72 – 78 Frith Road, Croydon Historic Environment Desk Based
Assessment
Client: AFFORDABLE ARCHITECTS LIMITED
AB Heritage Project No:10962
Date:01/12/2016 GLHER Data Licence Number: 12892
72 – 78 FRITH ROAD, CROYDON HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK BASED ASSESSMENT
72 – 78 Frith Road, Croydon Historic Environment Desk Based Assessment
Client Affordable Architects Limited
Project Number 10962
Prepared By Zoe Edwards
Illustrated By Zoe Edwards
Approved By Andy Buckley
GLHER Data Licence Number 12892
Rev Number Description Undertaken Approved Date
1.0 DRAFT ZE AB 25/11/2016
1.1 FINAL ZE AB 01/12/2016
This document has been prepared in accordance with AB Heritage standard operating procedures. It remains confidential and the copyright of AB Heritage Limited. Any unauthorised reproduction or usage by any person other than the addressee is strictly prohibited
Enquiries To:
AB Heritage Limited (Head Office)
Caerus Suite, 150 Priorswood Road,
Taunton, Somerset, TA2 8DU
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 03333 440 206
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction ...... 5
1.1 Project Background ...... 5
1.2 Site Location & Description ...... 5
1.3 Geology & Topography ...... 5
1.4 Proposed Development ...... 5
2. Aims & Methodology ...... 6
2.2 Aims of Works ...... 6
2.3 Consultation & Study Area ...... 7
2.4 Methodology of Works ...... 7
2.5 Impact Assessment Criteria ...... 8
2.6 Limitations ...... 10
3. Planning & Legislative Framework ...... 11
3.1 Introduction ...... 11
3.2 Statutory Protection for Heritage Assets ...... 11
3.3 National Planning Policy ...... 11
3.4 The London Plan 2011: Historic Environment and Landscapes, with March 2016 alterations ...... 12
3.5 The Croydon Replacement Unitary Development Plan (RUDP) ...... 13
4. Cultural Heritage Resource Baseline ...... 17
4.1 Known Cultural Heritage Assets ...... 17
4.2 Previous Works in the Study Area ...... 17
4.3 Archaeology & History Background ...... 17
4.4 Historic Maps and Archive Sources ...... 19
4.5 Site Visit ...... 21
5. Cultural Heritage Potential & Mitigation ...... 24
5.1 Known Cultural Heritage Resource ...... 24
5.2 Past Impact Within the Site Boundary ...... 24
5.3 Potential Archaeological Resource ...... 24
5.4 Predicted Impact of Proposed Development ...... 24
5.5 Outline Recommendations ...... 25
6. References ...... 26
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PLATES
Plate 1: 1896 OS Map of Surrey
Plate 2: 1955 OS Map of Surrey
PHOTOS
Photo 1: The view of the front of the Butcher’s shop at the proposed development site, taken from the northern side of Frith Road, looking south
Photo 2: The view into the Butcher’s shop at the site from the entrance
Photo 3: An area of the Butcher’s shop extending into plots 72 & 74 Frith Road
Photo 4: An area towards the rear (west) of the Butcher’s shop
FIGURES
Figure 1: Site Location
Figure 2: Proposed Ground Floor Plan
Figure 3: Proposed Elevations
Figure 4: Map of Cultural Heritage Features
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Cultural Heritage Gazetteer ...... 28
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
AB Heritage has been commissioned by Affordable Architects Limited to produce a Historic Environment Desk Based Assessment to cover a proposed development at 72 – 78 Frith Road, Croydon, CR0 1TA.
The known heritage features within a surrounding 200m study area and the wider landscape represent a landscape which has been settled in since at least the Roman period onwards, with some evidence of Prehistoric activity also present nearby. This is supported by the Central Croydon Archaeological Priority Area [AB 65] which highlights an area of potential for the presence of archaeological material relating to the historic settlement of Croydon, in which the proposed development site lies. The site is also situated within the Church Street Conservation Area [AB 27], which characterises the area of the historic core of the town, to the modern retail core of Croydon. The impact upon the setting of the Church Street Conservation Area [AB 27] as a result of the proposed development is perceived to be neutral.
Taking into consideration the known and potential archaeological resource identified in this report, along with the past impacts associated with the construction of foundations for a succession of buildings within the site boundary, it has been concluded that there is a medium potential for the recovery of archaeological deposits, which may relate to the historic development of the town, and are likely to be of local – regional importance (Table 1). The proposal is considered likely to cause a low impact upon this potential resource, as the size of the site represents a small proportion of the former historic town, and this would result in a minor significance of effect (in line with Table 3).
It is recommended that a trial trench is placed within the site boundary to confirm the archaeological potential of the site which has been concluded in this report. The results of this investigation will guide the need for further work. It is also advised that any future amendments to the proposed development plans adhere to the requirements of The Croydon Local Plan to ensure they are suitable for their position within the Church Street Conservation Area [AB 27].
All recommendations are subject to the approval of the South London GLAAS Archaeology Advisor and the Borough Conservation Officer.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
1.1.1 AB Heritage Limited (hereinafter AB Heritage) has been commissioned by Affordable Architects Limited to produce a Historic Environment Desk Based Assessment covering a proposed development at 72 – 78 Frith Road, Croydon, CR0 1TA.
1.1.2 This report includes a description of the baseline conditions; an examination of readily available documentary, cartographic and known archaeological evidence; and identifies any known and potential cultural heritage receptor(s) within the application site and its surrounding area. It proposes a suitable mitigation strategy for archaeology, where such works are deemed appropriate.
1.2 Site Location & Description
1.2.1 The proposed development site covers an area of c. 130 square metres on the southern side of Frith Road, in central Croydon (Figure 1), with an approximate central National Grid Reference of TQ 32143 65581. The site is set back from the road in comparison to the neighbouring buildings. The existing building is in use as a butcher’s shop, which makes use of space and temporary structures in the adjacent plot to the north.
1.3 Geology & Topography
1.3.1 The bedrock geology at the location of the proposed development site is the Thanet Formation, comprising of sands. This was formed in the Palaeogene Period when the local environment was dominated by shallow seas.
1.3.2 The superficial deposits consist of the sands and gravels of the Hackney Gravel Member, which was formed in the Quaternary Period in a local environment dominated by rivers.
1.3.3 The site is level at c.47m above OD.
1.4 Proposed Development
1.4.1 The proposed development comprises of plans to demolish the existing building at 72 – 78 Frith Road and construct a new three and part-four storey block of flats in its place (see Figures 2 & 3).
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2. AIMS & METHODOLOGY
2.1.1 Early consultation on the results of archaeological research and consideration of the implications of the proposed development are the key to informing reasonable planning decisions.
2.1.2 The aim of this report is to facilitate such a process by understanding the historical development of the application site and the likely impact upon any surviving archaeological resource resulting from the proposed development, devising appropriate mitigation responses where necessary.
2.2 Aims of Works
2.2.1 The assessment has been carried out, in regard to the collation of baseline information, in line with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk Based Assessment (December 2014).
