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THE HAWAIIAN-EMPEROR VOLCANIC CHAIN Part I Geologic Evolution
VOLCANISM IN HAWAII Chapter 1 - .-............,. THE HAWAIIAN-EMPEROR VOLCANIC CHAIN Part I Geologic Evolution By David A. Clague and G. Brent Dalrymple ABSTRACT chain, the near-fixity of the hot spot, the chemistry and timing of The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain stretches nearly the eruptions from individual volcanoes, and the detailed geom 6,000 km across the North Pacific Ocean and consists of at least etry of volcanism. None of the geophysical hypotheses pro t 07 individual volcanoes with a total volume of about 1 million posed to date are fully satisfactory. However, the existence of km3• The chain is age progressive with still-active volcanoes at the Hawaiian ewell suggests that hot spots are indeed hot. In the southeast end and 80-75-Ma volcanoes at the northwest addition, both geophysical and geochemical hypotheses suggest end. The bend between the Hawaiian and .Emperor Chains that primitive undegassed mantle material ascends beneath reflects a major change in Pacific plate motion at 43.1 ± 1.4 Ma Hawaii. Petrologic models suggest that this primitive material and probably was caused by collision of the Indian subcontinent reacts with the ocean lithosphere to produce the compositional into Eurasia and the resulting reorganization of oceanic spread range of Hawaiian lava. ing centers and initiation of subduction zones in the western Pacific. The volcanoes of the chain were erupted onto the floor of the Pacific Ocean without regard for the age or preexisting INTRODUCTION structure of the ocean crust. Hawaiian volcanoes erupt lava of distinct chemical com The Hawaiian Islands; the seamounts, hanks, and islands of positions during four major stages in their evolution and the Hawaiian Ridge; and the chain of Emperor Seamounts form an growth. -
A Submarine Perspective of the Honolulu Volcanics, Oahu
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 151 (2006) 279–307 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores A submarine perspective of the Honolulu Volcanics, Oahu David A. Clague a,*, Jennifer B. Paduan a, William C. McIntosh b, Brian L. Cousens c, Alice´ S. Davis a, Jennifer R. Reynolds d a Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9644, USA b New Mexico Geochronology Research Laboratory, N.M. Bureau of Geology, New Mexico Tech, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, 87801-4796, USA c Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 d School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, West Coast and Polar Regions Undersea Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757220, 213 O’Neill Building, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Accepted 15 July 2005 Available online 27 December 2005 Abstract Lavas and volcaniclastic deposits were observed and collected from 4 submarine cones that are part of the Honolulu Volcanics on Oahu, Hawaii. The locations of these and a few additional, but unsampled, vents demonstrate that nearly all the vents are located on or very close to the shoreline of Oahu, with the most distal vent just 12 km offshore. The clastic samples and outcrops range from coarse breccias to cross-bedded ash deposits and show that explosive volcanism at depths between about 350 and 590 m depth played a part in forming these volcanic cones. The eruptive styles appear to be dominantly effusive to strombolian at greater depths, but apparently include violent phreatomagmatic explosive activity at the shallower sites along the submarine southwest extension of the Koko Rift. -
Chemical Properties of the Nepheline Basanite from Deposit Husiná
