra- If the scale of a disaster overwhelms tions will mirror many of the tasks of the available local resources, regional resilience uk-level crisis mechanisms, as well as teams (a small team of Government fulfilling the same tasks as the English Officials within a Government Office for regional structures. In every case, the the Region working on civil protection precise balance of activity will depend issues) will coordinate supplementary on the competence of the devolved resources which may be called in from administration involved (ie the terms of neighbouring authorities and organisations their devolution settlement) and the as well as from Central Government. Only nature of the incident. In areas of reserved massive disasters justify co-ordination at responsibility, The uk Government Lead Central Government level by the ccs or Department will lead the response in the the relevant lead Department nominated devolved areas working closely with the by the Civil Contingencies Secretariat or relevant devolved administration. the Civil Contingencies Committee. The Lead Government Department 3. Civil-Military Co-operation (lgd) must ensure that the Central The Armed Forces do not take a leading Government response is co-ordinated. role in dealing with disruptive challenges It may also, for example, provide specialist in the UK and would only ever act in advice, assistance and information and support of the civil authorities. It is, keep Parliament, the public and the media however, recognised that the Armed updated. There are also arrangements for Forces’ organisation, skills, equipment interdepartmental discussions at official and training make them an extremely or ministerial level to assist in the valuable national resource with an

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established and flexible command and advise the public in the event of an control structure. The Armed Forces emergency. will therefore continue to be available to ➤ Share information with other local support the civil authorities during responders to enhance co-ordination. emergencies. ➤ Co-operate with other local responders to enhance co-ordination and efficiency. 4. Legal Framework ➤ Provide advice and assistance to Part 1 of the Civil Contingencies Act businesses and voluntary organisations 2004 and supporting Regulations about business continuity management (Contingency Planning Regulations 2005) (Local Authorities only). establishes a statutory framework for civil protection at the local level. The Act sets Additionally the Act requires that out a clear set of roles and responsibilities organisations that have specific roles in for local responders effects structure and an emergency (Category 2) such as utility consistency to local civil protection and transport companies cooperate and activity. share information with other responders. The Act divides local responders into Category 1 and 2 responders are also two categories depending on the extent required to come together to form ‘Local of their involvement in civil protection Resilience Forums’ (based on police force work, and places a proportionate set of areas) which will help co-ordination and duties on each. The main set of duties co-operation between all responders at falls on those organisations who form the local level, including organisations the core of the emergency response not covered by the Act such as the (Category 1) including the emergency voluntary sector. services and local authorities. Local authorities may also be subject to technical safety legislation such as the These duties are: Control of Major Accident Hazards ➤ Assess the risk of emergencies occurring Regulations (comah) 1999. There is also and use this to inform contingency legislation that covers the operation of planning. pipelines and nuclear facilities, together ➤ Put in place emergency plans. with a requirement for adequate public ➤ Put in place Business Continuity information in the event of releases under Management arrangements. the Public Information for Radiation ➤ Put in place arrangements to make Emergencies Regulations (pirer). information available to the public about These regulations are a result of civil protection matters and maintain European directives. arrangements to warn, inform and

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Contact: Civil Contingencies Secretariat 10 Great George Street London SW1A 2AE United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 20 7276 0126 Telefax: +44 20 7276 5113 E-mail: pnc-ccs@cabinet-ofﬁce.x.gsi.gov.uk Website: www.ukresilience.info/home.htm

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United States United States

Canada

Pacific Ocean United States Washington

Atlantic Ocean

Mexico Gulf of Mexico

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President The United States of America is a federal George W. Bush (2001-) republic. It comprises 50 States and the Head of Government President District of Columbia. It also includes George W. Bush (2001-) several dependencies, such as Puerto Rico Capital Washington, DC and the Virgin Islands. The United States Population 294.0 million Government consists of the legislative, Area 9,629,091 sq. km executive and judicial branches. (includes only the The bicameral Congress, consisting of 50 States and District of the United States Senate and the u.s. Colombia) House of Representatives, is the legislative GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 34,142 branch. The President and Vice President Military Expenditures 3.1 % of GDP of the United States head the executive Membership Int. Org. EAPC, NATO, UN, OSCE, branch. The President is both the Chief Council of Europe of State and the Head of Government. (observer) The executive branch consists of the