2.2.2 This assessment includes relevant information contained in various statutory requirements, national, regional and local planning policies and professional good practice guidance, including:
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 1979
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990
The National Planning Policy Framework, 2012
2.2.3 The Greater London Historic Environment Record is the primary source of information concerning the current state of archaeological and architectural knowledge in this area. The HER Commercial dataset search reference number for this project is 12892. For reporting purposes, the HER information has been re-numbered with AB numbers, which can be viewed in Appendix 1. The information contained within this database was supported by examination of data from a wide range of other sources, principally:
The Heritage Gateway (www.heritagegateway.org.uk) for information from Historic England National Monuments Record, Pastscape and other research resources, including the Access to Archives (A2A);
The Historic England website professional pages, including the National Heritage List For England;
A site walkover was undertaken on the 15th November 2016;
A visit to the Croydon Archives on 15th November 2016;
Additional relevant documentary and online historic sources;
2.2.4 Information from these sources was used to understand:
Information on statutory and non-statutory designated sites;
Information on heritage assets recorded on the HER;
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Readily accessible information on the site’s history from readily available historic maps and photographs held at the Croydon Archives;
Any information on the site contained in published and unpublished archaeological and historical sources, including any previous archaeological investigations undertaken within the study area;
A greater understanding of key cultural heritage issues of the site and surrounding area, developed through the onsite walkover, including information on areas of past truncation within the site boundary;
2.2.5 The impact of the proposed development on the known and potential archaeological resource, resulting in the formulation of a mitigation strategy, where required, which appropriately targets any future works to those required to gain planning consent.
2.3 Consultation & Study Area
2.3.1 During consultation, Mark Stevenson (GLAAS Archaeology Advisor, South London) advised Zoe Edwards (Heritage Consultant, AB Heritage) that a 200m study area for the project would be sufficient. No other recommendations for the scope of this assessment were made.
2.4 Methodology of Works
2.4.1 This desk based assessment contains a record of the known heritage resource of the area. It also assesses the potential cultural heritage resource of the site, using the following scale:
No Potential - Clear evidence of past impacts / site sterilisation
Low - Very unlikely to be encountered on site
Medium - Features may occur / be encountered on site
High - Remains almost certain to survive on site
2.4.2 In relation to buried archaeological remains, where a site is known, or there is a medium or above potential for archaeology to survive, a full impact assessment will be undertaken.
2.4.3 There is currently no standard adopted statutory or government guidance for assessing the importance of an archaeological feature and this is instead judged upon factors such as statutory and non-statutory designations, architectural, archaeological or historical significance, and the contribution to local research agendas. Considering these criteria each identified feature can be assigned to a level of importance in accordance with a five-point scale (Table 1, below).
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Table 1: Assessing the Importance of a Cultural Heritage Site
SCALE OF SITE IMPORTANCE
The highest status of site, e.g. Scheduled Monuments (or undesignated assets of schedulable quality and importance). Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings. Other listed buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or NATIONAL historical associations not adequately reflected in the listing grade. Conservation Areas containing very important buildings. Undesignated structures of clear national importance. Extremely well preserved historic landscape, whether inscribed or not, with exceptional coherence, time depth, or other critical factor(s).
Grade II Listed Buildings or other designated or undesignated archaeological sites (in addition to those listed above), or assets of a reasonably defined extent and significance, or reasonable evidence of occupation / settlement, ritual, industrial REGIONAL activity etc. Examples may include areas containing buildings that contribute significantly to its historic character, burial sites, deserted medieval villages, Roman roads and dense scatter of finds.
Evidence of human activity more limited in historic value than the examples above, or compromised by poor preservation and/or survival of context associations, though which still have the potential to contribute to local research objectives. Examples LOCAL include sites such as ‘locally designated’ buildings or undesignated structures / buildings of limited historic merit, out-of-situ archaeological findspots / ephemeral archaeological evidence and historic field systems and boundaries etc.
Assets with very little or no surviving archaeological interest. Examples include destroyed antiquities, structures of almost no architectural / historic merit, buildings NEGLIGIBLE of an intrusive character or relatively modern / common landscape features such as quarries, drains and ponds etc.
Insufficient information exists to assess the importance of a feature (e.g. unidentified UNKNOWN features on aerial photographs).
2.4.4 The importance of already identified cultural heritage resources is determined by reference to existing designations. Where classification of a receptor’s value covered a range of the above possibilities or for previously unidentified features where no designation has been assigned, the value of the receptor was based on professional knowledge and judgement.
2.4.5 For some types of finds or remains there is no consistent value and the importance may vary, for example Grade II Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas. For this reason, adjustments are occasionally made, where appropriate, based on professional judgement.
2.5 Impact Assessment Criteria
2.5.1 The magnitude of impact upon the archaeological and heritage resource, which can be considered in terms of direct and indirect impacts, is determined by identifying the level of effect from the proposed development upon the baseline conditions of the site and the cultural heritage resource identified. The criteria for assessing the magnitude of impact are set out in Table 2 (below).
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2.5.2 In certain cases it is not possible to confirm the magnitude of impact upon a cultural heritage resource, especially where anticipated buried deposits exist. Where possible a professional judgement as to the scale of such impacts is applied to enable the likely ‘Significance of Effects’ to be established; however, a magnitude level of ‘uncertain’ is included for situations where it is simply not appropriate to make such a judgement at this stage of works.
Table 2: Criteria for Determining Magnitude of Impact IMPACT DEFINITION LEVEL
Changes to most or all of the key archaeological or key heritage baseline elements, or comprehensive changes to the setting of such key features that lead to total or HIGH almost complete alteration of a features physical structure, dramatic visual alteration to the setting of a heritage asset, or almost comprehensive variation to aspects such as noise, access, or visual amenity of the historic landscape.
Changes to many key archaeological materials/historic elements, or their setting, such that the baseline resource is clearly modified. This includes considerable MEDIUM visual change to many key aspects of the historic landscape, noticeable differences in noise or sound quality, and considerable changes to use or access changes to key historic landscape elements
Detectable impacts which alter the baseline condition of an archaeological or heritage receptor to a slight degree – e.g. a small proportion of the surviving LOW heritage resource is altered; slight alterations to the setting or structure, or limited changes to aspects such as noise levels, use or access that results in limited changes to historic landscape character.
Barely distinguishable change from baseline conditions, where there would be very little appreciable effect on a known site, possibly because of distance from the NEGLIGIBLE development, method of construction or landscape or ecological planting, that are thought to have no long term effect on the historic value of a resource.
Extent / nature of the resource is unknown and the magnitude of change cannot be UNCERTAIN ascertained.
The overall Significance of Effects from the proposed development upon the Cultural Heritage Resource is determined by correlating the magnitude of Impact against value of the Cultural Heritage resource. Table 3 highlights the criteria for assessing the overall Significance of Effects. Where effects are moderate or above these are classified as significant.
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Table 3: Significance of Effects
MAGNITUDE IMPORTANCE HIGH MED LOW NEG
NATIONAL Severe Major Mod Minor
REGIONAL Major Mod Minor Not Sig.
LOCAL Mod Minor Minor Not Sig.
NEGLIGIBLE Minor Not Sig. Not Sig. Nt.
Not Sig. = Not Significant; Nt. = Neutral; Mod = Moderate
2.6 Limitations
2.6.1 It should be noted that the report has been prepared under the express instruction and solely for the use of Affordable Architects Limited, and any associated parties they elect to share this information with. Measurements and distances referred to in the report should be taken as approximations only and should not be used for detailed design purposes.
2.6.2 All the work carried out in this report is based upon the professional knowledge and understanding of AB Heritage on current (November 2016) and relevant United Kingdom standards and codes, technology and legislation. Changes in these areas may occur in the future and cause changes to the conclusions, advice, recommendations or design given. AB Heritage does not accept responsibility for advising the client’s or associated parties of the facts or implications of any such changes in the future.
2.6.3 This report has been prepared utilising factual information obtained from third party sources. AB Heritage takes no responsibility for the accuracy of such information. It should also be noted that this report represents an early stage of a phased approach to assessing the archaeological and cultural heritage resource of the application site to allow the development of an appropriate mitigation strategy, should this be required. It does not comprise mitigation of impacts in itself.
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3. PLANNING & LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The following section highlights the key planning and legislative framework relevant to this project, including legislative framework, national planning policy and relevant sector guidance.