1. Katarína HAKULINOVÁ, 2. Katarína KYSEĽOVÁ, 3. Jana MATULOVÁ A STUDY OF PHYSICO – CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NEPHELINE BASANITE FROM DEPOSIT HUSINÁ 1‐3. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF METALLURGY, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KOŠICE, LETNÁ 9, 042 00 KOŠICE, SLOVAKIA ABSTRACT: The submitted article deals with experimental study of chemical and physico‐chemical properties of the nepheline basanite from deposit Husina. The aim of presented work was to study his chemical and mineral composition and melting temperature. The melting temperature measuring was realized using Marsh furnace and high‐temperature microscope. On the base of these basanite properties is possible to appreciate his further industrial utilization. KEYWORDS: nepheline basanite, chemical and mineral composition, melting temperature, thermal analyses INTRODUCTION As approximately 250 stone quarries (in mining, occasionally mining, as a abandoned) mostly based on andesites (presenting the most often exploited rock) are located in Slovakia, vulcanic rock represent one of the most important raw materials needed to produce various forms of the building stone. Andesites and basalt rocks are centrobaric raw materials used for manufacturing of offhand worked stonecutter's products and hammer‐milled gravel aggregate. To its resistance of constant load, resistance of salts and chemical defreezing resources, it is used for roads, paths, squares and other vulnerable places [5]. Basalts in Slovakia have been also mined for petrurgic purposes (fusing basalt). Other opportunities of basalts industrial utilization mostly depend on the knowledge of chemical and physico – chemical properties. PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC AND UTILIZATION OF NEPHELINE BASANITE FROM DEPOSIT HUSINÁ Basalts in Slovakia exist in neogene vulcanites mostly in south Slovakia in the surrounding of the Fiľakovo and the Cerová vrchovina Mts. -
Miocene to Late Quaternary Patagonian Basalts (46–478S): Geochronometric and Geochemical Evidence for Slab Tearing Due to Active Spreading Ridge Subduction
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 149 (2006) 346–370 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Miocene to Late Quaternary Patagonian basalts (46–478S): Geochronometric and geochemical evidence for slab tearing due to active spreading ridge subduction Christe`le Guivel a,*, Diego Morata b, Ewan Pelleter c,d, Felipe Espinoza b, Rene´ C. Maury c, Yves Lagabrielle e, Mireille Polve´ f,g, Herve´ Bellon c, Joseph Cotten c, Mathieu Benoit c, Manuel Sua´rez h, Rita de la Cruz h a UMR 6112 bPlane´tologie et Ge´odynamiqueQ, Universite´ de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinie`re, 44322 Nantes, France b Departamento de Geologı´a. Fac. Cs. Fı´sicas y Matema´ticas, Universidad de Chile, Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile c UMR 6538 bDomaines oce´aniquesQ, UBO-IUEM, place Nicolas-Copernic, 29280 Plouzane´, France d CRPG-CNRS UPR A2300, BP 20, 54501 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France e UMR 5573, Dynamique de la Lithosphe`re, Place E. Bataillon, case 60, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France f LMTG-OMP, 14 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France g IRD-Departamento de Geologia de la Universidad de Chile, Chile h Servicio Nacional de Geologı´a y Minerı´a, Avda. Santa Marı´a 0104, Santiago, Chile Received 18 May 2005; received in revised form 29 August 2005; accepted 14 September 2005 Abstract Miocene to Quaternary large basaltic plateaus occur in the back-arc domain of the Andean chain in Patagonia. They are thought to result from the ascent of subslab asthenospheric magmas through slab windows generated from subducted segments of the South Chile Ridge (SCR). We have investigated three volcanic centres from the Lago General Carrera–Buenos Aires area (46–478S) located above the inferred position of the slab window corresponding to a segment subducted 6 Ma ago. -
Petrology of Volcanic Rocks from Kaula Island, Hawaii Implications for the Origin of Hawaiian Phonolites
Contributions to Contrib Mineral Petrol (1986) 94:461-471 Mineralogy and Petrology Springer-Verlag 1986 Petrology of volcanic rocks from Kaula Island, Hawaii Implications for the origin of Hawaiian phonolites Michael O. Garcia 1, Frederick A. Frey 2, and David G. Grooms 1 * 1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 2 Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Abstract. A compositionally diverse suite of volcanic rocks, visited the island by helicopter courtesy of the U.S. Navy. including tholeiites, phonolites, basanites and nephelinites, Abundant unexploded ordnance, bird nests (total bird pop- occurs as accidental blocks in the palagonitic tuff of Kaula ulation >45,000) and steep cliffs surrounding the island Island. The Kaula phonolites are the only documented made sample