DOCSLIB.ORG

Translations of Modern Egypt's Constitutions Kayla Sivak-Reid [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Translations of Modern Egypt's Constitutions Kayla Sivak-Reid Ksivakre@Macalester.Edu Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Classics Honors Projects Classics Department Spring 4-2016 Tracing a State and its Language from Province to Republic: Translations of Modern Egypt's Constitutions Kayla Sivak-Reid [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Sivak-Reid, Kayla, "Tracing a State and its Language from Province to Republic: Translations of Modern Egypt's Constitutions" (2016). Classics Honors Projects. Paper 22. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors/22 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tracing a State and its Language from Province to Republic: Translations of Modern Egypt’s Constitutions Kayla Sivak-Reid Classics Honors Thesis Macalester College Professor Wessam Elmeligi April 2016 Sivak-Reid Acknowledgements This project could not have been completed without the help and support of faculty and staff at Macalester College and that of my family, friends, and peers. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Professor Wessam Elmeligi, for teaching me most of what I know in Arabic today and for always encouraging me to push myself linguistically. His support, guidance, and editing throughout this translation project has been a necessity for my successful completion of this ألف شكر لك .Honors. I cannot thank him enough On this note, I would also like to thank Professor Andy Overman for supporting me, being an advisor for my academic and professional careers for the past four years, and for helping me complete the first of these translations in the Capstone course. My thanks also go to Professor Beth Severy-Hoven and the Classics Department as a whole for giving me the opportunity to achieve this academic milestone, and to Herta Pitman for all of the organizing she has done on my behalf and for the entire department. Thank you also to Professor Patrick Schmidt for your feedback on this project, particularly for your insights in helping to produce a clearer and more topically accurate English translation. My endless gratitude goes to my ever-loving, inspiring, and supportive parents. You have never ceased to believe in me and inspire me to aim higher. Words cannot express how thankful I am for all that you have done and sacrificed for me so that I can be here and thrive in this incredible institution for higher learning. For similar reasons, I would like to thank all of my family, friends, and Gavin McNeely for supporting me along the way both in this project and in all other endeavors. 2 Sivak-Reid Table of Contents Title Page ................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................2 Table of Contents ...................................................................................................3 Abstract ...................................................................................................................4 Introduction ............................................................................................................5 Chapter One: 1923 Constitution ..........................................................................8 Background ..........................................................................................................8 Translation ..........................................................................................................10 Findings in Summary .........................................................................................35 Chapter Two: 1956 Constitution ........................................................................40 Background ........................................................................................................40 Translation ..........................................................................................................43 Findings in Summary .........................................................................................70 Chapter Three: 1971 Constitution .....................................................................76 Background ........................................................................................................76 Translation ..........................................................................................................79 Findings in Summary .......................................................................................113 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................116 Bibliography .......................................................................................................117 3 Sivak-Reid Abstract The driving question behind this translation project is whether translating Egypt’s constitutions from their original Arabic into English aids in comprehension of linguistic and contextual meaning of the texts. From my experience, I found that reading the constitutions in Arabic and translating them into English provided much greater insight into both Arabic language and Egypt’s history than did reading the constitutions in their English versions. I also found that including relevant contextual or linguistic findings from translating and from supplementary research improved the translation overall. Existing English translations of Egypt’s constitutions lack historical context or explanations for selecting one word rather than its synonym, which is unhelpful considering existing Arabic versions and English translations often contain errors. The purposes of my translators notes throughout this project are twofold: (1) transparency in the translation process and (2) highlighting contextualized meaning that a reader may overlook by reading the existing Arabic or English translations alone. 4 Sivak-Reid Introduction This project seeks to find whether or not translating Egypt’s 1923, 1956, and 1971 Constitutions from their original Arabic into English aids in comprehension of the text. In attempting to provide evidence of my hypothesis that translating in the original language does in fact aid in comprehension, I have included significant linguistic findings1 in the footnotes, introductory, and summary sections of each chapter. This project also aimed to document why certain translations were chosen, particularly those that were influenced by or that inspired contextual findings through research or the act of translation itself. Completion of this project’s goal of explicating more confusing or vague parts of each constitution also necessitated some additional research to grasp the political and historical contexts that help explain the meanings of particularly cryptic or allusive articles. Where additional research was required to comprehend the meaning or context of a specific article, I have included this information in translators notes featured in the footnotes sections of this piece. The particular Arabic in these constitutions is both highly political and, in some cases, outdated. Translation of the constitutions therefore necessitated learning new and subject-specific vocabulary. It also meant making tougher decisions on the proper translation of certain words or phrases. The verdict on what word or phrase to choose when there were many possible translations was often made with consideration of the political, economic, social, or historical 1 My finding that translating in the original Arabic does aid in comprehension might also be influenced by the amount of time and focus spent on reading, which is naturally greater than when reading in my native English. Therefore, this thesis is not a very empirical study, but rather mostly a qualitative analysis of a few particular cases. 