THE TO GALVESTON ROUTE, 1880 - 1886 By Lawrence H. Konecny and Clinton Machann

Although it is well known that the brought approximately 8,038 immi­ before sailing on to Galveston, but immigration of Gennan and Austrian grants to Galveston directly from Bre­ later groups moving from Bohemia and groups to Texas in the decades follow­ men or its outer seaport, .1 Moravia to Texas before the American ing the American Civil War made a All of the vessels, with one possible Civil War took the direct Bremen to large impact on the social and eco­ exception, were consigned to Kauffman Galveston route preferred by the nomic development of the state, the and Runge of Galveston, Texas. All of Gennans. precise mechanics or processes in­ the steamships were ofthe North Ger­ Virtually all European immigration volved in the immigration have not yet man Lloyd Line. The European and to Texas was halted during the Ameri­ received adequate study. This paper Texan officials and businessmen in­ can Civil War (1861-65), but in subse­ examines in detail one limited yet volved in the immigration process can quent years, the breakup of the old significant part of this phenomenon: be thought of as components in a rela­ plantations, the emigration of blacks to the movement of immigrants, espe­ tively efficient system for accommo­ Kansas, and the demand for cotton and cially those with Gennan and Czech dating the economic and social forces other agricultural products spurred the surnames, to Galveston, Texas, via the that pushed and pulled thousands of demand for German and Czech immi­ Gennan port of Bremen, 1880-86. This Europeans across the Atlantic to the grants as agricultural laborers. The seven"year period, during which immi­ American Southwest. severe depression throughout the gration from and Austria Gennan immigration to Texas al­ United States that began with the fail­ increased sharply following the U.S. ready had become a big business by ure of the banking house Jay Cooke economic depression of the previous 1850.2 An important stimulus was the and Company in September 1873 was decade, represents the high point of Verein zum Schutze deutscher Einwan­ another deterrent to immigration,4 but a post-Civil War and pre-1896 direct derer (hereafter referred to as the Ve­ new wave of immigration to the United (port-to-port) immigration to Texas. rein), which held its first meeting at States came with the 1880s, and the This phase of Galveston's immigration Biebrich on the Rhine in 1842 and was Bremen-to-Galveston connection, history was characterized by the prear­ fonnally organized in 1844. Galveston's although unique, was part of this new ranged charter of ships whereby immi­ Kauffman House was involved in the boom,at least until 1886. grants were recruited for special shipment of immigrants from Bremen The first steamship of the North voyages. Of course any individual to Galveston from the beginning of the Gennan Lloyd Line that travelled from immigrant or immigrant family with Verein's first shipments in 1844 Bremen to Galveston during the 1880­ sufficient economic resources could through the charter steamship era, 86 era was the America, which arrived travel to Texas by any feasible route or which ended in 1886. at its destination on September 29, arrangement, but immigrants of this The immigration of Czech groups 1880.5 Because this first arrival in type were rare. We are concerned with from the began in the many ways typifies the charters that the great majority of immigrants, most 1850s, largely as a result of the efforts were to come during the entire period, of them of severely limited resources, of Rev. Ernst Bergmann, an Evangel­ it is worthwhile to describe it in some who travelled in groups. ical minister of Czech background, detail. The America was the first of During the years 1880 to 1886 two who lived among the German settlers fifteen North Gennan Lloyd steamships sailing vessels and fifteen steamships near Cat Spring, Texas. 3 His ietters, to arrive: the last immigrant sailing which described Texas as a land of vessel to arrive would be the bark economic opportunity, were repro­ Gutenburg, on November 15 , 1881 Lawrence H. Konecny, a locomoti ve engineer instructor with the Santa Fe duced and circulated in the Czech (Table 1). Railroad, has spent the last six years lands, especially northeastern Bohemia, Like nearly all of the post-Civil War researching post-Civil War immigration to Texas. where the first group of immigrants sailing ships which had preceded it to was organized. This group departed Galveston from Bremen, the America Dr. Clinton Ma chann is professor of English at Texas A & M University, in 1851 from the German port of was on consignment to the Kauffman College Station, Texas. and landed in New Orleans House, agents of the North German

136 KonecnylMachann· The Bremen to Galveston Route

Voyage Number I Departed Arrived Number from at of Pass. # Vessel Bremerhaven Galveston 2 Captain Pass. 3 List 4

