BIBLICAL RESEARCH BULLETIN The Academic Journal of Trinity Southwest University ISSN 1938-694X Volume VIII Number 1 Tall el-Hammam 2008: A Personal Perspective Gary A. Byers Abstract: This popular article is a “personal take” on the Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project by one of its Senior Archaeologists who has participated in each of the first three dig seasons as a part of the TeHEP staff. The article has appeared in various venues, including those of the Associates for Biblical Research, and appears here with permission of the author. © Copyright 2008, Trinity Southwest University Special copyright, publication, and/or citation information: Biblical Research Bulletin is copyrighted by Trinity Southwest University. All rights reserved. Article content remains the intellectual property of the author. This article may be reproduced, copied, and distributed, as long as the following conditions are met: 1. 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Box 91593, Albuquerque, NM 87199, USA Tall el-Hammam 2008: A Personal Perspective by Gary A. Byers , PhD (c) Field Archaeologist, The Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project, Jordan After finishing our third season of excavating at Tall el-Hammam, * it seems like a good time to review what we know about the site down through history, especially as it relates to the Bible. Surface surveys and archaeological excavations suggest that activity at the site began with the earliest Biblical references to the region and continued intermittently right through New Testament times. Tall el-Hammam is rich with remains from almost every period. One of the most important things that happened this past season was the completion of a joint agreement with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. While we already have an excavation permit from the Kingdom’s Department of Antiquities (DoA), we now have officially entered into a whole new level of relationship with the department. The Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project (TeHEP) is now a cooperative effort between the College of Archaeology, Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Author, left, discussing a find with Dr. Collins, TeHEP Director, during the the 2008 Season. Antiquities of Jordan. This partnership allows for our excavation team to work hand-in-hand with our Jordanian counterparts both in the field during the excavation season as well as in the research lab the rest of the year. Their expertise will provide great insight and support to our research. The Early Bronze Age: Tall el-Hammam and the Table of Nations The earliest city was centered on the lower tall ( tel in Hebrew [Jos 11:13] and tell or tall in Arabic; an artificial mound created by the building, destruction and rebuilding of cities at the same location) and pottery we collected here suggests that occupation goes back well before 3,000 BC. It appears the site was continuously occupied from the Chalcolithic Period through the Middle Bronze Age. The working hypothesis of the Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project is that our site is the best candidate for the Biblical city of Sodom. That would make the lower tall the city mentioned in Genesis 10 (the Table of Nations). This chapter describes the post- Flood population as it spread throughout the ancient Near East, listing a number of cities by name. It says that descendants of Ham built four cities in ancient southern Mesopotamia (Babel, Erech, Accad and Calneh), four cities in northern Mesopotamia * The Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project (TeHEP) is a joint scientific effort shared by the College of Archaeology, Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. TeHEP is co- directed by Dr. Steven Collins (Dean, TSU College of Archaeology) and Mr. Abdelsamii Abu Daieh (Director of Excavations, DoA, Jordan). Author, Gary Byers, is a Senior Archaeologist and Field Supervisor for TeHEP. 2 (Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah and Resen), three cities on the western border of Canaan (Sidon, Gerar, Gaza) and five cities on Canaan’s eastern border (Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim and Lasha). Scholars generally believe the Bible locates Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboim (called cities of the plain/ kikkar of the Jordan—Gn 13:10) on the eastern side of the Jordan River and Dead Sea. That would also locate the eastern border of Canaan and the Canaanite culture there (Gn 19:10). While rivers regularly served as ancient national borders, the Jordan River appears not to have been the eastern boundary of Canaanite culture throughout many of the Biblical periods. Apparently an even greater boundary in the area was the high Jordanian mountains. Getting up and down those mountain slopes was even more difficult than fording the Jordan River. Similarities in the archaeological evidence from both sides of the Jordan River Valley support such a cultural boundary. Pottery from the Early Bronze Age at Tall el-Hammam connects most closely to pottery at early sites west of the Jordan River. Consequently, our lower tall would represent the Sodom whose wickedness brought God’s judgment by the time of Abraham (Gn 13:13; 18:20). Based on architectural and ceramic evidence we found this season, it appears this oldest city was actually twice as large as we thought before the season began. The lower tall (over 40 acres) was surrounded by a four-meter wide city wall with towers. A continuation of the wall’s stone foundation was traced this year around the base of the upper tall (another 40 acres), as well. That would make Early Bronze Age Tall el- Hammam about a kilometer long from east to west, with a circumference of three to four kilometers – one of the largest cities at Danette Collins (top), Supervisor in Square UC-28J, with volunteer Olga Garcia clarifying a clay-lined storage bin. that time in all the ancient Near East. In connection with this Early Bronze city at Tall el-Hammam, and less than 200 meters east of the site, is a massive dolmen field on the edge of the foothills. Dolmens are ancient mini “Stonehenge”-type structures. Each one was constructed with upright megalithic stones serving as the four walls and flat top, 2 x 2 x 2 meters on average. While scholars are not really certain how they were used, the lack of both pottery and bones seems to suggest they were neither houses nor tombs. Instead, they may have served a cultic or ceremonial purpose, each one possibly representing an extended family. Dating as far back as the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (3000 BC), they may have served as a sort of family shrine or funerary monument for the departed. Called the Ar Rawda Dolmen Field, with over 100 extant dolmens, the area is being threatened by development. So, TeHEP is fortunate to have a couple of contemporary studies being done on this dolmen field connected to our site. An international project 3 is conducting an ongoing spatial analysis of the dolmen field while a comprehensive survey to identify and record all the dolmens in the area has been undertaken by Hussein al-Jarrah on behalf of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities. Hussein is also the DoA director of the region where Tall el-Hammam is located and he works side by side with us when we are excavating as a member of the TeHEP staff. The Middle Bronze Age: Tall el-Hammam in the Days of Abraham and Lot The Middle Bronze Age city that was destroyed was centered on the 40-acre upper tall. In fact, the shape of the tell today is due to the construction of a mudbrick rampart which may extend from the top of the tall and down the slope all the way to that Early Bronze Age city wall at its base. This year we have seen the rampart beneath Iron Age city structures in a number of squares. Such a construction project was a massive undertaking and evidence of both a strong government and a prosperous community. Yet, this year we were also able to trace the Middle Bronze Age stone city wall and a couple of towers around much of the western end of the lower tall. That, along with ceramic evidence in the lower city suggests the Middle Bronze Age city also extended over that area as well. We will need to excavate in the lower tall to clarify these things, but either way, the massive rampart makes it clear that the central city at that time was focused on the upper tall. On the upper tall, a number of mudbrick walls have been found still partially standing along with a massive amount of disintegrated mudbrick debris everywhere we dig. In situ Middle Bronze Age pottery has been found in a couple of squares 12 feet below the present surface of the mound. When this city was finally destroyed, possibly in the days of Abraham and Lot (see Gn 19), it was Trench in Field UD reveals the Iron Age II city wall (stones, top) built over Middle Bronze Age mudbrick and earthworks after some 2,500 years of occupation.