UGAMUNC XXII UGAMUNC XXII Truman’S Cabinet Truman’S Cabinet, Background Guide

UGAMUNC XXII UGAMUNC XXII Truman’s Cabinet Truman’s Cabinet, Background Guide

UGAMUNC XXII Truman’s Cabinet

Delegates,

Welcome to the UGAMUNC XXII and we are so excited to have you attending our conference. Expanding on our continued commitment to exploring the decisions of the past, this year we are excited to unveil a committee that will explore the realm of crisis and diplomacy in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. To begin, my name is Matthew Yarbrough, and I will be serving as the Director for the committee. I am a senior at the University originally from Etowah High School, where I served on their Model United Nations team for three years. Upon arriving to college, I joined UGA’s Model United Nations team right away and now serve as the Head Delegate for the team. I am currently a triple major studying International Affairs, Political Science, and History. I also am a part of the Wesley Methodist Student Ministry, Shop with a Bulldawg, and the Borgen Project@UGA. Upon graduation at the end of this year, I will be continuing my education by entering into a five-year doctoral program in political science. In my spare time, I am around campus in a hammock or reading a good book. Further, my two co-chairs this year are Perry Siniard and Cody Pyle. Perry is a fourth year double majoring in International Affairs and Spanish. This is his fourth year on the team, having previously chaired UNODC, GA-1, and an Order of the Phoenix special topics crisis committee. In his free time he can be found attending local shows at the Georgia Theatre, or grabbing a bite at one of his favorite local eateries. The other co-chair of this committee will be Cody Pyle, a second year Biology major with a minor in Italian. He wants to go on to be an oncologist when he grow up and help people. He is fluent in sarcasm and loves to cook and eat Italian food. On an average day, he can be caught in the six with my woes and buffalo chicken dip. We look forward to a very vivid debate and want to emphasize that we welcome any questions about the committee or the direction for the committee before the conference actually begins. To contact the chair, the email is [email protected]. Position Papers are MANDATORY for this committee. You will not be considered for an award if a Position Paper is not turned in. We would also request the submission of Position Papers to us BEFORE the Conference by emailing them to the email above. This will allow us to read them beforehand and avoid taking time from watching your debate to edit the papers. Thanks and best of luck!

-- Matthew Yarbrough (Director) Perry Siniard (Co-Chair) Cody Pyle (Co-Chair)

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Structure of the Committee

To begin, it is first important to understand the inherent structure that will be underlying this committee. In the past ten years, collegiate Model United Nations has transitioned from the realm of General Assemblies to Crisis committees, which simulate the same negotiation patterns you might see in a General Assembly, but invoke a different environment to debate within. This committee will take the form of a crisis committee therefore. Upon arrival in committee on Friday, you will be given a current date that the committee is starting at as well as a list of powers that your character has in the committee. At this point, debate will begin just like in a General Assembly with the assumption that the committee is occurring during the Truman Presidency. The committee WILL NOT follow exact history, and you will be frequently updated as to what is going on and what crises you as the cabinet must deal with. The chair will act as President Truman himself, but will take a back seat to most decisions, instead deferring to you all, his cabinet. Once debate begins, there will be no form of speakers list. Instead debate will take the form of constant moderated or un-moderated caucuses. The chair will leave it open as to what the committee would like to debate on and there will be no set topics. This will allow you all, the delegates, to debate in a fluid environment where you can address the crisis that frequently will be presented to the committee. Concerning voting, each delegate will count as one vote for all matters and there is no veto power like in the Security Council. In terms of taking action, each delegate has two different ways they can complete an action. The first route is through a “directive”. Written almost exactly like a resolution, a directive is a document that the committee will vote on and pass as a group. It does not have to have pre-ambulatory clauses like a resolution, but rather just the actions that the committee will take. The number of sponsors and signatories for each resolution will be announced on the first day of conference. The second route delegates may use to take actions are crisis notes. These are small notes written to the director of the committee attempting to do something specific and individual. No other committee members will see these notes and most crisis notes are used to either build a network of allies outside of the committee, secure outside money or support, or to ask questions concerning the current state of affairs. These notes will then receive an immediate reply by the director of the committee in a way to assist you as a delegate in the committee. If at any time before or during the conference you find yourself with questions concerning the structure of the committee or confusion about how the writing or debate is run, please do not hesitate to ask questions. We are thoroughly conscious of the fact that most high school tournaments have failed to transition like collegiate Model United Nations into a crisis- based format, and therefore this may be an entirely new experience for many of you. Noting that, this will be a learning experience for many of you, and our staff will do our absolute best to make ourselves open and non-biased resources as you explore this modern format.

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The Past Administration Efforts: The Roosevelt Era First elected as the President of the United States in 1932 on the backdrop of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States and the only one to ever be elected to the Presidency four separate elections. He would go on to pass away on April 12th, 1945 ultimately culminating in the assumption of power by Vice President Harry Truman. Roosevelt took the Presidency with great stride and ultimately would go on to change much of the system in his era.1 Beginning with Roosevelt’s first term, few times did Roosevelt find himself not bogged down by economic affairs. Constant criticism and needs for appeasement came from the public, the bankers, and business owners, as Hoover’s administration had ultimately been unable to stave off the depression. Upon arriving in office, a fourth of the overall public was unemployed. Almost immediately, Roosevelt focused on banking with the Emergency Banking Act and Glass- Steagall Act to try and secure savings deposits. Beyond that, several different regulatory agencies were immediately established including the Federal Trade Commission, the Public Works Administration, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, and the Securities and Exchange Commission2. Overall, policies were built around regulating the chaos, encouraging the unions, and enabling a temporary lapse in anti-trust work. Much of the effort to regulate this was placed under Interior Secretary Harold Ickles.3 By Roosevelt’s second term, his influence was established, and the 1936 election presented itself as a landslide election. President Roosevelt defeated his opponent Republican Governor of Kansas Alf Landon by impressive numbers. Taking over 60% of the popular vote and carrying every state except Maine and Vermont (Roosevelt even won Landon’s home state of Kansas), Roosevelt was given the closest thing to a mandate that is achievable in the modern era.4 By this time, the South had been easily established as a solid Democratic voting block. South Carolina for example went 98% in favor of President Roosevelt, and the state itself had not voted for a Republican President since Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876.5 By the time of the election of 1938, Roosevelt’s reforms had gone into place. Throughout the second term, the economic focus of the administration decreased as many of the previous New Deal reforms had gone into place. The only significant new legislation came in the forms of the minimum wage from the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 and the Housing Act of 1937.6The bigger issue in this term came in the form of the Supreme Court.7 Roosevelt, and the New Deal coalition as a whole, found themselves increasingly at odds with the court as they struck down legislation like the National Recovery Act. This resulted in Roosevelt’s famous

1 Robinson, Edgar Eugene. The Roosevelt Leadership, 1933-1945. Da Capo Press, 1972. 2 Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Coming of the New Deal: 1933-1935, The Age of Roosevelt. Vol. 2. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003. 3 Ickes, Harold L. "The Secret Diary of Harold L." I First Thousand Days 36 (1933): 178-79. 4 McCoy, Donald R. "The Election of 1936." Crucial American Elections (Philadelphia, 1973) 57 (1973). 5 Abramowitz, Alan I., and Kyle L. Saunders. "Ideological realignment in the US electorate." The Journal of Politics 60.03 (1998): 634-652. 6 Grossman, Jonathan. "Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum struggle for a minimum wage." Monthly Labor Review (1978): 22-30. 7 Caldeira, Gregory A. "Public opinion and the US Supreme Court: FDR's court-packing plan." American Political Science Review 81.04 (1987): 1139-1153.