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Executive Office of the President, 15 ➤ Minimize the damage and assist in the Departments, and 56 Independent recovery from terrorist attacks that occur Establishments and Government within the United States. Corporations. ➤ Carry out all functions of entities Each of the 50 States is a sovereign State transferred to the Department and be with its own legislative, executive and the coordinator of natural and manmade judicial branch. An elected governor leads crises and emergency planning. each State’s executive branch. Local ➤ Ensure that the functions of the agencies governments include counties, cities, and subdivisions within the Department towns, villages, and in some States that are not related directly to securing independent special districts for school, the homeland are not diminished or water, sewage, etc. neglected except by a specific explicit Act of Congress. 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning ➤ Ensure that the overall economic Due to the reorganization of various security of the United States is not Federal entities into the Department of diminished by efforts, activities, and Homeland Security (dhs), the area of programs aimed at securing the emergency management in the u.s. is homeland. currently subject to changes. ➤ Monitor connections between illegal Under the Homeland Security Act of drug trafficking and terrorism, co- 2002, dhs has the responsibility for the ordinate efforts to sever such connections, following areas: Border and Transportation and otherwise contribute to efforts to Security, Information Analysis and Infra- interdict illegal drug trafficking. structure Protection, Science and Techno- logy, and Emergency Preparedness and By order of the President, Federal Response (ep&r). The ep&r Directorate departments and agencies are assigned contains the Federal Emergency Manage- emergency responsibilities based on regular ment Agency (fema), the National missions. Also by order of the President, Disaster Medical System, and response Federal department and agencies are teams for nuclear and domestic energy directed to support nato’s civil emergency support. planning as follows: ➤ Department of Transportation – Civil The primary mission of the Department Aviation Planning Committee (capc). is to: ➤ Department of Defense – Planning ➤ Prevent terrorist attacks within the Board for Inland Surface Transport United States. (pbist). ➤ Reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism.

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➤ Maritime Administration – Planning preparedness, response, recovery and Board for Ocean Shipping (pbos) mitigation. (u.s. chairs). ➤ Co-ordinating plans for continuity of ➤ Department of Commerce – Industrial Federal government during national Planning Committee (ipc). security emergencies. ➤ Department of Agriculture – Food and ➤ Co-ordinating the Federal response to Agriculture Planning Committee (fapc). the consequences of major terrorist ➤ Department of Energy – Petroleum incidents. Planning Committee ([ppc] dormant). ➤ Assuring the effectiveness and ➤ National Communication System – availability of all-hazard systems and Civil Communications Planning resources in coping with man-made Committee (ccpc). and natural disasters, including training ➤ Departments of Defense and of Health and exercises. and Human Services – Joint Medical ➤ Co-ordinating and planning for the Committee (jmc). emergency deployment of resources by ➤ fema – Civil Protection Committee Federal agencies. (cpc). ➤ Consolidating programs aimed at preventing and mitigating the effects of 2.1 CEP Tasks and Objectives potential disasters, including floodplain The overall objective of civil emergency management, hazardous materials planning in the United States is to have transportation, dam safety, and earth- sufficient capabilities at all levels of quake preparedness. government to meet essential civilian and ➤ Co-ordinating preparedness programs emergency management needs in any with State and local governments, the emergency, including natural disasters, private sector, and nongovernmental military attacks, technological disasters organizations, including off-site planning and emergencies, or any other natural or for emergencies at commercial nuclear man-made event that could seriously power plants and for military chemical degrade or threaten the country. stockpile sites. ➤ Providing a Federal focus on fire The responsibility for emergency prevention and public fire safety planning lies within dhs. In dhs, the education. ep&r Directorate is responsible for: ➤ Co-ordinating Federal efforts to reduce 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure the loss of life and property through a Civil Emergency Planning in the United comprehensive risk-based, all-hazards States is based on the fundamental emergency management program of assumption that a significant disaster or