1 SS America 5 Sept. 8, 1880 Sept. 29-30, 1880 C. Pohle 619 Yes 6

2 Bark George Washington 7,8 Sept. 4, 1880 Nov. 10, 1880 J.D. Probst 42 No 3 SS Nov. 24, 1880 Dec. 20, 1880 C. Pohle 446 No 4 SS Kronprinz Fredrick-William Sept. 13, 1881 Oct. 6-10, 1881 A. 929 No 5 SS Hohenzollern Oct. 5, 1881 Oct. 29, 1881 R. Sander 527 No

6 Bark Gutenberg 7 Sept. 5,1881 Nov. 15-16, 1881 C. Averdam 100 No 7 SS Hohenstauffen Sept. 3, 1882 Sept. 23, 1882 Th. Juengst 532 No 8 SS Sept. 21, 1882 Oct. 17, 1882 P. Berdrow 494 No 9 SS Ohio Oct. 18, 1882 Nov. 10-13, 1882 H. Bruns 480 No

10 SS Sept. 8, 1883 Sept. 28-30, 1883 H. Bruns 1000 Yes 9 11 SS Hohenzollern Oct. 5, 1883 Oct. 26-27, 1883 A. Meyer 694 No 12 SS Weser Nov. 17, 1883 Dec. 10-11, 1883 H. Bruns 298 No 13 SS Weser Sept. 5, 1884 Sept. 29-30, 1884 H. Bruns 545 No 14 SS Ohio Oct. 4, 1884 Oct. 26, 1884 A. Meyer 367 No

15 SS Weser Sept. 12, 1885 Oct. 3-4, 1885 H. Bruns 335 Yes 10

16 SS Hohenzollern Oct. 10, 1885 Oct. 30-31, 1885 A. Meyer 181 Yes 11

17 SS Weser 12 Sept.l1, 1886 Oct. 1, 1886 H. Bruns 449 No

Table 1. Vessels with immigrants sailing from Bremerhaven to Galveston 1880-86.1

Notes to Table 1

1 Table 1 was compiled from various issues 5 The first immigrant steamship of the produced by North German Lloyd for the of the Galveston Daily News and the Pica­ charter era to arrive in Galveston from benefit of the passengers and were distributed yune (New Orleans), the monthly reports Bremen (Bremerhaven). as advertisements. Perhaps this is how the from the Bureau for Bremen Statistics, and passenger list of the America found its way to 6 A passenger list of the Czech immigrants the Harbor Accounts Books for Bremerhaven. Racine, Wis. A complete bibliography of the voyages is on this voyage was published in the Wiscon­ sin Slavie, Racine, Wis. The list was discov­ 10 This passenger list was published in the available from the authors. ered by Albert Blaha and republished in Nase Galveston Daily News three days before the 2 When two dates are shown, the first Dejiny, Halletsville, Tex., Mar.-Apr. 1987, vessel arrived at Galveston. These vessels represents the arrival of the ship at the en­ 12-13. were inspected by the U.S. consul at Havana, trance to the harbor and the second is the day , and the information was telegraphed to 7 These were sailing vessels. All of the that the last passenger was lightered to shore. Galveston. Perhaps that is why the list other vessels were North German Lloyd preceded the vessel to Galveston. See "Ger­ 3 These figures varied slightly with the steamships. different sources. man Immigrants," Galveston Daily News, 8 All vessels except the George Washington Sept. 30, 1885, 8. 4The total number of passengers listed in were consigned to Kaufmann and Runge; 11 This passenger list was also published in Table 1 is 8,038 as compared to the Treasury perhaps this is also true of the George Wash­ Department' s 1893 study, which reports ington, but evidence is lacking. the Galveston Daily News three days before 8,108 for the same period. The U.S. Customs the ship arrived. "More Immigrants," Department's passenger lists and the Immi­ 9 This passenger list was printed by Carl Galveston Daily News, Oct. 27,1885,8. SchUnemann 's Buchdruckerei (print shop) in gration and Naturalization Service's passen­ 12 Bremen. Passenger lists of this sort were The last immigrant steamship of the ger lists are not available for this period. charter era.

