Genetically modified and non-genetically modified food supply chains : co-existence and traceability Yves Bertheau

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Yves Bertheau. Genetically modified and non-genetically modified food supply chains : co-existence and traceability. Wiley-Blackwell, 686 p., 2013, 9781444337785. ￿10.1002/9781118373781￿. ￿hal- 02807595￿

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Genetically Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability

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Bertheau—Genetically Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability

Bertheau_7785_ffirs01_main.indd 1 8/14/2012 5:49:31 PM This book is dedicated to: Sylvie who illuminates my life and supports me every day, my parents and grandparents without whom nothing would have been.

Yves Bertheau

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Bertheau—Genetically Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability

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Edited by Yves Bertheau Research Director Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) France

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Bertheau—Genetically Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability

Bertheau_7785_ffirs03_main.indd 3 8/14/2012 5:49:35 PM This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Genetically modified and non-genetically modified food supply chains : co-existence and traceability / edited by Yves Bertheau, Research Director, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4443-3778-5 1. Genetically modified foods. 2. Food supply. I. Bertheau, Yves, editor of compilation. TP248.65.F66G4573 2012 664–dc23 2012010718

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List of Contributors xiii Foreword xxi G. Riba. Vice-Chairman of INRA

Part 1: Introduction 1 1 Introduction to the GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability 3 Y. Bertheau, J. Davison 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 GMO Development 3 1.3 Opinions and Attitudes of European Citizens and Consumers 4 1.4 The Different Regulatory Frames and Risk Perception 6 1.5 European Traceability and Co-Existence Frames 8 1.6 Other Issues 11 1.7 Conclusion 12 References 12

Part 2: Managing Gene Flow 21 2 Contributions of Pollen and Seed to Impurity in Crops – A Comparison of Maize, Oilseed Rape and Beet 23 G.R. Squire, J. Lecomte, A. Hüsken, J. Soukup, A. Messéan 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Maize 23 2.3 Oilseed Rape 26 2.4 Beet 29 2.5 Comparison of Species Based on Plant Traits 30 References 32 3 Co-Existence Issues of GM Sugar Beet 35 H. Darmency 3.1 IntroductionREVISED 35 3.2 Sugar Beet in the World 35 3.3 Overview of Sugar Beet Biology and Agronomy 36 3.4 Pre-cultivation Co-existence Issues 39 3.5 Consequences of Co-existence for the Cropping System in a Region 42 3.6 Consequences of Co-existence for the Genetic Resources 45 3.7 Post-harvest Co-existence Issues 45 3.8 Conclusion 46 References 46 E v

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4 Ex Ante Evaluation of Gene Flow in Oilseed Rape with Cropping System Models 49 N. Colbach 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Modelling Approach 50 4.3 The Simulation Methodology 51 4.4 Perspectives 58 References 59 5 Biological Containment Strategies for Transgenic Crops 61 R.A. de Maagd, K. Boutilier 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Auxotrophy 63 5.3 Inhibition of Flowering and Complete Sterility 63 5.4 Cleistogamy 63 5.5 Transgene Excision 64 5.6 Chloroplast Transformation 65 5.7 Male Sterility 67 5.8 Parthenocarpy 68 5.9 Apomixis 69 5.10 Reduced Shattering 70 5.11 Blocking Seed Germination 70 5.12 Inhibiting Seed Dormancy 72 5.13 Transgenic Mitigation 72 5.14 Concluding Remarks 73 References 73 6 Long-Distance Pollen Flow in Large Fragmented Landscapes 79 Y. Brunet, S. Dupont, S. Delage, D. Garrigou, D. Guyon, S. Dayau, P. Tulet, J.-P. Pinty, C. Lac, J. Escobar, A. Audran, X. Foueillassar 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Evidence for Long-distance Cross-pollination of Maize 80 6.3 Modelling Regional Pollen Transport 81 6.4 Model Evaluation 83 6.5 Simulated Regional Pollen Dispersal 84 6.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 84 References 87 7 Current and Future Availability of Non-Genetically Modified Soybean Seeds in the USA, Brazil and Argentina 89 J. Milanesi 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2 Global Overview of the Soybean and Soybean Seed Markets and Related Short-term Issues 90 7.3 Soybean Plant Breeding and AvailabilityREVISED of Non-GM Soybean Seeds 94 7.4 The Future of Non-GM Plant Breeding 104 7.5 Conclusion 109 References 110

Part 3: Co-Existence in Food and Feed Supply Chains 113 8 Consumers’ Opinions and Attitudes Towards Co-existence of GM and Non-GM Food Products 115 M. Costa-Font, R.B. Tranter, J.M. Gil E 8.1 Introduction 115 8.2 Study Methodology 116

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8.3 Literature Review Results 120 8.4 Consumer Survey Results 121 8.5 Conclusions 124 References 124

9 Evaluation of Collection Strategies for Landscape and Product Flow Management 127 F.C. Coléno, F. Angevin 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Evaluation of Co-Existence Management Strategies for Grain Merchants 128 9.3 Evaluation of Collection Strategies at the Landscape Level 134 9.4 Conclusion 135 References 138

10 Empirical Analysis of Co-Existence in Commodity Supply Chains 141 N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout, A. Messéan, L-G. Soler, B. Lécroart, A. Trouillier, M. Le Bail, J. Bez, R. Bourgier, J. Copeland, M. Gylling, M. Maciejczak, V. Meglič, K. Menrad, A. Gabriel, M. Stolze, C. Tapia, G. Ghezan, V. Pelaez, R. Rocha dos Santos 10.1 Introduction 141 10.2 Framework 141 10.3 Methodology 143 10.4 Results 145 10.5 Conclusion 155 References 157

11 Modelling and Assessing the Impacts of the Co-Existence Between GM and non-GM Supply Chains: The Starch Maize Supply Chain Example 161 B. Lecroart, A. Messéan, L-G. Soler 11.1 Introduction 161 11.2 Material Flow and Risks of Commingling in the Starch Maize Supply Chain 162 11.3 Model Description 163 11.4 Sensitivity Analysis 167 11.5 Results and Discussion 170 11.6 Conclusion 173 References 173

12 Costs of Segregation and Traceability Between GM and Non-GM Supply Chains of Single Crop and Compound Food/Feed Products 177 K. Menrad, A. Gabriel, J. Bez, M. Gylling, A. Larsen, M. Maciejczak, M. Stolze, N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout, N. Pensel, R. Rocha dos Santos, A. Messéan 12.1 Objectives 177 12.2 Introduction and Regulatory Framework 177 12.3 MethodologyREVISED 179 12.4 Results 181 12.5 Conclusions 189 References 191 13 Labelling and Co-Existence Regulation of GMOs and Non-GMOs: An Economic Perspective 193 M. Desquilbet, S. Poret 13.1 Introduction 193 13.2 To What Extent Do Consumers Value Non-GM Goods Over GM Goods and Why? 194 E 13.3 Labelling May Improve Welfare But Is Not A First-Rank Policy to Address Consumer Concerns 201 13.4 Externality Costs of Co-Existence Without A Co-existence Regulation 204

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13.5 Co-Existence Regulation 205 13.6 Conclusion 209 Appendix 210 References 211 14 Co-Existence and Traceability in Supply Chains: A Case Study on Belgian Compound Feed 215 N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout 14.1 Compound Feed Production 215 14.2 Traceability and Segregation Systems 218 14.3 Other Costs and Benefits along the Supply Chain 224 14.4 Changing Strategies 230 14.5 Conclusion 236 References 237

Part 4: Traceability and Controls in Food and Feed Supply Chains 243 15 GMO Sampling Strategies in Food and Feed Chains 245 R. Onori, J. Šuštar-Vozlič, G. Bellocchi, G. Berben, A. Blejec, C. Brera, Z. Čergan (Deceased), M. Debeljak, M. De Giacomo, M. De Vivo, T. Esteve, E. Janssen, P. Kozjak, F. Leprince, R. Macarthur, A. Malcevchi, N. Marmiroli, V. Meglič, E. Melé, J. Messeguer, M. Miraglia, A. Nadal, R. Oger, E. Palmaccio, M. Pla, V. Planchon, E. Prantera, K. Rostohar, B. Vrščaj 15.1 Introduction 245 15.2 The EC Recommendation 2004/787: Methodologies, Applications and Limitations 246 15.3 Co-Extra Results for Different Scenarios of the Food and Feed Chain 246 15.4 Conclusion 267 References 269 16 Harmonised Reference Genes and PCR Assays for GMO Quantification 273 I. Taverniers, N. Papazova, T. Allnutt, S. Baumler, Y. Bertheau, T. Esteve, R. Freyer, K. Gruden, B. Kuznetzov, J. Luis La Paz, A. Nadal, M. Pla, J. Vojvoda, D. Wulff, D. Zhang 16.1 Introduction: Regulatory Framework on Reference Assays 273 16.2 Overview of Existing Reference Assays 274 16.3 Reliability Testing of Existing Reference Assays 274 16.4 Harmonised Definitions, Terminology and Technical Criteria for Designing New Reference Assays 277 16.5 Core Collections for Specificity, Uniformity and Stability Testing of Reference Assays for GMO Quantification 280 16.6 Conclusion 289 References 290 17 The Modular Approach in GMO Quality Control and Enforcement Support Systems 293 M. Van den Bulcke, G. Bellocchi, G. Berben,REVISED M. Burns, K. Cankar, M. De Giacomo, K. Gruden, A. Holst-Jensen, A. Malcewsky, M. Mazzara, R. Onori, N. Papazova, E. Parlouer, I. Taverniers, S. Trapmann, D. Wulff, D. Zhang 17.1 Enforcing the Legal GMO Framework by Harmonised Control Analysis 293 17.2 Validation of GMO Test Methods: A Modular Versus a Global Approach 294 17.3 Co-Extra Assessment of the Modular Approach in GMO Analysis 295 17.4 Decision Support Systems (DSS) Within a Modular Approach 303 17.5 Modular Approaches and Enforcement Implementation 304 17.6 Conclusion 304 E References 305

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18 Reliability and Cost of GMO Detection 307 K. Gruden, T.R. Allnutt, M. Ayadi, S. Baeumler, C. Bahrdt, G. Berben, K.G. Berdal, Y. Bertheau, C. Bøydler Andersen, P. Brodmann, M. Buh Gašparič, M.J. Burns, A.M. Burrel, K. Cankar, T. Esteve, A. Holst-Jensen, A.B. Kristoffersen, J. La Paz, D. Lee, A. Løvseth, R. Macarthur, D. Morisset, M. Pla, R.B. Rud, C. Skjæret, T. Tengs, H. Valdivia, D. Wulff, D. Zhang, J. Žel 18.1 Introduction 307 18.2 Accurate Determination of the Limit of Detection Associated with GMO Analysis 308 18.3 Improvements in the Limit of Quantification 310 18.4 Reliability of GMO Quantification 313 18.5 DNA Extraction from Highly Processed Matrixes 317 18.6 Evaluation of Alternative Chemistries in Real-time PCR 318 18.7 Evaluation of Different Machines for GMO Quantification by Real-time PCR 321 18.8 Evaluation of Automation Potential in GMO Detection 324 18.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 327 References 329

19 New Multiplexing Tools for Reliable GMO Detection 333 M. Pla, A. Nadal, V. Baeten, C. Bahrdt, G. Berben, Y. Bertheau, A. Coll, J.P. van Dijk, D. Dobnik., J.A. Fernandez Pierna, K. Gruden, S. Hamels, A. Holck, A. Holst-Jensen, E. Janssen, E.J. Kok, J.L. La Paz, V. Laval, S. Leimanis, A. Malcevschi, N. Marmiroli, D. Morisset, T.W. Prins, J. Remacle, G. Ujhelyi, D. Wulff 19.1 Introduction 333 19.2 From Duplex to Oligoplex PCR 336 19.3 Non-PCR Methods 352 19.4 High Grade Multiplex Approaches 356 19.5 Conclusions 360 References 361

20 Towards Detection of Unknown GMOs 367 A. Holst-Jensen, K.G. Berdal, Y. Bertheau, M. Bohanec, J. Bohlin, M. Chaouachi, K. Gruden, S. Hamels, E.J. Kok, A. Krech, A.B. Kristoffersen, V. Laval, S. Leimanis, M. Løvoll, D. Morisset, A. Nemeth, N. Papazova, T.W. Prins, J. Remacle, P. Richl, T. Ruttink, I. Taverniers, T. Tengs, J.P. van Dijk, D. Wulff, J. Žel, H. Zhang, M. Žnidaršič 20.1 Introduction 367 20.2 Classifications of GMOs Relevant to Detection 368 10.3 Detection of GMOs – A Short Review 371 20.4 Detection of Unauthorised GMOs 378 20.5 Detection of Unknown GMOs 379 20.6 Conclusion 380 References 380 21 Method Validation REVISEDand Reference Materials 383 G. Bellocchi, Y. Bertheau, M. De Giacomo, A. Holst-Jensen, R. Macarthur, M. Mazzara, R. Onori, I. Taverniers, M. van den Bulcke, S. Trapmann 21.1 The Concept of Validation 383 21.2 Single Laboratory Validation 385 21.3 Collaborative Validation of Methods 386 21.4 Innovative Statistical Approaches for Method Validation 387 21.5 The Modular Approach 388 21.6 The Use of CRMs (Certified Reference Materials) and Possible Alternatives in View of E Standardisation and Accreditation 390

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21.7 Addressing the Compatibility of the Control Plans throughout the Chains 393 21.8 Conclusion and Perspectives 397 References 398

Part 5: Legal Regimes, Liability and Redress Issues 403 22 Liability and Redress Options for Damage Caused by GMOs 405 B.A. Koch 22.1 Introduction 405 22.2 Prevention of Future Harm 406 22.3 Redress for Damage 406 22.4 Outlook 412 References 413

23 Legal Issues, an Overview on Co-Existence Policies: Technological Pluralism, Confidence Economy, Transnational Supply Chains 415 M.-A. Hermitte, S. Anvar, M. Bonin, N. Bargues, G. Canselier, S. Desmoulin, A. Langlais, J.C. Varela 23.1 Introduction 415 23.2 The Juridical Nature of Co-Existence Policy 416 23.3 Keypoints of Supply Chain Structuring 419 23.4 Import Supply Chains and GMOs 424 23.5 A Liability System Adapted to a Controversial Technology 428 23.6 Conclusion 430 References 430

24 The Judge’s Role Concerning Science in Precautionary Measures: A Shift from Guide to Arbitrator 433 C. Noiville 24.1 Introduction 433 24.2 The Judge: A Guide to Administrative Action 434 24.3 Judges as Arbitrators of Scientific Assessments? 447 24.4 Conclusion 454 References 454

Part 6: Data Integration and DSS 459 25 The Co-Extra Decision Support System: A Model-Based Integration of Project Results 461 M. Bohanec, Y. Bertheau, C. Brera, K. Gruden, A. Holst-Jensen, E.J. Kok, B. Lécroart, A. Messéan, M. Miraglia, R. Onori, T.W. Prins, L-G. Soler, M. Žnidaršič 25.1 Introduction REVISED 461 25.2 Approach and Methodology 462 25.3 Components of the Co-Extra DSS 464 25.4 Assessment of Analytical Methods 464 25.5 Assessment of Sampling Methods 472 25.6 Assessment of Products Using Traceability Data 477 25.7 Assessment of Processes 482 25.8 Database and Web-based Implementation 485 25.9 Conclusions 487 E References 488