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“court packing” scheme where he threatened that he would appoint six new justices to the court in order to get his legislation through. 8 Ultimately, the Vice President, former House Speaker John Nance Garner led the charge against this leading to the plan’s failure. A message was sent though to the court that Roosevelt’s frustration could lead to issues, leading to Justice Owen Roberts switching his leaning on the court and supporting Roosevelt. This today is referred often as “the switch in time that saved nine”, based on the fact it preserved the status of nine justices on the court.9 Also, by 1941 Roosevelt had personally been granted the chance to appoint 8 of the 9 justices due to retirements and deaths leading to a solidified court. By the end of the second term, Roosevelt had largely lost the power to legislate as Senator Robert Taft, a Republican, organized a coalition of conservatives from both parties into a new voting bloc that prevented substantial amounts of legislation from coming to the floor.10 The real focus quickly became foreign policy where Roosevelt teetered back and forth on his actions toward Hitler and a new Germany. While not included ultimately in the Munich Agreement of 1938 to stop Hitler, Roosevelt made it clear he did not want to be a part of the European conflict. By 1939 with the German invasion of Poland, his stance shifted as he argued there should be military support for France and the United Kingdom, though no formal declaration of war.11 There was great hesitation in the Democratic Party concerning these actions. When Roosevelt in 1940 passed his Destroyers for Bases Agreement with the United Kingdom, support waned and questions of the implications quickly arose.12 By 1941 though, isolationist found themselves increasingly marginalized leading to the Lend-Lease Act by Congress in 1941. This, however, is not to gloss over the election of 1940 which presented itself as a unique one for Roosevelt. In the past, candidates who attempted third terms had been punished for such efforts, so Roosevelt proceeded cautiously into the Convention that year. He strategically undercut his main opponents being Vice President Garner, Secretary of State and former Tennessee Senator Cordell Hull, and Chairman of the Democratic National Committee James Farley. Ultimately, he succeeded in securing the support of his party and chose a new vice President, the Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace, a progressive and former Republican, to be his running mate.13 The Republicans this election increasingly found avenues to attack Roosevelt, whether it be his supposed eagerness to go to War or his failure to reboot the economy enough following the Great Depression. Republicans had come into the nomination process divided and unsure of themselves. Senator Taft, a conservative Republican isolationist consistently fell in opposition to the more moderate nominees including Senator Vandenberg and New York District Attorney Thomas Dewey. Ultimately, following a very controversial primary, an outsider businessman

8 Pusey, Merlo John. The Supreme Court Crisis. New York: Da Capo Press, 1973 [c1937], 1973. 9 Leuchtenburg, William E. "FDR's Court-Packing Plan: A Second Life, A Second Death." Duke Law Journal (1985): 673-689. 10 Kirk, Russell. The political principles of Robert A. Taft. Transaction publishers, 1967. 11 Weinberg, Gerhard L. The foreign policy of Hitler's Germany: starting World War II, 1937-1939. Vol. 2. Humanities Press Intl, 1994. 12 Pollock, Fred E. "Roosevelt, the Ogdensburg Agreement, and the British Fleet: all done with Mirrors." Diplomatic History 5.3 (1981): 203-219. 13 Gamm, Gerald H. The Making of the New Deal Democrats: Voting Behavior and Realignment in Boston, 1920-1940. University of Chicago Press, 1989.

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Wendell Willkie took the nomination by storm.14 Ultimately, it was city populations in the North that ultimately saved Roosevelt. The South remained a strong Democratic voting block and the Midwest faltered in their support. It was the acquisition of Northern states like Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Illinois that ultimately led to Democratic victory, a bi-product of the massive urban Northern political machines.15 The third term of Roosevelt’s presidency was primarily focused on the Second World War as President Roosevelt continued armament and ultimately went to war in 1941. After the attacks on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941, President Roosevelt formed the Joint Chiefs of Staff to discuss military strategy.16 With German and Italian declarations of war on the United States on December 11th, 1941, the United States sentiments against war disappeared and immediately Roosevelt drew up a new war strategy to launch an invasion of western Europe and sending military to help liberate and protect China.17 One of the most controversial of policies Roosevelt took during the war was Executive Order 9066, which immediately called for the interment of primarily Japanese-descent citizens. The goal was to prevent terrorism or espionage, but ultimately Roosevelt would be criticized for the decision.18 By the end of 1943, it became clear that the Allies were going to win the war. Increasingly, the President realized he may have been far too optimistic about Stalin’s intentions following the war and began to become concerned following the Yalta Conference.19 At the same time, Roosevelt’s health began to rapidly decline. Bi-products of being a chain smoker and age, he was consistently undergoing testing and treatment throughout 1944.20 Leading into the election of 1944, Roosevelt was forced to remove Henry Wallace from the ticket due to his more progressive policies and Democratic fears that Roosevelt’s death would lead to a Wallace presidency. Though not his first choice, Roosevelt ultimately supported Harry Truman, then a Senator from Missouri and the most vocal auditor of wartime spending, to be the Vice President.21 Despite the Republican choice in liberal Republican New York Governor Thomas Dewey and their complaints of domestic corruption, Roosevelt swept the election with 53% of the popular vote. The Republicans ultimately took many of the states they took in the 1940 election, failing to make significant new gains. By March of 1945, after Roosevelt began his fourth term, it became increasingly clear to the politicians that his health was declining. He appeared frail and weak at his speech to Congress on March 1st, and ultimately cold no longer stand. Despite being completely in control of his mental faculties, he continued to decline and on April 12th, 1945, he

14 Johnson, Donald Bruce. The Republican Party and Wendell Willkie. Vol. 46. University of Illinois Press, 1960. 15 Divine, Robert A. Foreign Policy and US Presidential Elections: 1940-1948. Vol. 1. New Viewpoints, 1974. 16 Baker, Leonard. Roosevelt and Pearl Harbor. Macmillan Company, 1970. 17 Beard, Charles A. President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War 1941. Transaction Publishers, 1948. 18 Conrat, Maisie, and Richard Conrat. "Executive Order 9066: The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans." (1972). 19 Perlmutter, Amos. FDR & Stalin: a not so grand alliance, 1943-1945. University of Missouri, 1993. 20 Bruenn, Howard G. "Clinical notes on the illness and death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt." Annals of internal medicine 72.4 (1970): 579-591. 21 Natoli, Marie D. "Harry S. Truman and the Contemporary Vice Presidency."Presidential Studies Quarterly (1988): 81-84.