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emergency will exceed the State and local nuclear power plants and other sources, governments’ capacities for carrying out oil spills and other hazardous material the extensive emergency operations releases. necessary to save lives and protect pro- dhs administers the National Response perty. The basic organizational structure Plan and related cep programs. Working of the Federal government’s program for closely with State and local governments, responding to civil emergencies and dhs funds emergency management assisting States and local governments is programs, offers technical guidance and outlined in the National Response Plan. training, and deﬁnes tasks for other The National Response Plan assigns Federal agencies in the deployment of primary and secondary responsibilities to resources in times of major disasters and the appropriate Federal agencies for 15 emergencies as declared by the President. Emergency Support Functions: State Responsibilities: Under the u.s. ➤ Transportation Constitution and the constitution of each ➤ Communications State, the Governor executes the laws of ➤ Public Works and Engineering the State and commands the State’s ➤ Fire Fighting National Guard when it serves in State ➤ Emergency Management status. While in non-Federal or State ➤ Mass Care, Housing and Human status, the National Guard has primary Services responsibility for providing military ➤ Resource Support assistance to State and local governments. ➤ Public Health and Medical Services. When a disaster occurs, the Governor ➤ Urban Search and Rescue assesses the scope of the disaster and ➤ Oil and Hazardous Materials Response determines whether to provide the State ➤ Agriculture and Natural Resources assistance that local governments request. ➤ Energy The Governor has the power to declare ➤ Public Safety and Security a State of emergency, activate the State ➤ Long term Community Recovery and response plan and call in the National Mitigation Guard. All States have speciﬁc agencies ➤ External Affairs that coordinate emergency preparedness planning, conduct training and exercises, The National Response Plan also provides and serve as the Governor’s coordinating a basic organizational structure for agency in an emergency. Unless federalised responding to emergencies that are the by the President, only the Governor has fundamental responsibility of the Federal the authority to activate the National Government, e.g., management of the Guard. consequences of terrorist incidents, If a disaster is of such severity and response to radiological emissions from magnitude that effective response is

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beyond the capabilities of the State and Disaster assistance includes those humani- the affected local governments, the tarian and civil emergency management Governor may ask the President to declare activities, functions, and missions that a “major disaster” or “emergency” under are authorised by law. Civil authorities the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and may request help from the military, Emergency Assistance Act. A “major usually for natural disasters such as disaster” and an “emergency” differ hurricanes, tornadoes, floods or earth- principally in duration, extent of damage, quakes, or man-made disasters such as and the amount of Federal assistance massive explosions or acts of terrorism. needed and provided. Under the National Response Plan, the Local Responsibilities: Within their Department of Defense has the primary communities, mayors, city managers, responsibility for Public Works and is a police and fire officials, county executives, supporting agency for the remaining 14 sheriffs, prosecuting attorneys, and public Emergency Support Functions. health officials are responsible daily for Use of the military for law enforcement law enforcement, safety, health, and fire is allowed only where specifically autho- protection. They are responsible for rised by law. By Federal law, military developing emergency response and support of law enforcement includes operations plans and for providing the operations against illegal drug activities, first response to emergencies within their assistance during civil disturbances, jurisdiction. Many local jurisdictions special security operations, combating have mutual aid agreements with neigh- terrorism, explosive ordnance disposal bouring jurisdictions, which allow for fire and other similar activities. fighting, police, ambulance and other emergency services across community 4. Legal Framework boundaries. All States, the Federal government, and most local governments have laws or 3. Civil-Military Co-operation ordinances governing Civil Emergency Congress has passed several laws related Planning, preparedness and crisis mana- to domestic military support, giving the gement. Some laws are designed to meet National Guard primary responsibility for particular emergency needs – oil spills, providing initial support when military earthquakes etc., while in most instances assistance is needed. Emergency manage- various governmental agencies will use ment is always under civilian command their normal legal authorities for respon- and the military is equipped to assist civil ding to and recovering from disasters authorities in a number of missions, and emergencies. Listed below are some including disaster assistance and law of the major specialised u.s. Federal laws enforcement support. for civil emergency management:

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➤ Homeland Security Act of 2002 ➤ Co-operative Forestry Assistance Act of (Public Law 107–296). Establishes the 1978, 16 U.S.C. 2101 et seq. Authorises the Department of Homeland Security, Secretary of Agriculture to undertake which is responsible for a wide-variety activities for the prevention and control of homeland-security activities to be of rural fires. undertaken through its four directorates: ➤ Defense Production Act of 1950, 42 U.S.C. 1. Border and Transportation Security. 2061 et seq. Authorizes the President to 2. Emergency Preparedness and Response. require the priority performance of 3. Information Analysis and Infrastructure contracts and orders necessary or appro- Protection. priate to promote the national defense 4.Science and Technology, and over other contracts or orders. Management. ➤ Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of ➤ Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and 1977, 42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq. Provides for Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. research, planning and coordination for 5121 et seq. Governs the co-ordination the reduction of risk to life and property and delivery of Federal disaster relief from earthquakes. for natural and man-made disasters. ➤ National Security Act of 1947, 50 U.S.C. Title vi of this Act contains Civil 401 et seq. Created the Department of Emergency Planning authorities Defense, the United States Air Force, previously found in the Federal Civil the Central Intelligence Agency, and Defense Act of 1950. the National Security Council. ➤ Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42 U.S.C. 2011 ➤ National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 et seq. Is the fundamental u.s. law on and Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, both the civilian and the military uses 42 U.S.C. 4001 et seq. A Federal flood of nuclear materials. insurance programme for buildings ➤ Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. located in identified special flood 151 et seq. Makes provision for certain hazard areas. Stipulates the purchase of communications in times of war and flood insurance for floodprone buildings during other national emergencies. financed by Federally assisted funding. ➤ Comprehensive Environmental Response, Stipulates floodplain management Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 measures to be taken by local commu- (CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq. Gave nities participating in the programme the federal government broad authority to prevent or reduce flood losses. to regulate hazardous substances, to respond to hazardous substance emergencies, and to develop long-term solutions for the Nation’s most serious hazardous waste problems.

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Contact: Department of Homeland Security Mr. R. David Paulison Director of FEMA 500 C Street S.W. Washington, DC 20472 USA

Telephone: +1 202 646 3900 Telefax: +1 202 646 3052 E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Homeland Security Mr. Casey Long Federal Emergency Management Agency Acting Director, International Affairs 500 C Street S.W. Washington, DC 20472 USA

Telephone: +1 202 646 3399 Telefax: +1 202 646 3397 E-mail: [email protected]

Ms. Penny Satches USNATO/CEP Box 200 NATO HQ B-1110 Brussels Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 724 3137 Telefax: +32 2 724 3439 E-mail: [email protected]

Websites: www.fema.gov www.dhs.gov

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Uzbekistan* Ozbekistan Respublikasi

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Tasjkent

Turkmenistan

Tajikistan

Afghanistan

➽ Facts at your ﬁngertips 1. Form of Government Head of State President The Constitution of the Republic of Islam Karimov (1991–) Uzbekistan was adopted on December 8, Head of Government Prime Minister 1992. The principle of power divided Otkir Sultanov (1995–) between the legislative, executive and Capital Tasjkent judicial authorities underlies the system Population 26.1 million of state authority in the Republic of Area 447,400 sq. km Uzbekistan. GDP/Capita (PPP) US$ 2,441 The President is head of state and the Military Expenditures 1.7% of GDP executive authority of the Republic of (est. in 1999) Uzbekistan. Membership Int. Org. EAPC, UN, OSCE, CIS