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Part 7: Related Issues 491 26 Integration of Co-Extra Results in EU Tools for Traceability 493 G. van den Eede, D. Plan 26.1 Overview of EU Legislation on GMOs 493 26.2 Achievements in the EU Harmonisation of GMO Analysis 497 26.3 Challenges Ahead 499 26.4 Conclusion 518 References 518

27 Labelling and Detection of GM Crops and Derived Products: Regulatory Frameworks and Research Issues in East Asia 521 D. Zhang, L. Yang, C.-H. Lee, S-H. Lee, B.-J. Kuo, K. Kitta, M. Tachikawa 27.1 Introduction 521 27.2 People’s Republic of China 522 27.3 Korea 527 27.4 Taiwan 532 27.5 Japan 534 27.6 Conclusion 538 References 539

28 Maintaining a Supply of Non-GM Feed – A Strategic Issue for European Regional Agriculture 543 R. Layadi 28.1 Introduction 543 28.2 The GMO-free Regions Network 544 28.3 The Feed Question: A Major Issue for Regional Agriculture 544 28.4 GMO-free Agriculture, a Vital Issue for Regions 548 28.5 Getting a Solid Strategic and Tactical Background: Lessons from the Cold War 550 28.6 An Essential Question: Who Decides On the Definition of A Market? 554 References 555

29 A Geographical Approach to the European Policy for the Co-Existence of GMO and Non-GMO Crops 563 E. Glon 29.1 Introduction 563 29.2 EU Scenarios for the Co-Existence of GM and Non-GM Crops 564 29.3 Dedicated Areas – A Geographical Analysis 571 29.4 A Few Lines for Thought with Regard to Co-Existence in Territories 580 29.5 Conclusion 585 References 587

30 Segregating Supply Chains: a Cost–Benefit Perspective 591 J.K. Hammitt, W.W.REVISED Wilson 30.1 Introduction 591 30.2 Social Benefits of Co-Existence 591 30.3 Consumer Valuation of GMO-free Foods 593 30.4 Background on Developments in North American Wheat 595 30.5 Costs of Segregating Wheat to Conform to EU Traceability Standards 595 30.6 Contract Mechanisms to Facilitate Co-Existence 596 30.7 Summary and Implications 602 30.8 Conclusion 602 E References 603

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31 Co-Existence and Traceability in the EU Versus IP Systems in Third Countries 605 R. Rocha dos Santos, N. Pensel, R. Green 31.1 Introduction 605 31.2 Mercosur and Europe: Different But Complementary 606 31.3 The GM Soybeans in Mercosur 606 31.4 Food Regulation 609 31.5 EU, Mercosur and Traceability 610 31.6 Contracts and Private Regulations 611 31.7 Third Party Certification Companies, the Key Players 612 31.8 The Traders’ Role 613 31.9 Final Considerations 614 References 615

Part 8: Conclusion 617 32 GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability: Context and Perspectives 619 Y. Bertheau 32.1 Introduction 619 32.2 Background 619 32.3 Co-Existence 624 32.4 Traceability 628 32.5 Conclusion 629 References 630

Index 643 Plate section fall between pages 314 and 315

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T. Allnutt K.G. Berdal The Food and Environment Research Agency, York, UK National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

F. Angevin Y. Bertheau Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Thiverval-Grignon, France Versailles, France

S. Anvar J. Bez Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et FhG-IVV, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France der angewandten Forschung, Institute of Process Engineering and Packaging, Freising, Germany A. Audran Arvalis – Institut du végétal, Montardon, France A. Blejec National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, M. Ayadi Slovenia Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Versailles, France M. Bohanec Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Knowledge V. Baeten Technologies, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Nova CRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia Gembloux, Belgium J. Bohlin C. Bahrdt National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway Eurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany

N. Bargues M. Bonin Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

S. Baumler R. Bourgier Eurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), REVISEDThiverval-Grignon, France G. Bellocchi JRC-IHCP, European Commission Joint Research K. Boutilier Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection- Bioscience Business Unit, Plant Research International, Molecular Biology and Genomics, Ispra, Italy Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands G. Berben CRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, C. Bøydler Andersen Gembloux, Belgium National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway E xiii

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C. Brera J. Copeland ISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy The Food and Environment Research Agency, York, UK

P. Brodmann M. Costa-Font Biolytix, Witterswil, Switzerland CREDA-UPC-IRTA, Barcelona, Spain

Y. Brunet H. Darmency Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Villenave d’Ornon, France Dijon, France

M. Buh Gašparič J. Davison National Institute of Biology (NIB), Department of Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia Versailles, France (retired)

M. Burns S. Dayau Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Analytical Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Technology, London, UK Villenave d’Ornon, France

A.M. Burrel R.A. de Maagd Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Analytical Bioscience Business Unit, Plant Research International, Technology, London, UK Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands K. Cankar M. de Giacomo National Institute of Biology (NIB), Department of ISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia M. de Vivo G. Canselier ISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France M. Debeljak Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Z. Čergan (Deceased) † Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia S. Delage Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), M. Chaouachi Villenave d’Ornon, France Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Versailles, France S. Desmoulin Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et N. Colbach Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dijon, France M. Desquilbet REVISEDToulouse School of Economics and Institut National de F.C. Coléno la recherche Agronomique (INRA), Toulouse, France Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Thiverval-Grignon, France D. Dobnik Dept. of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, A. Coll National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia Institute of Agro-Food Technology INTEA, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain S. Dupont Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), E † (deceased). Villenave d’Ornon, France

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M. Eeckhout N. Gryson Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Bio-Sciences Engineering, University College Applied Bio-Sciences Engineering, University College Ghent, Belgium Ghent, Belgium

J. Escobar D. Guyon Laboratoire d’Aérologie, Toulouse, France Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Villenave d’Ornon, France T. Esteve Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Barcelona, M. Gylling Spain; Consorci CSIC-IRTA and IBMB-CSIC, FOI, Institute of Food and Resource Economics, Barcelona, Spain University of Copenhagen, Denmark

J.A. Fernandez Pierna S. Hamels CRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, EAT, Eppendorf Array Technologies SA, Namur, Gembloux, Belgium Belgium

X. Foueillassar J.K. Hammitt Arvalis – Institut du végétal, Montardon, France Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA R. Freyer Eurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany M.-A. Hermitte Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et A. Gabriel Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France Straubing Center of Science, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Germany A. Holck Nofima mat AS, Aas, Norway D. Garrigou Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), A. Holst-Jensen Villenave d’Ornon, France National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

G. Ghezan A. Hüsken INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Argentina Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Biosafety of Genetically Modified Plants, Braunschweig, Germany J.M. Gil CREDA-UPC-IRTA, Barcelona, Spain E. Janssen CRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, E. Glon Gembloux, Belgium Lille University of Science and Technology, Department of Geography and Town REVISEDand Country Planning, TVES K. Kitta laboratory, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan

R. Green B.A. Koch Institut National de la recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut für Zivilrecht, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Ivry-sur-Seine, France (retired) Austria

K. Gruden E.J. Kok Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The E National Institute of Biology (NIB), Ljubljana, Slovenia Netherlands

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P. Kozjak D. Lee Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, UK A. Krech Eurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany. S.H. Lee National Agricultural Products Quality Management A.B. Kristoffersen Service, Korea National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway S. Leimanis B.-J. Kuo EAT, Eppendorf Array Technologies SA, Namur, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Belgium

B. Kuznetzov F. Leprince Center Bioengineering RAS, Russia Arvalis – Institut du végétal, Montardon, France

J.L. La Paz M. Løvoll Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica CSIC-IRTA-UAB National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (CRAG), Barcelona, Spain A. Løvseth C. Lac National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway CNRM, Météo-France, Toulouse, France J. Luis La Paz A. Langlais Consorci CSIC-IRTA and IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Spain Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France R. Macarthur A. Larsen The Food and Environment Research Agency, York, UK FOI, Institute of Food and Ressource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark M. Maciejczak V. Laval Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Versailles, France A. Malcevschi Department of Environmental Sciences, University of R. Layadi Parma, Parma, Italy Conseil Régional de Bretagne, Rennes, France N. Marmiroli M. Le Bail Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Parma, Parma, Italy. and AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon France M. Mazzara J. Lecomte REVISEDJRC-IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Université Paris-Sud; CNRS, Orsay, and AgroParisTech, Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Paris, France Ispra, Italy

B. Lécroart V. Meglič Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia Thiverval-Grignon, France E. Melé C.-H. Lee Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), E Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea Barcelona, Spain

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K. Menrad E. Parlouer Straubing Center of Science, Weihenstephan-Triersdorf Service Commun des Laboratoires, Strasbourg, France University of Applied Sciences, Germany V. Pelaez A. Messéan Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná Institute of Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Technology (Tecpar), Brazil Thiverval-Grignon, France N. Pensel J. Messeguer INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Argentina Barcelona, Spain J.-P. Pinty M. Miraglia Laboratoire d’Aérologie, Toulouse, France ISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy M. Pla J. Milanesi Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Barcelona, Toulouse School of Economics and Institut National de Spain; Institute of Agro-Food Technology INTEA, la recherche Agronomique (INRA), Toulouse, France Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain

D. Morisset D. Plan Department of Biotechnology and Systems JRC-IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Slovenia Ispra, Italy

A. Nadal V. Planchon Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), CRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Agro-Food Technology Unit of Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology, INTEA, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain Belgium

A. Nemeth S. Poret Eurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ivry-sur-Seine, and Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, C. Noiville France Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France E. Prantera ISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy R. Oger University of Parma, Italy T.W. Prins RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The R. Onori Netherlands ISS, National Institute ofREVISED Health, Rome, Italy J. Remacle E. Palmaccio EAT, Eppendorf Array Technologies SA, Namur, ISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy Belgium

N. Papazova P. Richl Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Section Eurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany Biosafety and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium; ILVO, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, R. Rocha dos Santos E Merelbeke, Belgium UNIBRASIL-QUIS, Paraná, Brazil

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K. Rostohar R.B. Tranter Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Slovenia University of Reading, Reading, UK

R.B. Rud S. Trapmann National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway JRC-IRMM, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and T. Ruttink Measurements, Geel, Belgium ILVO, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Merelbeke, Belgium A. Trouillier Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), C. Skjæret Ivry sur Seine, France National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway P. Tulet L-G. Soler CNRM, Météo-France, Toulouse, France Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ivry sur Seine, France G. Ujhelyi RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The J. Soukup Netherlands Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, H. Valdivia Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Analytical Republic Technology, London, UK

G.R. Squire M. Van den Bulcke James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium M. Stolze FiBL, Forschungsinstitut für Biologischen G. Van den Eede Landbau,Switzerland JRC-IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, J. Šuštar-Vozlič Ispra, Italy Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia J.P. van Dijk RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The M. Tachikawa Netherlands Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan J.C. Varela C. Tapia Centre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France Argentina REVISED J. Vojvoda I. Taverniers National Institute of Biology (NIB), Department of Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, Slovenia Belgium B. Vrščaj T. Tengs Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway Slovenia E

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W.W. Wilson Dabing Zhang North Dakota State University, Department of Shanghai Jiao Ton University, Shanghai, China Agribusiness and Applied Economics, Fargo, USA David Zhang D. Wulff Groupe d’Etude et de contrôle des Variétés et Semences, Eurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany laboratoire BIOGEVES, Le Magneraud, France

L. Yang Haibo Zhang Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China J. Žel National Institute of Biology (NIB), Department of M. Žnidaršič Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

REVISED

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In 1983, three reports from the University of Gent, the pollen flow studies and detection of unapproved GMOs as University of Washington, and the Monsanto Company some examples of the work done. Numerous papers have showed that the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens already been published by Co-Extra while several more could be used to transfer foreign DNA into the plant detailed deliverables are available from the website. genome, thus producing the first genetically modified However, after such important research, it was thought (GM) plants. This discovery had enormous implications necessary to present an overview of the work done and of for plant genetics and agriculture. In the last 20 years, plant the results obtained through the present book. biotechnology has grown into a multi-billion dollar inter- Several non-Co-Extra authors were also asked to national industry while GMOs are cultivated on about 150 provide us with a summary of the results of SIGMEA and millions of hectares in around 25 countries. Transcontainer, modelling results not studied in the project, Europe cultivates only a small amount of GM-crops traceability in non-European countries with labelling (mainly GM-maize grown in Spain), though this is likely policies as well as their views on, for example, GMO-free to increase in the future. This is particularly due to the areas. Indeed, Co-Extra results show that the operators use European consumers’ reluctance towards GM-derived a practical threshold of 10% of the 0.9% legal labelling foods. The freedom of choice of European consumers has threshold. This changes the paradigm of co-existence, been considered by the European Commission and the from a flexible co-existence scheme to a dedicated produc- Member States through a legislative frame enabling the tion area co-existence frame. Up to now, this co-existence labelling of food and feed derived from, or consisting of, scheme has not been completely finalised so that technical, GMOs. In counterpart, the freedom of producers to grow legal, and societal questions remain unsolved. either GMO, conventional or organic products is main- It is thus my pleasure to introduce this book where tained by co-existence measures along the full supply numerous questions find solutions, even though several chain, that is from seed production to the retailers’ shelves. others remain. To develop accurate product labelling and to determine To conclude this foreword, I would like to remind a sustainable co-existence framework, several national readers that all the issues covered by GM and non-GM and European research projects have been launched. The supply chain co-existence and traceability have important European research programs such as QPCRGMOFood applications in other food and feed chain traceability areas. and GMOChips focused first on GMO traceability and For instance, the strategies for detecting unapproved and detection methods, then on co-existence issues with unknown GMOs may be used in clinical microbiology or SIGMEA, Transcontainer and Co-Extra. biodefense while the increase in the accuracy of detection Co-Extra was for 4.5 years (2005–2009) the largest methods is useful in all other areas such as gene expres- European research project on co-existence and traceability sion. In this way, the co-existence and traceability studies among supply chains. Co-ExtraREVISED comprised 53 partners of GM and non-GM supply chains contribute to the from 18 countries with more than 200 scientists with their improvement of both basic and applied research, as well teams. This program embraced technical, legal and socio- as to the safety and quality of food chains. economic issues, starting from seed production, with ques- tions on the availability of non-GM varieties in the Guy Riba long-term, to the economic costs of traceability, with Vice-Chairman of Inra