UGAMUNC XXII Truman’s Cabinet had a massive stroke at his house in Georgia.22 The country was largely shocked by his death, unaware of the decline in health due to Roosevelt’s control of the media. Vice President Truman was immediately sworn in as President, beginning an almost four year term as President.

The Current Issues of the Country: A Brief Overview Below is a very brief overview o current issues plaguing the country or world as a whole. Being aware of these, doing further research on them, and understanding your cabinet member’s personal views on each will ultimately become necessary to your success in the committee as a whole.  Failing Economies in Europe- Throughout most of the Second World War, the continuation of conflict for over six years combined with aerial bombings of most major cities had devastated Europe. Transportation infrastructure was consistently targeted resulting in an overly isolated Europe economically. By 1947, the recovery seemed dismal at best, which agriculture and industrial production falling significantly short of pre-war level. Exports from Western Europe fell to 59% of what they had been prior ot the war. Of those states most damaged, Germany and the United Kingdom were particularly failing to recover due to the extents of the damage. Little has been done to improve this at the time of the start of our committee.23  Rise of Communism following the War- Increasingly under the influence of Stalin and the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe in the years immediately following the war became increasingly revolutionized by the new Communist doctrine that had taken hold in Russia following the First World War. Increasingly, there have become concerns within the new Eastern Bloc nations of coup d’états of the existing democratic structures in those nations, though no such occasion has occurred. In the United States, the Communist Party was established in 1919 and has steadily built a small pool of support within the United States including in some government posts. While they have failed to grasp widespread support, they remain a significant philosophical dynamic in the country. 24  Labor Union Troubles- As noted below, the Democratic Party itself was increasingly becoming divided on the influence of the northern labor unions. Just a few months before this committee begins, Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act to restrict labor union rights to strike and exist in closed shop systems. President Truman vetoed the act, but was overturned. Democrats in the Senate were ultimately divided evenly on the bill. In 1946, in response to increasing costs and inflation, the steel, coal, and rail industries all went on strike. This left the public angry and many began thoroughly advocating for the complete ban on union strikes. The state and power of labor unions is still in question at the start of this committee.25

22 Ferrell, Robert H. The Dying President: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1944-1945. University of Missouri Press, 1998. 23 Eichengreen, Barry. "Institutions and economic growth: Europe after World War II." Economic growth in Europe since 65 (1945). 24 Heale, Michael J. American anti-communism: combating the enemy within, 1830-1970. JHU Press, 1990.

25 Mills, Charles Wright, and Helen Schneider. The new men of power: America's labor leaders. University of Illinois Press, 1948.

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 Segregation Efforts- The issue of race relations in the South was officially becoming a contentious one despite the fact that it presented itself as a less partisan issue. The majority of the Republican Party, mostly Northern in terms of their base, supported the end of segregation at least to some extent. The divide presented itself in terms of the Democratic Party, however, with Northern Democrats increasingly seeing this as a human rights issue and Southern Democrats seeing it increasingly as a States’ rights issue. Often times, President Truman, a native of Missouri, tried to play a fine line. Taking a route of softening the approach, he opposed segregation but attempted to moderate the implementation. Despite this, the increasing tension particularly in Southern states between early civil rights leaders has begun. 26  State of the United Nations- With the establishment of the new post-war era, the United Nations was founded in 1945 and the first meetings began on January 6th, 1946 in London. However, quickly politics of the Cold War between both the United States and the Soviet Union have taken control of the organization and stalemated the most important Security Council. Most immediately, concerns with Palestine and Korea have left the Security Council questioning the future of the United Nations itself. 27  Formal Policy with the Soviet Union- With the formal end of the war and the introduction of a new divided Germany and divided Berlin, tensions within the new bi-polar world were almost immediately. The United States had after the war funded a new large fleet of “super carriers” which further threatened Soviet influence. Due to financial constraints, the British government in 1947 withdrew from both Turkey and Greece further calling into question the state of Eastern affairs. While the term had not been coined the term, Truman had in a speech to Congress in 1947 begun to argue in favor of the domino theory of world affairs. He subsequently had Congress pass a $400 million dollar aid package to the two newly abandoned nations. Questions of how Stalin and Truman will continue to work together now plague the administration’s foreign policy. 28  Post-War Economic Restructuring- One of the most significant occurrences of the post- war era was the massive maintenance of the military and wartime industrial presence. Following the war, there remained questions over how much money should continue to be spent on military expenditures. Slowly but surely, the growth of a new military industrial complex was forming, though its recognition by political pundits has not occurred to this point. At the same time, farming is increasingly becoming regulated under big businesses as small family farms are forced to sell off their land. How the economic restructuring should be adapted by government policy under the Truman administration has still largely been unaddressed.29  Women’s Rights in the United States- After having to get involved in the War effort in massive numbers (close to 18 million women), women faced increasing difficulty in a

26 Barnhill, J. Herschel. "Civil Rights in the 1940's." Negro History Bulletin 45.1 (1982): 21-22. 27 Meisler, Stanley. United Nations: the first fifty years. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995. 28 Offner, Arnold A. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1953. Stanford University Press, 2002.

29 Cogley, Timothy, and Thomas J. Sargent. "Drifts and volatilities: monetary policies and outcomes in the post WWII US." Review of Economic dynamics 8.2 (2005): 262-302.

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post-war transitional period. Women, particularly in munitions, were expected to give up their jobs to war veterans and return to their traditional role in society. This instead resulted in women simply moving to low-paying jobs and continuing to work out of necessity. Women participation rates in college were in the low 30 percent. There also remained questions about women’s ability to enlist in the military with men. Lastly, the women’s liberation movement that rose out of the war is quickly becoming a key ally of the civil rights movement.30  A New Jewish State for the World- Following the Second World War, one of the most intense debates began following demands of the Jewish Community for control of Arab lands with Palestine. While early settlement efforts were already underway by groups of Eastern European Jews, the culmination of a global policy was certainly underway. By 1947, the United Nations was beginning to consider acting on the issue and formed in May the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. Overall, no formal policy or Jewish state has been established. 31  Decolonization Throughout the Globe- As most European states had set up formal colonies throughout the 16th, 17th, 18th, and even 19th centuries, there was increasingly a push in the post-war era for independence of many of these states. European global domination and resource availability had faltered and a new push to expand statehood was underway. By the time of the start of this committee, almost all of Latin America was decolonized as well as Lebanon (1941), Syria (1946), India (1947), and Pakistan (1947). Concerns about the status of most African and South East Asian colonies continue to be a major factor in most international negotiations. 32

Political Forces and Important People

Besides the Cabinet members, there are other important political actors, including several Republicans who are important to note. Below is a table of just some of these important people. It is not necessarily important to know who all of them are, but more specifically it is important to note any individuals who would be associated with your positions.

