LOVELL'S SERIES OF SCHOOL-BOOKS. EASY LESSONS

IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY,

WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS;

BEING INTRODGCTORY TO "LOVELL'S GENERAL GEOGRAPHY."

BY J. GEORGE HODGINS, LL.B., F.R.G.S.,

AUTHOR .OF "GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OE' THE BRITISH COLONIES," "LOVELL'S GE~'lmAL GEOGRA.l'HY," ETO.

"The study of Geography is boti! profitable and delightful."-lIIilton.

~ontrtal: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET; AlID BOLD BY B. & A. MILLER. m:oronto: R. &; A. MILLER, 62 KING STREET EAST. 1863. PREFACE.

LOVELL'S GENERAL GEOGRAPHY having already had such an extensive sale as to establish it in the favour of the educational public, it might be said that another work on the same subject was unnecessary; but that work being considered by intelligent teachers as too far advanced for young beginners, the Author, at the request of Mr. LOVELL, the enterprising publisher of a valuable series of School-Books for Canada, has consented to prepare, for use in junior classes, the following EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. The EASY LESSONS are intended to be merely introductory to the larger work; and they are designed as far as possible, simply to form a brief outline of that work. The Author has, however, adopted a slightly different plan (original so far as he has been able to learn) in the preparation of this book•. He has, in the first place, sought to embody, in easy and familiar language, a Conversational Sketch of each division of the subject to which the attention of the pupil is directed. He has then inserted a series of questions on the principal points of that sketch; and has supplied, where deemed necessary, appropriate answers to those questions. These Conversational Sketches are also intended to promote another important object, and that is, the providing of ea,y Geographical Reading-Lessons for junior classes, which are not to be found in the authorized National Readers. The" Conversational TI';p" through each of the principal countries in the world, is designed to con­ nect, in the mind of the pupil, the objects and associations of travel with a geographical knowledge of the more important physical features of coast-line, mountain, river, &c. The Review-Lessons, in connection with these Conversational Trips, will tend to fix the knowledge thus acquired, still deeper in the mind of the learner. 'fhe general arrangement of these "EASY LESSONS," as already intimated, is similar to that of the larger work; and many of the definitions in the introductory part are the same. This will render the study of the "GENERAL GEOGRAPHY" itself more easy and agreeable to the pupil, while the disadvan­ tage of using an entirely new larger book will be avoided. The one gives a rapid and general view of the subject, suited to a beginner; the other is more minute and thorough, as well as better adapted to the more advanced pupil.. Although the Author has no pecuniary interest in either the" EASY LESSONS" or the" GENERAL GEOGRAPHY," he cannot but express his grateful thanks to those influential persons who have so kindly expressed to the publisher their high opinion of the Author's humble labours in the preparation of the "GENERAL GEOGRAPHY." He is more than gratified, also, at the success which has attended the publi­ cation and sale of that work; and for this reason he submits the present little work, with the anticipation and hope that it will meet with at least a portion of that favour which has been shown to his larger one.

J. G. H.

TORONTO, 3rd October, 1862.

Entered, according to the Act of the Provincial Parliament, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three: by JOHN LOVELL, in the Office of the Registrar of the Province of Canada. EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. "HE .... HANGETH THE EARTH UPON NOTIDNG."-Job x..x\i. 7.

Fig. 1.-THE BUN, EARTH, MOON, STARS, AND CLOUDS, IN THE HEAVENS. PART 1. [Before beginning our regular lessons, we will expIai~ a 4. The Sun always appears to rise in the few things which boys and girls see cverv day, but wbJch tlicy do not understand. We hope they Will pay attention east, and to set in the west. At noon it is to what we say, and try to remember it.] high up in the southern sky, and then the shadows of houses, trees, &c., point toward the CONVERSATION OR READING north. In the morning the shadows point to­ LESSON No. I. ward the west,and in the evening toward the east. 5. After 1~ o'clock in the day, the Sun ap- , Introductory Sketch. pears to come down lower and lower in the 1. When boys and girls awake in the morn­ sky; so that toward evening it seems to be ing, that which helps them to see the things very near the ground again. around them is the beautiful light of day. 6. By and by it goes quite out of sight; and 2. At first they do not know where the then (if the night is fine) the Stars, and per­ light comes from; but if they get up very haps the Moon, appear in the sky. early on a clear morning, they will see that it 7. The Stars are of different sizes: some ! comes from the bright round Sun, whieh ap­ twinkle very brightly, while others can scarcely pears to be slowly rising out of the ground, be seen. or trees, or water. S. The new Moon, when it is first seen, 3. As they watch the Sun, they see that it looks like a silver bow. Every night it rises rises higher in the sky (as in Fig. 1), and gets later than on the previous night; and for a brighter; so that at last they cannot look at fortnight it gets larger and rounder, until it it, as it dazzles their eyes too much. is "at the full." After this it begins to get EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