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Note: The suffix ‘f’ following a page regional model to assess 482 audits and analyses 222 locator indicates a figure, ‘n’ indicates a threshold on non-GMO land 581 benefits of 223–224 footnote and ‘t’ indicates a table. Africa 287, 550, 622 ingredient costs 220–221 North Africa 93 total surplus cost 222–223 A South Africa 4, 36, 230 ANOVA tests 259, 322 A. (Arthrocnemum) glaucum 276t Agreement Memorandum on Dispute AOAC 385 ABIOVE (Brazilian Association of Settlement 453 see alsoWorld AOC label 582, see also quality signs Vegetable Oil Industries) 606 Trade Organization apomixis 69–70, see also bioconfinement Abrange 91, 231, 232, 551, 554 agricultural production 622 and biological containment absolute LOD/LOQ 310 see also limit of agriculture Appellate Body 450, 451, 452 see also detection and limit of agri-food safety management system in World Trade Organization quantification Korea 527–530 apples 69, 441, 446 absolute LODs 343 see also limit of agricultural supply chains 622–623 Apples case 441, 442, 446 detection GMO-free 548–550, 625, 626, Arabidopsis 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 73, 368 Accent 120 627 Arabidopsis thaliana 63, 379 acetyl CoA carboxilase 276t industrialised agriculture 624 Argentina 4, 216, 231, 237, 543, 545, 606 Achard, Carl-Franz 35, 36, 37 quality agriculture 549 see also quality availability of non-GM soybean seeds in acyl-acyl carrier thioesterase 276t signs 89, 103–104, 109 admixture see also adventitious GM agronomic literature 210 certification in 612 presence alcohol 227, 582 costs and benefits of cultivating GM or admixture function at drying 164 alcohol dehydrogenase 1 277t non-GM soy 224–225 in the fresh potato chain 144f allergen labelling regulations 191 crop storage 147 of GM and non-GM products 144, Amaranthaceae family 276t demand for non-GM soybeans 109 170, 210, 227 Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer’s pigweed) equipment sharing 147 of GM and non-GM sugar beets 35, 569 farming in 426 39 AM_DetQuant model 464, 466, 467f, Flint maize chain identity preservation likelihood of 284 470f 151–152, see also supply chain of non-GM products 171 AM_DNAex model 464, 465, 465f, 466, segregation pressure 172 468f food regulation 609, 610 threshold values 172 AMPE software 397 GM and non-GM planted areas in 91f processes sensitive to admixture during AmpliFluor 319, 320, 321 importing of non-GM soybean seed supply chain 156 Amsterdam Treaty 439 from USA 146 as a result of negligence 209 analytical method model 463 intellectual property rights for plant risk of 161 anchor PCR 230 breeders in 94 sources of 210 animal feed non-GM soybean seeds in 102–104, adventitious GM presence (AGMP)REVISED 53, GM soy in 253–255 108–109 55, 56, 57, 58, 161, 205, 256, labelling of 628 number of GM and non-GM varieties 260, 265 soybean products used in 215 for general use protected per farm-saved seeds 52 animal feed manufacturers year in 104f in OSR 50, 51 production costs 221–222 percentage share of soybean varieties reduction of 28 segregation costs 220–223 registered in 103f

Genetically Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability, First Edition. Edited by Yves Bertheau. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. E 643

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plant variety protection system in 95t validated detection methods 501t bias 322, 328 see also measurement production of non-GM soybeans in 94 volunteers 30 uncertainty RR soybean cultivation in 607 wild sea beet 30, 37, 41, 45, 281 processing bias 314–315 share of soybean harvest exported to the see also sugar beet, sea beet and Beta of real-time PCR quantification EU-27 606t Belgian Agency for the Safety of the 315–317 soy meal exported to the EU-27 606t Food Chain (FAVV-AFSCA) studies on 314 soy oil exported to the EU-27 606t 217 bias tests 303 soybean crushing 233 Belgian compound feed, case study bio-fuels 623 soybean production in 90, 217, 215–241 bioconfinement techniques 625, 626 606–609 Belgium see also biological containment soybean seed breeding industry in book of charge 217, 218, 236, 237 BIOHAZ 446 see also European Food 102f, 103 compound feed industry 187, Safety Authority soybean seed purity 145 215–241 biological containment see also supply chains analysed 143t consumption of feed ingredients in bioconfinement traceability requirements 610, 614 216f definition 61 arginine decarboxilase 276t facts and figures 215–217 and the relative position in the plant life Asia 521 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) cycle where they act 62f see also East Asia 223, 224 for transgenic crops 61–77 assays see reference assays and legislative framework for bioluminescent assay for real-time (BART) endogenous reference gene/ GMO-controlled 217–218 detection system 335 sequence production costs 221–222 see also LAMP-BART detection method At1g53101 0 osr mapping probe 276t segregation costs for the feed Biolytix 466, 469 atmospheric model 81 see also Meso-NH manufacturer 220–223 Bioplex 353 Atriplex halimus 276t traceability and segregation at feed Biotechnological Products Case 437, Atriplex hortensis 276t manufacturing level 219–220 439, 440, 443, 444, 451, 453 audits 217, 221, 222 traceability and segregation at import birch 63 Australia 4, 36, 229, 441, 595 218 biscuits 594 Austria 9, 147, 155, 216f, 440, 554 cost calculations in single and determination of GMO contents in ARGE Gentechnik-frei label 552 compound food/feed value 339 estimated production of compound feed chains 179t botanical genus 282 216f costs of co-existence and segregation for species 281 land management in 549 compound feed production in taxon 281 automation potential, in GMO detection 188 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) 324–327 estimated production of compound feed 6, 156, 215, 423, 445, 446, 574, auxotrophy 62 216f 607, 608, 609, 615 see also TSE Royal Decree 217 bran 153, 184t, 611, 613 B supply chains analysed 143t brand 122 Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) 70 tomato supply chain 150 Brassica napus 66 Bacillus thuringiensis 4 Bemefa 217, 218, 220 Brassica oleracea 66 background pollen 25, 39, 40, 58 see benefits, to farmers for cultivating GM Brassica rapa 28, 29, 31, 66, 73, 288 also gene flow and pollen crops 225 Brazil 4, 216, 217, 235, 426, 427, 543, dispersal bestfordevelopment 466 545, 546–547, 551, 606, 606t barley 64 bestforpurpose 465, 466, 469, 472, ABIOVE 606 barnase 63, 68, 71 474 ABRANGE 91, 231, 232, 551, 554 BART (bioluminescent assay for real-time) Beta adanensis 37, 276t availability of non-GM soybean seeds in detection system 335 Beta genus 276t, 281 89, 101, 110 see also LAMP-BART detection Beta macrocarpa 36, 37, 276t Biosafety Law 610 method Beta maritima 37, 276t see also Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil beans see soybeans sea beet Industries (ABIOVE) 606 beef 229, 231, 424, 434, 528, 530, 545, Beta patellarisREVISED 276t Brazilian Consumer Protection Code 548, 550, 552, 553, 596 Beta patula Ait. 37, 276t 610 beet 29–30, 501t Beta vulgaris 29, 36, 37, 276t, 281 see case study on traceability and characteristics of 24t also beet and sugar beet segregation of non-GM soy in co-existence in 30 Betula pendula (Birch) 63 227 cross-pollination between crops 29 between-increment relative standard certification 612 ferals 30 deviation 251, 252–253 see chicken meat 152–153 fodder beet 276t also sampling commercial liberation of GMOs and garden beets 45, 276t between-replicate analytical relative labelling issue in 609 E potential for crossing and introgression (standard) deviation 251, 252, demand for non-GM soybeans 109 24t 253, 254 see also sampling EMBRAPA in 101, 102, 108, 109, 110

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equipment sharing 147 C China 4, 521, 538, 543, 606 food regulation 609 cabbage 67 Administration of Quality Supervision, GM and non-GM planted areas in 91f calibrants 391–393, 629 Inspection and Quarantine intellectual property rights for plant plasmidic reference materials as (AQSIQ) 522 breeders in 94 535–536 Administrative Measures on the MAPA (Brazilian Ministry of Canada 35, 36, 426, 521, 537, 543, 551, Labelling of Agricultural GMOs Agriculture, Livestock and Food 555, 583, 596, 602, 606t 522 Supply) 153 cultivation of GM crops in 4, 31 Administrative Measures on the Safety National Agency of Sanitary Inspection forest management in 570–571 Assessment of Agricultural (ANVISA) 610 share of soybean harvest exported to the GMOs 522 non-GM soy supply organisation 231 EU-27 606t Administrative Measures on the Safety non-GM soybean seeds in 100–102, soy meal exported to the EU-27 606t of the Import of Agricultural 109 soy oil exported to the EU-27 606t GMOs 522 number of GM and non-GM varieties soybeans exported to EU-27 606t Administrative Regulation on the registered in 102f canola 4, 31, 297f, 479, 521, 524, 525, Biosafety of Agricultural GMOs percentage share of soybean varieties 531 522 101f GM canola 538 detection of GMOs in 524–526 plant variety protection system 95t see also oilseed rape and Brassica event-specific detection methods for production of non-GM soybeans in CAP see Common Agricultural Policy GMOs 525–526 93–94 (CAP) GMO detection database 526 registration of GM and non-GM capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) GMO labelling regulation 524 varieties 102f 340 GMO production and processing RR (RoundUp Ready) soybeans in Cargill 233, 613, 614 regulations 523 607 Carrefour Group 425, 546, 552 GMO regulating authority 522 share of soybean harvest exported to the carrot 65, 67 GMO regulation in 522–524 EU-27 606t Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 8, 411, GMO research regulations 522–523 soy meal exported to the EU-27 606t 522, 531, 534 Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) 522 soy oil exported to the EU-27 606t case specific monitoring (CSM) 11 see regulation on imports and exports 524 soybean breeding industry 101 also post-market environmental GM food 524 soybean crushing 233 monitoring GM seeds and crops 524 soybean IP system 151 cattle 46, 424, 545, 552, 553, 596 regulatory framework for GMOs in soybean production in 90, 419, 547– cattle feed 155, 215, 234f, 426 523f 548, 606–609 cattle feed manufacturers 162 research and development of certified soybean seeds 145, 155 CEC v. Ireland 444 reference materials 526 soybeans exported to EU-27 606t CEC v. the Netherlands 444 risk assessment 523 supply chains analysed 143t cell-lethal gene expression 63 sales of GM products regulations traceability 610, 614 CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation 523–524 and certification of non-GM soy and see CEN/ISO standard salinity resistant Chinese wheat 420n bran 611 CEN/ISO standard 9, 397 soybean crushers 233 Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil cereals 215 State Council Regulation 523 Industries (ABIOVE) 606 certification 612–613 chloroplast transformation 65–67 see Brazilian Consumer Protection Code GAP and environmentally-friendly also bioconfinement and 610 530t biological containment breeders, indifference to GMOs 424 certified reference materials (CRMs) hybridisation with wild relatives 66 Brevibacterium 513t 390–393, 397, 423, 629 plastid DNA transmission through Britain see United Kingdom calibrants 391–393, 535–536, 629 pollen 65–66 Brittany 549–550 see also GMO-free mass-based certified reference material transposition of chloroplast DNA to the European regional network production 536 nuclear genome 66–67 agricultural system in 546 research and development of 526 chocolate 187 GM and non-GM productionREVISED in 547t CGE-LIF 340, 342, 343 cost of co-existence and segregation for see also France CGIAR see Consultative Group on chocolate industry in Germany broiler feed 221, 234f International Agricultural 188f broiler hens 222, 228 Research costs calculations 186 BSE crisis see Bovine Spongiform charters 583, 585 GM ingredients in 180 Encephalopathy (BSE) cheese 424, 548, 549, 551, 582, 583 choice experiment method 116–118, 119t buffer zones 54, 413 see also chicken dioxin crisis 156 citrus trees 69 coexistence measures feed 188 cleistogamy 62, 63–64, 570 see also bulk grains, sampling of 246–248 see meat 222 bioconfinement and biological also sampling meat supply chain 152–153 containment E BUNGE 233, 613–614 broiler feed 234f club see clusters

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Club of Rome 623 models and implementation of structure 294f clusters 579–580 see also coexistence co-existence measures 29, study of strategies farmers used in cluster and dedicated production 50–52, 626–628 order to ensure co-existence area in oilseed rape 28–29 151 co-detection, likelihood of 284 policies 143, 416–419 see also decision support system co-existence 9–10, 194, 416, regulation areas 209 (DSS) 624–628 regulations 205–209 co-liability 429 agro-ecological and co-existence issues segregated spaces and heavy checks Coase theorem 205 283 568 Codex Alimentarius 7, 206, 236, 386, and agro-environment 584–585 social benefits of 591–593 397 in beet 30 spatial modelling and geographical COFFS traceability program 185, 186t benefits of 591–593, 602 space 570–571 Cold War 550–554 and better environmental awareness strategies 150–155, 156 collaborative trial results 395–396 585 from farm level to export 151 collaborative validation of methods calculating costs of 190 identity preservation 150–151 386–387 clusters and 580 see also dedicated at processing level 153–155 collection silo model 128, 129f production area in sugar beets, consequences of 42 collection strategies see also territories co-existence issues of GM sugar beet in territories 580–585, 625 deliveries of GM and non-GM grain 35–48 and traceability in supply chains 132f co-existence management strategies for 215–241 deliveries per day for a collection with grain merchants 128–134 and traceability in the EU versus IP one product 132f conditions 625–628 systems in third countries farmer’s choice model, variable values contract mechanisms to facilitate 605–616 of 133t 595–602 co-existence policies 415–431, 625–626 grain merchant level and costs 628 national 418 cost of 133–134 costs of 602 Co-Extra project 3, 10, 189, 249, 267, drying costs 133f, 134 dedicated production area 571–580, 274, 300, 315, 326, 372, 388 spatial strategy 134 625 achievements of 461 transport costs 133f in East Asia 539 analytical uncertainty 398 see also for landscape and product flow EC guidelines on 161 bias and traceability and GMO management, evaluation of EU scenarios based on thresholds analysis and GMO detection 127–139 564–566 assessment of the modular approach in at the landscape level 134–135 EU scenarios resulting in spatial GMO analysis 295–303 farmer’s choice model 134 segregation 566–568 analysis using RR soybean GTS-40- input data and work hypotheses externality costs of co-existence without 3-2 300 134–135 co-existence regulations based on fuzzy logic assessment spatial strategy 131–132, 136 204–205 301–302 temporal strategy 136 in the field 210, 255–256 extraction method and outcome of time strategy 132–133 of GM and non-GM food products, GMO analysis 297 Commission Recommendation 2003/556/ consumers’ opinions and module transfer parameters 302–303 EC 9, 178, 194, 206, 208, 497t attitudes towards 115–126 PCR method efficiency and matrix Commission Recommendation 2004/787/ between GM and non-GM supply influence 297–299 EC 9, 246, 248, 268, 273, 293, chains, modelling and assessing reference materials 299–300 497t, 498, 514 the impacts of 161–175 technology equivalence 295–297 Commissioner of Health and Consumers’ of GMO and non-GMO crops contractual purity threshold 86 Protection (DG-SANCO) 8, EU scenarios for 564–570 database 488 615 European policy 563–589 DNA extraction 324 commodity supply chains, empirical geographical implications of fuzzy logic assessment 301–302 analysis of co-existence in 563–589 identification of benefits of introducing 141–160 in GMO and non-GMO supply chains REVISEDsegregation and traceability commodity supply contracts 426–428 630 systems 184 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 421, introduction to 3–20 integration of Co-Extra results in EU 423, 554, 555 juridical nature of tools for traceability 493–520 Common Catalogue of Varieties 289 freedom of choice by operators method validation 397 communication campaigns 121 417–419 organisation of 294 community litigation 449 and technological pluralism research conducted within 245 Community Plant Variety Office 289 416–417 results on GMO sampling strategies in Community Reference Laboratory limits and borders 568–569 the food and feed chain (CRL-GMFF) 497–499, 514, E in maize 26, 626–628 246–267 515, 516 see also management of 12 sampling in the field 246, 255–257 EURL-GMFF