30 Hartmann, Susan M. The home front and beyond: American women in the 1940s. Twayne Pub, 1982. 31 Elazar, Daniel Judah. Israel: Building a New Society. Indiana University Press, 1986. 32 Grimal, Henri. Decolonization: The British, Dutch, and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963. Kegan Paul International, 1978.

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Year Name Position Became Background Position A loyalist to Truman who was Chief Justice of appointed to the court after being Fred Vinson33 1946 Supreme Court Secretary of the Treasury, Vinson has been a long time political insider. First elected into Congress in 1917 into the House, He became Majority 1947 for Majority Leader of leader as a Republican moderate who Wallace H. Speaker, Senate and Senator could balance the fights between the White Jr. (R)34 1931 for from Maine Taft and Vandenberg wings of the Senator Republicans.

As one of the “compassionate First conservatives”, he led the US House Elected to Speaker of the US as a Republican for the first time House in Joseph William House and US since 1930. Opposed to the New Deal 1924 and Martin Jr. (R)35 Representative from and a supporter of the Conservative elected Massachusetts coalition, he presented himself as a Speaker in moderate Representative who 1946 opposed labor union strength. The son of former President Taft, Robert quickly became the leader of Ideological Leader of Elected to the conservative coalition and the Robert Taft Senate Conservative Senate in non-interventionist policies of (R)36 Republicans and 1938 Republicans. He ran unsuccessfully Senator from Ohio for the Republican party Presidential nomination of 1940.

33 Frank, John P. "Fred Vinson and the Chief Justiceship." The University of Chicago Law Review (1954): 212-246. 34 Ritchie, Donald A. A History of the United States Senate Republican Policy Committee, 1947-1997. Vol. 105. No. 5. US Government Printing Office, 1997. 35 Martin, Joseph William, and Robert John Donovan. My First Fifty Years in Politics. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1960. 36 Patterson, James T. Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH), 1972.

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As a lawyer who defeated a Democratic incumbent in 1938, he Chairman of US has been a steadily moderate voter Senate Judiciary Elected to and friend of Senator Taft. Joseph Alexander Committee and Senate in McCarthy, who lost to Wiley and Wiley (R)37 Senator from 1939 went on to secure the other Wisconsin Wisconsin Senate seat two years later in 1946, challenged him originally in 1944. Chairman of US Elected to Senator from South Dakota who had John Chandler Senate Armed Senate in previously served in the Army for Gurney (R)38 Services Committee 1938 World War I. Chairman of US Elected to Served as Senator from New Styles Bridges Senate Appropriations Senate in Hampshire and was governor before (R)39 Committee 1936 taking to the post. The current leader of the Soviet General Secretary of Union who consolidated power after the Central Lenin’s death. Large believer in Joseph Stalin40 Communist 1922 Socialist societies and a centralized Committee of the command economy, he also is know Soviet Union for his recent “Great Purge” from 1934 to 1939. One of the major military generals of World War II and Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces of Dwight D. Chief of Staff of the Europe, he is a well decorated an well 1945 Eisenhower41 Army loved general. Truman appointed him as Army Chief of Staff though Eisenhower’s political party is not yet known.

37 Wiley, Alexander. "The Committee on Foreign Relations." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1953): 58-65. 38 Moser, John. "SENATE BARON: A Simulation of Politics in the US Senate, 1933-1942." Simulation & Gaming (2011): 1046878111400824. 39 Kiepper, James J. Styles Bridges: Yankee Senator. Phoenix Pub., 2001. 40 Hingley, Ronald. Joseph Stalin: man and legend. Smithmark Publishers, 1994. 41 Dwight D. Eisenhower. National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.

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Originally the Governor of Georgia, Russell was elected in 1932 to the Elected Senate, quickly becoming the founder Senator for Georgia Richard B. into the and leader of the conservative and Leader of Russell (R)42 Senate in coalition as a major Southern Southern Democrats 1933 Democrat leader. He is also the leader of those supporting Segregation. First elected Governor in 1946, Strom Thurmond has quickly made himself Governor of South a rising star of the Southern Strom Carolina and Leader of Elected in opposition to desegregation. He, Thurmond Political 1946 unlike Russell, had more of an issue (R)43 Segregationists with Democratic Party Platforms and feels the party is not being supportive enough about State Rights. First elected Governor of New York in 1942, Dewy has quickly become a Governor of New rising star of the Republican party. York and Current He is running for President for the Thomas Dewey Leading Republican in 1943 Republican party, but the primaries (R)44 1948 Presidential are still only at the beginning. He is a Primaries moderate who somewhat supported the New Deal and its core components. President Pro-Tempore He was known for being an of the US Senate; Also 1947; internationalist within the Republican Arthur Chairman of the First Party, in opposition to Senator Taft, Vandenberg Senate Foreign elected to and for his help in founding the (R)45 Relations Committee the Senate United Nations. as a Senator from in 1928 Michigan

42 Fite, Gilbert C. Richard B. Russell, Jr., Senator from Georgia. UNC Press Books, 2002. 43 Cohodas, Nadine. Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change. Mercer University Press, 1994. 44 Smith, Richard Norton. Thomas E. Dewey and his times. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982. 45 Tompkins, C. David. Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg: the evolution of a modern Republican, 1884-1945. Michigan State University Press, 1970.

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At age 82, Capper has only been Chairman of the chairman for one year and is nearly Senate Agriculture and Elected deaf due to his age. The former Arthur Capper Forestry Committee Senator in governor of Kansas, he has largely (R)46 and Senator from 1918 been involved in Agricultural Kansas concerns since the start of his political career. Originally governor of New Hampshire, Tobey was highly involved in New Hampshire politics Chairman of the Elected of the Great Depression, choosing to Charles W. Senate Banking and Senator in lead from a progressive standpoint. Tobey (R)47 Currency and Senator 1938 While progressive in nature, he from New Hampshire remained a Republican and consistently opposes Taft’s conservative wing of the Senate

Points of Contention within the Democratic Party

As is the case with most political conflicts, there is consistently a split between moderates and the far-viewpoints of each political party. On the far left of the Democratic Party existed the Progressive wing of the party with their champion, Henry Wallace. On the more conservative side of the party were all of the Southern Democrats who were increasingly concerned with the role of Northern Labor Unions and Anti-Segregationists in controlling the party itself. The main issues by the time of the Truman’s presidency had faded concerning the New Deal though as reform efforts finally calmed. 48 The most egregious split in the party came from concerns over civil rights. While Truman himself attempted to float a middle ground of passive support for civil rights, neither Northern progressives nor Southern Conservatives would accept such an outcome. In the Southern States, leaders took the form of Richard Russell Jr. the Georgia Senator who had become the face of Southern Democrats. Other notable faces include Arkansas Governor Laney, South Carolina Governor Thurmond, and Mississippi Governor Wright. As for northern progressive leaders, the biggest advocates against segregation within the party became Wisconsin representative Biemiller, Minneapolis Mayor Hubert Humphrey, and Supreme Court Justice William Douglas.49 On the economic front, the main contention always is held between big labor and rural business. As the Northern states were increasingly taken by Republicans in elections, the only Democrat controlled districts in the North became cities which were largely beholden to demanding labor groups that found themselves at times in conflict with Truman. Whether to

46 Capper, Arthur. The agricultural bloc. Harcourt, Brace, 1922. 47 Bankson, Marjory Zoet. The Isolationism of Senator Charles W. Tobey. University of Alaska, 1971. 48 White, John Kenneth. The values divide: American politics and culture in transition. CQ Press, 2003. 49 Martin, John Frederick. Civil rights and the crisis of liberalism: the Democratic Party, 1945-1976. Westview Press, 1979.