*Country ﬁle not updated, information provided 2003. 14139 Inl Handbok 06-06-22 11.53 Sida 223

The President is elected for a 7-year term territories; propose and implement the by direct election. (On January 27, 2002, local budget; determine local taxes and a National Referendum was held and in fees and propose non-budget funds; accordance with the results, the term was direct the municipal economy; protect extended from 5 to 7 years). The highest the environment; ensure the registration state representative body is the Oliy Majlis of civil status acts; pass normative acts (the Parliament). This body exercises the and exercise other powers that conform legislative power. The Oliy Majlis of the with the Constitution and the legislation Republic of Uzbekistan consists of 150 of the Republic of Uzbekistan. deputies, elected by territorial constituen- cies on a multi-party basis for a term of 2. Structure of Civil Emergency Planning five years (as a result of the above-men- The civil protection concept defines tioned Referendum, it was also decided the organisation and implementation to reform the legislative body, and trans- of a range of state activities aimed at form it into a two-chamber parliament). anticipating and preventing emergency The Cabinet of Ministers is formed by situations and protecting the population the President and approved by the Oily and territory from their consequences; Majlis. The President simultaneously minimising losses resulting from them, serves as Chairman of the Cabinet of and resolving issues concerning the Ministers. The judicial authority in the survival of people suffering their effects. republic of Uzbekistan functions independently of the legislative and 2.1 CEP tasks and Objectives executive branches, political parties and ➤ Define a single concept for the public organisations. protection of the population and The Councils of the People’s Deputies, territory in emergencies, and develop led by khokims (the heads of administra- and implement laws and regulations tion), are the representative bodies of in this area. authorities in the regions, districts, cities ➤ Predict potential emergency situations and towns, except for towns that are inside the Republic, both natural subordinate to district centres and city and manmade, and assess their districts. They act upon all matters within socio-economic consequences. their jurisdiction, in accordance with the ➤ Ensure that control agencies and interests of the state and the citizens. systems and the capabilities designated The responsibilities of the local authori- for the prevention and relief of ties are to: ensure the observance of laws; emergencies are in permanent maintain law and order and guarantee the readiness. security of citizens; direct the economic, social and cultural development of their

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➤ Gather, process, exchange and issue ➤ In ministries, state committees, information about the protection departments, associations, corporations, of the population and territory in enterprises, institutions and emergency situations. organisations – ministers, heads ➤ Provide state expertise, inspections and of state committees, departments, monitoring in relation to protection associations, corporations, of the population and territory in directors and heads of enterprises, emergencies. institutions and organisations. ➤ Take measures to ensure the social protection of people suffering from A Ministry of Emergencies in the Republic the effects of emergencies. of Uzbekistan has been set up in order to ➤ Implement the rights and obligations create an effective system for protecting of the population concerning protection the population and territory from the in emergency situations, including consequences of severe disasters, and individuals who play a direct part in preventing and providing relief from emergency relief. emergencies, both natural and manmade, ➤ Organise international co-operation in in the Republic. emergency prevention and relief. In order to co-ordinate the activities of the khokimiats (city administrations) of Operations for the relief of socio-political the different regions, the city of Tashkent conﬂicts and mass disturbances are not as well as towns and and other regional included in the plans for utilising civilian administrative structures, administrations services in emergencies. have been set up for emergency situations in the Republic of Karakalpalstan and in 2.2 CEP Organisational Structure towns and regions, which are territorial Civil protection of the Republic is based subdivisions of the Ministry of Emergen- on the “territorial production” principle. cies. They conduct their work as admini- Responsibility for the protection of the strations of the Council of Ministers of population and territory is as follows: the Republic of Karakalpakstan and ➤ In the Republic of Uzbekistan – the khokimiats of regions and towns. Prime Minister of the Republic of In order to organise and carry out Uzbekistan. measures to prevent and provide relief ➤ In the Republic of Karakalpakstan, from emergencies, to ensure the safety towns and regions – the President of of the population when emergencies arise, the Council of Ministers of the Republic protect the environment and minimise of Karakalpakstan and khokims (the damage to the state economy in peace or Mayors) of towns and regions. wartime, the Republic of Uzbekistan State System for Prevention of and