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commutability of reference materials copy number ratios 300, 303, 391, 392, results 181–189 390–397 see also calibrant, CRM 397 single crop chains results 181–184 and reference materials core collections transport 184 compensation funds 208, 209, 412, 428, GM target taxon 283–284 cotton 177, 230, 288, 343, 345f, 350, 429 see also redress, insurance non-target taxa 283 374, 375f, 376f, 521, 525, 538 and private insurance recommended structure and content of 3006-210-23/281-24-236 Cotton 503t complex food and feed products 186–189 283–284 Bt cotton 230, 440, 585 complex materials, analysis of 317 of reference assays for GMO chloroplast transformation in 65 compound feed industry 215–218, quantification 280–289 CRMs for GM cotton 526 233–236 corn 95, 96, 205, 225, 421, 439, 449, cultivation of GM cotton 4, 531, 539 cost of co-existence and segregation 532, 545 EU validated detection methods for 188t Bt corn 145, 419, 451, 549 503t, 506t, 508–509t, 511t, 512t costs and benefits corn products 533 event-specific detection methods for along the supply chain 224–230 cross-pollination 204 GM cotton 525 elevators 225–226 flow during wet-milling process 163 GHB614 Cotton 509t at farm level 224–225 gluten feed, EU production of 216 GMO labelling 524t estimated production in the EU 216f GM corn 420, 607 LLCOTTON25 Cotton 506t European and Belgian compound feed GMO labelling 524t MON 531 Cotton 508t industry 215–217 impurity rates in corn fields 206 MON 531 x MON 1445 Cotton 512t GM ingredients in 180–181 landrace see Mexico MON 1445 Cotton 508t major stages in production 219f meal 524t MON 15985 Cotton 509t price evolutions of 234f non-GM 627 MON 15985 x MON 1445 Cotton compound food/feed products, costs of non-GM corn 229, 607 511t segregation and traceability non-GM sulfonylurea herbicide-tolerant MON 88913 Cotton 512t between GM and non-GM 421 screening table 373f supply chains of single crop and oil 533 seed meal, EU production of 216 177–191 organic corn 449 credence goods 194, 201 conditional multinomial logit (MNL) PHF (post harvest free) corn 537 crisp membership functions 301, 302f model 117 pollen 439, 441 critical field lengths, for measured confidence economy 419, 422, 423, 430 processing business 233 outcrossing rates 262f conflicts of interest 609, 620 production in the USA 92 critical levels Consultative Group on International production of biodiesel 235 for demonstrating compliance with Agricultural Research (CGIAR) rootworm resistance 4 labelling thresholds 398 286 seed admixture 145 for demonstrating non-compliance with consumer concerns 5–6, 201–202 seed market 96 labelling thresholds 398 consumer survey 118–120, 189–190 starch 193, 533 CRM ERM-BF413d 392 consumer trust 6, 121 Starlink corn 235, 418 CRMs see certified reference materials consumers syrup 533 (CRMs) attitudes towards GMOs in opinion polls wild corn 420 crop storage 147 194–195 see also maize cropping systems, interaction between increased confidence in food products cornflakes 118t, 119, 123t, 124 landscape patterns and 59 229 Corollinae 36 crops, contributions of pollen and seed to opinions and attitudes towards costs impurities in 23–34 co-existence of GM and non-GM calculating costs of co-existence 190 cross-pollination 31, 79–87, 146–147, food products 115–126 co-existence and 628 204, 255 opinions and attitudes towards GMOs commodity 184 in beet 29 4–6 cost-benefit analysis 591–595, 624 decline with distance 25 preferences regarding consumption of due to co-existence and segregation of factors affecting 25 GM and non-GMO goods 592, food products 177 in maize 25, 79–87 593 REVISEDdue to GM prevention measures 177 in oilseed rape 26–27, 52 proportions of different types of national differences in cost structures upstream distribution 172 consumers 200t and calculations 189 see also gene flow, pollen dispersal and studies on consumer valuation of of segregating wheat to conform to EU pollination GM-free and GM foods 594 traceability standards 595–596 cross-talk 340 value of non-GM goods over GM goods of segregation and traceability between cruciferine 276t 194–201 GM and non-GM supply chains crushers 228 contracts 156, 602, 611–612 of single crop and compound crushing 149, 233 control plans 254, 393–397 food/feed products 177–191 CTAB (Cethyl Tri-methyl Ammonium Conyza canadensis (horseweed) 569 methodology 179–181 Bromide) method 318, 466, E COOPERL 546, 551 rapeseed results 181 469 see also DNA extraction

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Cucagna, Eduardo 104 regional model (RM) 464 Directive 2001/18/EC 143, 178, 493, cultivars 101 sampling plans assessment 464 495, 496t Cycling Probe Technology (CPT) probe starch production process 464 Directive 2002/54 40 320, 321 transportation model 464, 478–479 discrete choice analysis 117 cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) 67 UGM model 477–478 extreme value type 1 distribution (EV1) see also bioconfinement and unapproved GMOs assessment of the 117 biological containment potential presence of 464 Dispute Settlement Body (DBS) of the Czech Republic 178 see also Co-Extra project WTO 434, 436, 437, 440, estimated production of compound feed decisions, control of the content of 442 see also World Trade 216f 449–450 Organization dedicated production areas 571–580, 625 disputes 9, 367 D see also club, clusters, between GMO exporters and importers damage to property 407 coexistence measures and 614 damage to repair 428–429 flexible coexistence settlement of 450 Darwin, Charles, theory of natural spaces as controllable structures DMIF-GEN 10 selection 454 571–572 DNA 142–143, 166, 279, 333 de la Blache, Paul Vidal 569 DeKalb Pfizer Genetics 97 chloroplast DNA 65 decision support system (DSS) 266, Denmark 28, 45, 121, 122, 123, 124, detection 361 see also GMO analysis 303–304, 371, 372, 373, 147, 181, 182, 183, 187, 188, and GMO detection 461–489, 626, 629 216f ligation for detection of specific DNA AM_DetQuant model 464, 465, 466, CEC v. Denmark 434, 435, 443, 444 sequences 357–358 470f co-existence costs for sugar beet supply plastid DNA 65 AM_DNAex model 464, 465, 465f, chain in 183f quantification methods 297f, 298t 466, 468f compound feed case studies 187 transmission of chloroplast DNA application of the transportation model cost calculations in single and through hybridisation with wild 479–481 compound food/feed value relatives of OSR 66 assessment of analytical methods chains 179t DNA extraction 313 see also CTAB 464–472, 487 cost of co-existence and segregation for method assessment of processes 464, 482–485, compound feed production automation of 324–326, 328 487 188t from highly processed matrixes dryer model 483, 484–485 cost of co-existence and segregation of 317–318 regional model (RM) 482–483 wheat 181, 595–596 manual and automatic 325–326 starch model 483 cost of co-existence and traceability of modules and DNA extracts, modular assessment of products 487 rapeseed oil 182t validation of 390f using traceability data 477–481 cost structure for producing non-GM from oils 318 assessment of sampling methods wheat products at industry level from soybean lecithin 318 472–477 184t DNA fingerprinting techniques 378 bestfordevelopment assessment 466 estimated production of compound feed dryer model 130f, 131f, 483, 484–485, 487 bestforpurpose assessment 465, 466, 216f assessment of ‘Case 1’ by 485f 469, 472, 474 risk of admixture on farms 147 basic attributes for the 484t characteristics of 462 sugar beet supply chain 145 hierarchical structure of 484f components of 464 supply chains analysed 143t plus-minus-1 analysis 485f data-based (or data-driven) 462 detection method see DNA, digital array, test case for the 485t database 464 digital PCR, PCR, GMO analysis dryers 129 and web-based implementation and GMO detection DSS sampling model 473 see also 485–487 development risks 430 decision support system dryer 464 DEXi models 462–463, 464, 473, 486, DualChip GMO assay 387 EAT (Eppendorf Array Technology) 487 see decision support system microarray kit 346, 347, 348f, 350, DualChip 470f, 471f DEXi software 463 see decision support 351, 388 fitforpurpose assessment 465 REVISEDsystem V2.0 348–350 future of 488 differentiation systems 180, 185, 186t report 351f–352 goals of developing 487 digital array heatmap 313f duplex PCR 336–337 model-based (or model-driven) 462 digital PCR 391 duplex QRT-PCR 339 objective of 461 combined with high-throughput Dupont de Nemours 421 pentaplex-CGE 471f nanofluidic PCR 311–313 qPCR 35S 470f, 471f dilution effect 172 E qPCR lec1 470f Directive 90/219/EEC (also 1990/219/ E. coli dried killed bacterial biomass 512t qPCR triplex 35S-lec1-IPC 470f, 471f EEC) 141 East Asia, labelling and detection of GM E qualitative multi-attribute DEXi models Directive 90/220/EEC (also 1990/220/ crops and derived products in 462–463 EEC) 141–142, 416 521–541

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EC Product Liability Directive (PLD) see also European Union (EU); specific introduction of traceability and 409 countries co-existence concepts into EU ECMWF model 81 European Commission 127, 161, law 141–142 economic literature 193, 199, 200t, 415–416 labelling regulations 193–194 203 co-existence policy 415 objectives of legislation on GMOs 493 economic theory 193 definition of the precautionary principle prevention strategy 191 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) 433 production of soybean meal 216 5, 7, 8, 11, 142, 369, 436, 445, research programmes 10–11 recommendation on co-existence and 446, 494, 619, 630 European Commission Joint Research economic criteria 620 eggs 152, 215, 216, 222, 422, 425, 545, Centre (JRC) 518, 571 see also regulatory framework 615 see also 553, 554 JRC Commission Recommendation, elevators 148 European Community (EC) 434 directive and regulation benefits of 226 European Cooperative Programme for soybean imports into 216 costs 225 Plant Genetic Resources 288 support for GMO-free policies 553 export elevators 226–227 European corn borer 4, 181 traceability in Mercosur countries and soybean elevators 232–233 European cultivated potato database 288 610–611 EMBRAPA 101, 102, 108, 109, 110 European Environmental Council 415 traceability of GMOs 193–194 endogenous reference gene/sequence European Feed Manufacturers Federation traceability standards 595–596 278t, 524–525 see also reference (FEFAC) 224 validated detection methods under assays European Feed Manufacturers Guide 224 Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 endosperms 166 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 500–513t enforcement costs 208 5, 7, 8, 11, 142, 369, 436, 445, see also specific countries ENGL see European Network of GMO 446, 494 European Union (EU) consumer behaviour laboratories (ENGL) European GMO-free regions network, study ENTRANSFOOD 10 declaration on labels and attitudes towards locally produced foods environment GM-free farming 10, 553–554, 124 damage to 406 625 see also GMO-free compensation 124 harm to the 407 European Regions’ network consumer behavior, attitudes and environmental issues 195 European Network of GMO Laboratories perceptions 120–121 Environmental Liability Directive (ELD) (ENGL) 8, 9, 10, 149, 273, consumer survey 118–120 411 289, 290, 384, 386, 514, 515, consumer survey results 121–124 environmentally-friendly certification 517, 628, 629 attitudes 122 system, differences between and GMO analysis and validation 518 food purchasing behavior 121–122 GAP and 528, 530t GMO analysis harmonisation and 497, consumers’ acceptance and WTP Eppendorf 298t see also decision 516 estimation 116 support system and DualChip traceability of GMOs and 628 cornflakes, attitudes towards low equipment sharing 147 see also GMO analysis and validation carbohydrate 124 ERM-AD413 392 see also certified European Reference Laboratory for findings from the WTP analysis reference materials Genetically Modified Food and 122–124 estimated value 383 Feed (EURL-GMFF) 290 see literature review results 120–121 ethical issues 195 also EURL-GMFF and opinions and attitudes of European EURL-GMFF (European Reference CRL-GMFF citizens and consumers 4–6 laboratory for Genetically European Regions’ network see qualitative and quantitative research Modified Food and Feed) 273, European GMO-free Regions methods 116 275, 277, 279, 286, 290, 372, Network study methodology 116–120 386, 38, 6297 see also European Union (EU) 89, 115, 177, 237, choice experiment method 116–118 CRL-GMFF 361, 367, 518, 571, 596 survey procedure and response 120 Europe 4 arrival of GM soybeans in 3 willingness to pay a premium for cultivation of GM crops in 543 attitudes towards GMOs in opinion polls organic food 123 demand for non-GM soybeansREVISED 92 194–195 see also consumers dependence on imported soya co-existence and traceability differences European Union (EU) legislation 545–546 in Mercosur countries and on food labelling 516 GMO-free regions network 544 606 future challenges 499–518 maintaining a supply of non-GM feed in directives and regulations for risk on GMO analysis 516 543–562 assessment 7 on GMO labelling 495 opinions and attitudes of European food regulation 609 on GMO traceability 494–495 citizens and consumers 4–6 GMO-free regional networks 10 on GMOs 493–495 soybean crushing 233 GMO/nonGMO labelling 193 on seeds 516 thresholds, indicating the presence of harmonisation of GMO analysis see also Commission Recommendation, E transgenic DNA 565t 497–499 directive and regulation