UGAMUNC XXII Truman’s Cabinet prioritize the needs and policies of these labor unions or the Southern and Western farmers and small business owners quickly became a major contention in the Democratic Party in this era of politics.50

The Last Election: Presidential Election of 1944 and Congressional Elections 1946

The election of 1944 presented itself as the fourth and final election of President Roosevelt. Speaking first on the national election, the election for the Presidency began as a questionable one as the war itself came to a close in Europe and the Pacific. Despite the fact that tension over racial policies in the South worried Democrats, he faced no formal opposition during the primaries. That noted, there did become concerns about Vice President Wallace entering into the election largely due to Roosevelt’s apparent decline in health. Wallace was thought by Northern Democrats to be too conservative if something were to happen to Roosevelt in his declining health. After threats of a party strike against the vice-President, Roosevelt consented to take on the Senate Wartime Committee Chairman, Senator Truman, as his vice- presidential candidate.51 On the Republican side of the election, there was a clear divide between Wartime General MacArthur, Moderate New York Governor Dewey, and Conservative Ohio Senator Taft. Ultimately, Dewey became the nominee who chose conservative running mate Governor John Bricker of Ohio. When it came down to the actual general election, the focus was almost entirely on the New Deal, however, the War still remained in the forefront of discussion. On election night, Roosevelt easily won the election gaining thirty-six states total and 53.4% of the popular vote. While the election was not as close as Dewey may have liked, he did do the best any other Republican did against President Roosevelt during a Presidential election. The South remained deeply Democratic in this election, though the Northeast and Midwest fell to the Republicans. Ultimately, almost all of the states that Roosevelt took were in the Midwest or far Northeast. 52 Looking at Congress itself, Roosevelt’s wave allowed for the gain of twenty Democratic seats in the US House of Representatives while a singular net loss in the Senate. Looking first at the Senate, only four seats flipped with gains by Republicans in Iowa, Missouri, New Jersey, and Indiana and Democrat gains in North Dakota, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. For the most part, Republican gains were all to open seats except Iowa while the Democrats defeated incumbents in all three of their elections. All three Democrat gains were by extremely small margins, while all of the Republican gains were cases where they failed to secure more than 52% of the vote in any of the five elections. Moving back to the House of Representatives, the Democrats made small gains in several different states with the most gains in California, Illinois, Ohio, and Connecticut. Republics too gained a dozen or so seats in Northeastern states, though they were overwhelmed by Democratic gains.53 In one of the biggest changes of the post-war era, the Election of 1946 during a non- presidential year resulted in significant changes to the control of Congress including the gains of

50 Greenstone, J. David. Labor in American politics. Vintage Books, 1970. 51 Robinson, Edgar Eugene. They voted for Roosevelt: the Presidential vote, 1932-1944. Stanford University Press, 1947. 52 Divine, Robert A. Foreign Policy and US Presidential Elections: 1940-1948. Vol. 1. New Viewpoints, 1974. 53 "United States presidential election of 1944". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 01 Nov. 2015

UGAMUNC XXII Truman’s Cabinet both the United States House and Senate by the Republican Party. This was the first election since 1932 in which the Republicans controlled the legislature, far before the war and much of the New Deal programs. Truman had largely hoped after becoming president to use this new Congress to begin to enact his own version of the New Deal programs, coined the Fair Deal. In terms of numbers, Republicans picked up eleven different seats in the United States Senate and fifty-four seats in the House to secure control of both.54 Looking specifically first at the Senate elections, the majority of Republican gains in the eleven seats came from the western states and Northeastern states. Several of the elections were close elections, including Missouri, Nevada, Montana, New York, and Utah. Significant new phases in this election were Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin as well as Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. of Massachusetts. The South remained strongly in Democratic hands throughout the election with the Democrats going un-opposed in Mississippi and Alabama. No single Republican gained more than 30% of the vote in a single Southern State.55 With regard to the House elections, the turnout was largely seen as the first ever referendum on the Truman administration which had faced increasing pressure to deal with the post-war economic crisis and labor needs. In terms of popular vote, the Republicans gained 53.5% of the electorate as part of their seat pickup. In terms of places of Republican gains, the trends again held with a focus on Western and Northeastern states. In particular, the three states that saw the most Republican gains were California, New York, and Pennsylvania, which together accounted for twenty-one of the total fifty-four seat gain. Pennsylvania in particular saw one of the biggest turnovers. Before the election, Republicans controlled nineteen of the thirty- three Congressional seats. By the end of the election, Democrats had lost nine of the seats and then only controlled five of the total thirty three House seats. Overall, the election brought Joseph Martin to power in the House as the new Speaker.56

54 "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1946". U.S. House of Reps, Office of the Clerk. Retrieved 27 December 2011. 55 Abramowitz, Alan I., and Jeffrey A. Segal. "Determinants of the outcomes of US Senate elections." The Journal of Politics 48.02 (1986): 433-439. 56 Jacobson, Gary C. "Strategic politicians and the dynamics of US House elections, 1946–86." American Political Science Review 83.03 (1989): 773-793.

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Actors in this Committee

**Please note this is supplemental, and further research on your individual characters is required for your own success in the committee.

Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal- James Forrestal is the first ever individual to serve as the Secretary of Defense, having previously worked in the Presidential cabinet as the Secretary of the Navy. After enlisting in the Navy during WWI, he returned to work in finance in Wall Street, which helped him slowly develop ties with the Democratic Party in New York and eventually help support local and state campaigns. As Undersecretary of the Navy, he proved highly efficient at stimulating domestic industrial production during the war effort, which gained him much prestige with the President. Forrestal was promoted Secretary of the Navy after his superior’s untimely death, and after seeing the end of the war is now focused on the demobilization of the military. Forrestal is known to harbor pro- Palestinian opinions, and sees a soft-liner approach to Japan as key to balance an increasingly threatening Soviet Union. As the Secretary of Defense, he exercises entire control over all Department of Defense forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps) and answers to the President only. *note this excludes the Coast Guard. Forrestal’s selection to the Cabinet can be understood as a direct result of his extensive military career, and his dedication to anti-Soviet containment policies, both of which attracted him as a candidate when considered by the President for the position.5758 Secretary of the Interior Julius A. Krug- Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Julius Krug later received bachelors and Masters degrees from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. He worked an entry-level position for the Wisconsin Public Service Commission, and was later promoted to Chief of the Depreciation Section. Krug’s first notable job was as a chief power engineer with the Tennessee Valley Authority. He served a short stint in the Navy, but was eventually asked to work in key departments where he could serve the country even better than before. After working for a short stint as director of the Office of War Utilities, he was later promoted to chairman of the War Production Board until the board’s dissolution in November 1945. As Secretary of the Interior, he is widely considered an environmentalist, and has been known to be opposed to unnecessarily destructive or large ventures at the expense of nature. The Secretary of the Interior manages the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Geological Survey, and the National Park Service. As a staunch democrat highly valued by his predecessor, FDR, Krug was considered the perfect man for the job when Truman assembled his cabinet.59 Secretary of Agriculture Clinton P. Anderson- Born in Centerville, South Dakota, Clinton Anderson attended University at Michigan at Ann Arbor, but never finished his

57 Joint Publication 1 – Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States (PDF). Joint Publications. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense. 58 Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, "Driven Patriot: The Life and Times of James Forrestal, Naval Institute Press, 1992, page 7 59 Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. “Julius A. Krug (1946–1949).” Accessed October 26, 2015. http://millercenter.org•/president/essays/krug-1946-secretary-of-the- interior.

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studies or received a degree. Due to health reasons, he was rejected from military service and chose to work as a reporter instead; he later worked as an editor for the Albuquerque Journal. After becoming New Mexico’s Treasurer in 1933, he also took charge of the New Mexico Relief Administration in 1934; he was also heavily involved with the New Deal, for the Federal Emergency Administration in 1935, and then in 1936 as the chairman of the Unemployment Compensation Commission. From 1941-45 he served in the United States House of Representatives, before Truman appointed him to his current position. The Forest Service, the Food Safety and Inspection Service, and the Food Stamp Program all reside under this Secretary. Truman largely selected Anderson due to his incredible expertise in agriculture, as he desperately needed someone impeccable to help him reorganize America’s domestic agricultural economy in the post-war era.60 Secretary of Commerce W. Averell Harriman- Born in New York City, Harriman went on to graduate from Yale in 1913. After working for the Union Pacific Railroad out of college, he became chairman of its board from 1918 until 1927. He was appointed a member of the Business Advisory Committee for the Department of Commerce by President Roosevelt in 1933 and was its chairman from 1937-1940. In the early years of the Second World War, he was known for helping to coordinate lend-lease between the United States and Britain/ the Soviet Union. Prior to serving as Secretary of Commerce, he was the ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1943-46 and quickly advocated a firm policy towards Moscow. Afterwards, he served a short stint as ambassador to Great Britain, until he was tapped to serve as Secretary of Commerce. President Truman viewed Harriman as a solid secretary, due to his highly successful entrepreneurial ventures and his intuitive problem-solving skills. His experiences doing business, both political and financial, in numerous countries illuminated his strengths.61 Secretary of Labor: Lewis Schwellenbach- Born in Superior, Wisconsin, Schwellenbach’s family quickly moved to Washington, where he eventually attended the University of Washington, where he earned a law degree from in 1917. After working for a Seattle law firm for a few years, he decided to open his own practice. In 1924, he became chairman of the Democratic State Convention; by 1932 he sought the governorship of Washington, but was defeated in the primary. His senatorial bid was more successful, and he served in Congress until his resignation to become the federal district judge of the United States Court for the Eastern District of Washington State. He served as a judge until 1945, when Truman tapped him as Secretary of Labor. Schwellenbach’s promotion to Secretary of Labor (and his predecessor’s removal) was largely seen as an effort by Truman to make a more politically aware secretary. Schwellenbach has been known to

60 Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. “Clinton P. Anderson (1945–1948).” Accessed October 26, 2015. http://millercenter.org•/president/essays/anderson-1945- secretary-of-agriculture. 61 Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. “William Averell Harriman (1946–1948).” Accessed October 26, 2015. http://millercenter.org•/president/essays/harriman-1946- secretary-of-commerce.

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focus on a policy-based department that actively promoted unionization, rather than a statistical-based information department.62 Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Marriner Eccles- Eccles was born in Utah, and after attending Brigham Young College for high school, he traveled to Glasglow, Scotland in 1910 to serve a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints. After his father’s death in 1912, he created a family holding company to manage the diverse enterprises; he was so successful that by the mid 20s, he owned seventeen banks across Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. Due to his success and lack of his bank’s failure, Congress invited him to give his analysis of the Great Depression and in 1933 he proposed a five-point program that formed the basis of the New Deal. He was a central figure on the Federal Reserve throughout its history, and has served as chairman since his appointment in 1934. He was the US delegate to the Bretton Woods Conference, which successfully established fixed exchange rates and the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. This extensive experience in the domestic and increasingly global economic scene made Eccles a highly sought after Chairman by President Truman.63 US Ambassador to the United Nations Warren Austin- Austin first studied in Quebec to obtain fluency in French, and later graduated from the University of Vermont in 1899. After studying law with his father, and attaining admission to the bar, he entered into partnership with his father. A Republican, he held the chairmanship for the Vermont Republican State Convention in 1908, and later served as mayor of St. Albans. After being elected to the Senate in 1931, he won successive senatorial elections in 1934 and 1940. He was known as a staunch opponent of the New Deal policies, but championed internationalist causes unlike some Republicans. He has previously served on the Foreign Relations Committee and as a Minority Whip, giving him extensive influence domestically. He served as the first ambassador to the United Nations ever to exist, and his pro-Israeli sentiments have been equally criticized and praised. These sentiments go hand-in-hand with the President’s own pro-Israel view, and can be seen to have influenced his decision for this crucial diplomatic position despite any party differences.6465 US Ambassador to the Soviet Union Walter Bedell Smith- A career soldier, “Beetle” Smith was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and served as a second lieutenant in the First World War. During the Second World War, he was General Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Chief of Staff, and was appointed to the position of general by 1943. This quick rise in ranks to such a high position is largely attributed to his incredible organizational skills and ambition. General Eisenhower’s representative, he negotiated and signed terms of

62 Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. “Lewis B. Schwellenbach (1945-1948).” Accessed October 26, 2015. http://millercenter.org•/president/essays/schwellenbach-1945- secretary-of-labor. 63 "Marriner S. Eccles - Biography of a Person Who Figures Prominently in the Federal Reserve's History." Marriner S. Eccles - Biography of a Person Who Figures Prominently in the Federal Reserve's History. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. 64 United States Department of Justice, Register of the Department of Justice and the Courts of the United States, 1918, page 191 65 Lysohir, John W., "Warren R. Austin and the Republican Embrace of Internationalism, senior thesis, Middlebury College, April, 2008