3.2 Statutory Protection for Heritage Assets
3.2.1 Current legislation, in the form of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, provides for the legal protection of important and well-preserved archaeological sites and monuments through their addition to a list, or 'schedule' of archaeological monuments by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. This necessitates the granting of formal Scheduled Monument Consent for any work undertaken within the designated area of a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
3.2.2 Likewise, structures are afforded legal protection in the form of their addition to ‘lists’ of buildings of special architectural or historical interest. The listing of buildings is carried out by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990. The main purpose of the legislation is to protect buildings and their surroundings from changes that would materially alter the special historic or architectural value of the building or its setting. This necessitates the granting of formal Listed Building Consent for all works undertaken to our within the designated curtilage of a Listed Building. This legislation also allows for the creation and protection of Conservation Areas by local planning authorities to protect areas and groupings of historical significance.
3.2.3 The categories of assets with some form of legal protection have been extended in recent years, and now include Registered Parks and Gardens, and Historic Battlefields. While designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site is not a statutory designation under English planning law, such a designation is regarded as a material consideration in planning decisions, and World Heritage Sites are in practice protected from development that could affect any aspect of their significance including settings within the Site and a buffer zone around it.
3.3 National Planning Policy
3.3.1 The NPPF sets out government policy on the historic environment, which covers all elements, whether designated or not, that are identified as ‘having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest’.
3.3.2 One of the over-arching aims is to ‘Conserve heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of this and future generations’. To achieve this, local planning authorities can request that the applicant describe “the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting”. The level of detail required in the assessment should
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be “proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance”. It goes on to say that “where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation.”
3.3.3 A key policy within the NPPF is that “when considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be.”
3.3.4 With regard to non-designated heritage assets specific policy is provided in that a balanced judgement will be required having due regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset affected.
3.3.5 Paragraph 132 states that ‘Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of a heritage asset or development within its setting. Substantial harm to or loss of a Grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional, while substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, should be wholly exceptional’.
3.3.6 Paragraphs 133 & 134 explain that “where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss.”
3.3.7 It also advises that where a proposal involve less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.
3.4 The London Plan 2011: Historic Environment and Landscapes, with March 2016 alterations
Policy 7.8: Heritage Assets and Archaeology
3.4.1 This policy states that development should incorporate measures that identify, record, interpret, protect, and where possible, present the site’s heritage assets, whether designated or non-designated.
3.4.2 Based on this policy, planning decisions involving heritage assets will be assessed on the level of identification, value, conservation, restoration, re-use and incorporation of the asset in the proposed plans. The significance of heritage assets and their settings should be conserved by proposals which are sympathetic to the form, scale, materials and architectural detail of the asset.
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3.4.3 Any development which will cause substantial harm or loss of a designated heritage asset will only be accepted in exceptional circumstances. The importance of the development will be assessed proportionately in terms of public benefit against the impact on, and the importance of the asset.
3.5 The Croydon Replacement Unitary Development Plan (RUDP)
3.5.1 Extracts from the RUDP which are relevant to the proposed development have been provided below.
Policy SP4: Urban Design & Local Character
Character, Conservation and Heritage
SP4.12 The Council and its partners will respect, and optimise opportunities to enhance, Croydon's heritage assets, their setting and the historic landscape, including through high quality new development and public realm that respects the local character and is well integrated.
SP4.13 The Council and its partners will strengthen the protection of and promote improvements to the following heritage assets and their settings:
1. Statutory Listed Buildings;
2. Conservation Areas;
3. Historic Parks and Gardens;
4. Scheduled Monuments;
5. Archaeological Priority Zones;
6. Local List of Buildings;
7. Local List of Historic Parks and Gardens;
8. Local Areas of Special Character i. Local Designated Views;
9. Croydon Panoramas; and
10. Landmarks
5 Urban Conservation and Archaeology, Part One
Control of Demolition in Conservation Areas
‘UC2: The Council will not grant Conservation Area Consent for the demolition or partial demolition of buildings unless the building/s:
i. makes no positive contribution to the character and appearance of the conservation area; and
ii. are beyond economical repair; and
iii. re-use has been adequately investigated.
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Where it is demonstrated that the building/s make no contribution to the character of the area and there are full, acceptable and detailed plans for the site of the building to be demolished or partially demolished, consent will be granted subject to conditions linking demolition to the implementation of an approved redevelopment scheme.
5.12 The Conservation Area designation introduces control over demolition of buildings within Conservation Areas. As stated in Planning Policy Guidance PPG15: Planning and the Historic Environment (1990) there is a ‘general presumption in favour of retaining buildings which make a positive contribution to the character or appearance of a conservation area’. The Council, in determining such applications will take into account the part played in the architectural or historic interest of the area by the building that is proposed for demolition. The wider effects of the building's demolition on its surroundings and the conservation area as a whole will be an important consideration. As stated in PPG15, Para. 4.27, proposals to demolish buildings in Conservation Areas will be judged against the criteria as per listed buildings (PPG15, paragraph 3.5(iii) and paragraphs 3.16-3.19)
5.13 Where it can be justified that reuse is not possible and the demolition of a building is acceptable, the Council will only grant consent if a suitable replacement building is assured. The Council will therefore, impose a condition on the grant of consent to ensure that demolition shall not take place until a contract for carrying out the works of redevelopment has been made and planning permission has been obtained for the satisfactory redevelopment of the site. This is to ensure that unsightly gaps in the conservation area are avoided.’
Development Proposals in Conservation Areas
‘UC3: Development will only be permitted if all the following criteria are met.
i. It can be demonstrated that the proposal pays special attention to scale, height and massing, historic building lines, traditional patterns of frontages, vertical or horizontal emphasis, plot widths, detailed design and traditional use of materials and detailing.
ii. If outside a Conservation Area, the proposal does not affect its setting or views in and out of the conservation area.
iii. Existing traditional features including boundary walls, ground surfaces, shopfronts and street furniture are retained and where necessary restored.
iv. Boundary treatments such as walls, gates and fences are of the type traditionally used in that area.
v.Open spaces, trees, hedgerows and other landscape features contributing to the character of the area are retained and protected.
vi.The character of the area would not be adversely affected because of the traffic generation, vehicle parking and servicing, or noise.
5.14 The Council wishes to emphasise the particular importance that it places on ensuring sympathetic design of development within Conservation Areas. Conservation
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Area Proposals Statements provide additional guidance regarding the character or appearance of the area, which should be preserved or enhanced. In submitting applications which affect buildings within or adjacent to Conservation Areas, applicants will be expected to submit sufficiently detailed drawings and supporting information to enable the proposals to be fully assessed. Drawings should show the proposed building/development in its context, thus including details of the adjacent building and streetscene. The submission of photographs with applications is also encouraged. Policy UD1 contains details of further information that should accompany applications for planning permission. Applications for Outline Planning Permission within a conservation area are unlikely to be acceptable.
5.15 Many buildings, both listed and unlisted, make a contribution to the character or appearance of such areas. There is therefore, a general presumption in favour of retaining buildings and structures that make a positive contribution to the character or appearance of a conservation area. Where it is demonstrated that buildings/structures make no contribution at all and that is agreed with the Council, such buildings or part thereof could be replaced wholly or partly with suitable new development making a valuable contribution to the area. The Council will need to be satisfied that the detailed form and appearance of development is acceptable and wherever necessary will use available powers to ensure that full details are submitted. This applies not only to some cases involving demolition of unlisted buildings and structures but also to proposals involving infill, alteration or extension of an existing building.’