collection hazardous. phonolites from the Hawaiian Ridge. Among the accidental Kaula Island consists of approximately 160 m of well- blocks, only the phonolites and a plagioclase basanite were bedded, palagonitic tuff (Fig. 2). The tuff contains acciden- amenable to K-Ar age dating. They yielded ages of tal fragments of light gray (phonolite) and dark gray (ba- 4.0-4.2 Ma and 1.8 ___0.2 Ma, respectively. Crystal fraction- salt) volcanic rocks, coralline material, coarse-grained ultra- ation modeling of major and trace element data indicates mafic and marie xenoliths (including spinel pyroxenites, that the phonolites could be derived from a plagioclase garnet pyroxenites, spinel peridotites and dunites) and me- basanite by subtraction of 27% clinopyroxene, 21% plagio- gacrysts (augite, anorthoclase, olivine, Al-spinel and titano- clase, 16% anorthoclase, 14% olivine, 4% titanomagnetite magnetite). -
Geologic Map of the State of Hawai 'I
Geologic Map of the State of Hawai‘i By David R. Sherrod, John M. Sinton, Sarah E. Watkins, and Kelly M. Brunt Open-File Report 2007–1089 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Sherrod, D.R., Sinton, J.M., Watkins, S.E., and Brunt, K.M., 2007, Geologic Map of the State of Hawai`i: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1089, 83 p., 8 plates, scales 1:100,000 and 1:250,000, with GIS database Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Geologic Map of the State of Hawai‘i By David R. Sherrod, John M. Sinton, Sarah E. Watkins, and Kelly M. Brunt About this map Sources of mapping, methods of This geologic map and its digital databases present compilation, origin of stratigraphic the geology of the eight major islands of the State of names, and divisions of the geologic Hawai‘i. -
Petrography and Engineering Properties of Igneous Rocks
ENGINEERil~G MONOGRAPHS No. I United States Department of the Interior BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PETROGRAPIIY AND ENGINEERING· PROPER11ES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS hy Rit~bard C. 1\lielenz Denver, Colorado October 1948 95 cents (R.evised September 1961) United States Department of the Interior STEWART L. UDALL, Secretacy Bureau of Reclamation FLOYD E. DOMINY, Commissioner G~T BLOODGOOD, Assistant Commissioner and Chief Engineer Engineering Monograph No. 1 PETROGRAPHY AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIRES ·OF IGNEOUS RO<;:KS by Richard C. Mielenz Revised 1959. by William Y. Holland Head. Petrographic Laboratory Section Chemical Engineering Laboratory Branch Commissioner's Office. Denver Technical Infortnation Branch Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS are published in limited editions for the technical staff of the Bureau of Reclamation and interested technical circles in Government and private agencies. Their purpose is to record devel opments, innovations, .and progress in the engineering and scientific techniques and practices that are employed in the planning, design, construction, and operation of Rec lamation structures and equipment. Copies 'may be obtained from the Bureau of Recla- · mation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colon.do, and Washington, D. C. Excavation and concreting of altered zones in rhyolite dike in the spillway foundation. Davis Damsite. Arizona-Nevada. Fl'ontispiece CONTENTS Page Introduction . 1 General Basis of Classification of Rocks . 1 Relation of the Petrographic Character to the Engineering Properties of Rocks . 3 Engineering J?roperties of Igneous Rocks ................................ :. 4 Plutonic Rocks . 4 Hypabyssal Rocks . 6 Volcanic Rocks..... 7 Application of Petrography to Engineering Problems of the Bureau of Reclamation . 8 A Mineralogic and Textural Classification of Igneous Rocks . -
Origin and Temporal Evolution of Koʻolau Volcano
