IBIMA Publishing Journal of EU Research in Business https://ibimapublishing.com/articles/JEURB/2020/146710/ Vol. 2020 (2020), Article ID 146710, 11 pages, ISSEN : 2165-9990 DOI : 10.5171/2020.146710
Research Article
Contemporary Civilization Challenges in The Light of The Security Challenges of European Countries on The Example of Poland
Katarzyna ŚWIERSZCZ
Military University of Technology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland [email protected]
Received date:1 October 2019; Accepted date: 20 November 2019; Published date: 13 January 2020
Academic Editor: Daria Bieńkowska
Copyright © 2020. Katarzyna ŚWIERSZCZ. Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International CC-BY 4.0
Abstract
The article is aimed at showing the values and significance of Western civilization and culture built on its foundation or rather multiculturalism (polyculturalism) in the context of contemporary challenges of state security. Special attention should be paid to the threats resulting from reductionist and superficial understanding of polyculturalism currently called multiculturalism built on the foundation of globalism and the policy developed within its framework. The analysis of the problem undertaken in the field of philosophical cognition may be used not only for cognitive purposes, but also to enable the assessment and determine the scale of this phenomenon in the context of the good of man, society, nation and state. It should also contribute to the affirmation of the natural communities of human life and the human culture created within it. It has a significant meaning for proper nature of political activity of Western civilization, which due to the cognitive errors, may direct the state policy on the wrong paths and lead it to destruction. The author used analytical and synthetic research method as well as inference in the article to achieve the above assumptions.
Keywords: Western Civilization, Culture, Polyculturalism, Multiculturalism, State Security, National Security
Introduction strength. In the last decade, abundant in the development of technicalization and The Western civilization and the associated cybernetization of life as well as chaos and culture, being the foundation for building ineptitude in organizing social life at the Europe, has been one of the most same time; globalization, the bloom of important pillars of state security for production and, simultaneously, the misery centuries and confirms its identity and of large continental areas; the bloom of the world of culture and the simultaneous
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Cite this Article as: Katarzyna ŚWIERSZCZ (2020)," Contemporary Civilization Challenges in The Light of The Security Challenges of European Countries on The Example of Poland” Journal of EU Research in Business , Vol. 2020 (2020), Article ID 146710, DOI: 10.5171/2020.146710 Journal of EU Research in Business 2 ______
vulgarization of its forms; the bloom of Value and Significance of the Culture religious life with a simultaneous return to atheism, materialism and consumption; Nowadays, there are a lot of descriptions free movement across national borders, and definitions of culture, all of which both within the framework of European (regarding its methodological and essential integration and in transatlantic relations – scope) pay attention to different cultural there is an unprecedented diffusion of aspect emphasizing its phenomenon. For cultural phenomena, often referred to as instance, definitions emphasizing historical global culture, polyculturalism or aspect refer to such terms as: cultural multiculturalism. heritage, achievements, cultural resources or monuments and cultural monuments. In These phenomena, despite not being new, this approach, culture is understood as a presently pose a serious threat to the state set of social facts common to many human security, both in the non-military and groups, or as a whole of elements of the military dimension. The strength of these achievements of a specific society (Czaja processes, especially their consequences, 2013). Definitions emphasizing the vary in different areas. While in the United normative aspect refer to human behavior States, polyculturalism, based on diverse and lifestyle recognized in moral and ethnic groups was an immanent feature of cultural terms, highlighting their unity and this continent from the beginning, uniqueness among different cultures. In however, in Europe, nation states were this approach, culture is defined as created created on the basis of a common language, and transmitted content and patterns of homogeneity of culture and the concept of values, ideas and symbols (signs) that play nation. Therefore, while emigration, which an important role in social communication, is the main source of multiculturalism shape its behaviors and products of these (polyculturalism), is a natural phenomenon behaviors (Świerszcz 2016). Definitions in the United States, for Europe it is a paying attention to the humanistic aspect, complex and even dangerous political, in the description of culture, the cultural, economic and social process. As affirmation of the human spirit and the the reality shows, migration processes phenomenon of human freedom through (especially illegal), the influx of which one has the ability to formulate communities from the poor South objectives and shape higher values that countries, especially from those with a have universal meaning and value (Kant completely different culture (psycho- 1964). In this meaning, culture is a value cultural differences): customs, religion, shaped in the process of historical values and norms – pose various serious development as a communal form of problems and even threats. What is more, it expression, arising as a result of cognition