137 Nebraska History - FalllWinter 1993

Lloyd Line in Galveston. This firm In the meantime another native of By the 1880s railroad lines had been had been founded in Galveston in 1842, Bremen was beginning to take on a extended well into the great farm belts as Edward Kauffman and Company, by prominent role in the German immigra­ of Texas, and several railroad agents Edward and Julius Kauffman, who had tion scheme. Henry Runge came to the were actively engaged in the immigra­ begun to conduct business in the city United States through Baltimore in tion business (fig. 24). Kingsbury, two years earlier. In subsequent years 1836, moved to New Orleans in 1841 , acting as an agent for the Sunset Road, the name of the firm was changed to and in 1845 pooled his resources with seems to have been primarily respon­ Julius Kauffman and Company, Kauff­ the Verein to support its Texas colony. sible for the America charter. He man and Klainer, Kauffman and Wag­ In 1848 he established a shipping travelled to Bremen in April 1880 and ner, and finally, Kauffman and Runge business and bank in Indianola-some signed a contract with the North Ger­ in 1873. claim it was the first bank in Texas. 12 man Lloyd Line which provided for an Julius Kauffman was the dominant Runge moved his base of operations to appropriate steamship if Kingsbury force in the company until his death in Galveston in 1868, and he formed a could guarantee at least SOp passen­ January 1880.6 He had considerable partnership with Kauffman in 1873, gers. In his own words, Kingsbury skills as a merchant, importer, and shortly before Runge's death. At placed in the hands of all licensed shipping agent. A citizen of Bremen, Runge's death, the two Bremenites, immigration agents throughout Germany he used his contacts there to develop both of whom had maintained political a pamphlet descriptive of Texas, each and strengthen the Bremen-Galveston ties to Europe, held a near monopoly book al so containing a complete map of 7 the United States. I printed both at connection over the years. Through on the direct (Galveston as a , and distributed from that arrangements made by the Kauffman entry) immigration business in Texas. place 30,000 copies during the months House, Germans or Czechs already As early as 1858 (possibly much ear­ of April and May .. . . The Sunset road living in Texas could prepay the trans­ lier) Kauffman held the title of the is doing all in its power, regardless of expense, and if the citizens of Texas will Atlaritic passage for relatives and foreign consul at Galveston for Austria, lend a helping hand by attentions and friends, either by paying in full or by , Bremen, and the Nether­ encouraging the new arrivals, strangers taking a note on tickets at one percent lands. 13 Similarly, Henry Runge was at your gates, and getting them to write per month on the unpaid balance. Also, appointed consul (at Indianola, Texas) good letters home, we shall make it a grand success.17 funds for the purchase of necessary for the city of Hamburg in 1851.14 items could be made available to the Runge died in 1873, but his nephew Kingsbury helped to arrange other immigrants at their port of embarkation (and son-in-law) Julius Runge was Bremen ~ to-Galveston charters during or at their arrival port in Galveston appointed consul for the German Em­ our time' of study, including that of the before their inland journey. 8 When the pire at Galveston in 1875. 15 When Kronprinz, which arrived in Galveston Verein was organized in the 1840s by Julius Kauffman died in 1880, his in October 1881,1 8 and other Texas German capitalists to promote German Austrian consular title was transferred railroads, such as the Texas and Pa­ immigration to Texas,9 Edward Kauff­ to his son Julius Kauffman, Jr. These cific, were also involved in promoting man was appointed its fiscal agent,lO two heirs were the Kauffman and immigration during this period. and it was in this capacity that he and Runge of the Galveston shipping firm William W. Lang was another im­ Julius Kauffman arranged consignment as it was constituted when the America portant promoter in the business at this of space aboard sailing vessels to landed in 1880 to initiate the new era of time. As an agent of the Southwestern immigrants. In these early years, the steamship charters. 16 Immigration Company, which repre­ German immigrants were shipped from Other figures in the immigration sented seven individual railroads oper­ Bremen first to Galveston and then by process can be identified: many of the ating in the states of Texas, Louisiana, smaller vessels to the nearby port of charters or special consignments of the and Arkansas, he, too, solicited the Indianola, Texas. It should also be steamships during our seven-year Bremen-to-Galveston immigrant trade. noted that the Kauffmans and the period of study apparently were ar­ He seems to have been primarily re­ Verein itself were taking advantage of ranged by either Dr. W. G. Kingsbury sponsible for organizing the charter for laws passed by the of Texas of the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San the Weser, which landed in Galveston 19 in 1841 and 1842 which sanctioned and Antonio Railroad (the Sunset Road) or in 1883. encouraged the colonization of French, by William W. Lang, who represented The 619 immigrants who arrived in English, and German groups in Texas the Southwestern Immigration Com­ the steamship America in September in order to discourage military interven­ pany, which was incorporated in the 1880 were described as coming from tion by Mexico over disputed borders. I I state of Texas. Austria (Moravia and Silesia inclusive),

