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Print This Article European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501 - 1235 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu DOI: 10.46827/ejpe.v6i8.3411 Volume 6 │ Issue 8 │ 2020 BUHE-BARILDAAN: BURYAT TRADITIONAL WRESTLING WITH CULTURAL CODES Mehmet Türkmen1, Bilal Okudan2 1Professor Dr., Muş Alparslan University, Turkey & Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan orcid.org/0000-0002-5926-7522 2PhD Instructor, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-0421 Abstract: Objective: Buryats living in Southern Siberia are one of the first peoples that Ancient Turks interacted with their cultural and genetic codes. Buryats have always had a traditional wrestling called "Buhe-Barildaan". For a foreigner, understanding Buryat traditional wrestling will undoubtedly shed light on other aspects of Buryats 'and even Turkish-Mongolian peoples' social life. For this reason, the study aims to explain Buryat 'Buhe-Barildaan' traditional wrestling with archetypal cultural codes, formation and transformations. Method: Along with the literature review, descriptive research and comparison method, among the models included in the qualitative approach, was used. The research is limited to the folkloric wrestling of Buryats, who are Turkish-Mongolian people’s living in Southern Siberia. Findings: Buryat 'Buhe-Barildaan' wrestling distinguished two types as 'forest' and 'steppe'. First of all, "forest type" has become widespread among the Oyrat, the Bulaga and Ehiri Buryats of Turkish origin, and the Onon Mongols. The 'steppe type', which is now practiced almost everywhere, was only seen in peoples dealing with animal husbandry. In the competitions of the "Steppe type", one of the three areas touching the ground would bring defeat. Conclusion: Non-Russian native authors, to explain the importance of Buryat wrestling, to suggest continuity between social signs, they have been seen using various propositional myths to construct social meaning and national identity. Buryat wrestling culture, it is based on the economic life unique to the development and continuity of the people and the traditional sources of the geographical environment that feed this life. Buhe-barildaan wrestling is one of the most important elements of the sports culture that helps to preserve the national identity and connection between generations. The functional and ideological Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. © 2015 – 2020 Open Access Publishing Group 91 Mehmet Türkmen, Bilal Okudan BUHE-BARILDAAN: BURYAT TRADITIONAL WRESTLING WITH CULTURAL CODES origins of the Buryat Buhe-barildaan wrestling, historically, it is associated, first of all, with the choice of a mass who, besides having to face external power, is the leader of the military forces. In addition, Buhe-barildaan wrestling, which has two types, namely steppe and forest types, was seen to coincide with the wrestling of the peoples living in those geographies, especially Turks, in the context of typology and homogeneity. Keywords: Buryat ethics, traditional wrestling, wrestling culture 1. Introduction Buryats, who are from the Altai branch of the Turanian peoples, are today known as a Mongolian people, but they are a mixed people born from the union of two Turks and two Mongol tribes. The Huri and Hondogar tribes living in Southern and Eastern Buryatya have Mongolian character and are Buddhist. Bulaga and Ehiris living in the West are Turks and believe in Tengri. The total population of Buryats is around 670 thousand. 310 thousand of these live in the Buryat Autonomous Republic. There are more than 150 thousand Buryats in the neighboring Irkutsk and Zabalskaya Oblastar. The Buryats, like some other peoples of Siberia, perform special ritual offerings called ‘tailagans’ in worship of patron spirits of the clan, followed by mass sports games. Among the Mongols and Buryats, competitions in archery, wrestling and horse racing, known as ‘Three Games of Men’, have been usually timed to prayers at the ancestral cult places ‘obo’. A Buryat ethnographer M. N. Khangalov described in detail the ‘shooting festival’ hur kharbaan, which was widely celebrated by the Cis-Baikal Buryats in the Kuda valley in the late 19th - early 20th centuries (Imikhelov, 2010; Türkmen & Alimov, 2019). Bukhe barildaan – ‘wrestling of the strongmen’ - is the most popular kind of sports among the Mongols and Buryats. M. N. Khangalov, describing a ‘shooting holiday’ among the Kuda and Kapsal Buryats, notes that wrestling was the most interesting competition for the audience. (Khangalov-I, 1958: 279). Tsevel writes that wrestling was an indispensable element of naadam among the Mongols, while archery and horse racing could be omitted. (Tsevel, 1951). In Mongolia