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 261 (2007) 65–83 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Origin and temporal evolution of Koʻolau Volcano, Hawaiʻi: Inferences from isotope data on the Koʻolau Scientific Drilling Project (KSDP), the Honolulu Volcanics and ODP Site 843 ⁎ Z. Fekiacova a, , W. Abouchami a, S.J.G. Galer a, M.O. Garcia b, A.W. Hofmann a a Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Geochemie, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany b Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaiʻi, Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96822, USA Received 4 December 2006; received in revised form 3 June 2007; accepted 4 June 2007 Available online 12 June 2007 Editor: R.W. Carlson Abstract The “Koʻolau” component of the Hawaiian mantle plume represents an extreme (EM1-type) end member of Hawaiian shield lavas in radiogenic isotope space, and was defined on the basis of the composition of subaerial lavas exposed in the Makapuʻu section of Koʻolau Volcano. The 679 m-deep Koʻolau Scientific Drilling Project (KSDP) allows the long-term evolution of Koʻolau Volcano to be reconstructed and the longevity of the “Koʻolau” component in the Hawaiian plume to be tested. Here, we report triple spike Pb isotope and Sr and Nd isotope data on KSDP core samples, and rejuvenation stage Honolulu Volcanics (HV) (together spanning ∼2.8 m.y.), and from ∼110 Ma basalts from ODP Site 843, thought to be representative of the Pacific lithosphere under Hawaiʻi. Despite overlapping ranges in Pb isotope ratios, KSDP and HV lavas form two distinct linear arrays in 208Pb/204Pb–206Pb/204Pb isotope space. These arrays intersect at the radiogenic end indicating they share a common component. -
The Geology of the Pontville-Dromedary Area, Tasmania
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Tasmania Open Access Repository PAPE:HS AND PHOCt<:.b'DINGS OF '.f'HE ROYAL SOCIETY OF 'TAS::M:A?~IA, VoLUME 93 THE GEOLOGY OF THE PONTVILLE-DROMEDARY AREA, TASMANIA By IAN McDouGALL* Australian National University, Canberra CV~lith 1 Plate, 2 F-ip;ures and 2 Maps) ABSTRACT and the writing of the paper. Thanks are also More than 1,500 feet of flatly-dipping Permian due to D. R. Woolley for identifying many of the mudstones, sandstones and limestones have been Permian fossils. divided into nine units, and are overlain with prob able disconformity by 1000 + feet of Triassic PIIYSIOGRAPHY sandstone and shale, the former rock type being The major controlling factor of the physiography dominant. Jurassic (?) dolerite intrudes the of the area has been the Tertiary faulting, and the Permian and Triassic sediments in the form of distribution of the rock types has played a secon dykes, gently transgressive sheets and sills. The dary, but still important, role, distribution of the various rock types, along with The greater part of the area consists of rounded, the strong Tertiary tensional faulting, has con but commonly steep-sided, hills rising up to 800 feet trolled the structure of the area and hence the above the relatively broad open valleys. In the development of the present-day topography. A main the hills are of dolerite and the valleys are flow of olivine basalt, about 200 feet thick, partly eroded in softer Triassic sediments. filled the valleys of the Jordan River and its tributaries, probably in late Tertiary times. -
THE HAWAIIAN-EMPEROR VOLCANIC CHAIN Part II Stratigraphic Framework of Volcanic Rocks of the Hawaiian Islands
VOLCANISM IN HAWAII Chapter 1 THE HAWAIIAN-EMPEROR VOLCANIC CHAIN Part II Stratigraphic Framework of Volcanic Rocks of the Hawaiian Islands By Virginia A.M. Langenheim and David A. Clague ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Stratigraphy is an important tool for understanding the We thank R L. Christiansen and R W. Decker for their geologic history of the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands, providing a framework for much information from other geo constructive critical reviews. We also gratefully acknowledge the logic and related fields. Three major eruptive stages in a following personsfor their helpful comments and suggestions: D.A. Hawaiian volcano's life-shield stage (tholeiitic), postahield Brew, E.E. Brabb, T.]. Casadevall, G.B. Dalrymple, RM. stage (alkalic), and rejuvenated stage (elkelicj-c-heve generally Easton, M.O. Garcia, R.T. Holcomb, PW. Lipman,].P Lock provided a basis for dividing the volcanic rocks into atrat wood, ].G. Moore, RB. Moore, D.W. Peterson, S.c. Porter, igraphic units. Such units are basic to stratigraphy, and suitable nomenclature for them helps promote unambiguous scientific ].M. Sinton, D.A. Swanson, G.PL. Walker, and E.W. Wolfe. communication regarding the spatial and temporal relations of We are deeply grateful to Cynthia Barclay and William rocks. The stratigraphic nomenclature of the Hawaiian Islands Fedasko for their assistance in searching the literature and with the is herein reviewed and updated to reflect current scientific preparation of the typescript. needs and to be consistent with the most recent (1983) North American Stratigraphic Code. The major divisions of volcanic rocks on each island for merly called "Volcanic Series" are all considered to be of GEOLOGIC SETTING fonnational rank and renamed accordingly. -