Development Proposals on Archaeological Sites
‘UC11: Development will only be permitted if all the following criteria are met:
i. Proposals have been properly assessed and planned for archaeological implications, where development may affect the archaeological heritage of a site. This may involve preliminary archaeological site evaluations, commissioned by the applicants from a professionally qualified archaeological practice or archaeological consultant;
ii. Early co-operation regarding the proposals between landowners, developers and archaeological practices, in accordance with the principles of the British Archaeologists and Developers Liaison Group Code of Practice, has been demonstrated.
iii. The siting and design of the new development has regard to minimising the disturbance of archaeological remains, ensuring that those most important are permanently preserved insitu.
iv. An appropriate level of archaeological investigation, excavation, recording, analysis and publication has been agreed with the Council, secured where appropriate by the use of planning conditions or agreements.
v. The provision of access and facilities that interpret and explain archaeological sites to the public has been considered, secured where appropriate by the use of planning conditions or agreements.
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5.39 The archaeology of the Borough can best be protected if as much information as possible is available at the planning application stage. The evaluation, which may involve fieldwork, is needed so that the Council can assess the archaeological implications of proposals. Where appropriate the evaluation may show how developments can be designed so that they do not harm a site. When assessing the requirement for a site evaluation report the significance of any ground disturbance will be taken into account, and will depend on the factors such as the type, extent, quality and exact position of archaeological remains.
5.40 Archaeological Priority Zones where archaeological remains are most likely to be found are listed below and are shown on the Proposals Map and on Map 3 at the end of this chapter. The Sites and Monuments Record for Greater London identifies the location of archaeological remains. It is held by English Heritage and is updated continually.
5.41 Outside the Archaeological Priority Zones that reflect the present state of knowledge, there may be other areas of archaeological potential and the Council will seek advice from English Heritage on whether or not an evaluation is needed.
5.42 The Council will also seek the advice of English Heritage on the competency and expertise of the practices intending to undertake archaeological work.
5.43 Except for removable artefacts and other certain materials, the process of archaeological excavation destroys evidence. Archaeological techniques are continually improving and therefore more information is most likely to be extracted from sites in the future. For this reason, archaeological evidence should remain undisturbed where practicable.
5.44 Understanding Croydon's archaeological heritage is important, providing a sense of place for local residents and visitors. Both excavations and protected sites can be managed in a way that enhances their educational and recreational value. The Council will publish further information about archaeology in Croydon, including descriptions of the Archaeological Priority Zones.
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4. CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE BASELINE
4.1 Known Cultural Heritage Assets
Within the Proposed Development Site
4.1.1 The site lies within three area heritage designations, comprising:
The Church Street Conservation Area [AB 27], which covers the core of the Old Town of Croydon, and centres on the traditional shopping street of Church Street, which follows its original Medieval route;
The Central Croydon Archaeological Priority Areas (APA) [AB 65], which covers an area of activity since the Prehistoric period, and settlement since at least the Roman period onwards, and identifies the area of the proposed development as post-war development; and
The Medway Road Historic Landscape Character Area (HLC) [AB 59], which characterises an area of 1945 – 2006 housing.
Within the Study Area
4.1.2 Within the Study Area surrounding the site there are many Listed Buildings and Locally Listed Buildings, which are representative of the history of the centre of Croydon (as portrayed by the aforementioned APA [AB 65], Conservation Area [AB 27] and HLC [AB 59]), along with two additional Conservation Areas [AB 28 & 66].
4.2 Previous Works in the Study Area
4.2.1 There have been a number of previous investigations within the study area. Many of these have provided further information on the historic development of the town, while there are also findspots and features of Prehistoric and Roman date that have been recorded across the study area, including Prehistoric struck flints [AB 2 & 4] at c. 170m south and south-east of the site, and several findspots of Roman coins across the east of the study area [AB 6 – 10].
4.2.2 The results of past works within the study area are provided in Appendix 1, and in summary below.
4.3 Archaeology & History Background
Prehistoric (c .500, 000 BC – AD 43)
4.3.1 There is evidence of Prehistoric activity and settlement in the Borough of Croydon from at least the Neolithic period onwards. A limited number of significant field monuments of this date have been recorded in the Wandle Valley and the surrounding downlands c. 5km west of the site (Gent 2002), while a site at Park Hill has produced flint, pottery, metal works and animal bone of Bronze Age date, at c. 4.5km south-east of the proposed development site (ibid).
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4.3.2 In closer proximity to the proposed development site, flint artefacts have been recorded at c.120m south-east and c. 170m south of the site on Surrey Street [AB 3 & 4], and on High Street c.170m south-east of the site [AB 2]. However, while the site lies in an APA [AB 65] in which there has been evidence of such activity, no known finds or features of this date have been recorded within the site boundary.
Roman (c. AD 43 – AD 410)
4.3.3 The description of the Central Croydon Archaeological Priority Area [AB 65] in which the proposed development site lies suggests that the volume of material of Roman date recorded in Croydon is indicative of a Roman settlement in the area. This settlement is thought to have thrived on passing trade, being a suitable stopping point on the Roman road between London and Brighton, which may have intersected a road leading west along the North Downs nearby.
4.3.4 Within the study area, the Roman period is represented primarily by findspots of coins of this date [AB 6 - 10] in the east of the study area, although many of these coins [AB 6, 9 & 10] were in fact in the possession of individuals whom lived on the nearby roads in the 19th century.
4.3.5 Despite the location of the site within an area of potential for this period [AB 65], there are no known finds or features of Roman date recorded within the site boundary.
Medieval (AD 410 – AD 1536)
4.3.6 The Church Street Conservation Area [AB 27], and the Central Croydon APA [AB 65] both highlight the area of the proposed development site as significant in the historic development of the town of Croydon, with a focus on the evidenced growth during the Medieval period.
4.3.7 The place name of Croydon is thought to have originated from the Anglo-Saxon town, (suggested to have been in the location of the Old Town c. 500m south-west of the site), with the place name 'Crogodene'. This had become 'Croendene' by the time it was recorded as part of the Domesday survey. It's meaning is thought to have derived from 'Crocus Sativus'; the name of a saffron plant used in cloth dyeing and pharmaceuticals which may be indicative of the local trades. There have been several past investigations which have recorded evidence of Medieval settlement within the study area, including a building debris, paved areas, and heaths [AB 20] at c. 15m south of the proposed development site, and deposits of rubbish and faecal matter associated with a stream or channel [AB 23] c. 120m south-west of the site, thought to have been a natural waste outlet for the Old Town.
4.3.8 The Medieval history of the area is most well documented as a stopping point for the past Archbishop's of Canterbury, on their route between Lambeth and Canterbury. A palace [AB 15] was built to accommodate the Archbishop's as they passed through Croydon on their journey, at c. 200m south-east of the proposed development site. While much of the palace survives as the Grade I Listed Old Palace School, features relating to the historic development of the landscape surrounding the existing building has been recorded on Old Palace Road, on the south-eastern boundary of the study area (among other sites),
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which was the location of the former kitchen range and other associated structures [AB 17]. The character and significance of the ecclesiastical history of Croydon to the south- west of the site is highlighted by the Croydon Minster Conservation Area [AB 28], c. 130m south-west of the site boundary.
4.3.9 While the proposed development site appears to be located within an area of substantial growth in the Medieval period, there are no known cultural heritage features of this date which have been recorded within the site boundary.
The Post Medieval (AD 1537 – AD 1900) & Modern (AD 1801 – present) Periods
4.3.10 Many of the previous works within the study area have recovered evidence of former dwellings and structures of Post Medieval date, including former stables at Overtons Yard [AB 35] c. 130m south-east of the proposed development site, and remains of a building [AB 34] at c. 130m south-east of the site boundary. However, this period is also represented by surviving buildings within the study area, all of which are Grade II Listed [AB 39 – 42] and located on Church Street / Crown Hill c. 50m to the south of the site.
4.3.11 Church Street became increasingly commercialised between the Post Medieval and Modern periods, with many of the historic buildings being altered to accommodate shop- fronts on the ground floor. Trade was no doubt accelerated by the construction of the Merstham and Godstone Iron Railway c. 160m south-west of the site [AB 37], as an extension to the Surrey Railway to transport goods to and from the Surrey Canal in Southwark.