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European Union Reference Laboratory for flowering inhibition 63 see also thresholds, indicating the presence of Genetically Modified Food and bioconfinement and biological transgenic DNA 565t Feed (EURL-GMFF) 290, 386 containment see also Brittany see also EURL-GMFF and and complete sterility 62–63 freedom of choice CRL-GMFF flowering plants by consumers and producers 5, 6, 9, expertise 619–622 asexual reproduction 69 10, 543, 624, 625 and counter-expertise 621 sexual propagation in 69 by operators 9, 417–419 rejection of 621 Fluidigm’s BioMark 312 freedom of trade and industry 417, export elevators 226–227 fluorescent beads, and flow cytometry 418 benefits of 226–227 353 fruit, parthenocarpy 68–69 see also costs 226 fodder beet 276t see also beet, Beta and bioconfinement and biological sugar beet containment F food and feed chains, GMO sampling fuzzy logic assessment 301–302 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization strategies in 245–272 based indicators 300, 385, 397 of the United Nations) 385 food crises 623 Treaty on phyto-genetic resources food industry, new technologies in 115 G 420n food market, changes in safety and quality GAFTA, Recommended Terms and farm production 623 requirements 607–609 Conditions of Business 1999 farm-saved seed production 421–422 food preference studies 594 428 see also Grain and Free farmer penalties 601 food regulation 142, 609–610 Trade Association farmers 622 food safety 142 game-theoretic model 595, 596–597 choice of GM or non-GM crops FP6 Co-Extra project 10, 328 base case data and assumptions used in 624 France 35, 190, 564, 592n, 593, 626, 627 the P-A problem 598t farmer’s choice model AOC label 582, 586 GAP (good agricultural practices) 527, spatial strategy 135 approval of a GMO release for 530, 532, 533 time strategy 135 experimental targets 435 and environment-friendly certification fault liability 409 average surface area of farms in 622 system 528, 530t feed, European directive on botanical beet crops in 29 garden beet 45, 276t see also beet, Beta impurities in 5 Charte de l’Environmement 433 and sugar beet feed industry, labelling rules 237 charters for regional national parks GATT 550 see also World Trade feeding the world 623–624 585 Organization feedstuffs, market for 215 Clermont-Ferrand Court 449 Gemma proficiency test scheme 394 LLP see GMOs Low Level Presence clusters in 586 gene flow 31, 32, 79–88, 194, 205, 255, FEFAC see European Feed Conseil d’Etat 441 626 Manufacturers Federation cross-pollination of maize study in beets 35, 42–43 ferals, oilseed rape ferals 28 80–81 between GM and non-GM fields Feria de Norte Semillas 104 economic, ethical and social committee 206 field experiments, and data collection (CEES) 620 in maize 24t, 26, 80–83 256–257 effect of BSE crisis 607 in oilseed rape 49–60 Finland 410 estimated production of compound feed prediction of 43 estimated production of compound feed 216f see also cross-pollination, pollen 216f French Conseil d’État 441 dispersal and pollination fish, suspension of fish marketing approval gene flow in beet studies 43 gene stacking 26, 333, 335, 369, 371, and stock destruction 448 GMO-free agriculture 548–549 624 FitForPurpose 474 GMO-free labelling threshold 153 General Food Law see Regulation (EC) FitForScreening 463 GMO-free labels 552 No 178/2002/EC decision rules 463 imports 149 GENESYS model 55, 56t fitness-for-purpose 383, 466 INAO 572, 582 GENESYS-Beet model 43 flexible coexistence 26, 29, 625 see also initiatives in 577–578 oilseed rape volunteers 50, 51f coexistence, clusters and local REVISEDcouncillors in 572 genetic resources 420 dedicated production area model for determining co-existence Genetic Use Restriction Technologies flour 162, 184t, 255, 268, 410, 425, measures 626 (GURTs) 70, 625 see also 524t oilseed rape seeds 145 bioconfinement, biological analysis of 255t quality labels 572 containment, T-GURT, and cost and performance of control plans research programmes 10 V-GURT 254t sugar beet in 42 genetically modified organisms see Danish production study 183 sugar beet production systems 44 GMOs maize 162, 296f, 374 sugar beet seed production areas in 40 genomic DNA (gDNA) 300, 392 E soybean 233, 247, 248, 249, 253 supply chains analysed 143t geographic information system (GIS) wheat 179t, 180, 182 territories 572–574 software 256, 257, 627

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geographical spaces 569, 586 GM detection methods, employing ligation see also GM content, GM plants and discontinuities that cannot be controlled detection 359t GMO detection by people 569–570 GM farming, general public’s fear of GMO crops, geographical approach to the made up of territories that are all social potential risks of 405 European policy for the constructions 572–574 GM food products, consumers’ opinions co-existence of non-GMO and spatial modelling and 570–571 and attitudes towards non-GM 563–589 see also dedicated production area and and 115–126 GMO detection territories GM food valuation studies analysis of a complex sample with Germany 10, 35, 182, 184, 189, 571, proportions of different types of mixed ingredients and processed 592n consumers 200t material 376–377f co-existence costs for sugar beet supply WTP for non-GM products 198–199t development and harmonisation of 518 chain in 183f GM foods, safety assessment and labelling differential quantitative PCR 379, 629 cost calculations in single and policy in Japan 534 see also unauthorised GMOs compound food/feed value GM microorganisms (GMMOs) 369, 548 evaluation of automation potential in chains 179t GM plants 543 324–327 cost for non-GM food production in endogenous reference gene systems for justification of the need for more supply chains in 185f detection of 524–525 efficient and cost effective cost of co-existence and segregation for increase in growth of 177 strategies for 333–334 chocolate industry in 188f GM products, segregation strategies of matrix approach 372, 373, 629 see cost of co-existence and segregation of non-GM and 154 also unauthorised GMOs wheat 181 GM quantifications, mean and variance new multiplexing tools for reliable cost of co-existence and traceability of normalised values for 323 333–365 rapeseed oil 182t GM soy, price evolutions of 234f review of 371–378 cost structure for producing non-GM GM supply chains, introduction to single low processed ingredient 374, wheat products at industry level non-GM and GM supply chain 375f 184t co-existence and traceability unit see haploid genome equivalent crushing of soybean, maize and oilseed 3–20 see also GMO analysis, collaborative rape 149 GM target taxon 281–282 see also GM trial, collaborative validation of estimated production of compound feed plants, reference assays and methods, single lab validation 216f endogenous reference assays and screening GMO-free regulations 552 borders of 284 GMO detection database 526 imports from outside the EU 149 definition in relation to botanical taxa GMO-free oilseed rape seeds 145 282f agriculture 548–550 pest management 181 GMO analysis dedicated production areas 625 supply chains analysed 143t accurate determination of the limit of foods, consumer valuation of wheat starch supply chain 183 detection 308–309 593–595 germplasm 95–111, 281–287 see also analytical result interpretation 515–516 labels 237 genetic resources analytical template 266f land management 549 Germplasm Resources Information Co-Extra assessment of the modular thresholds 626, 627 Network 288 approach in 295–303 see also GMO-free European Regions Network GIS see geographic information system modular approach 232, 544, 545 global conferences 517 costs for 222 business meeting 551 global development and consumption ‘Detecting GMOs’ interactive DVD conference 551 model 623 517 goals of 544 S-glucosyl transferase 276t EU harmonisation of 497–499 roll-back policy 551–552 glyphosate 38, 39, 93, 231, 569 see also extraction method 297 working groups 544 Roundup global capacity building on 516–517 GMO labelling threshold 8–10, 190 GM adventitious presence quantification see also Cartagena protocol GMO laboratory sample output 127, 166–167, 168 global conference on 517 assessing validity of procedures from distribution in the non-GM REVISEDharvest global harmonisation 516–518 test portions from laboratory 169f global networking on 517–518 samples 266–267 in non-GM field harvests 167, 170t new methods to be validated 514–515 impacts of measurement uncertainty on GM animals 369 overview of the strategies for the high- ‘real world’ actions or decision GM content, estimation as percentage of throughput 336f 266–267 DNA bearing the transgene 166 qualitative oligoplex PCR-CGE reported GMO quantification, reliability of GM crops for 344t 313–317 see also GMO analysis benefits of 190 sampling harmonisation 499–514 and GMO detection cultivation of 4 strategies for high-throughput 334–335 GMO sampling strategies post-market environmental monitoring training material 517 in fields 246, 255–259, 626, E 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 630 User Manual 517 627

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in food and feed chains 245–272 legal classification of 368–369 granular-sampling relative standard conclusions and future perspectives liability and redress options for damage deviation 253 see also sampling 265–266 caused by GMOs 405–413 Great Britain see United Kingdom general aspects and software tools for low level presence (LLP) of unapproved Growth Hormone case 437, 439, 440, sample size determination GMOs 236, 369, 422, 538, 442, 446 248–249 549, 629 GURT see bioconfinement, biological during production and distribution management of co-existence and containment, Gene Use 248–255 traceability of 12 see also Restriction Technology, sampling uncertainty 267, 268 coexistence and traceability Terminator, T-GURT and see also sampling market authorisations of 619 V-GURT GMO test methods, validation of 294– new production methods 629 295, 296f see also validation novel characteristics of 367–368 H GMO testing 304, 514 see also GMO opposition to 202, 209, 415, 619 HACCP 127, 223, 224, 425, 427, 527, analysis and GMO detection personal injury and damage to property 528, 532, 533 GMOChips European research project 406–409 Haeckel, Ernst 569 346, 372 prevention of future harm 406 Hamilton Microlab Star Liquid Handling GMOs and pure economic loss 407–408 station 326 assessment of health and environmental reliability and cost of detection of haploid genome equivalent (HGE) 8, risks related to 619 307–332 273, 303, 314, 333, 347, 391, attitudes of consumers in opinion polls risk perception 6–7, 619–621 516, 626, 627 towards 4–6, 194–195, 621 sample analysis, technology equivalence hard identity preservation programme banning of 200 295–297 218 see also identity preservation classifications relevant to detection special liability regimes 409 hard red spring wheat 597 368–371 spread by pollen 584 see also gene harvest discarding 54 coexistence see coexistence, dedicated flow and pollen dispersal HEAR segregation system 185, 186t production area, flexible transformed with new combinations of Helms, Ted 100 coexistence and territories genetic elements 371 hens detection unit see haploid genome transformed with the same genetic broiler hens 222, 228 equivalent construct(s) as GMOs in layer hen feed 234f detection database 526 knowledge class 1 370–371 herbicide resistance, in sugar beet 44 detection of unknown GMOs 367–382 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) herbicides 231 see also unauthorised GMOs 223, 224, 369, 370f, 413 sensitivity to 61 determination of attitudes towards 4–6, good practices of GM and non-GM see also glyphosate 195–197, 621 production 413 Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) 96, development of 3–4, 367 government of techniques 416, 417 97, 101, 103 and standardisation of event-specific Grain and Feed Trade Association hexa(6)-plex PCR-CGE-LIF 344t detection methods for 525–526 (GAFTA) 427, 428 hexa(6)-plex PCR-CGE-SC 344t expertise of 619–622 grain merchant hexaplex PCR 343 and counter-expertise 621 collection strategies 131–134 HGE see haploid genome equivalent rejection of 621 cost of different management strategies Hi-Pro-soybean meal 215 externality costs of co-existence without 133–134 high grade multiplex strategies 357–361 co-existence regulations evaluation of co-existence management high mobility group protein 276t, 277t 204–205 strategies for 128–134 Holland see the Netherlands feed and indifference to 424 evaluation of collection strategies hormone case see growth hormone case fully characterised 370 farmer’s choice model 133t, 134 horseweed 569 gene-stacked 371 input data and work hypotheses human resources 574, 576t and genetic resources 625 131t, 134–135 humans, damage to 406 and harm to the environment 7, 8, 10, at the landscape level 134–135 Hungary 554 11,407, 619, 623, 630 run of the simulation model estimated production of compound feed harmonised control analysis 293–294 REVISED129–131 216f knowledge based classification of segregation strategies 131t, 135–136 hygiene practices 224 369–371 see also unauthorized see also coexistence GMOs allocation of GM and non-GM I knowledge class 1 370 varieties 137f identity preservation 150–151, 156, 205, knowledge class 2 370–371 spatial strategy 136f 602, 614 knowledge class 3 371 simulation model 128–131 of IP corn rose 608 knowledge class 4 371 spatial strategy 130, 131–132 programme 152 known GMOs 367 time strategy 130, 132–133 see also coexistence and segregation E labelling and co-existence regulation of transport 128–129 identity preserved production and non-GMOs and 193–214 see grains 605 marketing programmes (IPPM) also labelling and threshold see also barley; corn; maize; wheat 150

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identity preserved products 204 ISBA model 81 KeSTE software 249 see also GMO IMCOPA 227, 232 ISTA see International Seed Testing sampling strategies and sampling imports 148–149 Association KingFisher Flex 325 impurities, determination of 273 ISO/CEN standards 9, 397 see also known GMOs 367 see also unauthorised in-house validation 338, 385 see also CEN/ISO standards GMOs collaborative trial, GMO isocytosine 319 Korea 521, 522, 527–532 analysis, GMO detection and Italy 26, 29, 40, 45, 145, 215, 546, 547, agri-food safety management system validation 548, 549, 583 527–530 incentive premiums, required for estimated production of compound feed control of agricultural raw materials contracting strategy 600f, 601f 216f 532 India 36, 230, 232, 236, 338, 521, 551, IUPAC 385 control of feed 532 553, 554, 555, 606 detection of GMOs in 531–532 GMO cultivation in 4 J differences between GAP and an production of non-GM soy 91, 92t Japan 521, 522, 534–538, 596 environment-friendly certification Indian mustard 70 agricultural products case 444 system 528, 530t ingredients 279t, 281 apples case 446 Korea Food and Drug Administration cost of 220 changes in the soybean and maize (KFDA) 531 insects, resistant 630 supply chains in response to living modified organisms 531 insurance 411–412 GMO labelling 536–538 management system of agricultural and private insurance 411–412 demand for non-GM soybeans 92 fishery LMOs in 527f social insurance 411 development of detection methods Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry see also compensation and redress 534–535 and Fisheries (MIFAFF) 531 intangible resources 574, 576t development of plasmidic reference National Agricultural Products Quality intellectual property rights 89, 90, 98, materials as calibrants 535–536 Management Service (NAQS) 106 impact of GM labelling in 538 531 intellectual property rights for plant labelling system in 535t regulatory framework of GMOs in 531 breeders 94, 110 see also farm maize supply chain 537–538 statutory compulsory certification saved seeds mass-based certified reference material system 528 inter-laboratory studies 386–387 see also production 536 statutory optional certification and mark collaborative trial and validation safety assessment and labelling policy system 528, 529t internal positive control (IPC) 316, 317t, for GM foods in 534 334, 340 see also DNA soybean supply chain 537 L extraction standard detection methods 534–536 labelling 6, 127, 150, 178, 190, 201–204, international case law 434 Joint Research Centre (JRC) 516, 614, 422, 624 see also threshold International Federation of Inspection 629 benefits of 185 Agencies (IFIA) 428 JRC-IHCP (Institute for Health and and consumer concerns 201–202 International Rice Research Institute Consumer Protection) 8, 290 EU legislation on 495 (IRRI) 288 see also EURL-GMFF and exemption from labelling requirements International Seed Testing Association CRL-GMFF 495 (ISTA) 514 JRC-IRMM (Institute for Reference of feed products 154 International Standard Organization Materials and Measurements) GMO-free labels 237, 625–627 (ISO) 386 see also CEN/ISO 299, 304, 629 see also CRMs of GMOs in Japan 536–538 standards judgement proof 208 implementing traceability and labelling international trade, in agricultural products judges 433 policy 202–204 622 as arbitrators of scientific assessments mandatory labelling of GM goods 203 International Union for the Protection of 447–454 regulations 249, 524 New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) deeper judicial control 451–454 retailers, consumers and 228–229 94, 289 guide to administrative action and traceability strategies 230–236 International Workshops on harmonisation 434–447 thresholds 8–10, 626, 627, 629 of GMO Detection andREVISED Analysis restrained control 447 voluntary labelling of non-GM goods 517–518 role concerning science in precautionary 203 interviews with stakeholders 141 measures 433–457 Labelling and Traceability Regulation invertase 277t, 346 thorough control 447 see Regulation (EC) No IPRs (intellectual property rights) 98 venturing into scientific fields 451–452 1830/2003 and Regulation (EC) Ireland 37, 554 jurisprudence 433, 437, 452 No 1829/2003 CEC v. Ireland 444 labels estimated production of compound feed K AOC label 582 see also Quality signs 216f k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) algorithm ARGE Gentechnik-frei label 552 see GMO-free Ireland Network 552–553 259 also GMO-free E IRRI see International Rice Research KELDA project 246 see also GMO GMO-free labels 237, 625–627 Institute sampling strategies and sampling technology label 293

