Index

Adjusted gross revenues (AGRs), 181 Concentration ratios, 92 Aircel, 169, 173, 176, 177, 180 ‘Connect’ test, 13 AT&T/Time Warner , 128–129 Council for Economic Defense Austrian Federal Competition (CADE), 128 Authority (BWB), 12 Customer acquisition, 10 Austrian telecoms regulator (RTR), 12 Average revenue per user (ARPU), 125 Department of Justice (DOJ), 129 Department of Telecommunications – Bharti Airtel, 163, 165, 169 170, 172, (DoT), 165 179 Deutsche Telkom, 131 Body of European Regulators for Dhan Dhana Dhan plans, 170 Electronic Communications Difference-in-differences (DiD) (BEREC), 14 methodology, 12 – Bouygues Telecom, 65, 145 147 Dish Network, 134 BSNL, 163, 165, 177, 180 Disruption – BT/EE, 124 125 case studies of, 21–45 – Business model innovation, 4 5 caused by new entry, 47–89 Buyer switching costs, 48 clarifications, 2–3 contrasted cases of, 215–217 Cablevision, 127 internal and external factors, Carrier Aggregation, 66 213–215 21st Century Fox, 132–133 ‘low-end,’ 1 Chief executive officer (CEO), 122 multifaceted nature of, 213–215 Christiansen interpretation, 1–3 ‘new-market,’ 1 critiques of, 3–5 Ofcom analysis of, 7–10, 21–22 telecommunications-based critique, patterns of, 7, 220 5–6 in practice, 218 CK Hutchison, 27, 40 theory of, 1 financial performance, 200–205 and trend towards multi-play, 3G, 189 121–139 geographical footprint, 195–199 Disruptive activity by initial public offering (IPO), 197 Aircel, 169 mobile subscribers, 200 BASE, 25 in telecommunications industry, Bharti Airtel, 163, 217 190–195 BSNL, 163 Code-division multiple access CK Hutchison, 27 (CDMA), 59 Digicel, 109 Competition and Markets Authority Fastweb, 109 (CMA), 124 Free Mobile, 216 226 Index

Hutchison and VimpelCom, Germany, 11, 27–28, 100–102, 121 108–109 Greece, 28 Idea Cellular, 163, 174, 177, 178, Hong Kong, 36 180, 216 India, 163–187 Iliad, 109, 216, 217 Indonesia, 36–37 KPN, 25 Ireland, 11, 28–29, 100 LTE network, 16 Italy, 29–30, 108–110 mobile network operator (MNO), Japan, 37 10 Malaysia, 37 mobile virtual network operators Netherlands, 12, 30–31, 110–111 (MVNOs), 6 New Zealand, 37–38 Mobistar, 25 Norway, 13, 31, 99 MTNL, 164 Poland, 31–32 NJJ Capital, 34–35 Portugal, 32 Proximus, 25 Scandinavian countries, 13 Quadrant Televentures, 164 South Africa, 38 radio access network (RAN), 11 Spain, 33 RCom, 163 Sweden, 33–34 Reliance Jio, 35, 216 Switzerland, 34–35 Sistema Shyam, 164 UK, 34, 105–108, 124–125 Tata DoCoMo, 164 USA, 38–40 Tele2, 22 ‘Disruptive Growth Fund,’ 4 Telecoms Disputes Settlement & Disruptive innovation, 5 Appelate Tribunal Disruptive firms, 8, 10, 21 (TDSAT), 169 Disruptors, 112–113 Telenor, 11, 164 Telia One, 26 Earnings/loss before interest and TeliaSonera, 11 taxation (EBIT/LBIT), T-Mobile/Orange merger, 12 200 T-Mobile/tele.ring merger, 12 EBITDA, 203 T-Mobile US, 38–39 European Commission (EC), 10, 31, United Internet/Drillisch, 27 63, 91 Vodafone, 25, 216–217 European Economic Free Trade Area, Disruptive activity in 50 Australia, 35–36 European mobile Austria, 12, 25, 98–99 in 2017, 93–97 Belgium, 25 concentration ratios, 92 Canada, 36 Denmark, 104–105 China, 15 disruptors, 112–113 Czech Republic, 25 France, 102–104 Denmark, 11, 26, 104–105 Germany, 100–102 European Union (EU), 91–119 International Telecommunication Finland, 13, 26–27 Union (ITU), 92 France, 27, 102–104 Ireland, 100 Index 227

Italy, 108–110 Time-Division Long Term Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Evolution (TD-LTE) licences, 93 licences, 146 mergers, 97–98 Timeline of Events, 1989–2018, 142 mobile market, 93–96 Video-on-Demand (VoD), 148 mobile virtual network operator Voice over IP (VoIP), 148 (MVNO), 98 French telecommunications market. NetCom GSM, 99 See Free Mobile Netherlands, 110–111 new entry, 111–112 General financial information, 10 Norway, 99 Gigabyte (GB), 38, 168 one-off exception, 97 Gigahertz (GHz), 16, 64, 130 quad-play, 113–114 2G (GSM) licensing, 49–50 sample, 91 3G (UMTS) licensing, 50–65 takeovers, 97–98 new entrants, 51, 60–62 Telia Norway, 99 4G (LTE) licensing, 66–86 T-Mobile, 103 Global System for Mobile (GSM), 163 UK, 105–108 GSM standard, 143 Ziggo, 110 European mobile communication Harvard Business Review (HBR),3 markets, 47 Hong Kong Broadband Network European Union (EU), 10, 50, 91, (HKBN), 126 114 Hutchison, 6, 13, 40, 59, 112 Hutchison Asia Telecommunications Federal Communications Commission (HAT), 194 (FCC), 38 Hutchison 3G Italy Investments, 64, Freebox, 147 108 Free Mobile, 65 Hutchison H3G, 63 Altice, 154–155 Hutchison Telecommunications Bouygues Telecom, 155–157 International Ltd (HTIL), Freebox, 147, 148 193–194, 198, 199 2G, 143 Hutchison Whampoa, 8, 59, 63, 87, 3G and 4G (LTE) licences, 144–147 111 3G services, 149–150 GSM standard, 143 Idea Cellular, 163, 166, 168, 171, 178 Iliad, 147–149, 152 Iliad, 147–149, 152 Internet protocol TV (IPTV), 147 Incumbents customers, 2 Orange, 154 Indian mobile market outcomes, 150–152 adjusted gross revenues (AGRs), pink Minitel services, 147 181 SFR, 154–155 2016auction, 164–168 stable three operator market, mobile network operators, 163–164 143–144 restructuring, 171–173 228 Index