4.3.12 Residential properties were constructed in the Victorian era, leading away from the commercial centre of the Church Street and Central Croydon Conservation Areas [AB 27 & 66]. This incorporated Frith Road; the historic character of which has been retained to some extent by the number of Victorian terraces surviving on this road. The Church Street Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan (Croydon Council 2014) highlights the small-scale terraces of consistent high and massing on Frith Road, although some modern alterations (such as the removal of bay windows), and modern developments have adversely impacted on the character of the road. One example includes the proposed development site, which is shown on Map 16 (page 27) of the Appraisal and Management Plan as a building which detracts from the special character of the Conservation Area.
4.4 Historic Maps and Archive Sources
4.4.1 During the visit to the Croydon Archives on 15th November 2016, a number of maps and documents were studied in order to gain a more in-depth understanding of the historic development of the site. Historic maps of the Croydon Palace estate were viewed, and confirmed that the proposed development site does not lie within the former palace estate.
4.4.2 The earliest available map showing the area of the proposed development site was the 1838 Tithe Award Map. This appeared to show that the majority of the area of the site, and indeed Frith Road, were at this time in an open, undeveloped area, enclosed by roads and roadside buildings. When cross-referenced with the Tithe Apportionment, it
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was clear that much of the approximate area of the proposed development site (plot 821) (and the adjacent plots) were being used as garden spaces, with structures (likely terraced dwellings) in the south of the site.
4.4.3 By the time of the survey of the 1866 OS Map of Surrey (Sheet XIV.10), the area of the proposed development site appears to have remained garden space, immediately to the south of an open area named Grove Place, although the surrounding area was becoming more developed. The type of development was primarily residential in the form of terraced houses. These occupied Frith Road which at this time ended c.100 north-north- west of the proposed development site, and was far shorter than that of the present day.
4.4.4 By 1896 (Plate 1), the open areas within and surrounding the area of the proposed development site are no longer present, and Frith Road has extended into the former open area with further terraced houses. This included four terraced houses in the location of the proposed development site. The former terraces within the site boundary are not considered to be of archaeological importance. While these are no longer present, much of the rest of the road is still occupied by these Victorian buildings.
Plate 1: 1896 OS Map of Surrey
4.4.5 There does not appear to be any change to the layout of the site until the OS Map of 1955, which is the first to show the southern part of the proposed development site in its current shape after the demolition of the two former terraces. The Croydon Directory for 1955 confirms this change from apparent personal ownership in previous editions, to the ownership of the Thomas and Sons Ltd Wholesale Butchers.
4.4.6 By 1962 (Plate 2), the OS map shows that the adjacent terraced houses to the north of the site have been demolished, and the Butcher’s shop appears to have incorporated
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some of this space in the former area of 72 and 74 Frith Road. The shop has changed little in layout since this time.
Plate 2: 1955 OS Map of Surrey
4.5 Site Visit
4.5.1 A site visit was undertaken by Zoe Edwards (Heritage Consultant, AB Heritage) on the 15th November 2016. The purpose of this visit was to gain a greater understanding of the existing land use and past impacts within the current site limits, along with an appreciation for the potential survival of below ground archaeological deposits.
4.5.2 The proposed development site is currently occupied by the Tuckers Quality Meat Market, with an entrance onto Frith Road at plots 76 – 78. This appears to be a concrete structure of likely early 20th century date, with several phases of extensions and partitions. Many of these extend into the neighbouring plots to the north, which are also within the site boundary.
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Photo 1: The view of the front of the Butcher’s shop at the proposed development site, taken from the northern side of Frith Road, looking south
Photo 2: The view into the Butcher’s shop at the site from the entrance
4.5.3 The extended and partitioned areas create spaces for various storage and work spaces for the Butcher’s shop.
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Photo 3: An area of the Butcher’s shop extending into plots 72 & 74 Frith Road
Photo 4: An area towards the rear (west) of the Butcher’s shop
4.5.4 The existing building at the site is not considered to be of historic importance. No archaeological or historic features were visible within the site boundary.
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5. CULTURAL HERITAGE POTENTIAL & MITIGATION
5.1 Known Cultural Heritage Resource
5.1.1 The proposed development site lies within:
The Church Street Conservation Area [AB 27], which covers the core of the Old Town of Croydon with its Medieval origins, and evidence of Roman settlement and Prehistoric activity;
The Medway Road Historic Landscape Character Area (HLC) [AB 59], which characterises an area of 1945 – 2006 housing.
5.1.2 The history of the surrounding area is dominated by features and buildings associated with the development of the town from the Roman period to the present day, which is reflected in the area designations above ([AB 27 & 65]).
5.2 Past Impact Within the Site Boundary
5.2.1 The past impacts below the ground surface of the proposed development site will relate to the succession of development within the site boundary from the late 19th century onwards.
5.2.2 While the former buildings shown to have been located within the site boundary (see Section 4.4) are not considered to hold any historic importance, their construction and demolition would have involved some below ground disturbance to an unknown depth, which is likely to be focussed on the location of the foundations of these buildings. It is possible that there are areas within the site boundary which have not been subject to any past impact, however, it is likely that the impacts associated with the foundations of former buildings have resulted in the truncation or removal of a small proportion of the potential archaeological resource within the site boundary.
5.3 Potential Archaeological Resource
5.3.1 The proposed development site is located within the boundary of the Central Croydon APA [AB 65], which highlights the area as having the potential to contain archaeological finds and features of all periods. Within the site boundary, this may more specifically relate to the historic development of the town, perhaps associated with the nearby occupational features of Medieval date [AB 20], and are likely to be of local – regional importance (Table 1).
5.3.2 Taking the description of the APA [AB 65] (GLAAS, see 4.1.1) the known resource in the surrounding area, and the past impacts within the site boundary, there is a medium potential for the presence of archaeological material within the site boundary.
5.4 Predicted Impact of Proposed Development
5.4.1 The predicted below-ground impact of the proposed development upon the potential archaeological resource is considered to be low (Table 2). This is because a small
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proportion of the archaeological material relating to the historic development of the town is likely to be truncated or destroyed. This would result in a minor significance of effect (in line with Table 3).
5.4.2 The impact of the proposed development on the character of the Church Street Conservation Area [AB 27] in which the site lies is considered to be neutral. This is because the existing building is highlighted as a detraction from the special character of the Conservation Area [AB 27] (Croydon Council 2014). The positive enhancement to the area as a result of its removal is likely to balance the low impact of the new three and part-four storey block of flats adjacent to the Victorian terraces, the elevations of which are similar to those which are already present on the opposite side of Frith Road.
5.5 Outline Recommendations
5.5.1 It is recommended that a trial trench is placed within the site boundary in order to confirm the archaeological potential of the site which has been concluded in this report. The results of this investigation will guide the need for further work.
5.5.2 It is also advised that any future amendments to the proposed development plans adhere to the requirements of The Croydon Local Plan Policies UC2 and UC3 to ensure they are suitable for their position within the Church Street Conservation Area [AB 27].
5.5.3 All recommendations are subject to the approval of the South London GLAAS Archaeology Advisor and the Borough Conservation Officer.