138 Saxony, , , Wurtemburg, to Galveston was not economically Lippe-Detmola, Russia, , feasible until Galveston's channel was , , Bohemia, Swe­ deepened in 1895,24 although North den, , Hamburg, and German Lloyd did change its terminal Saxe-. The Czech-American from New Orleans to Galveston in newspaper Wisconsin Slavie listed the 1884. But an important question re­ names of sixty-eight Czech adults mains: why did the special charter among these passengers; twenty-two arrangements end after 1886? There is were accompanied by a family and four no one certain explanation, but several were listed with children. This consti­ factors probably contributed to this tution of America's passengers seems development. The firm of Kauffman typical of the two sailing vessels and and Runge, whose primary emphasis fifteen steamships and the approxi­ was on the cotton trade, lost a great mately 8,038 immigrants they brought deal of money in an attempt to comer from Bremen to Galveston during the the cotton market in 1885, which may years 1880-86. have affected its role in the immigrant Table 1 lists available information business.25 about the seventeen voyages. The date There is also evidence that Germany of the departure from Bremen is avail­ had begun to enforce laws against the able for only ten. The number of adult recruiting of immigrants within its passengers for each voyage is given, Fig.24. Czech-language land promotion borders-a point that North German but, unfortunately, complete lists of booklet issued by the Burlington & Lloyd's spokesman was quick to dis­ names in most cases are not among the Missouri River Railroad in Nebraska. close at a U.S. congressional hearing in Prosperity is anticipated in the progres­ U.S. Customs passenger lists held at 1888.26 New domestic laws that lim­ 2o sive views ofa typical American farm the Port of Galveston. Although over the first six years of settlement. ited immigration by exclusion were, some of the lists are not available, we (NSHS Library, A245-10) however, probably more significant: can speculate about the lost records on the first comprehensive immigration the basis of the information that is a few personally arranged voyages law to reg~late immigration, commonly accessible and conclude that a majority from England. Of course the popula­ referred tO ,as the pauper's law, was of the over 8,000 passengers during the tion of Texas was still expanding dur­ enacted on August 4, 1882. Among seven-year period were Germans. ing these years through foreign other things, it restricted the immigra­ Perhaps as many as one-third of them immigration, but the direct immigration tion of persons who did not have suffi­ were Czechs (most of them citizens of business as described in this paper had cient personal funds to provide for Austria). ceased to exist. Most of the immi­ themselves, though the law did contain What happened after 1886? No ship grants were coming to Texas via New some exemptions. arrivals were noted at Galveston in the and Baltimore. The Baltimore The Alien Contract Labor Law Galveston Daily News as bringing arrivals could easily reach Texas by rail (Foran Act) of 1885 prohibited immi­ immigrants directly there as a port of as provided by a partnership between grant contracts for labor in return for entry for the years 1887-95.21 A pam­ the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and prepayment of passage. The immigra­ phlet published by the Treasury Depart­ North German Lloyd; the New York tion system as it operated in Texas ment Bureau of Statistics in 1893 arrivals could come by either rail or thrived on the importation of German indicates that small numbers of immi­ coastal vessel. and Austrian peasant farmers by means grants and foreign passengers did arrive All of the North German Lloyd ships of prepaid passage, with an agreement in Galveston during this period through discussed in this paper were charters: to work to retire the debt. 27 Both laws, 189222 and the Immigration and Natu­ this company did not initiate regular when finally enforced by the secretary ralization Service passenger lists also service to Galveston in the 1880s due of the treasury or his appointees and verify that small numbers of immi­ to the shallow bar which blocked the not by local customs inspectors, seri­ grants and foreign passengers arrived entrance to the port. The large steam­ ously affected Galveston's immigrant between 1892 and 1895,23 but these ers never crossed the bar, and all pas­ charter. came by small coastal vessels from sengers and cargo had to be lightered to Finally, there were economic reasons Central and South American ports and shore. For this reason, regular service that in 1887 North German Lloyd