appears that uncritical openness to this and values shaping the life of a specific culture, with sometimes extremely community. It is an attempt to understand different attitudes and behaviors, is often the world and human existence in the the reason of wars and conflicts based on world, built not on the basis of pure theory, the fight for identity in the areas of but on the basis of inspiring fundamental civilization circles. The threat of these human interest in existence (Ratzinger conflicts is still growing, the more so 2005). In turn, definitions emphasizing the because they facilitate the activity of personalistic aspect say about culture as undesirable elements, religious the shape and content of human life and fundamentalists, criminal groups, the way one lives. In this meaning, culture operating in the sphere of the economy, is defined as a value by which a man as a trade in arms, drugs, human trafficking, man becomes more human, more “is” and and even turn into a form of terrorism. has greater access to “existence”. Such understood culture was expressed by Saint John Paul II, who often said that everything that one “has”, is important for culture, it is culture-forming, if a man, through what he or she has, can at the same time more fully
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“be” a man, become more fully a man in all Its quality, durability and perfection his or her dimensions of existence (John depend on the person. It is his or her Sein Paul II 1980). In this meaning, culture is a and Sollen. Such understood culture from challenge and a commitment to “(...) lead a its essence serves (or should serve) to the man to one’s full realization as a being that entire human and every human which transcends the world of things. (...) Culture represents its universe. At this point, it should also not allow man to be destroyed should be noted that at the basis of the by science and technology, which remain unilateral or even primitive concept of on the services of greed for violence, culture, there is always a reductionist exerted by human hostile and exploiting concept of a man, blurring the full and rich authorities. This requires from people image of him or her as a person. Thus, creating culture to be both credibly there is a cultural crisis having its source in competent, and have a clear and well- the human crisis as a cultural subject established moral awareness, thanks to (Świerszcz 2016). Culture in the second which they will not have to submit their approach as a value “existing for human” activities to
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connection of culture with human nature. and many others, who had their own This shows that authentic culture has a separate culture, religion and the right to humanistic dimension, i.e., it is the work of express it (Różycki and Sadłocha 2014). a man with a view to a man. It is conscious shaping of human nature and environment Contemporary concept of polyculturalism where he or she lives, targeted at a good of has a slightly different meaning than human himself or herself. This good is first before, because it is mainly connected with of all a comprehensive and integral globalism, which proclaims a vision of development of a human person, which universal (for all humans) culture referred consists of the following dimensions: to as multiculturalism. On the one hand, biological, intellectual and cognitive, this ideology assumes that all historical volitional, moral, ethical, aesthetic and cultures are equivalent, and thus equal in religious. The only principles that should terms of quality, perfection, and culture- be the foundation of culture (culture- creating power. From practical point of creation) and should guide it are: the view, as D. Miller and famous expert on principle of truth – in the field of science civilization issues J. Maritain say, this and cognition; the principle of good and ideology rejects a homogeneous model of loving good (individual and common) – in culture as a social phenomenon, the field of ethics, policy and economy, and contrasting it with a heterogeneous the principle of final happiness (holiness, cultural conglomerate, which combines perfection) – in the field of personal life very different, sometimes even opposite, (Maryniarczyk 2014; Świerszcz, Jędrzejko patterns and national traditions. In this and Bożejewicz 2014). Secondly, the sense culture is of an aspect, not a definitions of culture clearly show that this substantial nature, which means that it is concept had in the history and still has no longer an inalienable property of various meanings connected with individuals and social communities, but particular consequences. Its way of becomes a heuristic tool (Świerszcz 2008, understanding is entangled in various Świerszcz 2004). philosophical systems (streams) and sometimes ideologies connected with them On the other hand, this ideology, within the (from materialistic, skeptical, nihilistic, top-down political and administrative agnostic, pragmatic to humanistic and actions guided by political correctness, personalistic) representing different (often based on statutory law, deprived – due to contradictory) concepts of values, through cultural pluralism – of all moral principles the prism whose understanding and and cultural foundations – aims at lowering meaning of culture acquires different (weakening) and even eliminating content – more or less enriching man and dominant (historical) cultures expressing the surrounding reality. the identity of a given nation, its traditions in favor of other cultures of ethnic Multiculturalism or Polyculturalism and minorities, especially non-European and their Consequences for State Security non-Christian cultures. In Western countries, which are mostly historical, this Multiculturalism