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surrender with Italy in 1943 and Germany in 1945. After the war, he was appointed to his current position, Ambassador to the Soviet Union, likely for his strong personality and unwillingness to be pushed around.66 Chairman of the Democratic National Committee James Howard McGrath-Born in Rhode Island, James McGrath went on to graduate from Providence College in 1936 and received a law degree from Boston College in 1929. Afterwards he served as the United States District Attorney for Rhode Island, for a period of six years. He successfully ran and served as governor of Rhode Island from 1940-45, when Truman appointed him solicitor general. After resigning in October 1946 to campaign for the US Senate, the role of which he currently still occupies. He has served as Chairman of the Democratic National Committee since early 1947, and as such has extensive political influence. As the Chairman of the National Committee, he serves as a crucial gatekeeper that makes party decisions on nominations and other important matters.67 Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, William Leahy- William Leahy has certainly been successful in the many political and military positions throughout his lifetime. Born in 1875, Leahy has been a lifelong member of the Republican Party. In his lifetime, he has so far held the titles of Chief of Naval Operations, Governor of Puerto Rico, U.S. Ambassador to France, and began as the first holder of the job as the Chief of Staff to the Commander and Chief with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942. Now under Truman’s presidency, he support many of his views with policy (i.e. New Deal, Desegregation), but did not agree on the dropping of the atomic bomb. In terms of a military crisis, he has a keen understanding of tactics. Primarily though, it has now become his job to help Truman keep up-to-date with the military his Chief military men (Army, Navy, and Air Force).68 Head of the National Governors Association, Millard Caldwell- Born in 1897 in Tennessee, Millard Caldwell has since become a beacon from Florida. After serving for the US House of Representatives, he became the 29th governor of Florida, and head the National Governors Association. As a Democrat, Millard has found himself increasingly at odds with the party as a segregationist who does not support the New Deal. Also, Caldwell served in the army during World War I. As the current head the National Governors Association, he is helping lead all the Governors in working together to make interstate plans and work fluidly with the federal government. Caldwell also leads The Council of State Government, which is the only organization to work under all three branches of the government.69 Minority Whip of the House, John William McCormack- First born in 1891, John McCormack quickly rose through the ranks as a Democratic member of the congressional

66 “Moscow, Russia - Embassy of the United States." U.S. Ambassadors to Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. http://moscow.usembassy.gov/walter_bedell_smith.html 67 Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. “J. Howard McGrath (1949–1952).” Accessed October 26, 2015. http://millercenter.org•/president/essays/mcgrath-1949-attorney- general. 68 Patterson, Michael R. "William Daniel Leahy, Fleet Admiral, United States Navy." William Daniel Leahy. Arlington National Cemetery, 21 Nov. 2000. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. 69 Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo. "Millard Fillmore Caldwell." Florida Governor Millard Fillmore Caldwell Jr. National Governors Association, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

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team from Massachusetts, and now he serves as the Minority Whip in the House. As one of President Truman’s poker buddy, he finds himself increasingly close to the administration. Aligned heavily with his party, he strongly supports with desegregation and the New Deal. Despite this political alignment, McCormack holds closely the values of bi- partisanship and has so far been successful in keeping open communication lines with the majority in the House. Unlike majority leader Rayburn, John McCormack has been able to work closely with Southern Democrats as well, though he is still progressive in ideology and the fight for welfare, education, and other civil rights.70 Minority Leader of the House, Sam Rayburn- Born in 1882, Sam Rayburn currently serves as the leader of the Democratic Party in the United States House of Representatives. After finishing law school, Rayburn proceeded to become a state representative in an attempt to become politically involved. Known since arriving to congress for throwing secret parties with high stakes guest, such as President Truman, he remains one of the most involved and connected politicians in the country. Hatred for segregation often times contrasts his presence as the major leader supporting Roosevelt’s New Deal. In total for his career, he has served as a member of the Texas House of Representatives, as a U.S. House Representative since 1913 for Texas, and as House Majority Leader when the Democrats had the majority. Often known for his high moral standards and ability to work quietly, he remains a formidable force in Congress.71 Minority Whip of the Senate, Scott Lucas- First born in 1892, Scott Lucas had a surprising rise to power as a more moderate member of Congress. Originally a member of the US House of Representatives elected in 1935, he remained in the House for short time before running for the Senate. President Truman backed his election in return for an endorsement in his Missouri Senate Race in 1938. As a quiet supporter for segregation, he openly supports the New Deal and tends to lay low in inter-party fights. This said, his vote to uphold Truman’s veto of the Taft-Hartley act put many people, in both parties, in his opposition. Originally an individual with an extensive army career as well as a law education, he possesses many leading characteristics that raised him to Minority Whip in the Senate in 1946 with Truman’s support.72 Minority Leader of the Senate, Alben Barkley- First born in 1877, Alben Barkley remains one of the oldest members of the inner circle of Truman. After first practicing law in Kentucky, he went on to fight in a tough election in 1912 to become the representative for Kentucky’s 1st District. Elected to the Senate in 1926, he did not work well with President Roosevelt largely to conflicts of personality, which are not as present with President Truman. Not always a Democrat, Barkley came around to support desegregation and the New Deal. Elected in 1937 as Majority Leader in the Senate, he ultimately helped pass most of Roosevelt’s War agenda through the Senate, and remains a primary figure in

70 Gordon, Lester, I. "McCORMACK, John William - Biographical Information." Biographical Guide of the United States Congress. Congress, 1999. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. 71 Champagne, Anthony, and Floyd Ewing. "RAYBURN, SAMUEL TALIAFERRO." The Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association, 15 June 2010. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. 72 "Scott Lucas, The "Paper Majority" Leader." Senate. United States Senate, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/People_Leaders_Lucas.htm

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the core establishment of the Senate now as Minority Leader. Barkley worked closely with Scott Lucas, Minority Whip of the Senate, to get many post-war bills passed for Truman.73 Attorney General, Tom Campbell Clark- First born in 1899, Tom Clark remains one of the youngest Attorney Generals in current history and was largely appointed by Truman due to their close friendship when Truman became president. As a Democrat against segregation and a big support the New Deal. Clark has largely tried to stay out of most major political discussions in his career. As a lawyer in Texas for many years, he joined the Justice Department and stayed in the previous Attorney General’s department until his appointment. The primary focus of his career today has focused on post-war fraud and defeating trusts, largely a bi-product of his career in Risk Litigation.74 Secretary of State, George C. Marshall- First born in 1880, George Marshall has been the quintessential example of a modern military success. Originally from Pennsylvania, he helped lead many of the major victories in the Second World War. Truman had the Marshall Plan named after George Marshall in a recently announced speech at Harvard University, though the program has not actually been implemented yet. His success has largely been a bi-product of being admired by both parties as well as being named Times Man of the Year a few months ago. Marshall opposes segregation largely because of the belief he thinks it makes the United States look weak in the eyes of other nations, and overall supports the New Deal. Before his current position, Marshall was the US Army Chief of Staff and he has fought in both World Wars too much acclaim. The biggest arena of respect though comes from President Truman himself.75 US Secretary of the Treasury, John W. Snyder- After originally serving in World War I with President Truman, John Snyder was appointed to help stabilize the postwar economy by the President. Despite his presence in a non-partisan position, Snyder today identifies himself with the Democratic Party. In terms of policy, Snyder has worked to reduce the war debt and increase the people’s belief in the government’s credit in an age following the Great Depression. A supporter of the New Deal Programs, Snyder You gained your knowledge of money from being a successful businessman. Originally born in 1895 in Arkansas, he remains a well-connected banker who has largely built his success. He only holds his current position though due to his close ties with Truman.76 Ambassador to Japan William Sebald- First born in 1901 in Maryland, William Sebald quickly became focused on his law career. Moving to Japan after law school and practicing in Kobe, Japan for many years, he quickly became a major US figure in Japan. Once the Second World War began, he was recruited into the Office of Naval Intelligence, and after proving his capabilities, he was

