DOCSLIB.ORG

International Journal of Phytopharmacology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Journal of Phytopharmacology 354 Venugopal GE. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2016; 7(11): 354-359. e- ISSN 0976 - 3651 Print ISSN 2229 - 7480 International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research Journal homepage: www.ijbpr.com IJBPR A STUDY OF BRANCHING PATTERN OF CORONARY ARTERIES IN HUMAN CADAVERS G.E. Venugopal*, V. Muniappan, K. Vengadachalam Department of Anatomy, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. ABSTRACT Coronary artery disease is the commonest cause of heart diseases and the most important cause of death all over the world. Coronary artery occlusion may either result in myocardial infarction or lead onto ischemia and angina pectoris. The recent advances in direct coronary artery surgery, the newly invented techniques in bypass surgery and the modern methods of revascularisation require a complete knowledge of the coronary circulation. The study of coronary arteries regarding its course and distribution was conducted at the Department of anatomy-RMMC, Annamalai University. 50 heart specimen age group of 20 – 65 years were studied. After cadaveric dissection, 50 heart specimens were collected from dissection hall for a period of 3 years.Manual dissection was done in 50 adult heart specimens, from dissection hall.Detailed description of material collection.It arises from the anterior aortic sinus, the artery passes at first anteriorly and slightly to the right between the right auricle and pulmonary trunk where the sinus usually bulges. Reaching the atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus it descends in this almost vertically to the right (acute) cardiac border, curving around it into the posterior part of the sulcus , where it approaches its junction with both interatrial and interventricular grooves, a region appropriately termed the crux of the heart.LCA arises from the left posterior aortic sinus .In its course, it lies between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle emerging to reach the atrioventricular sulcus, in which if turns to the left. In this situation, it may give rise occasionally to the „artery of the Sinoatrial node‟ (James 1961) the LCA – reaches the atrioventricular (or) coronary sulcus & divides into 3 main branches of which the anterior interventricular (descending) ramus is commonly described as the continuation of LCA.As the study of the various patterns of coronary arteries with variations, is essential for the clinicians, the coronary arterial pattern was studied in 50 heart specimens. According to the description of our Bible, Gray‟s Anatomy (39th edition), the study was carried out and compared with our present observations. Key Words: Coronary artery, Anatomy. INTRODUCTION The introduction of selective coronary arteries and their variations is therefore absolutely arteriography (Sones, 1959) provides accurate visualization necessary for interpretation of angiography, ECG-gated of the artery and its pathology. The recent development of multi-director row CT findings and intelligent plan of electrocardiographically (ECG)-gated multi-detector row coronary surgery. computed tomography (Cardiac CT) allows accurate and The heart is supplied by the right and left noninvasive depiction of coronary artery pathology. A coronary arteries which encircle the base of the ventricles sound knowledge of normal anatomy of the coronary like a crown. Variation with relation to origin, course and termination are most frequently reported in the right Corresponding Author coronary artery. According to angiographic study in western population done (Topez et al., 1992), the right G.E. Venugopal coronary artery was the most common anomalous artery. Email: [email protected] 355 Venugopal GE. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2016; 7(11): 354-359. It has been proved that the anomalous coronary arteries are anatomy (Grossman, 2000). The performance of high associated with high incidence of congenital heart diseases. quality coronary arteriography safely defining each and Angiographic recognition of anomalous coronary every coronary stenosis in an optimal view is an important arteries prior to cardiac surgery is important. Failure to measure of an operator‟s skill in cardiac catheterization recognise them can cause inadequate or prolonged which emphasizes the importance of complete knowledge procedures and may lead to misdiagnosis and of coronary artery anatomy. complications such as accidental ligation (Donaldson, 1982). An inadvertent incision of the anomalous artery or MATERIALS & METHODS failure to perfuse the anomalous vessel during Method of Removal of heart specimen from cadavers cardiopulmonary bypass (Longenecker et al.,1961) may The thorax as the shape of a truncated cone, result in acute myocardial infarction (Mahowald et superiorly continuous with neck and inferiorly with al.,1986). Obstruction of the ostium (Lillehei et al., 1964) abdomen. The vital organ heart is situated in the thoracic of an anomalous artery and compression along its course cavity. A transverse incision was made through the by a valvular prosthesis also have been reported (Roberts, manubrium sternum to expose underneath parts. Another 1969). incision was made through the parietal pleura in the first The stress on need for detailed study of the intercostal space extending from the lateral sternal border coronary arteries is further emphasized by the fact that a up to the left mid-axillary line. From the ends of the line high incidence of the coronary anomalies has been the second and subsequent ribs were divided inferiorly up observed in young victims of sudden death as compared to to the level of xiphisternal joint. The lower part of the adults (4-15 percent versus 1 percent respectively) (Engel sternum and the costal cartilage and anterior parts of the HJ et al., 1975) With increasing utilization of coronary ribs were elevated. The parietal pleura extending from arteriography in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease back of sternum up to the mediastinum on both sides were and with the advent of ECG-gated multi-detector row CT, divided. unexpected origin and course of coronary arteries are The upper part of the sternum was lifted up by encountered more frequently. This study of origin and dividing the sternopericardial ligaments. variation of right coronary artery is done with an The fibrous pericardium was separated from the expectation that it will hopefully contribute to better and adjoining structure by dividing the fibrous pericardium. complete interpretation angiographic studies, prevent The heart was exposed and delivered out of middle unwanted surgeries due to misdiagnosis and better mediastinum by cutting branches of Arch of Aorta, utilisation of anomalous vessels in bypass Surgeries. superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery and The branching structure of vascular system has veins. been the subject of much discussion and debate since it After the removal of heart specimen from the was first suggested that these systems have fracial cadavers they were preserved in 10% formalin solution for architecture (Mandelbrott, 1977). Coronary artery of 1 week. The heart after adequate fixation the manual human heart and their branching characteristics have been dissection was done. the subject of particular attention among researchers. Coronary artery anomalies are a diverse group of The composition of preservative fluid congenital disorders whose manifestations and Formalin -------------- 2 liters pathophysiological mechanisms are highly variable Glycerin -------------- 1 liter (Angelini et al., 2002). The subject of coronary artery Absolute Alcohol -------------- 1 liter anomalies is undergoing profound evolutionary changes H2O -------------- 2 – 4 liters related to the definition, morphogenesis, clinical Salt -------------- 1kg presentation, diagnostic workup, prognosis and treatment of these anomalies. Manual Dissection According to (Engel, 1975), 1-2% of patients Manual Dissection was done in 50 heart studied by selective coronary arteriography, one or more specimen. major elements of the coronary arterial system originated from the sinuses of valsalva in an ectopic manner. The Procedure for Dissection of RCA &LCA failure to recognise variations in coronary arterial origin Materials used can prolong arteriographic procedures and lead to errors in Gloves interpretation of coronary artery anatomy and pathology. Mosquito scissors - 2. Though a number of recent techniques namely Mosquito forceps (toothed) - 2. Electron Beam Computerized Tomography (EBCT), 64 Mosquito artery forceps - 2. slice CT (Angio, 2005) and intravascular ultrasound have The visceral pericardium from the sternocostal of been introduced, selective coronary arteriography remains the heart. Expose the anterior interventricular branch of the the clinical “Gold Standard” for evaluating coronary left coronary artery and the great cardiac vein by scraping 356 Venugopal GE. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2016; 7(11): 354-359. the fat from the anterior interventricular sulcus. Note the surface of the heart to the sternum and costal cartilages. branches of the artery to both ventricles and to the interventricular septum which lies deep to it. Trace the RESULTS artery inferiorly to the diaphragmatic surface and Classified on the basis of segmental branches superiorly to the left of the pulmonary trunk. Branches of RCA are from first segment which Carefully remove the fat from the coronary extends from anterior
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dr. Keshaw Kumar ABSTRACT Anatomy
    Original Research Paper VOLUME-6 | ISSUE-4 | APRIL - 2017 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 | IF : 4.176 | IC Value : 78.46 Anatomy KEYWORDS: Cardiac Vein, Mammals, Cardiac Veins of Mammals Heart. Department of Anatomy Government Allopathic Medical College Dr. Keshaw Kumar Banda (U.P.) India ABSTRACT Hearts of human, buffalo, pig, goat and dog (25 of each) were procured from various sources and preserved in 10% formalin. Cardiac veins were dissected to observe their commencement, course, termination and tributaries in all these mammals. In goat, small cardiac vein was absent and small venules drained right atrium and venticle into right atrium separately. In buffalo, pig and dog small cardiac vein ran into coronary sulcus with the circumflex branch of right coronary artery to open into right atrium separately. Only in human small cardiac vein drained into right extremity of coronary sinus. Marginal vein travelling the left border of heart from apex to coronary sinus was present only in goat. Only in dog middle and great cardiac veins were formed by union of venae comitantes of posterior interventricular and anterior interventricular arteries respectively near the coronary sulcus. In rest of the mammals middle cardiac vein travelled in posterior interventricular sulcus and great cardiac vein in anterior interventricular sulcus. In all the mammals studied great cardiac vein opened into left extremity of coronary sinus. In human and buffalo, middle cardiac vein opened into coronary sinus near its right extremity while in pig, goat and dog it opened into right atrium near the right extremity of coronary sinus. In all the mammals studied coronary sinus was present between left atrium and ventricle on the back of heart and commenced as continuation of great cardiac vein to open into right atrium near the crux of heart.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Science
    Volume : 5 | Issue : 7 | July 2016 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 | IF : 3.508 | IC Value : 69.48 Original Research Paper Original Research Paper Volume : 5 | Issue : 7 | July 2016 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 | IF : 3.508 | IC Value : 69.48 Medical Science Duplication of Both The Circumflex Arteries KEYWORDS : Coronary artery, Cir- and Both The Interventricular Arteries in cumflex artery Interventricular artery, Human Heart Heart. Department of Anatomy, Government Allopathic Medical College, Banda (U.P.) Dr. Keshaw Kumar INDIA. ABSTRACT The heart obtained from the cadavers (156) were dissected in order to study anomalies in human coronary arteries. Only in one heart duplication of both the circumflex arteries as well as both the interventricular arteries was found. INTRODUCTION cumflex artery immediately after reaching the back of heart Congenital anomalies of coronary arteries were discussed (fig-3). The right superior circumflex artery travelled into by Abbott (1927)1, Blake et al (1964)2, Hallman et al (1966)3 coronary sulcus and continued as nodal artery at the crux and Ogden (1970)4. The anomalous origin of left coronary of heart after giving a slender superior posterior interven- artery from the pulmonary artery was observed by As- tricular artery which sank into the musculature of heart af- kenazi and Nadas (1975)5, George and Knowlan (1959)6, ter traversing 1.5 cm distance in the posterior interventricu- Keith (1959)7 Wesselhoeft et al (1968)8 and Flamm et al lar sulcus (fig-3). The right inferior circumflex artery took (1968)9 while Ott et al (1978)10 found origin of circumflex an oblique course running inferior to coronary sulcus on artery from right pulmonary artery.