is often identified with policy is beginning to take an increasingly polyculturalism, which is a serious abuse anti-western character. Basic values and even a substantive mistake. developed within the European culture, Polyculturalism should be understood as such as: truth, goodness, beauty, freedom, the existence of many different cultures love, responsibility, justice – directed in that respect and enrich each other. In relation to the way of understanding Poland this phenomenon is not new. It is (concept) of man, family, society, state and confirmed by its rich history showing that even God become the target of attacks even in the times of the First and Second (Jaroszyński 2010). This phenomenon is Polish Republic there lived communities of eloquently described by M. Phillips on the various nationalities, such as: Lithuanians, example of an observed and directly Ukrainians, Germans, Jews, Armenians, experienced war conducted in Great Tatars, Karaims, Gypsies, Vlachs, the Dutch Britain, on a religious and cultural basis, as
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a result of a mass influx of Muslim disappears, and thus deprived authentic emigrants. M. Phillips writes: interpersonal friendship involving the “Multiculturalism allegedly promotes equal whole community – which results from the treatment of all cultures. But this is not question of cultural continuity, abandoning happening. There is a culture that is not its principles and values and lack of mutual treated equally with others, and this is the knowledge and understanding of the good local British culture. The alleged postulate that is due to and valued by man. The idea of equality is in fact aimed at a radical of solidarity, proclaimed in deconstruction of the majority culture, the multiculturalism, does not result from the concept of the nation itself and the values affirmation of human dignity, but from the associated with Western democracy, affirmation of profits, cold calculation. especially its proper understanding of Therefore, the unity formed in the morality and truth. Separatism is not the multicultural society is an apparent and greatest evil here. It is the policy of burnt fragile unity, treated instrumentally in land in the cultural dimension – the zero order to gain strength preparing for year of a new secular era, the universal utilitarian expansion (Skrzydlewski 2014, order of the world in Great Britain. Moral, Świerszcz 2009). Searching for ideological cultural and spiritual emptiness resulting sources of multiculturalism policy from such assumptions – and rightly so – foundations, they may be unambiguously contempt of radical Islamists who are found in cognitive relativism and moral happy to use it” (Phillips 2010). relativism, pragmatism combined with utilitarianism and hedonism, anti- S. Huntington warned more than a dozen historicism undermining the sense of years ago against such phenomena, tradition, and also in utopian syncretism, claiming that these wars were in fact wars or finally religious eclectism, and even for identity, carried out on the basis of atheism. The naturalistic concept of man is civilization. This phenomenon, according to also an important source, which brings the him, as the culture of the nation weakens, man to production and the attitude of will constantly grow and take a various consumption. Not without significance is shape of conflicts both in the local, national irrationalism proclaiming the futility of and international dimension, starting with human life, stimulating a man to eternal revolutions, ordinary banditry, through the fun and constant competition with one use of force, mainly in the form of another, as a result of which the defeated terrorism – which nowadays we observe becomes a servant and a slave numerous examples in various parts not (Skrzydlewski 2012). only of Europe, but also of the Western world (Balcerowicz 2001). These and other There comes the following question: What experiences, therefore, show that the causes the failure of multiculturalism and ideology of multiculturalism cannot create what consequences does it bring for social a community as a communion, and life and state security? To answer this especially a nation. As they are both based question, one first need to visualize what is on common tradition and values providing the basis of every culture within the social unity and stability. However, it can create life of a man. The rich experience of each an egocentric community that forms state, especially Poland, shows that such a primitive and poor forms of human life, basis is not politics or economics, but a with principle of “easy and pleasant life”, civilization and associated culture. It destroying everything that is “higher”, contains the most important values that which requires greater discipline and shape human, social and state life, such as: effort. It can create a community without Truth, Good, Beauty. They build forms of empathy, where the care for the order and social relations starting from the family, harmony of cohabitation, concern for the through various smaller communities, and quality of interpersonal relations and true ending with the largest community that is unity generally disappear; a community the state. These values, although sublime, where the concern for an ethically and can be understood and realized in different politically recognized common good ways, just as different is the way of