smaller again; until at last it disappears, and brighter than the light of the Stars, that we cannot be seen again until the next month. cannot see their little twinkle. lUany of the 9. The 1\Ioon has no light of its own: it Stars are a great deal larger than this whole g'c!'; all its light from the Sun. It has always' Earth; but as they are so very far off, they thc same shape, and is nearly round. As how­ appear -like mere specks, and we can only just ever it is 'juite clark itself, we can at first only see them. Others being nearer to us, are see as it were a little thread of the silvery bow: brighter than the rest. this is that part of it upon which the ~un shines. 15. The Earth turns round once in about 10. Each night wo ,eO a little more of this ~-i hours. An imaginary line through the centre silvery part; until at last the 1\Ioon is " at the of the Earth (on which it turns) is called its full," and then we see what is called a ,. Full axis. The ends of this axis are called poles. 1\Ioon." Turning 12 hours toward the Sun makes it 11. Although the Sun and 1\Ioon appear to !ight; turning U bours from the Sun makes I:re about the same size in the sky, they are not It dark. But as the north and south ends so in reality. The :\Iuon is only the one forty­ (or poles) of the Earth turn very slowly to ninth part of the size of the Earth; while the or from the Sun, months (instead of hours, Sun (which is ,,0 far off that it looks quite as with us) of light, twilight, darkness, and small) is 500 tiUles larger than the Earth, the then twilight, light, &c., again, succeed each :\Iuun, and all the Stars which revolve around other there continually. As we corne away him put to:c;et her. from the north and south poles, the days and 12. The :\luon looks much larger than any nights become more of an equal length. When of the I)tar", because it is much nearer to the days are long, the nights are short; and us; but many of the Stars are hundreds of when the nights are long, the days are short. tillle,; larn'er than the :\I()"Il. Doys know how While we have day, other places have night; largo a kite or a balloon looks when it is on and while we have night, other places have day. the .c;round, and how small it looks whon high up in the air: it is just so with the size and EXAmX~~TION OR REVIEW appearance of the Sun, ~Ioon, and ~tars. 13. Now it will seem strange to our little LE;:;;-:u.'f No. 1. reallor to hear that the Sun d'oes not rise at all (though it appears to do so); bu~ that it is The Earth and its Appearance. the turning round of the Earth wInch makes Q. "~lll"r(> docs the light of day come from? the Sun appear to rise. For as the Earth A. From the Sun, which appears to rise up (which is like a great ball) is constantly spin­ in the sky every morning. ning round like a top, each part turns toward (.', In what direction does the Sun appear to travel in the -Sun as it moves. Thus that part of the the .-.;ky! Earth on which a boy or girl lives, begins every ..:1. From east to west, along the southern sky. morning to approach the Sun. At noon we Q. Wheu the Sun is out of sight at night, what do we are as ncar the Sun as we can be during the sce if thl' sky is cleur? day. 'Ve then ]Ju,"'in to turn from it, and at "1. The I)t:trs, and also the Moon at her millni"'ht we are as far away as we can be regular times of appearing. during the night. Other places on the Earth, Q. Does the SUll rise ('ycry morning, as be appears to do? in their turn, get near and far from it also. A. No: it is the Earth which turns round 14. It will surprise little ])0)''; and girls to and brings him into view every morning. know that not only the Sun and the Earth, Q. "~ILl'r(' aro the :-)tar~ during the day? ; but the Moon and the Stars also, novel' leave A. In the sky; but as the Sun shines so the sky at all, though they are all constantly brightly, they cannot be seen. changing their positions there. During the Q, Whence do the Moon and Stars get their light? daytime the light of the Sun is so much A. The 1\Ioon gets her light from the Sun; SKETCH OF TIME AND ITS DIVISIONS. 5