    [Show full text]
  • FACULTY of NURSING S By
    FACULTY OF NURSING SCIENCES By- SUDHA BENJAMINI Associate Professor Faculty of Nursing B.Sc. Nursing MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING UNIT: V NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH BLOOD AND CARDIO VASCULAR PROBLEMS OBJECTIVES At the end of the this class student will be able to Define the valvular stenosis Enumerate the Etio-pathophysiology, Discuss the clinical manifestation of valvular stenosis Explain in detail about medical, surgical, Nursing management of valvular stenosis INTRODUCTION Structural disorders of the heart preset many challenges for patient, family and health care team. according to the valve or valves affected and the type of functional alteration Includes - Stenosis, regurgitation The session will discuss the heart valves disorders like stenosis of the heart valves like Mitral stenosis, Aortic stenosis, tricuspid stenosis and pulmonic stenosis. MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS MEANING Stenosis is the term for a valve that doesn't open properly. The flaps of a valve thicken, stiffen, or fuse together. As a result, the valve can't completely open. Thus, the heart has to work harder to pump blood through the valve, and the body may suffer from a reduced supply of oxygen MITRAL STENOSIS DEFINITION Mitral stenosis: Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening. Mitral stenosis restricts blood flow from the left atrium (lower right chamber) to the left ventricle (lower left chamber). MITRAL VALVE : ANATOMY Posterior Tricuspid Bicuspid valve (mitral) valve Right Left sideof sideof heart heart Aortic Pulmonary valve valve MITRAL VALVE : ANATOMY MITRAL STENOSIS • In normal adults, the area of the mitral valve orifice is 4-6 cm2. • In mitral stenosis, the area of valve orifice decreases.
    [Show full text]
  • Crinkling of Epicardial Defibrillator Patches
    CRINKLING OF EPICARDIAL The durability and reliability of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator DEFIBRILLATOR PATCHES epicardial patch systems have not been reported. In 128 consecutive patients such systems manufactured by Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. (St. Paul, A common and serious Minn.) or Medtronic, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.) were implanted with 100% problem follow-up to investigate the rate of patch crinkling and its consequences. A total of 122 patients survived the operation (operative mortality, 6 patients; 4.7%). Ninety-four patients received Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. AICD patches and 28 received Medtronic PCD patches. Patients had chest x-ray studies every 3 to 6 months and function of the defibrillator was checked every 3 months. Late mortality occurred in 17 patients (13%) leaving a total of 105 long-term survivors (82%) to the present. Among 122 survivors, severe crinkling of the patches occurred in 48 patientsm33 in the Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. AICD group (36%) and 15 in the PCD group (54%)-- within 2 years of the implant. Crinkling of patches caused not only malfunction of the system, but also cardiac pain in three patients. Crinkling occurred as early as 2 months after implant and progressed throughout the period of observation. Fourteen patients later required implant of an additional transvenous defibrillator because of failure of the epicardial system. The percentage of transvenous implantable cardioverter- defibrillator systems needed was higher for the Medtronic group (28%) than for the Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. AICD group (6.3%). Both systems have shown an unacceptably high rate of patch crinkling that occurs in a relatively short time. There is no difference whether a thoracotomy or midline sternotomy is used or whether the patches are implanted intra- pericardially or extrapericardially.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphometric Study of Mitral Valve in South Odisha - a Cadaveric Study