139 Nebraska History - FailIWinter 1993

during this period, the railroads in the eastern United States were forming into trunk lines and had jointly created an emigrant clearing house. 29 Similarly, North German Lloyd and other Euro­ pean steamship companies formed a steamship pool in order to transport large numbers of immigrants to America in the most efficient, profit­ able manner. This kind of efficient trans-Atlantic service, which depended on regular schedules rather than the old individual charters, was extended to Galveston soon after the deepening of the bar at the harbor's entrance in 1895. Both the Hamburg American Line and the North German Lloyd Line of Bremen initiated direct, regular service to Galveston in 1896, and the immigrant business there blossomed once again.30

Notes

I The figures are based on articles pub­ lished in the Galveston Daily News; see Table I.

2 See Chester W. and Ethel H. Geue, A New Land Beckoned (Baltimore: Genealogi­ cal Publishing Co., 1982); Ethel H. Geue, New Homes in a New Land (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1982); Terry G. Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immi­ grant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin:' University of Texas Press, 1975) and Immigration to Texas (Boston: American Press, 1980).

3 See William Philip Hewitt, "The Czechs in Texas: A Study of the Immigration and the Development of Czech Ethnicity," 1850­ 1920, Ph.D. diss., the University of Texas at Austin, 1978; Albert Blaha and Dorothy Klumpp, The Saga ofErnst Bergmann (pri­ vately printed, 1981); Clinton Machann and James W. Mendl, Krasna Amerika: A Study Fig.25. Undated artwork for cover of the Omaha agricultural journal Hospodiii'. After of the Texas Czechs, 1851-1939 (Austin, the opening ofEllis Island in 1892 , most Czechs entered the United States through New Tex.: Eakin Press, 1983),9-38. Another York Harbor, where the Statue ofLiberty (/886) was a welcome sight. (NSHS Museum important aspect of Czech emigration to 638P-16, C998.1-602) Texas that has been ignored until recently was the building of a railway system in the Czech lands that made the group emigrations feasible. Especially important was the completion in April 1851 of the Prague to Decin link, which opened up travel to the abandoned Galveston but not New A steamer required ten to twelve days Bohemia-Saxony border and beyond to the York or Baltimore, reasons in addition to run from Bremen to New York but North German port connections. See Pavel to the shallow bar blocking the channel almost exactly twice that length of time Kosmata, lhe 19th Century Railroads in entrance at Galveston (fig. 25). to run to Galveston.28 Furthermore, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, ed. Lawrence H. Konecny (privately printed, 1992).