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understanding and realizing culture. This multiculturalism is not a “paideia” difference has its source in civilizational (upbringing) any more, but “extended in diversity (e.g. Byzantine, Turanian) infinity and anarchically external understood as a method of social life « apparatus of life » kataskeue tu biu that system. It results in a diversity of principles much more seems to need to radiate its and values, a way of understanding reality inner primary sense (to ensure if it has any and many other areas of human life, whose sense at all) than to be able to give some differences may reach very deeply and be value to what it has evolved from” (Jaeger the reason of many conflicts and even wars 2001; Świerszcz 2015). If the culture of – Europe is becoming increasingly clear Europe wants to be what it was originally, example of it (Jaroszyński 2014). It shows it must free itself from idealism and that cultural unity, state unity cannot be irrationalism error and their ideological built if there are civilization differences consequences, which are modernism and between the cultures and associated postmodernism. Idealism and reality and differences in values. As these differences ideology and culture cannot be reconciled are mutually exclusive, leading to the with each other. What is more, a real dominance of one civilization over the person loses on their merger, becoming the other and analogically one culture over the object of ideological manipulation, while other. What is more, such understood one’s culture becomes an anti-culture, culture is reduced to the level of myth and turning against its creator. Thus, utopia, which deprive it completely of what multiculturalism as an ideology it was originally and should be today. The undermines the sense of culture. The Spanish thinker, J. Ortega y Gasseta, theses proclaimed by it are internally formulating a diagnosis of contemporary contradictory and incompatible with the European culture, says clearly about its natural experience which shows that progressive degeneration in the axiological cultures are not equivalent or qualitatively order, about the danger of cultural and equal. It is hard to recognize as such the social anomie associated with a deep and cultures arisen from the totalitarian multifaceted crisis. “Europe has faced a system, which treat man objectively – with serious crisis (...). Europe has been cultures arisen from the Western (Latin) desocialized, in other words, it is in a civilization, which treat human beings situation where there are no existing rules subjectively, in terms of human inviolable of cohabitation that can be referred to.” In dignity. A meaningful confirmation of this another place, he says: “All the principles is the personal experience of everyday life from which European culture draws life- as well as historical experience at the giving juices, such as: politics, law, art, national and international level. Nowadays, morality, religion (...) are experiencing a the most bright manifestations of crises at crisis, being – at least temporarily – in a various levels are terrorist attacks – fall” (Ortega y Gasset 1982). In the context starting with the World Trade Center of this statement, it is worth referring to through assassinations in London, Madrid, the reflection of the world-famous German Paris or various cities in Germany (Kiereś philosopher, E. Husserl, reminding us that: 2015, Świerszcz 2012). “if common idea of truth itself becomes a universal norm of all relative human truths Western Civilization as a Space of State (...) and alleged situational truths, then this Security also applies to all traditional norms, norms of law, beauty, purpose, dominating The Western civilization grew on three personal values, etc.” (Husserl 1993). If the historical pillars: Greek philosophical opposite happens, i.e. the truth does not thought – starting rational knowledge; the define the sense of human and society Roman concept of law – giving priority to existence, then it results in a crisis of values natural law and the Christian vision of man and, subsequently, a crisis of humanity and – revealing the two-dimensionality and the whole of culture. Referring to the integrity of the human person. The thought of W. Jaeger, it can be said that synthesis of these three components contemporary culture in the form of created in the history a new quality, which
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was called the Western civilization (also humanity, as well as to cultivate the values referred to as Latin civilization, he or she chooses. Not without reason, S. P. personalistic civilization) or European Huntington says clearly that the history of culture. What is the phenomenon of the mankind is the history of civilizations, Western civilization quality, opening the because in their space, the civilizations space of culture, the culture of purpose as a provided the greatest opportunities for space of state security: shaping its identity, people to develop their own identity existence and development? To answer this (Huntington 2001). In this place it should question, we need to begin with defining be noted that man does not create the the Western civilization and the features civilization alone, but always in the context distinguishing it from other social projects. of specific community with whom he or she The Western civilization in the view of the is connected by particular relations famous researcher and an expert in various forming a community and its identity. The civilizations F. Koneczny, is defined as a number of methods of the collective life method of “arranging collective life”, that is system is, therefore, unlimited, because the the system of social life based on five number of different ways of building and general but the most important values – creating civilization systems is unlimited. within which the whole individual, social Their mutual arrangement (such and not and political life is shaped and other) determines the quality of civilization implemented, such as: truth, goodness, and the degree, as well as the method of beauty, health and welfare. These