today, wrestling is often organized when a young man joins the adult community, during haymaking, sheep shearing, picking mushrooms, etc. Such competitions are considered ‘small bouts / zizhig barildaan’ (Kabzińska-Stawarz, 1987; Türkmen & Buyar, 2019). Wrestling is a favorite sport for many nations. Katsuji Hanada, director of the Sumo Museum of the Japan Sumo Association, set out on a journey throughout the Old World with the goal of finding the roots of sumo (he calls sumo any national wrestling). He watched wrestling competitions in Korea, Mongolia, Turkey, and Senegal. The oldest anthology of wrestling techniques in the world can be found in Egypt in Beni Hasan, where tombs of nomarchs of the Middle Kingdom are located. In Tomb No. 16, he counted 220 fighting techniques depicted on one of the walls. (Hanada, 1997; Turkmen & Arstanbekov, 2019). According to Kenshiro Matsunami, sumo (national wrestling) European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 6 │ Issue 8 │ 2020 92 Mehmet Türkmen, Bilal Okudan BUHE-BARILDAAN: BURYAT TRADITIONAL WRESTLING WITH CULTURAL CODES spread throughout the world along the Silk Road, linking Tibet, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. On one of the stone reliefs, Shakyamuni is depicted as a wrestler. According to legend, Prince Siddhartha practiced wrestling, archery and other sports. (Matsunami, 1997: 22; Turkmen & Useev, 2019a; Turkmen & Useev, 2019b). Central Asia has ancient wrestling traditions. When describing the Xiongnu, Chinese sources note that the latter were good at wrestling techniques. Thus, a Xiongnu prince Jin Ridi, appointed by emperor Wu a commandant of imperial horses, was able to thwart an assassination attempt at the emperor using a wrestling technique. Some features of the Xiongnu wrestling style can be seen in images on bronze belts. For instance, a bronze clasp of the Xiongnu belt from a burial ground in Shanxi province, depicts two men naked to the waist and wearing trousers, holding each other tightly around the waist. 2. Method Along with the literature review, descriptive research and comparison method, among the models included in the qualitative approach, was used. The research is limited to the folkloric wrestling of Buryats, who are Turkish-Mongolian people’s living in Southern Siberia. 3. Findings At the court of the Emperor of Toba-Wei, there was a special "troupe" of professional wrestlers who performed at wrestling matches and served as the emperor’s body guards. A wrestling scene in a fresco from the Liao Dynasty burial ground in Inner Mongolia shows two Khitan youths, shaved headed and naked to the waist, taking a fighting stance. A little further off, a young man is shown watching the bout (Wu En, 1997). The Mongol princes also had their teams of wrestlers. Competitions during the Kuda surkharbans were held between clans, and each clan presented its own wrestler. According to the custom, wealthy people of each clan among the Kuda Buryats had to feed their fighter in turn. The preparation of the wrestlers for the competition consisted mainly in the fact that the wrestlers tried to work little and eat nutritious food, accumulating strength for the upcoming fights. (Khangalov, 1958 I: 276). According to Rashid-al-Din, among the Mongols of Kublai's time, sexual abstinence was considered one of the ways to preserve and accumulate wrestling strength. (Zhukovskaia, 1989: 241). According to M.N. Khangalov, the elders were masters of ceremonies for wrestling bouts and races during tailagans. The old people played a key role in the ancestral offerings tailagans of the CisBaikal Buryats, and, according to the old custom, lead a circular dance of khaatarha. Moreover, it was considered a sin to start a dance without old men and women. (Khangalov, 1958 I). According to a custom of the Kuda Buryats, before the beginning of bukhe barildaan, two old men from two opposing camps left the middle of European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 6 │ Issue 8 │ 2020 93 Mehmet Türkmen, Bilal Okudan BUHE-BARILDAAN: BURYAT TRADITIONAL WRESTLING WITH CULTURAL CODES the semicircle and performed a ceremonial dance imitating a fight (Khangalov, 1958 I). It is interesting that the Kalmyk wrestlers before the bout, imitated the behavior of bulls by throwing handfuls of earth at each other and ‘fighting like two bulls digging the ground’ (Kabzińska-Stawarz, 1987). In Mongolia, wrestling bouts begin with the performance of the warrior dance deveh (spreading the wings / soaring upward) or the eagle dance. In the past, every wrestler performed deveh, imitating the bird from which his title originated. The deveh of the ‘hawk’ was more complex than the deveh of the ‘eagle’ and included high jumps. This tradition is seen as related
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