140 Konecny!Machann . The Bremen to Galveston Route

4 The arrival of the bark Galveston at Low Price of Cotton 50 Years Ago," Naturalization Service, Microcopy 1359, Galveston with forty-one passengers on Galveston Daily News, Sept. 10, 1931 ,6. thirty-six roll s. This collection is classified November 16, 1874, marked the last arrival as beginning in the year 1896; however, it 15 Hauschild, The Runge Chronicle, 163-64. of an immigrant ship from Bremen before the includes li sts dating from 1892. depression. There would be no other arrivals 16 Kauffman and Runge were also the 24 It was estimated in 1880 that the addi­ of immigrant vessels from Bremen until the leading cotton merchants in the state at this tional costs to shippers for lightering cargo at America in 1880. time. It was reported that in 1881 the firm handled twice the amount of cotton as the Galveston would exceed $1 million for a 5 "German Immigrants Coming," next largest shipper. Their business connec­ five-year period. See " How to Raise the Galveston Daily News, Sept. 26, 1880,4. tions were located in Rio de Janeiro, Vera Means for Securing Deep Water," Galveston Daily News, Dec. 23, 18 80, 4. 6 Manuscript no. 78-0035, personal diary Cruz, New York, Liverpool, Havre, and of Joseph Franklin, Book 1,80; and Bremen. The firm also had a considerable 25 "Galvestonian Figured in Fight Against Galveston County Probate Cause no. 1255, wholesale and consignment business through­ Low Price of Cotton 50 Years Ago," Book 10,414,444,475-88, 589, 631 in out much of Texas. Galveston Daily News, Sept.! 0, 1931 , 6; and Rosenberg Library, Galveston, Texas. "Gigantic Attempt to Corner Cotton Market 17 From Kingsbury 's letter to the Galveston Once Made by Julius Runge, Merchant 7 "Kauffman & Runge," Galveston Daily Daily News, dated , Oct. 23, 1880, King," Ibid., Feb. 17, 1935 . News, Jan. 2, 1882,2. The Kauffman House "Immigration at Work," Galveston Daily provided information to the Republic of News, Nov. II, 1880,4; al so see "Texas," 26 "Beginning Their Labors," New York Texas in assisting the establishment of the ibid., Sept. 8, 1882, 7. Times, July 26, 1888, 8; "German Immi­ Bremen-to-Galveston trade. See Anson grants," Galveston Daily News, Sept. 22, 18 "Immigrants," Galveston Daily News, Jones, Memoranda and Official Correspon­ 1896,6. Oct. 7, 1881,4. dence Relating to the Republic o/Texas - Its 27 "Immigration," Picayune (New Orleans), History and Annexation 1836 to 1846 (Chi­ 19 "Immigrants for Texas," Galveston Daily Oct. 3,1873, 1, 8. cago: The Rio Grande Press, 1966),207-8 . News, Sept. 21, 1883,2. Lang' s use of Galveston's harbor facilities may have been a 28 Table I; See also "The Immigrant Rate," 8 Manuscript no. 56-0005, Rosenberg second choice to those of New Orleans; Galveston Daily News, Oct. 16, 1896, 4. Library. however, Lang did not have the cooperation 29 "Managing the Railroads," New York 9 This organization was incorporated in of Morgan's Louisiana and Texas Steamship Times, Dec. 30, 1885,2. Texas as the German Immigration Company. and Railroad Company, which was necessary in order to use that route: see "To Promote 30 The arrival in Galveston of the SS 10 Geue and Geue, A New Land Beckoned, Immigration," Picayune (New Orleans), Jan. from Bremen on Oct. 9, 1896, reinstituted th e 52. Solms says he appointed Klainer as agent 29 , 1881,6. Bremen-to-Galveston immigrant trade. but also implies that Fischer appointed E. Kauffman as agent without Solms's permis­ 20 Our project was responsible for the sion. However, Solms says he appointed E. di scovery of two of the missing li sts: the Kauffman as agent at Carlshafen (Indianola). 1885 arrivals of the Weser and the According to newspaper accounts of the time Hohenzollern. These two lists represent 526 the first two ships were consigned to Kauff­ of the 560 immigrant arrivals reported at man, as were the vast majority of the ships Galveston in the 1893 treasury department that fo llowed. Other hi storians refer to this report. In addition, the list of the Weser's arrangement as " Kauffman and Klainer" yet passengers on its arrival in 1883 was found in this partnership did not exist at this time. See a vertical file at Rosenberg Library in Jones, Memoranda and Official Correspon­ Galveston, Texas. A partial li st for the dence, 326, 327. America's arrival in 1880 was located as part of a research project organized by the late I I In a law of Jan. 4, 1841, the Congress of Albert Blaha. It lists all of the passengers the Republic of Texas authorized the presi­ with Czech surnames on that ship. dent to make contracts with W. S. and others "for the purpose of colonizing and 21 According to the monthly reports from settling a portion of the vacant and unappro­ the Bureau for Bremen Statistics and the priated lands of the Republic. " In another Harbor Account Books for Bremerhaven, law enacted Feb. 5, 1842, the Congress there was no departure of an emigration expanded its earlier legislation by including vessel from Bremen to Galveston during the other colonization companies. years 1887-95.

12 Manuscript no. 56-0005, Rosenberg 22 "Arrivals of Alien Passengers and Library; and Henry J. Hauschild, The Runge Immigrants in the U.S. 1820-1892," U. S. Chronicle - A German Saga 0/ Success Department of Treasury, 1893, as quoted in (Victoria, Tex.: Privately printed, 1990), Merideth B. Colket, Jr., and Frank E. passim. Bridgers, eds., Guide to Genealogical Re­ search in the National Archives (Washington 13 W. and D. Richardson, Galveston City D. C.: General Services Administration, Directory, 1859-1860. 1974),39-40. 14 "Galvestonian Figured in Fight Against 23 Passenger Lists o/Vessels Arriving at Galveston 1896-1948, U.S. Immigration and

141