Securities and Exchange Board MTNL, 164, 171, 180–181 (SEB), 169 Multifaceted nature, of disruption telecom regulatory framework, 165 contrasted cases of, 215–217 Telecoms Disputes Settlement & internal and external factors, Appelate Tribunal 213–215 (TDSAT), 169 Multi-play Initial public offer (IPO), 131 Asia, 125–126 Interconnection usage charge (IUC), BT/EE, 124–125 175 Cablevision, 127 International Telecommunication definition, 121 Union (ITU), 25, 26, 34, 92 Deutsche Telkom, 131 Internet of Things, 6 Hong Kong Broadband Network Internet protocol (IP), 122 (HKBN), 126 Internet protocol TV (IPTV), 147 initial public offer (IPO), 131 Internet service provider (ISP), 38 Netflix, 134 over-the-top (OTT) services, 134 Jio Prime Membership Programme, pay-off, 134–135 170 quad-play, 121 recent activity, 133 – Kodak, 4, 7 Sky, 132 133 Spectrum Mobile, 133 – Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 16, 93, 21st Century Fox, 132 133 216 Time Warner Cable (TWC), 126 ‘Low-end’ disruption, 1 T-Mobile, 121 – LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), 66 USA, 126 128 Verizon Communications, 127, 130, 131 Machine-to-machine (M2M), 6, 28 Vodafone, 122–124 Margrethe Vestager, 11 Yahoo!, 130 Megabits per second (Mbps), 16, 66 Megahertz (MHz), 16, 30, 38, 42, 88 Merger and acquisition (M&A) National Company Law Appellate activity, 16, 230 Tribunal (NCLAT), 179 Mergers, 97–98 National Company Law Tribunal Millimetre wave (mmWave), 130 (NCLT), 169, 177 Mobile market, 93–96 NetCom GSM, 99 fl Mobile messaging service (MMS), 26 Net ix, 39, 134 – Mobile network operator (MNO), 10 Network coverage and quality, 16 17 – Mobile operator licensing, in Europe New entry, 111 112 ‘ ’ first-mover advantages, 48–49 New-market disruption, 1 3G licensing, 50–65 Next generation network (NGN), 123 4G licensing, 66–86 GSM licensing, 49–50 Ofcom analysis, 21–22 Mobile virtual network operators aggressive behaviour, 10 (MVNOs), 6, 98, 101 core hypothesis, 7–8 Index 229

disruptive firms, 8 Telecom Regulatory Authority of effects on investment, 8–9 India (TRAI), 165, 168, 170 European countries cited, 22–34 Telecoms Disputes Settlement & European countries not analysed, Appelate Tribunal 34–35 (TDSAT), 165, 169, 177 motivation, for disruption, 9 Telenor, 11, 26, 105, 164 summarised, 9–10 Telia Norway, 99 One-off exception, 97 Time dimension duplex (TDD), 110 Orange, 154 Time-Division Long Term Evolution Outcome-based approach, 6–7 (TD-LTE) licences, 146 Over-the-top (OTT) services, 134 Timeline of Events, 1989–2018, 142 Time Warner Cable (TWC), 126 Pink Minitel services, 147 T-Mobile, 98, 121, 133 Triple-play, 124 Quad-play, 113–114, 121 Quadrant Televentures, 164 Uber, 3, 5 Quality of service (QoS), 2, 16 Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), 47, 67–77, Radio area network (RAN), 11, 109 144 RCom, 163 Reliance Jio, 35, 131, 164, 168, 170 Verizon Communications, 127, 131 Video-on-Demand (VoD), 148 Salop model, 16 VimpelCom, 63, 64, 108, 109 Securities and Exchange Board (SEB), Virgin Mobile, 145 ‘ ’ 169, 172 Virtual operators, 6 – Significant disruptors Vodafone, 63, 121 124, 163 CK Hutchison, 40 Vodafone Hutchison Australia (VHA), ice, 41–42 198 PPF Group, 40–41 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), 35 Tele2, 40 Voice over IP (VoIP), 148 SIM card, 149–150 Significant market power (SMP), 177 Western PCS Corp., 199 Sistema Shyam, 164 Western Wireless Inc., 199 Sky, 132–133 WiMAX to LTE, 36 Smart Telecom, 59 Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), 125, 127 Spectrum Mobile, 133 Wireless industry, 15 Stable three operator market, 143–144 Worldwide interoperability for Strategic debt restructuring (SDR), 174 microwave access (WiMAX), 36 Takeovers, 97–98 Tata DoCoMo, 164 Yahoo!, 127, 130 Telecom Italia, 63 Telecommunications-based critique, 5–6 Zapp Mobile, 59