PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF Perspectives on HEALTH EQUITY & Social Determinants of Health Edited by Kimber Bogard, Velma McBride Murry, & Charlee Alexander A Special Publication of the PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE • 500 FIFTH STREET, NW • WASHINGTON, DC 20001 NOTICE: This publication has been reviewed according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Medicine (NAM) report review process. Publication signifies that it is judged a competent and useful contribution worthy of public consideration, but does not imply endorse- ment of conclusions and recommendations by the NAM. The views presented in this publication are those of individual authors and do not represent formal consensus positions of the NAM; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the authors’ organizations. Support for this activity was provided by the NAM’s Kellogg Health of the Public Fund. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bogard, Kimber, editor. | Murry, Velma McBride, editor. | Alexander, Charlee M., editor. | National Academy of Medicine (U.S.), issuing body Title: Pespectives on health equity and social determinants of health / Kimber Bogard, Velma McBride Murry, and Charlee Alexander, editors. Description: Washington, DC : National Academy Of Medicine, [2017] Identifiers: LCCN 2017036543 (print) | LCCN 2017036909 (ebook) | ISBN 9781947103078 (Ebook) | ISBN 9781947103023 (pbk.) Subjects: | MESH: Social Determinants of Health | Health Equity | United States Classification: LCC RA445 (ebook) | LCC RA445 (print) | NLM WA 30 | DDC 362.10973--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017036543 Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Suggested citation: Bogard, K., V. M. Murry, and C. Alexander, eds. 2017. Perspectives on health equity and social determinants of health. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine. PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF “Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do.” —Goethe LEADERSHIP INNOVATION IMPACT for a healthier future PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF ABOUT THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE The National Academy of Medicine is one of three Academies constituting the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies). The National Academies provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institu- tion to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineer- ing to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on issues of health, medical care, and biomedical science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. Learn more about the National Academy of Medicine at NAM.edu. v PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF AUTHORS CARL C. BELL, MD, Jackson Park Hospital and Windsor University PATRICK H. DELEON, PHD, MPH, JD, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ANGELA DIAZ, MD, PhD, MPH, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai KAREN E. DILL-SHACKLEFORD, PhD, Fielding Graduate University LAWRENCE M. DRAKE II, PhD, MA, MBA, LEAD Program VIVIAN L. GADSDEN, EdD, University of Pennsylvania HELENE GAYLE, MD, MPH, Chicago Community Trust WALTER S. GILLIAM, PhD, Yale School of Medicine COTI-LYNNE PUAMANA HAIA, JD, Office of Hawaiian Affairs JEFF HUTCHINSON, MD, FAAP, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences JOSEPH KEAWE‘AIMOKU KAHOLOKULA, PhD, University of Hawai‘i TRACEY PÉREZ KOEHLMOOS, PhD, MHA, Marine Corps RICHARD M. LERNER, PhD, Tufts University NANCY LÓPEZ, PhD, University of New Mexico RAQUEL MACK, MS, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences JIM MARKS, MD, MPH, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation SHANTEL E. MEEK, PhD, Administration for Children and Families NOREEN MOKUAU, DSW, University of Hawai‘i VELMA MCBRIDE MURRY, PhD, Vanderbilt University KEN PEAKE, DSW, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai DWAYNE PROCTOR, PhD, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation SRIVIDYA RAMASUBRAMANIAN, PhD, MA, Texas A&M University ROBERT SEIDEL, MLA, McDaniel College SADÉ SOARES, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences PATRICK H. TOLAN, PhD, University of Virginia SHARON TOOMER, BlackandBrownNews.com vii PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF viii | Perspectives on Health Equity JOANN U. TSARK, MPH, University of Hawai‘i, Native Hawaiian Board of Health, and Native Hawaiian Cancer Network ALFORD A. YOUNG JR., PhD, University of Michigan NAM Staff KIMBER BOGARD, PhD, Senior Officer CHARLEE ALEXANDER, Program Officer LAURA DESTEFANO, Director of Communications KYRA E. CAPPELUCCI, Communications Associate MOLLY DOYLE, Communications Specialist PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF REVIEWERS The papers in this volume were reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with review procedures approved by the National Academy of Medicine. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of the papers in this volume: CLARA L. ADAMS-ENDER, United States Army Nurse Corps (retired) DAVID A. BRENT, MD, University of Pittsburgh DAVID V. B. BRITT, MPA, Sesame Workshop (retired) HERNAN CARVENTE, BS, Youth First MARK E. COURTNEY, PhD, University of Chicago ELENA FUENTES-AFFLICK, MD, MPH University of California, San Francisco AMY LEFFLER, PhD, MSW, US Department of Justice HARRY J. HOLZER, PhD, Georgetown University LARKE N. HUANG, PhD, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration JEFF HUTCHINSON, MD, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ANN S. MASTEN, PhD, University of Minnesota CHRISTINE RAMEY, MBA, BSN, RN, Health Resources and Services Administration MARTÍN J. SEPÚLVADA, MD, MPH, IBM, Fellow, IBM MELISSA A. SIMON, MD, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine BELINDA E. SIMS, PhD, National Institute on Drug Abuse MILDRED THOMPSON, MSW, PolicyLink Center for Health Equity and Place (retired) Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the papers, nor did they see the final drafts before publication. Review of these papers was overseen ix PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF x | Perspectives on Health Equity by Kimber Bogard, PhD, Senior Officer for Planning and Advancement and Managing Officer, Culture of Health Program, NAM. Responsibility for the final content of these papers rests entirely with the authors and the NAM. PREPUBLICATION COPY - UNCORRECTED PROOF PREFACE On May 11, 2015, The Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies), held a public meeting to discuss the social determinants of health inequities and social injustice using a social justice lens. The meeting, “Armchair Discussions of Social Justice and Equity across the Life Course,” engaged academicians, policy makers, policy implementers, community service providers, and community representatives who work with vulnerable populations to achieve four objec- tives: (1) address the laws, policies, and leadership needed to ensure social justice and health equity for children, youth, and families; (2) highlight “institutions” such as parenting, the juvenile justice system, foster care system, school system, and the ways these institutions protect the development of children and youth in the context of social justice and health equity; (3) focus on health disparities resulting from discriminatory practices and policies, and missed opportunities for investing in human capital; and (4) discuss topics and priority areas for the National Academies. In the same year, the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) launched its Culture of Health Program to focus on the cultural factors that give rise to health inequities. The NAM’s Culture of Health Program is a multiyear collaborative effort, sup- ported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, to identify strategies to create and sustain conditions that support equitable good health for all Americans. On January 25, 2017, the NAM hosted its first stakeholder meeting of the program, “Engaging Allies in the Culture of Health Movement.” The meeting brought together participants from major stakeholder groups, including philanthropy, membership associations, advocacy groups, community organizations, federal and state