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labels of origin 424, 572 see also Quality limit of detection (LOD) 308–309, 310, cost calculations in single and signs 343, 384 compound food/feed value lamb 552 limit of quantification (LOQ) 310–313 chains 179t LAMP-BART detection method 471, 472 definition of 310 cross-pollination 25 Lancaster consumer theory 116 linearity 384 long-distance 80–81 land management 549 link target taxon species 279 see also and volunteers 146 Register 418 reference assays and endogenous crushing 149 structure 568 reference gene/system DNA quantification methods use 571, 581, 582 taxon ingredient 279 maize feed 298t see also geographical spaces and Listeria bacteria 450 maize grain 298t territories, litigation 208 maize tortilla 298t landscape community litigation 449 effect of volunteers on GM content in and product flow management, control of the content of decisions non-transgenic maize yields evaluation of collection strategies 449–450 263–265 127–139 national and European 448–449 estimation of the contribution of GM patterns, interaction between cropping precautionary principle 448 volunteers to the GMO systems and 59 LLP seelow level presence and percentage in the yield of a long-distance pollen flow in large feedstuff conventional field 265 fragmented landscapes 79–88 LMOs (living GMOs) 527f, 531–532, evaluation of the proportion of see also gene flow and pollen dispersal 534, 548 see also Cartagena volunteers that reached the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) 340 protocol flowering stage 264–265 lateral flow device (LFD) 470f, 471, 472 Lo-Pro soybean meal 215 field sown with conventional maize see also GMO detection locked nuclei acid (LNA) probe 320, showing GM volunteer plants Latin America 178, 287, 426, 479, 612, 321, 328 263f 613, 622 LOD see limit of detection (LOD) Flint maize chain identity preservation see also Argentina; Brazil; Mercosur loop-mediated isothermal amplification 151–152 countries; Paraguay; South (LAMP) strategy 335 flour 162, 296f, 374 America; Uruguay LOQ see limit of quantification (LOQ) forage maize 162 law of the Alliance 416 losses, linked to GMOs 408 GA21 maize 500t, 507t LCR see ligase Chain Reaction low level presence (LLP) of unapproved germplasm 287 leaf beet 276t see also beet, Beta and GMOs 236, 369, 422, 538, GMO detection in 374, 375f sugar-beet 549, 629 GMO maize cultivation 625 lecithin 318 Luminex X-map technology 378 grain maize 162, 181 legal appraisal 452–454 Lux technology 319 growth of GM maize 178 legal intervention 206–207 Luxembourg 410 landrace 26, 625 legal issues, co-existence policies 415–431 long-distance dissemination 26, 79–87, LFD see lateral flow device M 626 liability 9, 10, 194, 205, 207, 237, 407, Maastricht Treaty 293 LY038 Maize 510t 408, 416, 417, 428 maize 23–26, 162, 215, 274, 276t maize area fraction and accumulated for adventitious GMO presence above 10 kDa zein 277t deposition of viable pollen grains labelling threshold 210 1507 (TC 1507) maize 500t 84, 87 environmental liability 411 1507 x 59122 maize 504t male-sterile cytoplasm 67 for fault versus no-fault liability 429 1507 x NK603 maize 501t map of maize fields over the Landes individuals who are liable 429–430 3272 maize 510t region in Aquitane region Member States’ liability 429 59122 maize 501t 82–83 product liability 409–411 59122 x 1507 x NK603 maize 507t MAPOD model 134, 163, 167, 626 and redress options for damage caused 59122 x NK603 maize 508t Mexico 625 by GMOs 405–413 analysis of single ingredient sample of MIR 604 maize 506t of small operators 430 375–376f modelling of pollen flow 626–627 strict liability rules 409 Bt maizeREVISED 4, 127, 178, 181, 500t, MON 810 maize 512t see also compensation, insurance and 585 MON 863 x MON 810 x NK603 maize redress Bt10 maize 500t 503t ligase chain reaction (LCR) 357–358 see Bt11 field maize 506t MON 863 x MON810 maize 502t also SNPlex Bt11 maize 509t MON 863 x NK603 maize 502t ligation 361–362 Bt11 sweet maize 500t MON 89034 maize 510t and PCR-based strategies 356–361 Bt11 x GA21 maize 510t MON 89034 x 88017 maize 513t amplification reaction (LAR) 358 CBH351 (Starlink) maize 368 MON 89034 x NK603 maize 513t -dependent probe amplification (LPA) characteristics of 24t Mon863 maize 500t E 358, 359t co-existence in 26 MON88017 maize 509t detection reaction (LDR) 358 co-existence model 626–627 MON88017 x MON810 maize 513t

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NK603 maize 500t see also bioconfinement and biological Middle East 37, 93, 550 NK603 x MON 819 maize 502t containment Milanesi, Leonardo 108 oil, DNA extraction from 318 mango 69 milk outlets for maize grain 162 MAPOD model 134, 163, 167, 626 see powdered milk 550 PCR-CGE-SC method for detection of also maize and coexistence rBST (recombinant Bovine target sequences in 345f Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund 36 SomatoTropin) milk 203 PCR methods for detection of GM 525 market-based initiatives 577–578 soybean milk 298t pollen dispersal 79, 568, 626 marketing 603 Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry pollen viability 83, 84f Maroilles cheese 582 and Fisheries (MIFAFF) 529t potential for crossing and introgression Martin, Steve St 100, 106 Minor Groove Binding probe 320 24t material resources 574, 576t mixed Nash equilibrium 599, 600, 601 record of volunteer density in matrix approach 336, 372–374, 379 see MNL see conditional multinomial ogit agricultural fields 264 also quantitative differential PCR model reference assays 275, 277t and unauthorised GMOs modelling 162 see also atmospheric 10 kDa zein 343 measurement uncertainty 255, 265, 266, model, coexistence, gene flow, alcohol dehydrogenase 1 gene 277t 267, 307, 387, 391, 393–397, GENESYS, MAPOD, meso-NH, invertase gene 277t 398, 515–516, 627 pollen and software starch synthase gene 277t effect on assurance and enforcement of modular approach 304, 397 see also screening table 373f labelling 396–397 GMO analysis and GMO seed price 133t estimation using collaborative trial detection seed production 626 results 395–396 module transfer parameters 302–303 simulated pollen viability 84, 86f estimation using proficiency test results molecular beacons (MB) 320, 321 simulated regional pollen dispersal 84, 394–395 Monsanto 95 85f see also analytical uncertainty, bias and Monsoy 101 starch maize 181 sampling most probable number (MPN) 310–311, starch maize supply chain 185f meat 152, 210, 215, 222, 223, 237, 422, 328, 334, 339, 388, 539 Starlink maize 368 see also CBH351 423, 424, 549 MPN see most probabe number maize BSE animal-infected 446 see also TSE Muller, Pierre 621 storage of 152 consumption 4, 607 multiple displacement amplification DNA supply chain demand for 216 (mdaDNA) 300, 392 GMO labelling 536–538 GMO-free 552, 553, 554, 595 (MDA) strategy 335 in Japan 537–538 hygiene package and GMO Regulation multiple oligoplex reactions in a single supply chains and regions analysed 178/2002 608 CGE-SC run 344–346 143t organic 223 multiplex assays 387 T25 Maize 501t prices 231 GMO detection methods 334, 371, transgenic maize Case 447 segregation during BSE crisis 156 374–378 transport 481f see also beef; chicken meat; pork; LPA (MLPA) 358 transport and reloading of 148 veal methods 372 transport costs 133t Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia PCR 336, 337 treatment 133t nonagrioides) 4 universal PCR and array based detection use in the US 623 Mercosur countries 347f validated detection methods under co-existence and traceability differences mycotoxins 247, 268 see also sampling Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 in EU and 606 500–501t, 502–503t food regulation 609–610 N vertical variations in maize pollen GM soybeans in 606–609 Nanae 36 see also beet, Beta and concentration 83 regulatory framework 615 sugar-beet volunteers and ferals in 26 traceability in EU and 610–611 Nanodrop 298t white-kernel maize 79, 80–81, 85 see also Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; NASBA (nucleic acids based long-distance cross-pollination study Third countries; Uruguay amplification) implemented 80–81 REVISEDMeso-NH model 79, 81 see also cross- microarray analysis (NAIMA) yield rate 133t pollination, gene flow and pollen 335, 353–356, 378 see also corn; grain merchants; grains dispersal applicability and cost 354–355 Malaysia 36 method validation, and reference materials future use of 356–357 male sterility 383–401 performance 355 cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) 67 Mexico principle 353–354, 354f engineered male sterility 67–68 contamination of Mexican wild corn properties of 355t monogermy 41 varieties 420 Nash equilibrium, mixed 599, 600, 601 Owen cytoplasm 41 GMO maize cultivation 625 National Institute of Metrology, ribonuclease/barnase expression 68 See also maize landraces Normalisation and Quality E split barnase 68 microarray technology 387 Control (INMETRO) 612

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national references laboratories (NRL) 8, NucleoMag 96 Plant Kit 324–325 local measures 53–54 498, 499 see also Regulation Nucleospin 466–471 buffer zones vs. harvest discarding (EC) 882/2004 evaluation for DNA extraction 54 near infrared (NIR) spectra/spectroscopy from feed 468f insufficiency of 54 335, 356 see also GMO analysis from lecithin 468f objective and simulation plan 53–54 and GMO detection from maize grain 468f model analysis and evaluation 50 negative PCR products 629 see also from soya lecithin 469f Ms8 Rapeseed 505t GMO-free from tofu 468f Ms8 x Rf3 Rapeseed 505t the Netherlands 103, 197, 215, 216f, perspectives of the modelling and 289, 553, 594 O simulation study 58–59 CEC v. the Netherlands 437, 438, 439, oilcakes 215 potential for crossing and introgression 443, 444, 445 oil(s) 228 24t estimated production of compound feed DNA extraction from 318 pre-sowing seed admixture 216f oilseed rape (OSR) 26–29, 143t, 274, certified seed lots 52–53 Nidera Semillas S.A. 101f, 102f, 103 276t, 375f, 376f, 504t, 505–506t effect of GM and non-GM seed lot Nigeria 36 AGMP rates 55, 56t characteristics 52 see also Africa background pollen 58 objective and simulation plan 52 non-GM feed 543–562 see also BnaDFFS collection 288 reference assays 275, 276t see also GMO-free Brassica rapa 28, 29, 31, 66, 73, 288 endogenous reference gene/ containment 550 characteristics of 24t system roll-back 550–551 cleistogamy 64 see also acyl-acyl carrier thioesterase 276t non-GM food, demand for 229 bioconfinement and biological arginine decarboxilase 276t non-GM food products, consumers’ containment at1g53101 0 osr mapping 276t opinions and attitudes towards co-existence of GM and non-GM 28–29 cruciferine 276t GM and 115–126 over time 29 high mobility group protein 276t non-GM soy 547 in space 29 phosphenolpyruvate carboxilase price evolutions of 235f collections of 287–288 276t non-GM supply chains, introduction to cost calculations in single and Rf3 Rapeseed 505t GM and non-GM supply chain compound food/feed value screening table 373f co-existence and traceability chains 179t seeds 49 3–20 cost for non-GM production in Germany simulation methodology 51–58 Non-GMO and Organic Report 93 of 185f objectives and simulation steps non-GMO crops, geographical approach to costs of co-existence and segregation of 51–52 the European policy for the 181 pre-sowing seed admixture 52–53 co-existence of GMO and cropping systems 54–56 T45 Rapeseed 504t 563–589 cross-pollination testing of transgenic mitigation 73 non-GMOs, labelling and co-existence between crops 26–27 tilling and secondary seed dormancy in regulation of GMOs and and volunteers 146–147 72 193–214 crushing 149 transgenic mitigation 73 non-market based initiatives 577–578 decline of the seedbank from the last transmission of chloroplast DNA non-PCR methods 353–356 known crop 27f through hybridisation with wild comparison to real-time PCR 355 effect of changes in farming practices on relatives 66 non-target taxon 282 see also general harvest impurity 56t varietal association (VA) OSR 27 surveillance, GM crops and post- EU production of 216 varieties 53 market environmental monitoring evaluation of gene flow in oilseed rape cropping systems 53 nona(9)-plex PCR-CGE-SC 344t with cropping system models gene flow between varieties in North American wheat 595 see also 49–60 contrasted scenarios 53 wheat ferals 28 objective and simulation plan 53 Norway 410, 606t, 619 gene flow model 50 volunteers 27–28, 56, 204 soy meal imported to the EU-27 606t GENESYSREVISED model 50 GENESYS model 50, 51f soy oil imported to the EU-27 606t S-glucosyl transferase 276t management to reduce adventitious Svalbard Global Seed Vault 420n GM oilseed rape 57 presence 28 novel food and novel ingredient law 178 GT73 Rapeseed 506t persistence and longevity 27 see also Regulation (EC) 258/97 imports 149 wild relatives 28 Novel Food Regulation 142 see also landscape 56–58 see also Brassica, canola and rapeseed Regulation (EC) 258/97 background pollen 58 oligoplex/multiplex PCR assays 335 Novo yeast cream 513t flexible measures 58 oligoplex PCR 334, 336–337, 361–362 nucleic acid sequence-based amplification isolation distances 57, 58f oligoplex PCR-AGE 337–338 E (NASBA) 353 see also objective and simulation plan 56 oligoplex PCR-CGE 340–346 NASBA regional crop proportions 56–57 oligoplex PCR-CGE-LIF 342

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oligoplex PCR-CGE-SC 343, 345f personal injury 407 in large fragmented landscapes onions 67 pest management 181 79–87 OPACSA (software) 247, 267 see also petunia 65 in maize 79 sampling PFAR see publishable final activity model evaluation 50, 52, 82–83, 627 opinions and attitudes 4–6 see also report modelling regional pollen transport consumers PCR-CGE method 388 81–83 orchids 69 the Philippines 36, 288 atmospheric model 81 Orf, James 93, 99, 106 phosphenolpyruvate carboxilase 276t conclusions and perspectives organic farming 225 Phospholipase D 276t 84–86 organic supply chains 424 Picogreen 298t conservation equations for pollen OSR see oilseed rape PicoGreen fluorometric DNA 81–82 outcrossing rate (OCR) 256, 257, 265 quantification 297 mapping regional pollen sources critical field lengths for measuring pig feed 215 82–83 results 85 262f pig production, regulation of 425 simulated regional pollen dispersal 84 data mining and modelling of the spatial piglet feed 234f in sugar beet 39–40 variability of the 258–259 pizza, GM ingredients in 180 plastid DNA transmission through determining mean OCR, edge type of pJANUS-02-001 dual target plasmid 300, 65–66 the field 260–261 388 see also calibrant, reference transmission of transgenes through 62 for different field types 259 materials and CRM viability 82, 83, 84f, 86f estimation of the OCR in the field using PL73 Brevibacterium 513t pollination 27, 30 fitting functions 259–260 plant variety lists 289 see also cross-pollination visualisation of spatial variability of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) certificates polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 150, OCR using geostatistic tools 96, 97, 98, 107 153, 162, 167, 303, 307, 309, 257–258 plants, genetic engineering in 543 333, 334, 377, 389, 525 Owen cytoplasm 38, 41, 42, 45 see also plasmid DNA (pDNA) 299, 300, 392, analysis of flint maize in Argentina bioconfinement and biological 535 152 containment plastids 65 Anchor PCR 230 Plexor technology 319 application to whole supply chains 9 P Plus-Hybrid System 67 see also and automatic downgrading strategies padlock ligation detection 361f bioconfinement and biological 172–173 padlock ligation microarray system 335 containment automation of 327 Palmer’s pigweed 569 Plus-minus-1 analysis 474, 481, 485 detection of PCR products by PANZEA 287 Poland 182, 189 hybridisation in array format papaya 4, 521, 524, 526, 533 compound feed case studies 187 346–353 Paraguay 545, 606t cost calculations in single and digital PCR combined with high- share of soybean harvest exported to the compound food/feed value throughput nanofluidic QRT-PCR EU-27 606t chains 179t 311–313 soybeans imported to EU-27 606t cost of co-existence and segregation DNA extraction and 389 parallel PCR screening 361 for compound feed production efficiency and matrix influence parallel semi-quantitative event-specific 188t 297–299 screening 351 cost of co-existence and traceability of importance of the specificity and parthenocarpy 68–69 rapeseed oil 182t uniformity of reference PCR patents 94, 97, 110 estimated production of compound feed systems 274f and plant breeders’ rights 94 216f influence of DNA extraction method on soybean 96 imports from Ukraine 149 efficiency of 298f payoffs 597f oilseed rape seeds 145 issues for stakeholders 220 base case extensive form game and supply chains analysed 143t multiplex universal PCR and array theoretical payoffs 597f Pôles d’excellence rurale (PER – clusters based detection 347f base case payoffs 598t of rural excellence) 578 see properties of 355t PCR see polymerase chain reactionREVISED also land setup automation 326–327, 328 (PCR) agricultural 578–579 technologies for the detection of PCR PCR amplification efficiency 389 and clusters 579–580 products 337–353 PCR-CGE-SC 342 social and environmental 578 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based PCR forming unit (PFU) 313 see also pollen 82, 626 methods most probable number background pollen 25, 39, 40, 58 estimation uncertainty for 393–394, penalty costs 601 colchicin-induced auto-tetrapoloid 395f penta(5)-plex PCR-CGE-SC 344t pollen donors 41 expression of uncertainty for 393 pentaplex PCR 342 contributions of pollen and seed to standardised results from 394f performance characteristics 320–321 impurities in crops 23–34 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) forming E Perkin Elmer MultiPROBE II 326, 327 dispersal see also gene flow unit (PFU) 313 see also MPN