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Response to Emergency Situations has for emergency rescue formations, been created. It brings together the as well as technical characteristics administrative agencies and capabilities in research and development. of national and local state agencies, enterprises, institutions and organisations, Within the Ministry of Emergencies of whose competencies include resolving the Republic of Uzbekistan, there is a issues that concern the protection of the board consisting of the Minister, his population and the territory in emergency deputies, senior staff of the Ministry and situations. enterprises, institutions and subordinate The Ministry of Emergencies supervises organisations, as well as other ministries, the organisation and function of the state committees and departments. planning system for using civilian services A scientific and technical council has in emergencies. Ravshan Khaidarovich been set up within the Ministry of Khaidarov is Minister of Emergencies in Emergencies to examine and develop the Republic of Uzbekistan. recommendations concerning important problems that lie within the field of The Minister of Emergencies in the expertise of the Ministry of Emergencies. Republic of Uzbekistan: It consists of representatives of relevant ➤ Oversees the activities of the Ministry state executive agencies as well as scientific and enterprises, institutions and and public organisations. subordinate organisations; represents The Institute of Civil Protection has the Ministry in state and other agencies been established to train senior staff for and organisations of the Republic of working in the system for planning and Uzbekistan, as well as international using civilian services in emergencies. organisations. The Ministry of Emergencies has sub- ➤ Issues orders, directives and gives divisions of emergency rescue forces, instructions. as well as operationally subordinate ➤ Sends Ministry and civil protection forces in ministries, state committees system staff on official missions, and departments. according to established procedures, which may also lie outside the Republic of Uzbekistan. ➤ Is responsible for credits allocated to the finances of the Ministry of Emergencies. ➤ Approves assignments for the design of new types of armaments, equipment and technical facilities

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The following services have been set up to deal with the speciﬁc tasks included in the prevention and mitigation of emergencies in the Republic:

Function Responsibility

Public order, road and ﬁre safety Ministry of Internal Affairs

Public technical utilities Uzbek agency (Uzkommunkhizmat)

Emergency medical assistance and Ministry of Public Health sanitary/epidemiological inspection

Participation in the relief of emergency Ministry of Defence situations, despatch of capabilities to regions suffering from emergencies

Notiﬁcation and communications Uzbek post and telecommunications service agency

Service for the protection of animals Ministry of Agriculture and and plants and for veterinary Water Management and agrochemical inspection

State Inspectorate for the technical State joint-stock company condition of electric power stations, (Uzbekenergo) electrical networks and power supply installations

Finance Ministry of Finance

Creating supplies of material resources Chief Directorate for State Material Reserves Cabinet of Ministers

Conservation of the natural State Committee for the Environment environment and ecological safety

Monitoring service for dangerous State Committee for Geology geological processes and Mineral Resources

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Function Responsibility

Inspection of the conditions and safety Sanoatkontekhnazorat inspection of work carried out in the mining, agency for the safety of work carried chemical, oil and gas production and out in industry and in mining processing industries

Engineering service for the protection State Committee for Architecture and of towns and villages Construction

Seismic services Academy of Sciences

Trade and food services Joint-stock company (Uzbeksavdo), State joint-stock company (Ozikovkattaminot), Joint-stock company (Uzbekbirlashuv)

Monitoring service for Chief Directorate for Hydrometeorology hydrometeorological phenomena of the Cabinet of Minister

