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A Sign of Mystery: Karl Barth's Theology of the Virgin Birth

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A Sign of Mystery: Karl Barth's Theology of the Virgin Birth A SIGN OF MYSTERY: BARTH'S THEOLOGY OF THE VIRGIN BIRTH A SIGN OF MYSTERY: KARL BARTH'S THEOLOGY OF THE VIRGIN BIRTH By DUSTING. RESCH, B.A., M.A. A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © by Dustin Resch, 2010 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2010) McMaster University (Religious Studies) TITLE: A SIGN OF MYSTERY: KARL BARTH'S THEOLOGY OF THE VIRGIN BIRTH AUTHOR: Dustin Resch, B.A. (Briercrest College), M.A. (Briercrest Seminary) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Peter Widdicombe NUMBER OF PAGES: vi, 304 ii ABSTRACT In this study, I examine Karl Barth's doctrine of the virgin birth of Christ in relation to his discussions in the Church Dogmatics of Christology, pneumatology and interpretation of Scripture. I argue that the virgin birth of Jes us Christ is understood by Barth as a fitting sign to expresses the form of the dialectic of God's "No" to sin and "Yes" to humanity in his free act of revelation and reconciliation. As such, the doctrine of the virgin birth functions for Barth as a paradigm through which to understand the fashion of God's work upon human beings and the suitable posture of a human being before God. I demonstrate this conviction by providing an overview of select interpreters of the doctrine of the virgin birth in the western Christian tradition in order to set Barth's contribution in its theological context. I then provide an exposition of the methodological and exegetical features of Barth's development of the doctrine of the virgin birth from his first professorship up to the introductory volume of the CD. Next, I examine how Barth's doctrine of the virgin birth fit with his broader Christology and pneumatology as represented in the CD. Finally, I provide an exposition of Barth's treatment of the figure of Mary as a capstone to the themes previously outlined. The thesis concludes with a series of probing questions about the implications of Barth's doctrine of the virgin birth for his broader theology. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the staff and faculty at Department of Religious Studies at McMaster University for their masterful work of maintaining a rigorous graduate program in Canada that brings together students with diverse backgrounds and interests. In particular, I owe a great debt of thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Peter Widdicombe, for his oversight of my research and for the invaluable guidance he offered during my studies. I also wish to thank the other members of my supervisory committee, Dr. Stephen Westerholm and Dr. P. Travis Kroeker, for their insightful comments on my thesis. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Jolene, and our two children, Nathanael and Charis, for their love, encouragement and patience throughout the course of my studies. lV TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter One: The Doctrine of the Virgin Birth according to Select Figures in the Western Church 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Irenaeus of Lyons 11 1.3 St. Augustine 17 1.4 St. Thomas Aquinas 25 1.5 Martin Luther 34 1.6 John Calvin 42 1.7 Friedrich Schleiermacher 47 1.8 David F. Strauss 54 1.9 Emil Brunner 60 1.10 Conclusion 64 Chapter Two: The Development of Karl Barth's Doctrine of the Virgin Birth 2.1 Introduction 67 2.2 Barth's Doctrine of the Virgin Birth at Gottingen and Miinster 68 2.3 The Great Promise 84 2.4 Credo 92 2.5 The Word of God and the Mystery of God: Church Dogmatics I 103 2.6 Jesus Christ, the Mystery of God 108 2.7 The Virgin Birth as the Sign of the Mystery of the Incarnation 112 2.8 Conclusion 128 Chapter Three: The Virgin Birth as the Sign of God's "Yes" and "No" 3.1 Introduction 129 3.2 The Virgin Birth as the Sign of Genuine Humanity and Judgment of Sin 130 3.3 The Humanity of Jesus Christ · 149 3.4 The Humanity of Christ and Other Human Beings 159 3.5 Original Sin 168 3.6 The Sinless, Fallen Humanity of Christ 177 3.7 Conclusion 183 Chapter Four: The Conception of Jesus and the Work of the Spirit 4.1 Introduction 185 4.2 The Conception of Jesus by the Holy Spirit 186 4.3 The Holy Spirit: The Bond of Love 194 4.4 The Conception of Jesus and the Reception of Revelation 204 4.5 The Conception of Jesus and the Reception of Reconciliation 212 v 4.6 The Conception of Jesus and Christian Vocation 222 4.7 The Conception of Jesus and Christian Baptism 231 4.8 Conclusion 237 Chapter Five: There for God: Mary in the Theology of Karl Barth 5.1 Introduction 239 5.2 Barth's Critique of Mariology 240 5.3 Mary in Scripture 255 5.4 Mary as There for God 265 5.5 Conclusion 279 Conclusion 282 Bibliography 290 Vl PhD Thesis - Dustin