    Jemds.com Original Research Article Morphometric Study of Mitral Valve in South Odisha - A Cadaveric Study Niharika Padhy1, Madhusmita Panda2 1Department of Anatomy, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, Odisha, India. 2Department of Anatomy, SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The heart is a pair of valved muscular pumps combined in a single organ. For the Corresponding Author: proper functioning of the heart, all valves should be intact. Mitral valve (MV) prolapse Dr. Madhusmita Panda, Associate Professor, and regurgitation is the main cause of MV replacement. The dimensions of mitral SCB Medical College and valve and the cusps vary from person to person. We wanted to measure the average Hospital, Cuttack, size of the valve components with respect to the annulus in the cadavers of South Odisha, India. Odisha region, which would help in the selection of prosthetic valve in cardiac E-mail: [email protected] surgery. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2021/270 METHODS This comparative study was carried out on 58 adult cadaveric human hearts. Left How to Cite This Article: Padhy N, Panda M. Morphometric study of atrium was opened along the left border of heart so as to expose the mitral orifice. mitral valve in South Odisha - a cadaveric Parameters of different components of the valve were measured by using appropriate study. J Evolution Med Dent Sci instruments. 2021;10(18):1275-1279, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2021/270 RESULTS The mean annular circumference of the mitral valve was found to be 8.84 ± 1.24 cm; Submission 18-11-2020, The annular attachment and height of anterior cusp were 2.94 ± .81 cm and 2.55 ± Peer Review 26-02-2021, Acceptance 05-03-2021, 0.27 cm respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • S U R G E R Y
    MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE KHARKIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY S U R G E R Y Textbook for Vth year students of medical faculties Thoracic, cardiovascular, endocrine surgery Kharkov 2017 UDC 616.712 + 616.1 + 616.43/.45] – 089 (075.8) Х 49 Reviewers: M. D. Professor M. M. Veligotsky (KhMAPE) M. D. Professor B. I. Peev (KhMAPE) Authors: V. V. Boyko, V. N. Lisovyi, L. I. Goncharenko, I. A. Taraban, I. A. Krivoruchko, Yu. I. Kozin, P. M. Zamyatin, Yu. B. Grigorov, V. V. Makarov, V. O. Prasol, V. G. Groma, D. O. Evtushenko, S. V. Sushkov, O. К. Тolstanov, O. S. Larin, І. А. Lurin, V. V. Shafranskyi, V. I. Shcherbakov, O. V. Kuznetsov, R. M. Smachilo, N. F. Mizhiritskaya , L. O. Ponomarev, S. I. Makeev , D. V. Minukhin, M. M. Goloborodko, D. G. Dotsenko, K. M. Smolyanik, A. V. Tokarev, Yu. V. Avdosev, K. V. Gorbenko, V. V. Tsodikov, M. S. Chernyayev, S. Yu. Basylaishvili, D. V. Okley Х 49 Thoracic, cardiovascular, endocrine surgery: Textbook for Vth year students of medical faculties / Authors: V. V. Boyko, V. N. Lisovyi, L. I. Goncharenko, I. A. Taraban at alias; edited by V. V. Boyko and V. M. Lisovyi. – Kharkiv, 2017. – 400 p. ISBN 978-617-578-116-6 APPROVED Academic Council of KNMU. Protocol №v3 from «17» 03 2011 In connection with the transition of teaching at universities in Ukraine on the principles of credit-modular system of learning from ESTS IV year medical students learn surgery on the new model curriculum «Surgery», which includes 5 modules. Under the new program, students study surgery V courses on topics of Module 2 «Thoracic, cardiovascular, endocrine surgery».
    [Show full text]
  • A Rare Combination of Hepatic and Pericardial Hydatid Cyst and Review of Literature
    CASE REPORT – OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 10 (2015) 52–55 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Contents lists available at ScienceDirect provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector International Journal of Surgery Case Reports journal homepage: www.casereports.com A rare combination of hepatic and pericardial hydatid cyst and review of literature Kallol Dasbaksi ∗, Suranjan Haldar, Kaushik Mukherjee, Plaban Mukherjee Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College Hospital, Kolkata, 88, College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India article info abstract Article history: Hydatid disease in human beings, as in all intermediate hosts, manifest as hydatid cyst (HC). It is an Received 14 January 2015 important cyclozoonotic disease, endemic in various sheep and cattle raising areas of the world, including Accepted 28 February 2015 India. The tapeworm commonly involved is Echinococcus granulosus. HC can occur almost anywhere in the Available online 14 March 2015 body, most common organs being liver and lungs, and are usually solitary. In 25% of cases combination of liver HC with HC in other extra pulmonary locations are found. Cardiac HCs comprise of 0.5–2% of Keywords: all HC cases. Within the heart, HCs are usually situated in the left or right ventricle and rarely found in Hydatid cyst of liver the peri-cardium. Pericardial HC does not produce symptoms and is often painless and silent, until the Hydatid cyst of pericardium cysts grow to a large size over the years, when the usual complications develop, such as cyst rupture, cardiac compression, atrial fibrillation, and even sudden death.