Fuel provision Joint-stock company (Uzbeknefteprodukt)

Motor transport Uzbek agency for road and river transport

Highway services Uzbek State joint-stock concern for the construction and maintenance of highways

Inspectorate for the condition and State joint-stock company conduction of works on chemical (Uzkimyosanoat) industry installations

Search and emergency rescue service National airline (Uzbekiston khavo iullar) for aircraft disasters

Inspectorate for transportation of State joint-stock railway company dangerous freight by rail Uzbekiston temir iullari

Insurance State joint-stock insurance companies Uzagrosugurta and Kafolat

Humanitarian assistance National Council of the Red Crescent Society

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3. Civil-military co-operation resolution (decree) or submits the draft The Ministry of Emergencies co-operates laws to the Oliy Majlis (Parliament) with the Ministry of Defence of the of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Republic of Uzbekistan in the following consideration. issues: ➤ Organising the work of military units in The main legislative acts that regulate the relief of emergencies and ensuring State Emergency Planning are as follows: its safe implementation. 1. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan: ➤ Monitoring radiation, chemical and “Protection of the population and bacteriological levels in regions where territory from natural or man-made Ministry of Defence installations emergency situations” dated August are located. 20 1999. ➤ Arranging for the use of military 2. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan transport aviation to convey emergency “Civil protection” dated May 25 2000. rescue service capabilities, specialised equipment and material resources Contact: Mr. I. Djurabekov to regions suffering from emergencies. Ministry of Emergency Mustakillik Maidoni 6 Military units of the Ministry of Tashkent Defence of the Republic of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan are called upon to carry out emergency rescue operations in the event of a Telephone: +998 71 133 09 55 large-scale emergency in the Republic Telefax: +998 71 139 82 81 of Uzbekistan. Brussels: Mr. Ulugbek Ishankhodjaev 4. Legal framework Mission of Uzbekistan to NATO Draft laws concerning the prevention and M. Worner Building relief of emergencies, the protection of NATO HQ the population and territory from natural B-1110 Brussels disasters, accidents and catastrophes, Belgium emergency relief management and other areas are prepared by the Ministry of Telephone: +32 2 707 27 92 Emergencies in the Republic of Telefax: +32 2 707 27 94 Uzbekistan together with the relevant ministries, state committees and departments, and are forwarded to the Govern- ment of the Republic of Uzbekistan for discussion. The Government adopts a

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About the Swedish Emergency Management Agency (SEMA)

The Swedish Emergency Management management area. This includes Agency (sema) was established on 1 July directing, co-ordinating and evaluating 2002 as a governmental agency with the measures taken. purpose of co-ordinating work on the ➤ Support municipalities, county councils, preparedness of society to manage major county administrative boards and other emergencies. When it was formed, sema authorities in their emergency manage- took over some of the tasks of the Swedish ment work. This support includes en- Agency for Civil Emergency Planning hancing crisis communication capacity. (öcb) as well as the Board of Psychological ➤ Promote interaction between the public Defence (spf). sector and the business sector, and ensure that the expertise in ngo:s and religious The Tasks of SEMA communities is taken into account in sema has a number of tasks in Sweden’s emergency management. emergency management system. The core ➤ Co-operate internationally with similar tasks are to: agencies in other countries and to support ➤ Analyse the development of society and the government ofﬁces in its participation the interdependency of important in the emergency management co- societal functions. The agency also operation pursued by the eu and, in co-ordinates research and development tandem with nato, within the frame- in the emergency management area and work of the Partnership for Peace (PfP). has overall governmental responsibility for information security in Sweden. Organisation and Financing ➤ Present proposals to the government on sema has approximately 200 people wor- policies and on the allocation of resources king in six main functional departments: and then to distribute ﬁnancial funds to Planning and Co-ordination, Emergency the authorities active in the emergency Management (Emergency Management