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6. REFERENCES
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46/contents
BGS (British Geological Society) 2016. Geology of Britain viewer http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk Based Assessment http://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/node- files/CIfAS&GDBA_2.pdf
Croydon Council 2014. Church Street Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan. Available from: https://www.croydon.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Church%20Street%20CAAMP.pdf [Accessed: 21/11/2016]
Croydon Tithe Award Map & Tithe Apportionment
Heritage Gateway http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results.aspx
National Planning Policy Framework https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6077/2116 950.pdf
OS Map of Surrey, 1866
OS Map of Surrey, 1896
OS Map of Surrey, 1955
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/pdfs/ukpga_19900009_en.pdf
The Croydon Directory, 1955
The Croydon Replacement Unitary Development Plan (RUDP). Available from: http://www.planvu.co.uk/croydon/udp_contents.htm [Accessed: 17/11/2016]
The London Plan. Available from: https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we- do/planning/london-plan/currentlondon-plan/london-plan-chapter-7/policy-78-heritage- assets [Accessed 03/03/2016]
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Appendices
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72 – 78 FRITH ROAD, CROYDON HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK BASED ASSESSMENT Appendix 1 Cultural Heritage Gazetteer
This gazetteer incorporates all archaeological and historical sites identified on the GLHER, and other sources within the 200m study area.
Abbreviations
CA – Conservation Area LB – Listed Building HLC - Historic Landscape Character Area
MLO – GLHER monument prefix APA - Archaeological Priority Area
Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type
A Prehistoric pond like feature was identified in 2000 during an evaluation at 1- 1 Monument Prehistoric 53205 16561 MLO102678 3 Tamworth Place An excavation at 3 - 11 High Street uncovered finds and features covering all 2 Findspot Prehistoric dates, although it was the 16 pieces of residual Prehistoric struck flint that have 532330 165538 021627/00/00 been recorded within the study area. MLO5867, Prehistoric & MLO5875, 3 Monument A 19th century brick wall and a flint scraper were found at 35 - 36 Surrey Street 532255 165495 Modern 021301/00/00 - 021302/00/00 A silted-up stream channel, with Prehistoric flint flakes in its lower and Roman pottery in its upper fills, was located at Trident House, Overton's Yard/Surrey Street. A large Post Mediaeval wall foundation was also recorded. Meanwhile, Prehistoric to 4 Monument a sequence of Post Mediaeval chalk wall foundations and associated chalk 532205 165405 021417/00/00 Modern floors were excavated at the east end of the site, the earliest dating to the early 18th century and laid on a Mediaeval dump deposit. All the chalk floors and foundations sealed a clay-lined Medieval pit. A Roman amphora handle and possibly some Roman potsherds were 5 Findspot Roman 532305 165465 020386/00/00 recovered at the Horn and Trumpet Public House, Surrey Street, Nos. 40-45
A silver plated coin of Otho was found, and was in the possession of a Mr 6 Findspot Roman 532225 165545 020253/00/00 Chappell of Surrey Street in 1874.
Roman pottery and tile was located, together with one coin, possibly of 7 Findspot Roman 532330 165582 MLO98006 Constantine, at the Whitgift Almshouses, North End
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Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type
A coin of Vespasian was found in 1882 during the digging of a sewer, Church 8 Findspot Roman 532105 165405 020250/00/00 Road
A coin of Gratian (minted at Lyons) was in the possession of a Mr Aris of Park 9 Findspot Roman 532305 165505 020237/00/00 Street in 1874
A coin of Hadrian was in possession of a Mr S Shearing of 29 Surrey Street in 10 Findspot Roman 532275 165428 020242/00/00 1874, as was a silver denarius of Titus Carisius. 11 Monument Roman Possible Roman Road (tentative) - A medieval pit containing 14th century pottery sherds, and two undated pits, 12 Monument Medieval 532205 165567 MLO98577 were recorded during evaluation work at Land between Nos 78 & 80 Frith road MLO12283, The findspot of one or possibly two Medieval Merovingain coins, found at MLO13315, 13 Findspot Medieval 532265 165675 Kennards Arcade. Second reference may be a duplicate. 020326/00/00, 020601/00/00 Place name evidence gives Croydon a Saxon origin. The earliest reference dates from AD 809, and it was known as Crogedene in 962 and Croendene in MLO72293 - 294, Domesday (1086). The name may be derived from Crocus Sativus; saffron 14 Monument Medieval 532250 165750 025300/00/00 - grown and used for both dyeing and pharmaceutical purposes. It is thought 025301/00/00 probable that it would have been centred on the Old Town area of Croydon and occasional finds have been made in this area. The site of late Medieval Archbishop's Palace. It is thought that the Palace, Medieval to which in the 14th and 15th centuries was the palace of the Archbishop of 15 Monument Post 531986 165419 MLO98610 Canterbury, included a much larger area than survives today. In addition, it is Medieval likely that the kitchen range extended over what is now Old Palace Road The George & Dragon Inn occupied the corner of George Street and High Medieval to Street from before 1497 until it closed in the mid-18th century. The Inn gave it's 16 Monument Post 532335 165545 025479/00/000 name to George Street. In 1800, the building was in use as a school at 1 High Medieval Street Several archaeological works have been undertaken at the Old Palace School, Old Palace Road. Residual Mesolithic flints, and seven residual Prehistoric MLO97820, worked flints were recovered during excavations, along with a slightly larger MLO12357, Medieval to 17 Monument number of residual pieces of burnt, unworked flint. Residual Roman finds were 531961 165416 020427/00/00, Modern encountered, including tile fragments, Samian ware fragments and a coin. A MLO12748, Tudor gateway (MLO74433) was recorded here in association with a stable 020428/00/00 block (MLO74433 & MLO74993), which were demolished in 1806. A watching
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Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type brief revealed a small brick and tile-lined drain from the 19th century, as well as a timber-lined pit of the same date (containing pottery dated c. 1770 to 1900) which was overlain by a series of deposits containing a (residual?) large piece of worked Reigate stone. Made ground was recovered, probably representing reconstruction of the area of the building investigated into an open passageway in about 1830-50. Subsequent watching briefs show that there are layers of makeup beneath the present floor surface from the late nineteenth and twentieth century. 19th - 20th century china and glass, and a large sub- rectangular pit have also been recorded at this site. The site of the Archbishop's ponds at Howley Road and Cranmer Road, which are a set of linear ponds thought to have been present on this site between the Medieval to 18 Monument Medieval period and the 19th century. During the early 19th century they were 531991 165340 MLO98609 Modern utilised by a calico-printing and bleaching works, but they were originally built in order to breed fish for local consumption.
Medieval to Plough soil and a probable boundary ditch were revealed during an evaluation 19 Monument 532054 165615 MLO103639 Modern at Nos. 1 - 3 Tamworth Place
Excavations at 41 Church Street have revealed several features, including MLO12877, possible Medieval building debris, one glazed Medieval sherd, pits containing MLO12883, Medieval to hearth debris, brick fragments, a few animals bones, and pieces of pipe and MLO12894, 20 Monument 532155 165555 Modern potsherds of of 17th & 18th century date. A flint pavement of possible 18th 020049/00/00, century date was also recorded, along with a 19th century building with a 020568/00/00, paved area, with associted domestic potsherds. 020570/00/00
MLO14397, Archaeological works at the Tesco site on Church Road revealed finds of Medieval to MLO15538, 21 Monument mainly pottery. 4 mill stones were recorded, suggesting this may have been the 532105 165475 Modern 020383/00/00, site of the mill of the Archbishop's palace. 020629/00/00
Medieval to A site to the read of the The Gun Public House contained evidence of Post 22 Monument 532035 165525 020839/00/00 Modern Medieval, or possibly Medieval plough soils.