values building social relations. include basic features (properties) characterizing not even the civilization, but What distinguish the Western civilization mostly the reality. Having this in mind, it from other social project and indicate its can be noted that the values in the tradition quality as the basis for the area of state are described as transcendentalia, i.e. security is the culture of purpose in which properties of being as being. In this sense, the category of the common good or, to be truth is understood as the compatibility of more precise, the degree and manner of cognition with reality; good is understood social security of the common bonum as the compatibility of inclination with the commune. And here comes the next real goal, and beauty is understood as the question: What is the common good of the compatibility of love and cognition with Western civilization? The answer is real perfection and harmony. Each of these unambiguous. Common good of Western transcendentalia is judged by the reason civilization is the good of human able to reach reality, exceeding any understood as a Person, i.e. psychophysical limitations of a civilization or a culture being (bodily and spiritual); good of every developed within its framework human; only human and always human. (Jaroszyński 2014, Świerszcz 2012). These The man is seen in terms of five values, as F. Koneczny notices, due to their complementary purposes that penetrate features, are foundation for Western his or her life, both personal and material, civilization structuring the life of human which are mentioned above: truth, good community. What is more, they are and beauty, that is science, morality, axiological plane, on foundation of which – religion and art, as well as health and considering specific means and goals of welfare. The social life is also built on these their foundation – collective, individual, values, which is expressed by the primacy social and political life is organized of the law of nature over the statutory law (Koneczny 1996). (positive) and civil law over the state law. Thus, it can be noted that this is a The need of forming civilization, similarly personalistic apothecary and organic like culture, is nothing new. At every stage civilization that recognizes the of one’s development, human takes actions transcendent (in relation to civilization) to strive to create an environment enabling dignity of every human being along with him or her, and even helping him or her to one’s rights. The reference point of realize oneself as a rational and free Western civilization is the affirmation of creature, to shape and realize one’s human dignity as a human being, which is
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also reflected in the affirmation of human to strengthen them (Encyclopedia 2011). basic rights, including the right to live in Therefore, facing contemporary unrest in society, it means, in a specific civilization. the context of state security, both in the This civilization refers to the experience of internal and external, domestic and what is permanent and what cannot be international dimension – resulting from changed – posing the threat of changing the the clash of various civilizational influences type of civilization – being able at the same and related cultures (the world of values) – time to self-control what is variable in it can be certainly stated that only the changing living conditions, so-called Western civilization is able to meet these devices. challenges. It results from the fact that only Western civilization is a personalistic Another factor distinguishing Western civilization underlying personalistic civilization and at the same time (humanistic) culture, fully open to human. constituting its foundation is realism, Only in it, a personal being, which is a having its source in an autonomously human being affirms. Only it says about practiced philosophy understood as love human as a person, so someone with own for the sole truth, reaching with its roots dignity, rights and freedom recognized in the thoughts of Aristotle and Saint Thomas the context of integral truth about the Aquinas. This fact shows that Western human as a psychophysical (i.e. bodily and civilization is not a myth or utopia, or even spiritual) person. the ideology of a specific time and specific individual; it is not a contractual At this point, it can be noticed that thus assumption. Being based on the foundation realized purpose-culture-oriented Western of autonomous classical philosophy as civilization, whose purpose is a human theoretical wisdom, being the only self- being – is the basis for the identity and aware science disinterestedly devoted to development opportunities of not only the the truth, taking on the responsibility of person but also the nation creating it. being an ancilla culturae, that is the Culture is primarily connected with the life handmaid of culture, culture of purpose – it of the nation. It was emphasized many serves the common good of man's life times by St. John Paul II during his (material and personal/spiritual) in pilgrimages in various countries. During wisdom practical, revealing the real status his visit in UNESCO, he particularly of being which is a man-person (regardless emphasized the relationship between of civilization) and the surrounding reality culture and the nation, its sovereignty and (Kiereś 1998; Filipek 2006). national identity, saying: “The nation is a great community of people, which are Polish culture is its clear example which is connected by various binders, but above a kind of phenomenon that from the very all, there is culture. The nation exists beginning, that is from the moment the « from culture » and « for culture ». And Polish state was formed and from the date therefore, it is