    [Show full text]
  • Extra-Anatomic Aortic Bypass Combined with Bentall Procedure
    Extra-anatomic aortic bypass combined with Bentall procedure for a complex coarctation and aortic aneurysm Yongqiang Jin1, Rui Liu1, guoliang chen1, Xiaoya Zhang1, and Qingyu Wu1 1Beijng Huaxin Hospital First Hospital of Tsinghua University February 5, 2021 Abstract Surgical treatment of complex coarctation is still a challenge. We performed extra-anatomic aortic bypass and Bentall procedure for a 10-year old boy diagnosed with critical aortic coarctation, aortic aneurysm, and severe aortic valve insufficiency who previously received Switch procedure. The patient is alive and well 52 months postoperatively with a satisfactory result. Extra-anatomic aortic bypass is a safe and effective procedure for patients with complex coarctation. Introduction Surgical treatment of complex coarctation is still a challenge, extra-anatomic aortic bypass maybe a safe and effective procedure. Herein, we describe a 10-year old boy diagnosed with critical aortic coarctation, aortic aneurysm, and severe aortic valve insufficiency who previously received Switch procedure, undergoing median sternotomy for extra-anatomic aortic bypass and combined Bentall procedure with a satisfactory result. Patient profile A 10-year old boy, diagnosed with right ventricular double outlet (Taussig-Bing type) at 2 months after birth, received arterial switch procedure with ventricular septal defect repair via the median sternotomy. He was admitted to our hospital with a 1-month history of refractory hypertension. His body weight was 40kg. Physical examination revealed an arm-leg systolic pressure differential of 70mmHg. His femoral pulses were faint and pedal pulses were absent. Diastolic murmur along the left sternal border accompanied with wide pulse pressure and peripheral vessel sighs were observed.
    [Show full text]
  • (" Chronic Septic Endocarditis").* T E
    IMMUNOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS ENDO­ CARDITIS (" chronic septic endocarditis").* t E. C. ROSENOW. Downloaded from (From the Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases, Chicago.) CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. STAPHYLOCOCCUS WITH SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS FROM A CASE OF ENDOCARDITIS. SUMMARY OFICASES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS ENDOCARDITIS. PROTOCOLS OF CASES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS ENDOCARDITIS: http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/ Case 292; Case 293; Case 3II; Case 34 1 ; Case 353; Case 359. CHARACTERISTICS OF COCCI STUDIED. THE ENDOCARDITIS COCCI, MODIFIED PNEUMOCOCCI. RESULTS OF OBSERVATIO,NS: on opsonic index, therapeutic inoculation, leucocytes, and serum, in cases of pneumococcus endocarditis. SUMMARY OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS WITH PNEUMOCOCCI. GENERAL SUMMARY. CONCLUSIONS. INTRODUCTION. at Weizmann Institute of Science on March 21, 2016 THE factors which determine the localization of bacteria upon the endocardium in endocarditis and their maintenance there are still obscure. In the present article are recorded the results of observa­ tions upon the immunological reactions of bacteria isolated from cases. of endocarditis, and upon experimental endocarditis. These results indicate that the production of endocarditis by staphylococci and pneu­ mococci, as wellas its character and course, depends to a greater degree than heretofore known upon certain acquired and peculiar properties. of the bacteria in question. STAPHYLOCOCCUS WITH SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS FROM A CASE OF ENDOCARDITIS. Case 334.-Salesman, 36. No history of previous infection; no rheumatism. Five months previous to beginning of present illness there was ulceration of first right lower molar tooth which was treated by a dentist. The tooth was crowned but the crown had to be removed a month later to let out pus and was soon replaced without further trouble until a week before death.
    [Show full text]
  • POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA in CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY (PGDCC) N
    No. of Printed Pages : 16 MCC-001 POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY (PGDCC) Term-End Examination nt.J k 0 June, 2011 MCC-001 : FUNDAMENTALS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - I Time : 2 hours Maximum Marks : 60 Note : (i) There will he multiple choice type of questions in this examination which are to he answered in OMR Answer Sheets. (ii) All questions are compulsory. (iii) Each question will have four options and only one of them is correct. Answers have to be marked in figures in the appropriate rectangular boxes corresponding to what is the correct answer and then blacken the circle for the same number in that column by using HR or lead pencil and not by ball pen in OMR Answer Sheets. (iv) If any candidate marks more than one option it will he taken as the wrong answer and no marks will be awarded for this. (v) Erase completely any error or unintended marks. (vi) There will be 90 questions in this paper and each question carries equal marks. (vii) There will be no negative marking for wrong answers. (viii) No candidate shall leave the examination hall at least for one hour after the commencement of the examination. MCC-001 1 P.T.O. 1. Diaphragmatic surface is formed by : (1) IA. ventricle and Pt. ventricle (2) Pt atrium and Pt. ventricle (3) Both atria (4) Rt. Ventricle only. Find out the wronf.4 statement : (1) The inter atrial septum shows an oval shaped depression called fossa (2) the wall of foss.) ovalis is thin and represents the embryonic septum secundu (3) The limbus fossil ovalis represents lower curved edge of septum secundom.