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Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type
An evaluation to the rtear of The Gun Tavern Public House revealed evidence of activity dating from the 11th/12th century, including a major feature comprising of a stream or channel (previously thought to have been elsewhere), a northern tributary of the Wandle leading into Lauds pond that was used as a natural waste outlet from at least the 14th century onwards. The excavation material supports documentary evidence that the waterways in the Old Town area were depositories for the town rubbish in the 14th century MLO59571, Medieval to (hence the large amount of animal bone, oyster and mussel shell present in MLO59575 - 578, 23 Monument 532035 165515 Modern deposits on site). One deposit appeared to include fecal matter and would 021542/00/00 - suggest that sullage was dumped into the stream, and the subsequent flooding 021545/00/00 of this stream was an unwelcome occurrence. This stream may have formed a natural northern boundary to the Palace. A number of Post Medieval rubbish pits on the south bank of this channel were appeared to have been in use into the Modern period. The filling of the stream and levelling of the area probably occurred in the late 18th/early 19th century in association with land reclamation for the Surrey Railway.
An evaluation at Tamworth Place revealed Medeival/Post Medieval ploughsoil Medieval to 24 Monument over natural gravels. All layers were heavily truncated by modern service 532076 165659 025513/00/000 Modern trenches and Victorian buildings. The "Swan Inn" was first recorded in 1482 in a building which existed by 1464. It was bought by Archbishop Whitgift in 1595 to provide land to build his Medieval to 25 Monument almshouses. The land was not required and the inn existed until 1889 when it 532325 165605 025477/00/000 Modern was demolished to allow for the expansion of Allders department store at 2 North End Medieval to The Crown Inn occupied the site of the corner of Crown Hill and North End 26 Monument 532305 165575 025480/00/000 Modern from 1443 until its closure 1940. The inn gave it's name to Crown Hill.
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Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type The Church Street Conservation Area, which marks a transition from the historic core of Old Town around the Croydon Minster and Old Palace to the Victorian retail core to the east. Church Street is a traditional shopping street, its route Medieval in origin, and contains several surviving buildings of 17th and 18th century origin that have been converted into retail premises. Along Medieval to 27 CA with the rest of Croydon town centre, the area around Church Street saw much CA AREA AREA Modern development in the 19th century, including commercial development along Church Street itself. Several rows of Victorian terraces survive on Frith Road and Church Road, although continuing development shows in the conservation area’s character, which is largely defined by a mix of buildings of a range of ages and styles, with many of architectural and historic interest.
The Croydon Minster Conservation Area, which is of significant historical importance as Croydon’s place of origin with a Saxon settlement at the source of the River Wandle and a continuous habitation for over a thousand years. Croydon’s association over nine centuries with the Archbishop of Canterbury has shaped the identity of the area and left an enduring physical legacy, principally in the quality of its historic buildings but also one that can be traced Medieval to 28 CA through the historic street pattern. The Croydon Minster and the complex of CA AREA AREA Modern buildings at Old Palace School are Grade I listed, the latter described in the Buildings of England series as ‘one of the best survivals in England of a medieval archbishop’s palace’,1 one of a string of palaces on a processional route from Canterbury to Lambeth. The Croydon Minster Conservation Area also contains other buildings of special historic and architectural interest in Church Road and Church Street dating from the 17th to the 19th century.
An excavation on Church Street identified foundationg of a 19th century house, Post containing reused blocks of bricks, some of which former small arches. Finds 29 Monument 532005 165605 020363/00/00 Medieval were of Post Medieval date. A small series of chalk and greensand floors were also recorded, but no detable finds were associted with this. Documentary references refer to a building at 72 & 74 Church Street by 1648 - MLO12898, The Falcon Inn, probably closed by 1669. A demolition layer has been found Post MLO12899, 30 Monument here, of likely c. 1720 date. Two houses have been noted at this location by 532005 165605 Medieval 020583/00/00, 1742. Prior to the Inn, cultivation soils have been recorded. All pre-18th century 020584/00/00 evidence was noted to have been destroyed. Post Evidence of occupation was recorded at Charles Street, but there were no 31 Monument 532115 165395 020384/00/00 Medieval finds earlier than the 17th century
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Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type A watching brief on Surrey Street revealed no features, but dressed greensand Post 32 Findspot building stones, cow and sheep bones, clay pipe fragments and 19th century 532255 165465 021626/00/00 Medieval pottery were recorded A watching brief at the Waterworks Yard on Surrey Street revealed horizontal stratigraphy comprising 18th-19th century material, including surfaces of Post Waterworks Yard where 2 brick walls were observed; one had chalk footings 33 Monument 532255 165445 021769/00/00 Medieval with a brick (possibly internal) facing, suggesting a cellar. A similarly aligned flint wall, also in Waterworks Yard, was observed by contractors. Terracing into the original ground surface in Middle Street had taken place.
Remains of a Post Medieval building at 12 High Street were recorded as two Post parallel brick walls approx. 2m apart bonded with white mortar at the level of 34 Monument 532285 165515 023129/00/00 Medieval Middle Street. The ground between the two walls had been paved with red bricks laid on sand and gravel. An evaluation at Overtons Yard revealed remains of stables which were possibly 150 years old and reused for market traders. Evidence for their use is still extant in the form of timber panelling and fixtures and fittings ssociated with stables. Levelling and consolidation deposits and brick foundations were seen Post which appeared to relate to the earlier 19th century origin of the recently 35 Monument 532220 165464 MLO75892 Medieval demolished buildings upon the site. Part of an assumed well was also noted which may have related to the same building phase. Beneath the structural deposits there was a sandy silt deposit. This was considered to indicate a re- worked soil sequence suggestive of open ground prior to the 19th century building encroachment An evaluation at 100 Church Street revealed a sequence of layers of Post Medieval dumped material. This possibly accompanied truncation of the former ground surface and the dump material directly overlays natural floodplain MLO76753, Post gravel. Medieval and Post Medieval plough soils were also recorded, 36 Monument 532010 165590 MLO77531, Medieval containing pottery. 19th century made ground and features were recorded MLO77799 associated with the first known buildings on site. A 19th century well was uncovered at the centre of the yard area as well as wall foundations and floor surfaces. The Croydon, Merstham and Godstone Iron Railway (CMG Railway), built Post 1803-5 as an extension of the Surrey Iron Railway to transport goods from the 37 Monument MLO98419 Medieval Surrey Canal allowing the passage of goods and materials from the Thames to Portsmouth.
©AB Heritage Limited 2016 | 33 | www.abheritage.co.uk 72 – 78 FRITH ROAD, CROYDON HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK BASED ASSESSMENT
Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type
Post A large quantity (10%) of undated Ceramic Building Material was found within 38 Monument 53204 16568 MLO107532 Medieval made ground during anevaluation at land adjacent to 15 Tamworth Place.
Post Grade II 39 Building A two and a half storey row building built in 1740 at 61 - 65 Church Street 532108 165512 201178 Medieval LB
Post Grade II 40 Building 17th century timber-framed, two storey jettied building at 11 Crown Hill 532261 165541 201196 Medieval LB
Post 17th century, timber-framed, two storey house at 13 - 13a Crown Hill, which is Grade II 41 Building 532256 165540 201197 Medieval now used for shops LB
Post 17th century pair of timber-framed houses with fronts probably jettied originally Grade II 42 Building 532023 165552 201179 Medieval but now with modern shop fronts, at 91 and 93 Church Street LB Post 19th century structures at No. 1 Fellmongers Yard, including a boundary wall, 43 Monument Medieval to 532203 165492 MLO103729 brick floor, soak away and a fireplace, identified during a watching brief Modern Post A central garden of the The Whitgift Almshouses. The layout has little changed 44 Park Medieval to 53234 16558 MLO107719 since the 1880s. Modern An evaluation and watching brief undertaken at 14 - 30 High Street revealed Post the truncated remains of two chalk cesspits, which had been backfilled in the 025613/00/000 - 45 Monument Medieval to 532255 165495 18th century, and one was possibly associated with the clearance of material 025614/00/000 Modern from the Royal Oak public house. Post-18th century garden soils and modern building intrusions were recorded 46 Monument Modern 532225 165605 025512/00/000 at Priddys Yard Locally Listed Buildings on Church Road (Nos. 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26) MULTI - MULTI - 47 Building Modern LLB DLO34089 which are all Victorian terraced buildings SITE SITE Locally Listed Buildings on Church Road (Nos. 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26) MULTI - MULTI - 48 Building Modern which Victorian terraced buildings except for 104 - 112 which is an Edwardian LLB DLO34144 SITE SITE detached property Locally Listed Buildings on High Street (Nos. 1, 4, 6 - 12, 20, 24, 26 & 28) which are primarily Victorian terraced buildings. Nos. 1, 6, 8 and 10 are MULTI - MULTI - 49 Building Modern LLB DLO34428 Edwardian in date, No. 4 is an inter-war period building, and No. 12 appears to SITE SITE be undated.