5 Sivak-Reid context, and the ultimate decision when confronted with multiple definitions often required verification with the project advisor. Some research behind this project was also intended specifically to place each constitution in its respective context. This information is featured primarily in the beginning section of each chapter before the start of the translation of the constitution itself. It involves light analysis on the history directly preceding or during the time of the constitution. Therefore these sections rely on works by scholars or journalists of Egyptian history, politics, society or economy. Because the 1923 Constitution is the first of its kind in establishing the modern Egyptian state, the contextual analysis of this constitution is related to Egypt’s revolution and secession from the Ottoman Empire. It is also focused on explaining the origins of some of the concepts and content behind the articles that contributed to the construction of this new monarchy. The following two chapters about the 1956 and 1971 Constitutions contain introductory sections which are by nature more cumulative in that the analysis can place each constitution not only within the context of is immediate past and present but also in relation to the preceding constitution(s). Because the 1923 and 1956 Constitutions resulted in entirely different political systems their contents are
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Tea Party and the Muslim Brotherhood: Who They Are and How American News Media Gets It Wrong
    Jeremy Abrams The Tea Party and the Muslim Brotherhood: Who they are and How American News Media Gets it Wrong Jeremy Abrams 1 Table of Content I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 II. Defining Political Parties and their Role in Democracies ................................................................. 2 A. Generally ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 B. Structurally .................................................................................................................................................... 3 C. How the Tea Party and the Muslim Brotherhood Fit the Mold ................................................. 4 III. Brief Descriptions of the Tea Party and the Muslim Brotherhood ............................................. 4 A. The Tea Party ................................................................................................................................................ 5 1. History ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. The System in Which it Operates ..................................................................................................... 9 3. Official Status ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Struggle for Citizenship
    OCTOBER 2017 Women’s Struggle for Citizenship: Civil Society and Constitution Making after the Arab Uprisings JOSÉ S. VERICAT Cover Photo: Marchers on International ABOUT THE AUTHORS Women’s Day, Cairo, Egypt, March 8, 2011. Al Jazeera English. JOSÉ S. VERICAT is an Adviser at the International Peace Institute. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper represent those of the author Email: [email protected] and not necessarily those of the International Peace Institute. IPI welcomes consideration of a wide range of perspectives in the pursuit of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS a well-informed debate on critical policies and issues in international The author would like to thank Mohamed Elagati and affairs. Nidhal Mekki for their useful feedback. This project would not have seen the light of day without the input of dozens IPI Publications of civil society activists from Egypt, Tunisia, and Yemen, as Adam Lupel, Vice President well as several from Libya and Syria, who believed in its Albert Trithart, Associate Editor value and selflessly invested their time and energy into it. Madeline Brennan, Assistant Production Editor To them IPI is very grateful. Within IPI, Amal al-Ashtal and Waleed al-Hariri provided vital support at different stages Suggested Citation: of the project’s execution. José S. Vericat, “Women’s Struggle for Citizenship: Civil Society and IPI owes a debt of gratitude to its many donors for their Constitution Making after the Arab generous support. In particular, IPI would like to thank the Uprisings,” New York: International governments of Finland and Norway for making this Peace Institute, October 2017. publication possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Petition To: United Nations Working
    PETITION TO: UNITED NATIONS WORKING GROUP ON ARBITRARY DETENTION Mr Mads Andenas (Norway) Mr José Guevara (Mexico) Ms Shaheen Ali (Pakistan) Mr Sètondji Adjovi (Benin) Mr Vladimir Tochilovsky (Ukraine) HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY COPY TO: UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION, MR DAVID KAYE; UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE RIGHTS TO FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY AND OF ASSOCIATION, MR MAINA KIAI; UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS, MR MICHEL FORST. in the matter of Alaa Abd El Fattah (the “Petitioner”) v. Egypt _______________________________________ Petition for Relief Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolutions 1997/50, 2000/36, 2003/31, and Human Rights Council Resolutions 6/4 and 15/1 Submitted by: Media Legal Defence Initiative Electronic Frontier Foundation The Grayston Centre 815 Eddy Street 28 Charles Square San Francisco CA 94109 London N1 6HT BASIS FOR REQUEST The Petitioner is a citizen of the Arab Republic of Egypt (“Egypt”), which acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”) on 14 January 1982. 1 The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014 (the “Constitution”) states that Egypt shall be bound by the international human rights agreements, covenants and conventions it has ratified, which shall have the force of law after publication in accordance with the conditions set out in the Constitution. 2 Egypt is also bound by those principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“UDHR”) that have acquired the status of customary international law.