    [Show full text]
  • Chest X-Ray Lecturer-2
    CARDIAC PATHOLOGY Cardiac Xrays •Right ventricular enlargement •Left ventricular enlargement •Mitral stenosis •Congestive heart failure •Pericardial effusion •Pulmonary hypertension Right Ventricular Enlargement • CT ratio >0.5 • Cardiac apex is round and elevated above diaphragm • Cardio-phrenic angle is acute Left Ventricular Enlargement • CT ratio >0.5 • Cardiac apex displaced downwards & toleft • Cardio-phrenic angle is obtuse & merges with diaphragm itral Stenosis • Cardiomegaly (RV type) • Straightening of left heart border • Double rightheart border • Splaying of carinal angle Mitralisation of heart Mitralisation of heart means straightening of the left border of heart 1. Aortic knuckle: small 2. Pulmonary conus: enlarged 3. Left atrial appendage: prominent 4. Left border of left ventricle: no change Congestive Heart Failure • Increased interstitial markings • Upper zone vascular redistribution • Bilateral Pleural effusion • Cardiomegaly (LVtype) Congestive Heart Failure •“Batwing” appearance •Kerley B lines •Cardiomegaly (LV type) •Min pleural effusions Pericardial Effusion •CT ratio >0.5 •Globular heart shadow •“Water bottle” sign Pulmona Hypertension • Enlarged pulmonary arteries Ë >16 mm right descending pulmonary artery (PA view) 1 >18 mm left descending pulmonary artery (lateral view) • Prominent pulmonary outflow tract • Peripheral pulmonary vessels pruning • Right ventricular hypertrophy Guess what ??? LUNG PATHOLOGY The white lung fields The black lung fields (radio-opacity) (radio-lucency) • Pleural effusion • Pneumothorax
    [Show full text]
  • Radiokymography in Patent Ductus Arteriosus
    Br Heart J: first published as 10.1136/hrt.11.3.257 on 1 July 1949. Downloaded from RADIOKYMOGRAPHY IN PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS BY K. SHIRLEY SMITH AND FRANKLIN G. WOOD From The London Chest Hospital Received February 9, 1949 The introduction of radiokymography dates METHOD OF INVESTIGATION AND RADIOGRAPHIC from the pioneer work of Gott and Rosenthal TECHNIQUE (1912). The modern multiple slit kymograph was We have made radiokymographs in every patient developed subsequently by Stumpf and his co- in whom a diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus was workers (1934), while later studies were made by made or entertained. The majority of these later Faber and Kjaergaard (1936) and Bordet and came to operation and in every instance the diagnosis Fischgold (1937). In an earlier paper one of us was confirmed. The kymographs were all taken (Wood, 1939) described the kymographic patterns with the moving grid technique at a focus film that comprise the borders of the normal cardiac distance of four feet. The grid used has a spacing silhouette. of 11 5 mm. between the horizontal slits. At first, In the present study, X-ray kymography has been an exposure time of 3 seconds was used but later applied to the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus. the rate of fall of the was increased to give an The during the past decade of the grid development exposure of 1'8 seconds. At this speed satisfactory http://heart.bmj.com/ surgical treatment of the condition has greatly tracings were obtained with a heart beating at the increased the importance of a diagnosis that may be normal rate, and also in patients with tachycardia.
    [Show full text]