©AB Heritage Limited 2016 | 34 | www.abheritage.co.uk 72 – 78 FRITH ROAD, CROYDON HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK BASED ASSESSMENT
Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type Locally Listed Buildings on Church Road (Nos. 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26) MULTI - MULTI - 50 Building Modern which Victorian terraced buildings except for 104 - 112 which is an Edwardian LLB DLO34155 SITE SITE detached property Locally Listed Buildings on Middle Street (No. 1, 3 & 5), which are Victorian MULTI - MULTI - 51 Building Modern LLB DLO34570 Terraced Buildings SITE SITE Locally Listed Buildings on North End (Nos. 30, 32, 34, 34a, 36, 49, 51, 53, 55, MULTI - MULTI - 52 Building Modern 61, 63, 65 & 67), which are primarily Victorian terraced buildings. No. 67 is an LLB DLO34598 SITE SITE inter-war period building. A Locally Listed Building at No. 3 Old Palace Road. It is a three-storey, Victorian block buiding with a flat roof. Brick facing and dressings with timber 53 Building Modern LLB 532027 165435 DLO34643 sash windows and a timber modern door. A conversion of the former Pickfords Warehouse. Locally Listed Buildings on surrey Street (Nos, 12, 34, 36 & 38) which appear MULTI - MULTI - 54 Building Modern LLB DLO34837 to be undated, although are considered likely to be Modern SITE SITE
Locally Listed Victorian Buildings on Tamworth Road (Nos. 44 & 44, and the MULTI - MULTI - 55 Building Modern LLB DLO34852 Baptist Chapel). SITE SITE
Grade II 56 Building Modern Early 18th century, Dog and Bull Public House 532228 165486 201257 LB The former Grant's Department Store, built in 1894 by Metcalfe and Jones for the Grant Brothers. A four storey building with attics above and a symmetrical Grade II 57 Building Modern 532308 165506 436111 seven-bay façade, the building is made of red brick with grey brick diapering LB and extensive stone dressings. A 19th century building with boundary wall, entry arches and piers, at 2 - 8 Grade II MULTI - MULTI - 58 Building Modern 201172 (evens) Church Street LB SITE SITE The Medway Road Historic Landscape Character Area, which characterises an 59 HLC Modern AREA AREA 276 area of 1945-2006 housing A number of skulls and bones have been founds in the middle of Surrey Street. 020310/00/00, 60 Monument Undated 532205 165405 Also, during the digging of foundations, a Roman skeleton was found. 020309/00/00 A human skeleton was found under the pavement outside the Westminster 61 Monument Undated 532305 165545 020470/00/00 Bank on George Street
©AB Heritage Limited 2016 | 35 | www.abheritage.co.uk 72 – 78 FRITH ROAD, CROYDON HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK BASED ASSESSMENT
Monument AB No. Period Description Status Easting Northing Reference No. Type Workmen found four skulls and bones during the building of the Whitgift Almshouses. Two different interpretations exist as to the date of the bones - 62 Monument Undated 532332 165582 020307/00/00 they have been suggested to be the remains of a battle in 1264 between Henry III and the Londoners, or Roman burials. A human skull of unknown date was found in the late 16th century, when a 63 Monument Undated 532305 165555 020468/00/00 maypole we being erected at the top of Crown Hill
Grade I 64 Building Undated The Hospital of the Holy Trinity (Whigift Hospital) at 1 North End 532341 165589 201226 LB The Central Croydon Archaeological Priority Area. This covers the core of the historic settlement of Croydon which is situated in an area bounded by Church Street/George Street to the north, Wellesley Road/Park Lane to the east, Lower Coombe Street to the south and Old Town/Mitcham Road to the west. Croydon has been the most important settlement in the borough since the Tier II 65 APA Multi-Period AREA AREA DLO37712 Roman period in terms of its size and influence over the surrounding area. APA Prehistoric and Roman finds have been recovered from within the APA, a large Anglo-Saxon cemetery was located in the Park Lane/Edridge Road area and a palace belonging to the Archbishops of Canterbury was established here. The APA is classed as Tier 2 because it is an area of historic settlement. The Central Croydon Conservation Area, which defines the area of the commercial and civic heart of Croydon, where it has been for centuries. The urban street layout, largely Medieval in origin, is of special historic interest and the main north-south route along North End and the High Street may have Roman origins. It incorporates one of the oldest markets in London having been in continuous operation on or near its present site since the 13th century. Despite the impact of large 20th century shopping centres, the area retains 66 CA Multi-Period CA AREA AREA much of its historic fabric and plan form, representing many historic phases of Croydon’s economic and commercial development. There is a significant concentration of statutory and locally listed buildings, as well as numerous high quality unlisted buildings, representing several architectural periods and styles, dominated by the rich legacy of late Victorian commercial buildings in George Street, the High Street and North End; a result of the rapid growth and prosperity in the latter half of the 19th century.
©AB Heritage Limited 2016 | 36 | www.abheritage.co.uk Legend ± Site Boundary
Greater London
Figure 1: Site Location
Project: 72 - 78 Frith Road, Croydon
Date: 25/11/16 Job Number: 10962 Drawn by: ZE Approved by: DD
© Crown Copyright 2016. Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100050237 0 125 250 500 m Figure 2: Proposed Ground Floor Plan
Project: 72 - 78 Frith Road, Croydon
Job Number: 10962 Reproduced from client's drawings, dated July 2016 Figure 3: Proposed Elevation
Project: 72 - 78 Frith Road, Croydon
Job Number: 10962 Reproduced from client drawings, July 2016
NOT TO SCALE Legend
!( Monument Point
*# 14 ± *# Listed Building *# *#!( *# *# Locally Listed Building 52 *# Monument Area *#*# *# Central Croydon APA [AB 65] 55 *# Central Croydon Conservation *# *# Area [AB 66] 38 13 *# 52 Church Street Conservation !( *# Area [AB 27] 55 *# 24 *# !( Croydon Minster Conservation Area [AB 28] 55 *# Medway Road HLC [AB 59]
Site Boundary 19 !( 30 46 25 200m Study Area !(29 !( !( 36 64 !( 7 *# 26 !(!(62 !( 50 48 12 # *## !( *# *# **# 20 63 42 !( !( *#48 *# 6 61 16 40 *# # 47 !( 41 !(*# !(2* *#*#*# *#*# !( *# *#51 *# 22 # !( *# *# # * 49 # 23 *#47 * 34 *2 !( 39 # 54 !( *# *# * 57 !( *# !(*#9*# 58 3 *# 43 !( *# *#*# !( 56 45 *# *# *# 21 !( *# 15 & 17 *# 35 32 5*# 47 !( !( !( *#*#*# Figure 4: Map of Cultural Heritage *#*# 33 Features *# !( 53 *# 10 Project: 72 - 78 Frith Road, Croydon 53 !( *# Date: 25/11/16 Job Number: 10962 8 4 18 !( !( 31 60 Drawn by: ZE Approved by: DD !(
© Crown Copyright 2016. Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100050237 0 50 100 200 m
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