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pork 228, 231, 545, 546, 548, 550, 551, premium 189 quantitative duplex real-time PCR 552 primary gene pool 281 338–339 pork feed 234f primer-based chemistry assays 319–320 for detection of Roundup Ready Portugal 4, 178, 216f, 553, 584 private insurance 411–412 see also soybean in processed foods 339 post-market environmental monitoring compensation, insurance and quantitative GMO analysis 335 (PMEM) 11, 630 see also redress quantitative multiplex assays 361 general surveillance private regulations 611–612 quantitative oligoplex (real-time) PCR potato metalo-caroboxypeptidase inhibitor probe-based chemistries 320 339 gene 277t procedural control 449 quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) potato(es) 141, 143t, 274, 276t, 375f, process models 482 307, 308, 328, 389 376f, 504t processes QUIZ (quantitation using informative cross-pollination and volunteers 147 assessment of 482–485 zeros) 311 EH92-527 Potato 504t schematic overview of 482f European cultivated potato database processing 149–150 R 288 Procumbentes 36 random sampling schemes 261, 263t see identification of critical points for GM procurement practices 603 also sampling and non-GM admixture in fresh producers 410 rapeseed see Brassica, canola and potato 144f product liability 409–411 oilseed rape processing of fresh 150 product segregation systems 184–186 oil 118t, 119, 182t reference assays 277t product testing 162 raw materials 316 potato metalo-carboxypeptidase production chain real-time PCR 298t, 318–321, 338–340 inhibitor gene 277t designing control plans 252 see also quantitative real-time TATA binding protein gene 277t efficient control along 251–252 PCR UDP glucose pyrophosphorilase gene viewed as a sequence of processes applicability and cost 355 277t 482f controlling the bias of 315–317 screening table 373f production costs 251–252 evaluation of different machines for GM poultry 152, 153, 231, 424, 425, 545, of GM and non-GM feed in Belgium quantification by 321–323, 546, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554 221–222 324t feed 153, 215, 374 production location 122 molecular basis of different chemistries meat 231, 374 property, damage to 406 318–320 powdered milk 550 property rights 205 performance 355 pre-audits 236 proportional liability 207, 408 properties of 355t pre-packed products protein meals 180, 215 using high-throughput nanofluidic distribution of RRS (RoundUp Ready public good attributes of GM and non-GM dynamic arrays 312–313 Soybean) percent in 250f goods 196 Recommendation 2004/787/EC 8, 9, percentage errors for a range of samples Publishable Final Activity Reports (PFAR) 564 250f 3 Recoverable Block of Function strategy sampling methods for 249–251 pure economic loss 407–408 see also 71, 72 SISSI-based confidence limits of GM losses Red Bull drink Case 450 content for 250f PVP certificates 96, 97, 98, 107 redress 9, 10, 408, 412–413 see also precaution compensation, insurance, liability and the scientific method 435–443 Q and private insurance and scientific substance 443–447 QRT-PCR machines 327 liability and redress options for damage precautionary measures, judge’s role qualitative duplex real-time PCR caused by GMOs 405–413 concerning science in 339–340 reference assays 273–274 see also 433–457 with IPC 340 endogenous reference gene/ precautionary principle 7, 9, 12, 293, qualitative multiplex assays 361 system 448–451, 454, 620 qualitative oligoplex real-time PCR 340, beet 273, 275f, 276f precision 384 341f biological aspects when designing intermediate precision 384 qualitativeREVISED PCR 222, 311, 334, 339, 377, 279–280 repeatability 384 531 breeding issues 282–283 reproducibility 384 quality control material 391 core collections for testing of 280–289 premiums 599 see also price quality signs 6, 543, 548, 628 see also definition of 278t effect of supplier and farmer incentive AOC and labels heatmap of endogenous and transgenic premiums on acceptance quantification limit 384 see also limit of assays on a dynamic array 314f probabilities 599f quantification, LOQ and LOD legislation issues 283 required for contracting strategy quantitative differential PCR 335, 379 see maize 277t, 287 600f also GMO analysis, GMO oilseed rape 276t E prevention strategy 191 detection, matrix approach and phylogenetic relationship between crop price 119, 121 unauthorised GMOs and relatives 280–281

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potato 277t Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 142, 154, risk assessment 3, 435–436, 523, 627 potential for cross-reaction in 286 177, 178, 203, 217, 246, 248, according to the potentially applicable practicability and cost effectiveness 293, 422, 496t, 611 health measures 441 321 Regulation (EC) No 1946/2003 497t adaption to the evolution of the practical issues 283 Regulation (EC) No 1981/2006 496t, scientific evidence 437 reliability of 274–277, 278 498 carried out by WTO member states 437 rice 276t regulations 223, 406 credible risk 445–447 selection of species for specificity private 611–612 data representing the dominant opinion testing of 285f regulatory and responsibility frames 7–8 versus data representing a specificity testing 283 regulatory frameworks 6 minority opinion 441–442 taxonomy and phylogeny of the beet relative limit of detection (LODr) 343, data to collect to carry out 441 complex 275f 347 see also absolute limit of evaluation of the possibility or taxonomic status of crops 280 detection, limit of detection and probability of a risk 439–440 technical requirements for testing LOD high-quality and relevant 437–438 278–280 relative LOD/LOQ 310 see also minimum risk threshold 443 validation of 290 relative limit of detection most recent available data 442–443 reference materials 299–300 see also relative standard deviation 322 see also national and international research calibrant, CRM and JRC-IRMM bias and measurement results 442 method validation and 383–401 see uncertainty plausible risk 445–447 also CRL-GMFF, EURL-GMFF relative standard uncertainty (RSUA) possible risk 445–447 and JRC-IHCP 251, 252 see also bias and precautionary measures 443–445 system 274f, 278t see also calibrant, measurement uncertainty probable risk 445–447 CRM, JRC-IRMM and reference reproducibility standard deviation 394 quantitative and qualitative 437 assays see also bias and measurement reflecting real conditions of the real regional model (RM) 482–483 uncertainty world 440–441 Registration Requirement for Genetically research 8, 229–230 related to the precise anticipated risk Modified/Soybean and programmes 3, 10–11, 288, 418 439 Genetically Modified corn resources type of experts entrusted for 438 532 activation 577 uncertainty level and 436 Regulation see also Directive, Legislation equity-oriented conception 575 using as a simple alibi 436–437 and Recommendation exploitation of 575–577 risk perception 6–7 Regulation (EC) No 50/2000 142 human resources 574 risks Regulation (EC) No 65/2004 496t ideal conception 575 dread risks 593 Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 8, 191, intangible resources 574 information about 208 223, 224, 422, 494, 595, 605, making full use of 575–578 uncertain risks 593 608, 611, 615 see also General material resources 574 RNA transcript sequence analysis 380 Food Law in the post-Fordist era 574–575 Romania, estimated production of goals of 178 specification 577 compound feed 216f principles and requirements of 142 in territories 574–575 Rome Treaty 418, 563 Regulation (EC) No 183/2005 223, 224, utilitarian conceptions 575 root specific gos9 276t 422 see also genetic resources and Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) Regulation (EC) No 258/1997 142, 178 germplasm 236 see also Novel Food and rice 4, 274, 327, 375f, 376f, 503t, 504t Roundup see also glyphosate Ingredient Law American broken rice 622 Roundup Ready soy (RRS) 93, 229, 247, Regulation (EC) No 641/2004 496t, 498 cleistogamy 64 see also 300, 301f, 338, 339 Regulation (EC) No 757/2003 566 bioconfinement and biological Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) 345f Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 224 containment Roundup Ready sugar beets 39 Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 497t, 498, collections of 288 Russia 3, 35, 36 499 see also National Reference detection of sequence motifs in Laboratories REVISEDtransgenic 379 S Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 177, 217, LLRICE62 Rice 503t safety regulations 273, 293, 304, 478, 493, 494, LLRICE601 Rice 504t or tort liability 207–208 495, 497, 498, 595 reference assays 276t see also and tort liability 208–209 enactment of 142 reference assays and endogenous Salmon Case 440, 441, 446 GMO detection methods validated by reference gene/system sampling 9, 499–514, 626, 627, 629 the CRL under 499 phospholipase D 276t and analysis budget 253 and labelling of feed products 154, root specific gos9 276t assessment of sampling methods 178 sucrose phosphate synthase 276t 472–477 publication and key provisions of screening table 373f development of approaches 259 E 496t Senegalese rice 622 feasibility of sampling schemes 261

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model 473 seed contamination 421 small operators 430 of pre-packed products 249–251 seed germination blocking 71 SNP see single nucleotide polymorphism plans 245, 268 sugar beet 42, 44 SNPlex PADLOCK ligation microarray assessment of 475f see also soybean seeds, bioconfinement, 357–361 definition of 473 biological containment, GURT, SNPlex technology 360f see also ligase fitness-for-purpose 245 T-GURT and V-GURT chain reaction plus-minus-1 analysis 476f segregation 602, 605 see also social benefits, of co-existence 591–593 schemes 261–262 coexistence and identity social insurance 411 strategies 245–272 preservation software see AMPE, decision support uncertainty 249t, 514, 627 costs for the feed manufacturer 220–223 system, DEXI, GENESYS, validation of sampling approaches at feed manufacturing level 219 KeSTE, MAPOD, OPACSA, 263 and traceability between GM and Seedcalc, SISSI and WEKA see also GMO sampling strategies non-GM supply chains of single sorghum 67, 287 and sampling crop and compound food/feed sound science 620 Schapaugh, William 99 products, costs of 177–191 South Africa 4, 36, 230 scientific expertise 620–622 see also regulations 591, 592, 603 South America 233, 235, 287, 550, expertise strategies 154t 609 scientific risk assessment see risk spatial segregation 128, 155, see also Argentina, Brazil, Latin assessment 566–568 America and Mexico scientists, and lay people’s respect for temporal/time strategy 128 South Korea 36 621–622 SENASA 609, 612 sow feed 234f scrapie 436 sensitivity 308, 599–602 see also pig feed; piglet feed screening 335, 372 see also GMO sensitivity analysis 167–170 soy 276t, 427, 547 see also soya and analysis, GMO detection, matrix outputs 168–170 soybean approach and unauthorised parameters 167–168 Brazilian case study on traceability and GMOs scenarios 168 segregation of non-GM soy assays 514 Sesamia nonagrioides see Mediterranean 227 methods 311, 312, 316, 327, 334, corn borer cost calculations in single and 336,339, 340, 341f, 346, 347, sheep 548, 553 compound food/feed value 348, 348f, 349t, 350, 350t, 351– SIGMEA project 11, 23, 24t, 27, 29, 32, chains 179t 352f, 357–358, 368, 370f, 371, 86 for food case study 156 372, 373f, 374, 375f, 377f, 379 silo bags 152 GM soy screening table 373f silos 152 in animal feed 253–255 sea beet 30, 35, 37, 41, 45, 281 SIMQUANT (single molecule price evolutions of 235f consequences of co-existence for genetic quantification) 311, 328, 388, GMO-free soy 550 resources 45 471 GMO-free soy supply, containment genetic proximity 37 simulation parameters 600t policy 551 Owen cytoplasm 45 see also single crops, costs of segregation and Roundup Ready soy 93, 229, 247, 300, bioconfinement and biological traceability between GM and 301f, 339 containment non-GM supply chains of transportation of 480 see also beet, Beta and sugar beet compound food/feed products soy meal, imported by EU 606t search attribute 201 and 177–191 soy oil, imported by EU 606t SeedCalc software 249 see also seeds single laboratory validation 338, soy sauce 533 seeds 30–31, 69, 419–422, 514 385–386 see also collaborative soya see soy blocking germination of 70–72 validation of methods, soya beans see soybeans consequences of genes and vegetal CRL-GMFF, EURL-GMFF and soybean elevators 232–233 varieties patentability 420 JRC-IHCP soybean lecithin, DNA extraction from contributions of seed to impurities in single molecule quantification 318 crops 23–34 (SIMQUANT) 311, 328, 388, soybean meal dispersal by shattering 70 REVISED471 EU production of 216 farm-saved seed production 421–422 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Lo-Pro soybean meal 215 future for breeders of non-transgenic 317, 335, 357–358 see also soybean oil, DNA extraction from 318 varieties 420–421 ligase chain reaction and SNPlex soybean seeds genetic resources 419–420 based assay 377 availability of non-GM 89–112 impurities in 32 SISSI software 248, 249, 250, 251, 267 concentration in the US soybean seed inhibiting dormancy 72 site fitness 466 industry 97f oilseed rape seeds 49, 52, 570 Skiff, Jim 93 market share evolution for varieties of patents for modifying seed viability 71 Slovenia 361 96f E production level 145 risk of admixture on farms 147 soybean supply chain 141 purity of 145, 155, 568 supply chains analysed 143t GMO labelling 536–538