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Development and Co-operation), Research, Contact Information Information and Assurance (it Security), The Swedish Emergency Management Agency Technical (it Systems, Communications), P.O. Box 599 rakel (Swedish Public Safety Radio 101 31 Stockholm Communication System). Sweden In addition there are six councils associated with sema: the Industrial Liaison Visiting addresses: Council, the Religious Communities’ Kungsgatan 53, Stockholm Emergency Management Council, and Hågesta, Sollefteå the Scientiﬁc Council, the cbrn Council, Telephone: +46 (0)8 593 710 00 the Information Assurance Council, Telefax: +46 (0)8 593 710 01 the Rakel Delegation, which provide E-mail: [email protected] advice on future policies. Website: www.krisberedskapsmyndigheten.se sema receives some 2 billion kronor (approximately 200 million Euros) annu- ally from the government to allocate for improving the emergency management system via co-operation with sector agencies, county councils and municipalities.

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SEMA's Educational Series ➤ 2006:1 International cep Handbook 2006 – Civil Emergency Planning in the nato/eapc-Countries ➤ 2003:4 Crisis Journalism – A guidance for government agencies ➤ 2003:2 International cep Handbook 2003 – Civil Emergency Planning in the nato/eapc-Countries ➤ 2003:1 Crisis Communication Handbook

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13 Member Countries of the 37 29 Euro-Atlantic 12 33 24 11 20 25 Partnership Council 44 5 28 30 16 6 43 26 10 34 3 27 38 14 18 32 35 9

21 7 31 36 40 1 17 41

33 8

22 46 23 45 15 42 2 4 39 12868 Oms Handbok 06-01-17 09.14 Sida 2

13 Member Countries of the 37 29 Euro-Atlantic 12 33 24 11 20 25 Partnership Council 44 5 28 30 16 6 43 26 10 34 3 27 38 14 18 32 35 9

21 7 31 36 40 1 17 41

33 8

22 46 23 45 15 42 2 4 39 12868 Oms Handbok 06-01-17 09.14 Sida 1

1. Albania 24. Latvia Jupiter Reklam AB

2. Armenia 25. Lithuania nentoa E adok2006 International CEP Handbook 3. Austria 26. Luxembourg

4. Azerbaijan 27. Moldova

5. Belarus 28. Netherlands

6. Belgium 29. Norway

7. Bulgaria 30. Poland

8. Canada 31. Portugal

9. Croatia 32. Romania

10. Czech Republic 33. Russia SEMA’s Educational Series 2006:1 11. Denmark 34. Slovakia

12. Estonia 35. Slovenia

13. Finland 36. Spain

14. France 37. Sweden

21. Italy 44. United Kingdom www.krisberedskaps ISBN 91-85053-95-3 www.krisberedskaps myndigheten.se ISSN 1652-3539 myndigheten.se 22. Kazakhstan 45. United States

23. Kyrgyzstan 46. Uzbekistan

*Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name. 12868 Oms Handbok 06-01-17 09.14 Sida 1

1. Albania 24. Latvia Jupiter Reklam AB

2. Armenia 25. Lithuania nentoa E adok2006 International CEP Handbook 3. Austria 26. Luxembourg

4. Azerbaijan 27. Moldova

5. Belarus 28. Netherlands

6. Belgium 29. Norway

7. Bulgaria 30. Poland

8. Canada 31. Portugal

9. Croatia 32. Romania

10. Czech Republic 33. Russia SEMA’s Educational Series 2006:1 11. Denmark 34. Slovakia

12. Estonia 35. Slovenia

13. Finland 36. Spain

14. France 37. Sweden

21. Italy 44. United Kingdom www.krisberedskaps ISBN 91-85053-95-3 www.krisberedskaps myndigheten.se ISSN 1652-3539 myndigheten.se 22. Kazakhstan 45. United States

23. Kyrgyzstan 46. Uzbekistan

*Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name.