73 Alben William Barkley." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1980. U.S. History in Context. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. 74 Hess, Jerry N. "Truman Library - Tom C. Clark Oral History Interview." Truman Library - Tom C. Clark Oral History Interview. Harry S. Truman, Library & Museum, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. 75 “George Catlett Marshall." Marshall Foundation. The George C. Marshall Foundation, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. 76 John W. Snyder Papers, 1918-1980. Harry S. Truman Library. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/archival/?id=1347, accessed on October 27, 2015.

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appointed to work for Fleet Admiral Ernest King, who at the time was Chief of Naval Operations and was largely in charge of the naval operations of the war. After the official signing of the Japanese surrender and the subsequent occupation of Japan by the United States, he became the official ambassador to Japan. In this role, his primary responsibilities have been to control most political matters in Japan under the leadership of General MacArthur. It is also his job to report back to Truman’s cabinet on the state of Japan, MacArthur’s leadership, and general post-war matters of the Pacific.77

American Federation of Labor Union President William Green- Originally born in Ohio in 1873 to recent Welsh immigrants, Green quickly incorporated himself into the life of his neighbors. Beginning in his teenage years. Quickly rising as a political representative, he became the President of the local chapter of the United Mine Workers of America in 1906 and was soon after elected to the Ohio Senate in 1910 as a Democrat. With the death of Samuel Gompors in 1924, he was selected to be the new President of the American Federation of Labor, a position he still holds. During the Roosevelt era, he served as a major factor behind the passage of the 1938 Fair Standards Act and served as a National Labor Board member in 1934. He has notably overseen the split in the union organization from the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which decided to go its separate way in 1938 due to the craft union dominance in the AFL.78

Commander in Chief of the United States Forces in Europe and Governor of the United States Zone in Germany Lucius Clay- First born in 1898, General Lucius clay became a leading military officer who graduated from West Point in 1918 thanks to connections of his father, Senator Alexander Clay of Georgia. Serving in many different capacities in the Army leading up to World War II, he was immediately incorporated into the army bureaucracy when the war began. While he never actually participated in any of the fighting of the war, he became notable after helping stabilize the French port of Cherbourg following its capture and was ultimately promoted to being deputy under Eisenhower’s leadership. Following the war, he has been promoted on March 15th of 1947 to be military governor of the United States portion of Germany.79 Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Maple Harl- First born in 1893 in Missouri, Maple Harl has had a successful career in business and politics. He attended the University of Chicago Law School before enlisting in the Army for World War I. After being given an honorable discharge, he went west and started his career as the Vice President of Colorado State Bank. Harl was a very influential democrat after being appointed in 1937 the role of President of the Disabled American Veterans of the World War. In 1945, following the Second World War, he was appointed by Truman to be the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the

77 Sebald, William Joseph, and Charles Nelson Spinks. Japan: prospects, options, and opportunities. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1967.

78 Phelan, Craig. William Green: biography of a labor leader. SUNY Press, 1989.

79 Backer, John H. Winds of history: the German years of Lucius DuBignon Clay. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983.

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Under his tenure, the FDIC is actively working to repay a $289M debt that had been owed for fourteen years.80 Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Lewis Douglas- Born in 1894 in Arizona, Douglas started out with intent on being a mining engineer. He served in the First World War as a Second Lieutenant. Douglas was a fiscally conservative democrat. He ran for the Arizona State House of Representatives, securing the seat for two years, before then running for the US House in 1926. After several years in Congress, Roosevelt invited him to serve as the 4th Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Ultimately he resigned due to opposition to Roosevelt’s planned appropriations request of 1934. Despite several years of criticizing Roosevelt’s New Deal policies, he was appointed Ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1947 after successfully running the War Shipping Administration during the War. His main focus is the economic reconstruction of Great Britain and Western Europe as he also keep the US and UK in good communications about post-war topics.81 Theorist and Director of Policy Planning in the State Department, George Kennan- Born in the Midwestern town of Milwaukee, Wisconsin George Kennan was born to humble beginnings. After attending Princeton for his undergraduate degree, he decided on a whim to apply to the fledgling Foreign Service department, within which he would have a successful career. After becoming well versed in Russian, Kennan slowly worked his way up the diplomatic ladder, serving in Prague, Berlin, and London as a key diplomatic figure until his nomination to the position of Deputy Chief of the mission in Moscow. Here, he send his famous “long telegram” detailing his recommendations for interacting with the notoriously difficult Soviet Union; this document can be seen as one of the key pieces of literature that developed and popularized policies focused on containing new Soviet influence. Kennan stands out as one of the more prominent figures in American society with the necessary expertise to inform Truman of Russian foreign policy objectives or reactions. In a world where few can explain the Soviet’s actions, Kennan and his theory of Soviet rationale remains especially salient to President Truman and his advisors.82 Publisher of the New York Times, Arthur Hays Sulzberger- A prominent figure in American society, Sulzberger was born at the end of the 19th century to a prominent Jewish family. Despite being Jewish, Sulzberger is widely known anti-Zionist who readily critiques this movement. After attending university at Columbia College, he went directly to work for The New York Times. With the death of the previous publisher in 1935 (his father-in-law Adolph Ochs), he assumed the position of Publisher. As the Publisher of the NYT, Sulzberger can be seen to have enormous influence over the material that eventually gets printed. While he isn’t directly in charge of what

80 Osterdahl, Andy. "The Strangest Names In American Political History." Maple Talbot Harl (1893-1957). 8 Feb. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2015.

81 "Douglas, Lewis Williams - Biographical Information." DOUGLAS, Lewis Williams –

Biographical Information. United States Congress. Web. 13 Nov. 2015.

82 Isaacson, Walter; Thomas, Evan (1986), The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made: Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, and McCloy, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-83771-4.82

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gets written and edited, he has the final say as to what gets printed as thus serves as a crucial gatekeeper within the organization. As one of the forefront media outlets in the country, the New York Times can be seen to represent the voices and opinions of many American citizens and as such, Sulzberger remains a key individual to President Truman.83 84