the significant educator to of its baptism, crystallized above all on the « be more » in a community that has a basis of Western civilization (Latin longer history than a man and his family. civilization). It was the Western civilization (...) Nations exists as a truly sovereign that determined the crystallization of entity thanks to its culture. It allows the Polish culture, decisive for the identity of nation to survive even when there are no this country, its strength and wisdom. It structures of a sovereign state that we have should be remembered, however, that the experienced in our own history. (...) I am other three civilizations present on its the son of a nation that survived the most territory, such as Byzantine, Turanian and terrible experience of history, whose Jewish, also had a major impact on the neighbors repeatedly condemned it to culture of Poland and, subsequently, on its death – and it remained alive and remained history. Those civilizations were mostly itself. It kept his own identity and imposed with force, sometimes reaching sovereignty as a nation during the the fertile ground in various environments partitions and occupation considering only used by other countries for their interest or culture as the basis for the survival, not any
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other means of physical power, which, in respected by different cultures. The West this case, turned out to be greater than the civilization seems to be the ground for this, powers. Therefore, what I am saying here as it is the only civilization indicating such about the rights of nations that have values and principles, going beyond the emerged from the foundations of culture civilization, including itself (Jaroszyński and that are moving towards the future is 2014; Świerszcz 2004; Włodarczyk 2018). not an echo of any « nationalism », but This is what makes it the most rich. remains a permanent element of human experience and humanistic perspectives of Conclusion a man. There is a basic sovereignty of societies that is expressed in the culture of The influence of culture on the quality and the nation. Simultaneously, it is the level of security and the related challenges sovereignty that makes the man the most are one of those issues whose significance sovereign at the same time” (John Paul II nowadays, in the era of globalism, open 2005). The Western civilization as a culture borders and increased migration, is of purpose is such a civilization which, constantly growing. The process of based on realism, creates the proper space globalization having a tendency to and climate for the existence of universalize and unify cultural patterns multinational societies and their national (global patterns), evokes natural reactions cultures, in which man can develop the of national cultures, striving for affirmation fullness of his or her humanity, enriching and protection of own identity, national with their spiritual and personal good, heritage, and emphasizing own meaning the one that builds man as a man. individuality and richness of values in the In this sense, Western civilization is the conditions of openness to the world. A new one, which in the most authentic way look at security and international relations shapes real space for state security, while through the prism of culture and cultural being responsible for the culture content aspects – including polyculturalism and and quality at the same time. multiculturalism – clearly shows that what constitutes a significant threat today is Another significant factor distinguishing polyculturalism outside of civilization, the Western civilization from other referred to as multiculturalism. It means civilizations, constituting the possibility of lack of a common civilization for different creating a state security space, is openness cultures, which prevents the mutual to polyculturalism and openness to various coexistence of cultures and mutual civilizations. This openness, however, is complementarity. Building a universal conditioned by respecting the basic values culture to create a platform for the security and principles that are granted to man as a of state, nations and Europe is fiction and man (person). They mean anthropological utopia. A deeper understanding of culture criteria related to the fact of being a man, as a way of being a human, building a social not the criteria of civilization. Lack of this community, national identity, which anthropological criterion (foundation) naturally translates into a way of leads inevitably sooner or later to the fight organizing social, it means civilization, life of cultures – not always evident. Cultures shows that the differences between them without a civilizational basis built on the can be and are the reason for many foundation of anthropology are subject to conflicts and wars. The rich experience of destruction, and the appearing fight each state, especially Poland, shows that between them takes the form of a struggle the real basis for building the space of state for survival or will to dominate. In such security, effectively facing its case, there is no fight for realization of contemporary challenges is primarily the purposes or great ideals. It results in Western civilization and its culture, civilization chaos, whose natural purpose-oriented culture. It contains the consequence is the chaos of social life. most important values that shape human, Therefore, in order not to let one culture social, national and state life, such as: destroy another, there must exist the Truth, Good, Beauty. They build forms of above-mentioned values and principles, social, national and international relations.
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Katarzyna ŚWIERSZCZ (2020), Journal of EU Research in Business, DOI: 10.5171/2020.146710