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soybeans 143t, 153, 255, 375f, 376f, screening table 373f starch synthase 277t 507t, 508t, 511t, 605 share of soybean harvest exported to the statutory compulsory certification system A2704-12 Soybean 507t EU-27 606t 528 A5547-127 Soybean 511t soybean industry leaders and availability statutory optional certification and mark availability of non-GM soybean seeds in of non-GM soybean varieties in system 528 USA 99t the USA 107–108 strict liability rules 412 breeding activity 96–97 soybean products in animal feed 215 Suaeda vera 276t competitive challenges facing small soybean products used in animal feed Suber, John 93 breeders 107 215 sucrose phosphate synthase 276t cross-pollination and volunteers 146 supply of non-GM varieties for general sugar 36, 185f crushing 149, 233 use 107t sugar beet 35–48, 143t, 145, 276t, 281, demand for non-GM soybeans 92 varieties with IPRs 97 286, 375f, 376f DNA quantification methods space, discontinuity and heterogenous accidental admixture of seed lots 39 soybean grain 298t 586 see also land admixture in 41 soybean milk 298t Spain 410 co-existence costs in Germany and DNA, soybean feed 298t Bt maize in 127 Denmark 183f DP-305423-1 Soybean 511t cross-pollination study 25 collection routes 45–46 DP-356043-5 Soybean 511t cultivation of GM crops in 543 consequences of co-existence for genetic future of public research on soybean equipment sharing 147 resources 45 breeding 105 estimated production of compound feed consequences of co-existence for the germplasm 97–98, 106–107 216f cropping system of 42–45 global competitiveness of 106 standard field sampling system 256 cost calculations in single and global market 90–91 supply chains analysed 143t compound food/feed value GM soybeans transport and reloading of maize 148 chains 179t in Mercosur countries 606–609 transport and storage of maize 147 cross-pollination and volunteers 147 price evolutions of 234f volunteers in maize 26 cultivation of 37–38 imported by EU 606t spatial segregation 566–568 description and domestication 36 imports into the EU 216 species, definition of 278t see also expected benefits of GM 38–39 integration of GM traits in 110 reference assays and endogenous gene flow 35, 42–43 intellectual property rights for plant reference gene/system GENESYS-Beet model 43 breeders 94 specificity 384 genetic proximity 37 Kumen 4500 103 specificity testing 284–286 GM plants pollinating wild beets 41 market concentration in the USA 95–98 Spinacia oleracea 276t GM sugar beets 36 matrices 299f stacked gene see gene stacking harvesting machines 45 mergers and acquisitions in the soybean stakeholders, network of 573f herbicide resistance 44 see also case seed industry 95 standards 9, 294, 397, 406 specific monitoring MON 04032-6 Soybean 507t Standing Commission for Feedstuffs 438 marketplace 35–36 MON 89788 Soybean 508t Standing Veterinary Committee (SVC) Owen cytoplasm 41, 45 see also non-GM breeders 438 bioconfinement and biological characteristics of varieties 100 starch maize supply chain 161–175 containment future of 104–108 aim of model 162 phylogeny see 275f state universities 99–100 batch control 165–166 plant breeding 38 varieties released by state universities batch scheduling 165 plant selection scheme 41–42 100 control systems 165 pollen dispersal 39–40 non-GM market 91–92 estimating GM content as percentage of post-harvest co-existence issues 45–46 non-GM seed breeders, and availability DNA bearing the transgene 166 pre-cultivation co-existence issues of non-GM seeds 98–100 GM adventitious presence quantification 39–42 non-GM soybean seeds in Argentina 166–167 production areas 35 102–104, 108–109 material flow and risks of commingling proximity of GM and non-GM nurseries non-GM sulfonylurea herbicide-tolerantREVISED 162–163 40 421 model 483, 487 recommendations by inter-professional patents and PVP certificates 96 basic attributes for the 484f organisations 44–45 production 90f model description 163–167 reference assays 276f see also GM and non-GM planted areas in the results and discussion 170–173 reference assays and endogenous USA 90f sensitivity analysis 167–170 reference gene/system of non-GM 91–94 outputs 168–170 rotation 44 Roundup Ready seeds 93 parameters 167–168 Roundup Ready sugar beets 39 Roundup Ready soybean 345f scenarios 168 RUR H7 Sugar beet 501t RRS soybean, uncertainty profile 396 testing procedure 165 screening table 373f E sampling of 474 wet-milling process 163, 164 seed migration in 41

Bertheau—Genetically Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability

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seeds 42, 44 Bureau of Food and Drug Analysis tomato(es) 118t, 119, 141, 143t, 145 taxonomy 36–37 (BFDA) of the DOH 533 co-existence of GMO and non-GM and phylogeny 275f GM food labelling 533 156 volunteer beets 42 GMO detection in 533 cross-pollination and volunteers 147 weed beet demography model 43–44 National Science and Technology price consumers willing to pay (WTP) weed beet pollen invasion in the nursery Program for Agricultural 123 40–41 Biotechnology (NSTPAB) 533 processing 150 and weed beets 42 National Science Council (NSC) 533 supply chain in Belgium 150 weed control in 38 Plant Variety and Plant Seed Act tort law 207, 406, 407, 408–411, 412 see also beet, Beta, sea beet and weed 533 tort liability 207–208 see also beet regulatory framework of GMOs in compensation, liability and sugar cane 35, 36 532–533 redress suitability checks 385 Taiwan Seed Improvement and Touvet, Laurent 447 sunflower 67, 225, 545, 546 Propagation Station (TSIPS) traceability 178, 202–204, 371, 422, 602, supply, and demand 426 533 612, 628–629, 630 supply chains TaqMan probes 247, 320, 321, 328, 338 in Argentina and Brazil 426 agricultural production and 622–623 TATA binding protein gene 277t assessment of products using traceability analysis of co-existence in commodity taxon, definition of 278t see also data 477–481 supply chains 141–160 reference assays and endogenous and co-existence in supply chains co-existence of 9–10 reference gene/system 215–241 commodity supply contracts 426–428 Tecan 298t cost of segregating wheat to conform to GM-free supply chains 424–426 technology label 293 EU standards 595–596 import supply chains and GMOs Terminator 625 see also bioconfinement, in EU and Mercosur countries 424–428 biological containment, GURT, 610–611 organic supply chains 424 T-GURT andV-GURT EU legislation on GMO 494–495 and regions analysed 143t territoriality 582–584 exemption from traceability sampling see GMO sampling strategies and the environment 584–585 requirements 495 and sampling historical dimension 582–583 failure of 245 segregation of 591–604 territories see also land at feed manufacturing level 219 structuring 419–424 co-existence in 580–585 integration of Co-extra results in EU supply chains analysis community initiatives 586 tools for 493–520 methodology 143–145 at the core of a network of different introduction to 3–20 results 145–155 social actors and partners management of 12 transport 148 572–574 overview 628–629 vertical supply chains 144 debate and governance 581–582 political aims of 423–424 surveillance plans 630 see also case diversity 581 and segregation at feed manufacturing specific monitoring and exploitation and specification of level 219–220 post-market environmental resources 575–577 and segregation at import 218 monitoring geographical scale and governance and segregation between GM and SURVEYSELECT 248 581–582 non-GM supply chains of single Sweden, estimated production of from the populations who live there and crop and compound food/feed compound feed 216f rural areas not restricted to products, costs of 177–191 Switzerland 147, 182, 183–184, 189, agricultural populations 572 and segregation systems 218–224 430, 546 quality-oriented approach 587 studies on aspects of systems of cost calculations in single and resources in 574–575, 576t 596 compound food/feed value understandings 587 as a technical issue 422–423 chains 179t Thailand 36, 606 truck traceability 46 cost of co-existence and traceability of third countries 196 see also measurement uncertainty and rapeseed oil 182t co-existence and traceability in the EU sampling cross-pollination study 25 REVISEDversus IP systems in 605–616 traceability frame 8–9 extension of prescriptions 430 see also Mercosur countries traceability regulations 591, 592, 603 pest management 181 third world countries 237 traders, in the EU and Mercosur countries supply chains analysed 143t threshold values 8, 9, 10, 78, 86, 204, 613–614 SYBR Green 319, 321 255, 256, 267, 387, 398 training courses 516 thresholds 39, 40, 45, 51, 86, 283, 286, Transcontainer 10, 11 T 547, 549, 550, 552, 564–566, transcriptomics 380 T-GURT (trait-specific GURT) 70 614, 626, 627, 629 transgenes 31 Taiwan 521, 532–534 tilling 72 biological containment of 61 see also E agricultural products traceability system tobacco 64, 65, 73 bioconfinement and biological 533–534 tocopherol 228 containment

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transmission of 61 U legal use of scientific knowledge transmission through pollen 62 UDP glucose pyrophosphorilase gene 453–454 see also gene flow and pollen dispersal 277t mergers and acquisitions in the soybean transgenic crops UGM (unauthorised GMOs) model seed industry 95 apomixis 69–70 see also 477–478, 479t, 481, 487 National Plant Germplasm System bioconfinement and biological attributes 479t (NPGS) 288 containment AnalyticalMethods 478 non-GM breeding and seeds in biological containment 61–77 see also GeographicalOrigin of the product 94–100 bioconfinement and biological 477 non-GM soybean breeders 105 containment Logistics 477–478 state universities 99–100 auxotrophy 62 SystemsUsed in previous stages of the non-GM soybean seeds in 109 cell-lethal gene expression 63 supply chain 477 plant variety protection system 95t flowering inhibition and complete hierarchical structure of 477, 478f production of GM, costs of 93 sterility 62–63 unknown GMOs 367–380 production of non-GM soybeans in introduction 61–63 Ukraine 35, 149, 553, 554, 555, 622 92–93 position in plant life cycle 62f unauthorised GMOs (UGM) rBST milk 203 chloroplast transformation 65–67 detection of 356, 378–379 Roundup resistant plants 569 cleistogamy 63–64 see also qualitative detection of 378–379 share of soybean harvest exported to the bioconfinement and biological quantitative detection of 379 EU-27 606t containment sources of 368 soy meal exported to the EU-27 606t flowering inhibition 63 see also uncertainty 398 soy oil exported to the EU-27 606t bioconfinement and biological in GMO sampling 245 soybean breeding industry, public containment profile 395–396 financial resources 105–106 male sterility 67–68 see also see also bias, GMO sampling strategies, soybean crushing 233 bioconfinement and biological measurement uncertainty and soybean industry leaders and availability containment sampling of non-GM soybean varieties parthenocarpy 68–69 see also uncertainty, situation of 7, 12, 619, 621 107–108 bioconfinement and biological understandings 580, 583, 584 soybean market concentration 95–98 containment uniformity testing 284, 286 soybean production in 90, 217 seed dormancy inhibition 72 see also of RA for maize 287 soybean seed sellers 95–96 bioconfinement and biological unit of measurement 516 soybeans exported to EU-27 606t containment United Kingdom 121, 122, 123, 124, supply of soybeans 235 seed germination blocking 70–72 see 553, 620 trends in the supply of grains in 608f also bioconfinement and demand for non-GM food 229 universities 99–100 biological containment estimated production of compound feed unknown GMO (UGM) detection seed shattering 70 see also 216f 367–382 see also UGM bioconfinement and biological Farm Scale Evaluation 10 application of genomics 379–380 containment imports 149 application of transcriptomics 380 transgene excision 64–65 supply chains analysed 143t DNA sequence based analysis transgenic mitigation 72–73 United States of America 4, 35, 94, 209, 379–380 transmission of 61 216, 231, 237, 545, 606t RNA transcript sequence analysis see also GM crops attitudes towards GMOs in opinion polls 380 transgenic DNA 333 194–195 Uruguay 606t transgenic mitigation 72–73 availability of non-GM soybean seeds in share of soybean harvest exported to the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy 89, 99t, 109 EU-27 606t (TSE) 436, 445, 446 see also concentration in the soybean seed soybeans imported to EU-27 606t bovine spongiform industry 97f US National Plant Germplasm System encephalopathy (BSE) demand for non-GM food 229 (NPGS) 288 transportation model 478–481, 487 demand for non-GM soybeans 109 attributes of 480t REVISEDfuture of public research on soybean V evaluation of the bulk maize transport breeding 105 V-GURT (variety-level GURT) 70, 71f by the 481f GM and non-GM planted areas in the see also bioconfinement, plus-minus-1 analysis results 481f 90f biological containment, GURT selective explanation of the bulk maize GMO/nonGMO labelling 193 and T-GURT transport 481f IP (identity preserved) corn rose 608 validation (of detection methods) 303, structure of 479, 480f see also coexistence and 383–385 Treaty of Amsterdam 439 segregation collaborative validation of methods Treaty of Maastricht 293 judges approach in 454 386–387 Treaty of Rome 418, 563 labelling of GMO and derived products in-house validation 385 E trueness 327, 384, 536 6 modularity 388–390

Bertheau—Genetically Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability

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retrospective validation 385–386 weed beet 42 wheat starch supply chain single laboratory validation 385–386 demography model 43–44 adjusting model for 179f see also CRL-GMFF, EURL-GMFF and genetic diversity of 43 cost for non-GM production in Germany JRC-IHCP pollen invasion in sugar beet nursery of 185f Vallaux, Camille 569 40–41 white sugar 36 valuation methods see also beet, Beta, sea beet and sugar whole genome amplification (WGA) 335 hypothetical valuations 197 beet wild sea beet see sea beet non-hypothetical valuations 199 weedkillers see glyphosate wine 582 in experimental settings 197 weeds, resistant 630 World Trade Organization see WTO in real markets 197 Weiser, Phil 95 (World Trade Organization) and see also consumers, GM food WEKA dating mining software package GATT valuation studies, WTA and 258 WTA (willing to accept) 197, 211 see WTP wet-milling process 162, 163, 164 also GM food valuation studies value WGA see whole genome amplification and valuation studies non-use value 196, 199 wheat 143t, 215 WTO (World Trade Organization) 433, use value 196 cost calculations in single and 438, 453, 454, 550, 555 varietal association (VA) OSR 27 compound food/feed value assessment accuracy 439 variety-level GURT (V-GURT) 70, 71f chains 179t Dispute Settlement Bodies and Panels variety see cultivar costs of co-existence and segregation of 438 veal 548 181 possible risk 446 vegetable beets, consequences of costs of segregating wheat to conform to risk assessment 439 co-existence for genetic EU traceability standards and the scientific justification of resources 45 see also beet, 595–596 measures 450–451 Beta, genetic resources, cross-pollination and volunteers 146 WTP (willing to pay) for non-GM food germplasm, sea beet, sugar beet flour 179t, 180, 182 products 116, 120, 122–124, and weed beet German and Danish cost structure for 194, 197–201 see also GM food voluntary actions 425 producing non-GM wheat valuation studies and valuation volunteers 23, 30, 31, 146–147, 163, 256 products at industry level studies beet volunteers 42 184t density in agricultural fields 264 GM wheat 595, 602 Z evaluation of the proportion of hard red spring wheat 597 Zea mays see maize and corn volunteers that reached the non-GM wheat contracting strategy zones 571 flowering stage 264–265 595 buffer zones 25, 26, 53, 54, 151, 152, maize 26 North American 595 181, 189, 209, 226, 413, 418, oilseed rape volunteers 27–28 salinity resistant Chinese wheat 420n 566, 583 studies on wheat marketing strategies compliance with 568 W 596 vs harvest discarding 54 Walter Hahn Case 450 tilling and fatal germination in 72 see also club, cluster coexistence and Warburton IPPM system 186t see also corn dedicated production area 124

REVISED

E

Bertheau—Genetically Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability

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