Application of Thermodynamic Modelling to Natural Mantle Xenoliths: Examples of Density Variations and Pressure– Temperature Evolution of the Lithospheric Mantle
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2016) 171:16 DOI 10.1007/s00410-016-1229-9 ORIGINAL PAPER Application of thermodynamic modelling to natural mantle xenoliths: examples of density variations and pressure– temperature evolution of the lithospheric mantle L. Ziberna1 · S. Klemme2 Received: 9 September 2015 / Accepted: 4 January 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract In this paper, we show how the results of phase low-temperature peridotites (spinel and spinel garnet + equilibria calculations in different mantle compositions harzburgites and lherzolites), are linked to a cooling event can be reconciled with the evidence from natural man- in the mantle which occurred long before the eruption of tle samples. We present data on the response of bulk rock the host basalts. In addition, our phase equilibria calcula- density to pressure (P), temperature (T) and compositional tions show that kelyphitic rims around garnets, as those changes in the lithospheric mantle and obtain constraints observed in the high-temperature garnet peridotites from on the P–T evolution recorded by mantle xenoliths. To do Pali-Aike, can be explained simply by decompression and this, we examine the mantle xenolith suite from the Qua- do not require additional metasomatic fluid or melt. ternary alkali basalts of Pali-Aike, Patagonia, using phase equilibria calculation in six representative compositions. Keywords Density · P–T conditions · Thermodynamic The calculations were done subsolidus and in volatile- modelling · Upper mantle · Xenoliths free conditions. Our results show that the density change related to the spinel peridotite to garnet peridotite transi- tion is not sharp and strongly depends on the bulk composi- Introduction tion. -
Petrogenesis of Dunite Xenoliths from Koolau Volcano, Oahu, Hawaii: Implications for Hawaiian Volcanism
Petrogenesis of Dunite Xenoliths from Koolau Volcano, Oahu, Hawaii: Implications for Hawaiian Volcanism by GAUTAM SEN* AND D. C. PRESNALL Department of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, P.O. Box 830688, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688 (Received 11 July 1984; revised typescript accepted 3 July 1985) ABSTRACT Ultramafic xenoliths from Koolau Volcano on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, are divided into spinel lherzolite, pyroxenite, and dunite suites. On the basis of a study of the petrography and mineral compositions of 43 spinel lherzolites, 12 pyroxenites, and 20 dunites, the following characteristics of the dunites in relation to the other nodule types and to Hawaiian lavas emerge. (1) The forsterite content of olivines in the Koolau dunites (Fo82.6-Fo89 7) overlap those of Hawaiian tholeiitic and alkalic lavas and are generally lower than those in abyssal lherzolites and dunites and in Koolau spinel lherzolites. (2) Most of the dunites contain no orthopyroxene, all except two contain chrome spinel, and a few contain interstitial plagioclase and clinopyroxene. (3) Chrome spinels from the Koolau dunites are 2+ distinctly higher in Cr/(Cr +Al), lower in Mg/(Mg + Fe ), and higher in TiO2 than those from abyssal basalts and peridotites. Chrome spinels in the dunites correspond closely in composition to chrome spinels in Hawaiian tholeiitic and alkalic lavas. (4) The abundance of dunite relative to other nodule types decreases outward from the central part of the volcano. The dunites are interpreted not as residues of partial fusion of the mantle but as crystal accumulations stored at shallow depths beneath the central part of Koolau Volcano and derived from picritic magmas parental to the shield-building tholeiitic lavas.