    [Show full text]
  • News Coverage Prepared For: the European Union Delegation to Egypt
    News Coverage prepared for: The European Union delegation to Egypt . Disclaimer: “This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of authors of articles and under no circumstances are regarded as reflecting the position of IPSOS or the European Union.” 1 . Thematic Headlines Domestic Scene Egyptians in Greece Call for Sacking Envoy Protesters Prevent PM from Exiting Ministry Premises 103,000 Egyptian Expats Vote in 2nd Phase of Elections Sabahi: I Will Stand Against Israel to Protect Palestinian Rights Court to Examine 200 Complaints to Nullify Elections in Cairo, Halt Them in Giza Presidential Hopeful Abu-Ismail: US Contact Huge Victory to Islamists FJP: The Constituent Assembly Hands Cuffs the Parliament Mubarak’s Wealth Advisory Council Holds Its First Meeting El-Ganzouri: The Economic Situation Is Devastating Hatata: SCAF Has No Political Experience SCAF Denies Mulla’s Statement Interior Minister Meets 1000 Officers Elections Updates in Al-Masry Al-Youm newspaper. Elections Updates in Al-Tahrir newspaper. MB Guide to Members: Be Modest and Remove Copts’ Fears Investigations of Mohamed Mahmoud Clashes Start within Days General Elections Updates in al-Ahram First Phase Polls Results Annulled in Alexandria’s Third Constituency Al-Nour Calls Cooperation with Freedom and Justice Field Marshal Tantawi visits Tahrir Square Ahmad Zwel Meets Field Marshal Tantawi Elections Updates in al-Akhbar Israel’s Ambassador Arrives Today The Egyptian Mufti is Number 12 on the List of the World’s Most Influential People Sharaf Apologizes 2 Newspapers (12/12/2011) Page: 1 Author: Muhammad Anz Al-Nour Calls Cooperation with Freedom and Justice Liberal parties coordinated to support 51 candidates in the second phase of the elections.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Political Parties in Promoting a Culture of Good Governance in Egypt Post-2011
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2015 The role of political parties in promoting a culture of good governance in Egypt post-2011 Omar Kandil Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Kandil, O. (2015).The role of political parties in promoting a culture of good governance in Egypt post-2011 [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/60 MLA Citation Kandil, Omar. The role of political parties in promoting a culture of good governance in Egypt post-2011. 2015. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/60 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo The School of Global Affairs and Public Policy The Role of Political Parties in Promoting a Culture of Good Governance in Egypt Post-2011 A Thesis Submitted to the Public Policy and Administration Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts By Omar Kandil Supervised by Dr. Amr Hamzawy Professor , Public Policy and Administration, AUC Dr. Lisa Anderson President, AUC Dr. Hamid Ali Associate Professor & Chair, Public Policy and Administration, AUC Spring 2015 1 Acknowledgements There are a few people without which it would have been impossible for me to finish this piece of work.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Egypt – to About 1970
    A Short History of Egypt – to about 1970 Foreword................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1. Pre-Dynastic Times : Upper and Lower Egypt: The Unification. .. 3 Chapter 2. Chronology of the First Twelve Dynasties. ............................... 5 Chapter 3. The First and Second Dynasties (Archaic Egypt) ....................... 6 Chapter 4. The Third to the Sixth Dynasties (The Old Kingdom): The "Pyramid Age"..................................................................... 8 Chapter 5. The First Intermediate Period (Seventh to Tenth Dynasties)......10 Chapter 6. The Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties (The Middle Kingdom).......11 Chapter 7. The Second Intermediate Period (about I780-1561 B.C.): The Hyksos. .............................................................................12 Chapter 8. The "New Kingdom" or "Empire" : Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties (c.1567-1085 B.C.)...............................................13 Chapter 9. The Decline of the Empire. ...................................................15 Chapter 10. Persian Rule (525-332 B.C.): Conquest by Alexander the Great. 17 Chapter 11. The Early Ptolemies: Alexandria. ...........................................18 Chapter 12. The Later Ptolemies: The Advent of Rome. .............................20 Chapter 13. Cleopatra...........................................................................21 Chapter 14. Egypt under the Roman, and then Byzantine, Empire: Christianity: The Coptic Church.............................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Playing with Fire. the Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian
    Playing with Fire.The Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian Leviathan Daniela Pioppi After the fall of Mubarak, the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) decided to act as a stabilising force, to abandon the street and to lend democratic legiti- macy to the political process designed by the army. The outcome of this strategy was that the MB was first ‘burned’ politically and then harshly repressed after having exhausted its stabilising role. The main mistakes the Brothers made were, first, to turn their back on several opportunities to spearhead the revolt by leading popular forces and, second, to keep their strategy for change gradualist and conservative, seeking compromises with parts of the former regime even though the turmoil and expectations in the country required a much bolder strategy. Keywords: Egypt, Muslim Brotherhood, Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, Arab Spring This article aims to analyse and evaluate the post-Mubarak politics of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) in an attempt to explain its swift political parable from the heights of power to one of the worst waves of repression in the movement’s history. In order to do so, the analysis will start with the period before the ‘25th of January Revolution’. This is because current events cannot be correctly under- stood without moving beyond formal politics to the structural evolution of the Egyptian system of power before and after the 2011 uprising. In the second and third parts of this article, Egypt’s still unfinished ‘post-revolutionary’ political tran- sition is then examined. It is divided into two parts: 1) the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF)-led phase from February 2011 up to the presidential elections in summer 2012; and 2) the MB-led phase that ended with the military takeover in July 2013 and the ensuing violent crackdown on the Brotherhood.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Parliament in the Egyptian Constitution
    The Role of Parliament in the Egyptian Constitution Parliament and the New Egyptian Constitution Papers “Parliament and the President” By Prof. Amr Shobaki “Parliamentary Oversight of the Government” By Prof. Mahmoud Kandil “Parliament and the Judiciary” By Georges Fahmy “Parliament and Community Organizations: Local Councils & Civil Society” By Mohamed El-Agati “Parliament and Oversight Agencies: The Central Auditing Organization & the Administrative Control Authority as Models” By Karim Sarhan “A New Vision for the Shura Council” By Ali Fath-Elbab Commentaries by: Prof. Adam Cygan Prof. John McEldowney Global Partners and Associates 2 Executive Summary The challenge facing post-revolution Egypt is to draft a new Constitution which meets the aspirations of all Egyptian citizens and which provides a firm foundation to secure democratic and accountable government in Egypt. Following the fall of the Mubarak regime in January 2011, the process of Constitutional reform provides Egypt with an opportunity to make a break with past and address the inequalities and authoritarian behaviour which characterised the Mubarak regime. Yet despite these being the fundamental stated aims of the revolution, there exist, in the light of President Mursi’s Decree of 22nd November 2012, justified concerns that power is once again being concentrated in the hands of the President without any accompanying checks and balances. The papers in this publication make a significant contribution to the constitutional reform debate in Egypt and represent a diverse range of views from a variety of stakeholders who have participated in the process of drafting the new Constitution. This publication is also extremely timely because it comes at a moment in the drafting process when both internal and external pressures pose certain challenges to securing a final agreement on a Constitution that defines the democratic values and principles which have are essential in post-revolution Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Most Prominent Violations of Press and Media Freedom in Egypt During 2017
    Annual Report on: Freedom of Press and Media in Egypt 2017 Annual on: Freedom of PRreses apndo Merdtia in Egypt 2017 Conducted by Ahmed Abo Elmagd Reviewed by Ahmed Ragab Cover designed by Ahmed Sobhy Published year 2017 Annual Report on: Freedom of Press and Media in Egypt 2017 The Egyptian Center for Public Policy Studies (ECPPS) is a non-governmental, non- party and non-profit organization .It is mission is to propose public policies that aim at reforming the Egyptian legal and economic systems. ECPPS’s goal is to enhance the principles of free market, individual freedom and the rule of law. The Egyptian Center for Public Policy Studies (ECPPS) 1 Annual Report on: Freedom of Press and Media in Egypt 2017 In 2017, the Egyptian Center for Public Policies Studies issues a monthly monitoring to measure (Legislative climate, political climate, economic climate, media performance and civil society role) in regard to freedom of media and journalism in Egypt, in trying to stand on events, changes, violations which happen and effect on media and journalism statement in Egypt. The Egyptian Center for Public Policies Studies held general interviews and conferences with the participation of many parties and different entities (members of Parliament, members of Press Syndicate, researchers and members of media and journalism councils) just to review, present important events and actors observed over the year. This report includes an “annual detailed report for the statement of media and journalism in Egypt in 2017”. Important events and changes which affected negatively or positively in the climate of freedom of press and media work in Egypt in 2017 in addition to precise recommendations for decision makers based on these events and changes to improve the climate of media and journalism in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis
    MEASURES BY THE EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT TO COUNTER THE EXPLOITATION OF (SOCIAL) MEDIA - FACEBOOK AND AL JAZEERA Master Thesis Name: Rajko Smaak Student number: S1441582 Study: Master Crisis and Security Management Date: January 13, 2016 The Hague, The Netherlands Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media II Leiden University CAPSTONE PROJECT ‘FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION VERSUS FREEDOM FROM INTIMIDATION MEASURES BY THE EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT TO COUNTER THE EXPLOITATION OF (SOCIAL) MEDIA - FACEBOOK AND AL JAZEERA BY Rajko Smaak S1441582 MASTER THESIS Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Crisis and Security Management at Leiden University, The Hague Campus. January 13, 2016 Leiden, The Netherlands Adviser: Prof. em. Alex P. Schmid Second reader: Dhr. Prof. dr. Edwin Bakker Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media III Leiden University Master Thesis: Measures by the Egyptian government to counter the exploitation of (social) media IV Leiden University Abstract During the Arab uprisings in 2011, social media played a key role in ousting various regimes in the Middle East and North Africa region. Particularly, social media channel Facebook and TV broadcast Al Jazeera played a major role in ousting Hosni Mubarak, former president of Egypt. Social media channels eases the ability for people to express, formulate, send and perceive messages on political issues. However, some countries demonstrate to react in various forms of direct and indirect control of these media outlets. Whether initiated through regulations or punitive and repressive measures such as imprisonment and censorship of media channels.
    [Show full text]
  • New Trends in Constitution-Making: the Cases of Tunisia and Egypt
    Department of Political Science Chair: Comparative Public Law New trends in Constitution-Making: the cases of Tunisia and Egypt Supervisor Professor Cristina Fasone Candidate Kristina Gumroian Student Reg.N.632772 Co- Supervisor Professor Francesca Maria Corrao Academic Year: 2017/2018 Table of contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4 2 Constitutions as drivers for the democratic development of societies ..................... 9 2.1 Constitutional waves in modern states ............................................................. 10 2.2 Basic constitutional models ............................................................................. 15 2.3 Constituent power and the legitimacy of constitution-making ........................ 21 2.3.1 Introduction into the concept of constituent power .................................. 21 2.3.2 Constituent power in the Constitutional thought ...................................... 24 2.4 Transitional Constitutionalism ......................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Transition and the Constitutional moment ............................................... 26 2.4.2 The Backward- and the Forward-Looking Constitution........................... 28 2.5 Introduction into Constitutionalism in Islamic World ..................................... 30 3 The Arab Spring in the context of the Arab World ................................................ 41 3.1 A historical overview of the
    [Show full text]
  • Carter Center Mission to Witness the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt
    Final Report of the Carter Center Mission to Witness the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt Final Report Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope. The Carter Center strives to relieve suffering by advancing peace and health worldwide; it seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and protect and promote human rights worldwide. Final Report of the Carter Center Mission to Witness the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Elections in Egypt Final Report One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org The Carter Center Contents Executive Summary .........................2 Media Environment ........................52 Quick Facts About the 2011–2012 Parliamentary Civil Society ..............................54 Elections in Egypt...........................5 The Role of CSOs in Witnessing the Elections ...54 Historical and Political Background ............6 The Role of CSOs in Providing Voter The Uprising .........................6 Education and Information ..................57 Aftermath: An Unstable Transition ............8 The Role of CSOs as Advocates ..............57 The March 2011 Constitutional Referendum .....9 Electoral Dispute Resolution.................58 Mismanagement and New Political Forces ......10 Consolidating and Clarifying the Electoral Complaints Process ................58 The Carter Center in Egypt .................12 Untimely Disruption of the Electoral Observation Methodology ................13 Process Through the Courts .................59
    [Show full text]