Resch McMaster University - Religious Studies Introduction In this study, I will examine Karl Barth's doctrine of the virgin birth of Christ in relation to his discussions in the Church Dogmatics of Christology, pneumatology and the interpretation of Scripture.1 I will show how and why Barth affirmed the doctrine of the virgin birth in distinction from many of his contemporaries in Protestant theology, but also that his particular treatment of the doctrine set him apart from that of the classical western tradition. I will argue that Karl Barth viewed the virgin birth as a fitting sign that expressed the dialectic of God's grace and judgment upon human beings and served as a pattern by which to understand Christian existence. Christian teaching of the virgin birth of Jesus of Nazareth extends at least to the writing of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, and likely further to the traditions from which they drew. The prominence of the doctrine among the early Fathers of the church, its subsequent inclusion in the Nicene and Apostles' Creed, and its close association with the celebration of Christmas have reinforced its importance in the liturgy and piety of Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox branches of the Christian tradition. This is not to say that the doctrine of the virgin birth has been immune from changes as it has been articulated throughout history at the hands of diverse theologians, biblical scholars and clergy. For example, the doctrine has been variously used by Christians to demonstrate through the fulfillment of prophecy that Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah of Israel, to establish how it was possible for Jesus to be both human and divine, and to protect Jesus 1 Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics, 2nd ed., trans. G.W. Bromiley and T.F. Torrance (4 vols in 13 Parts London: T & T Clark, 2004). Hereafter, the volume and part of the work will be cited, for example, as follows: CD Ill. German: Karl Barth, Die Kirchliche Dogmatik (13 vols, Zi.irich, 1932-70). Hereafter referred to as KD. Throughout this study I will often use the phrases "virgin birth" and "virginal conception" as interchangeable. There is a distinction, however, between the two phrases, particularly in Catholic thought, in which the virgin birth refers to Mary's virginity that was maintained through the delivery of Jesus, and the virginal conception refers to Mary's virginity at the Annunciation. 1 PhD Thesis - Dustin Resch McMaster University - Religious Studies from the taint of original sin in order to allow him to be a pure and acceptable sacrifice. 2 Furthermore, the doctrine of the virgin birth of Christ has been a focal point of significant theological controversy, first, with the Jewish and "Ebionite" refusal to accept the doctrine's rooting in the Hebrew Scriptures, and second, with the Gnostic rejection of the true humanity of Christ. In the modem era, the doctrine of the virgin birth of Christ came under serious scrutiny on the basis of historical-critical methodologies applied to the New Testament.3 Modem understandings of biology and sexuality have also been viewed as undercutting the virgin birth as a reasonable theological belief conducive to a robust understanding of the humanity of Jesus.4 In more recent years, certain feminist scholars have expressed serious misgivings about the doctrine of the virgin birth because of its apparent endorsement of female passivity and oppression. 5 Conservative Protestant 2 For a comprehensive survey of the doctrine of the virgin birth in the patristic era, see Hans von Campenhausen, The Virgin Birth in the Theology ofthe Ancient Church, trans. Frank Clarke (Chatham: SCM, 1964). 3 The objections on the basis of the critical study of the Bible to the historicity of the infancy narratives in general, and the virginal conception in particular, are too numerous to mention here in any detail. A fairly even-handed presentation of the evidence from a scholar sympathetic to the creedal affirmation of the virginal conception can be found in Raymond E. Brown, The Birth ofthe Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1977). Brown concludes his treatment of the historicity of the virginal conception as follows: "the scientifically controllable biblical evidence leaves the question of the historicity of the virginal conception unresolved" (527). For summaries of critical scholarship and its relation to the virgin birth, see Andrew T. Lincoln, "'Born of the Virgin Mary': Creedal Affirmation and Critical Reading," in Christology and Scripture: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Andrew T. Lincoln and Angus Paddison, 84-103 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2007); Henry Wansbrough, "The Infancy Stories of the Gospels since Raymond E.
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