but the Fixed Stars, which are very far off, bountifully supplying our daily wants. The have light of their own, and are supposed to be Antumn also reminds us of the close of life; other great Suns. for now the leaves wither and fall from the Q. Are the Stars as large aa the Moon 7 trees, and the birds take their flight to lands A. Many of them are in reality much whose summer is just commencing. larger than tbe Moon, but they all appear 7. Winter comes; and with it frost, snow, smaller because they are much farther off. and storms. We seek warmth and protec­ Q. How long docs it take the Earth to turn once round? tion from the cold; and cattle seek shelter. A. About ~! hours; giving us on an average Then is the time for skating and sleigh-riding. about l~ houl:s of day and 1~ hours of night. The long winter evenings, too, bring with them time to prepare for school, as well as CONVERSATION II. to enjoy the reading of pleasant books from the school or the home library; for good boys Sketch of Time and its Divisions. and girls rcad and study, as well as play. 1. Most boys and girls know what is the S. The regularity with which thc:-

Q. N arno the months in each season. Q. What is General Geography?

A. The S}lI·tllg months are March j April, A. A general description of the Earth. and May; SIIIlIIIICl", June, July, and August; Q. What is the Earth? Autumn, September, October, and November; A. The great Globe on which we live. Winter, December, January, and February. Q. Who made the Earth? Q. Del'cribo the soasons of Slll'iug. Summer, Autumn, and 'Vinter. in your own words. .A. "In the l)eC!innin~ God created the heaven I Q. What promise did GOlI make to Noah in regard to the certainty of the return ofthetle SeRtlOllS? and the earth.'·~Gene';i;; i. l. Q. What appearance does the Earth present to nsf CONVERSATIO~ III. A. I t appears to us to be nearly flat; and to be covered overhead with a lofty sky, which Sketch of Geography. overarches us like a dome. 1. The word Gecog-ra-phy (which is derived Q. Is this a correct dCSCliption oftbe Earth? from two Greek words) means a "writing about the Earth." We now understand Geog­ A. No: the Earth is rounded like an orange, raphy to be a description of the Earth, of its as shown in Figures 1 and ~; and has the sky people, and of its products. . on all sides of it, as shown in Fig. 1. 2. If the Earth were an immense flat place (which it looks like, and which people in the olden times used to think it was), we could see a great deal more of it at one time than we do; and with a telescope we could see more still. But the Earth is an immense round ball shaped something like an orange. 3. This can be proved if we stand any day on the lake or sea shore and look at a ship coming towards us. At first we can just see the top of its masts, then the hull or body of the ship, and afterwards the full size of the Fig. 2.-ROTUNDITY OF THE EARTH ILLUSTRATED. ship. This appearance which a ship or any other distant object has from the shore, is the Q. How can we prove that the Earth is round? same all round the Globe. (See Fig. 2.) A. By the appearance of a ship at sea. At 4. For convenience, Geoi-'raphy has been first we can only see the top of its masts; but divided into three parts. The first part is afterward, as it comes nearer, its full size. called ~Iath-c-1n((t-i-cal or .As-tro-nom-i-cal Gcog­ Q. Into how manr branches is Geography usually raph!/, because it relate;; to the connection of divided, Dud Dame them? the Earth with the Suu, "rO!)l}, and :-:tars; the A. Three,-:Uath-e-mat-I-cal or As-tro-nom­ second part is called Phys-i-cal Geography, I-cal, Phys-I-cal, and Po-lit-I-cal Geography. because it relates to the land and water divi­ Q. What is Mathematical or Astronomical Geography? sions of the Earth's surface; and the third part is called Po-lit-i-cal GaJgraph!/, because .A. A description of the Sun, Moon, and it relates to the various nations on the Earth, Stars; and of the Earth, as one of the planets and to the boundaries of different countries. in the Heavens. Q. What is Physical Geography? EXAMINATION LESSON III. A. A description of the natural divisions of land and water on the Globe. What Geography Teaches. Q. What i. meant by the Natural Dh1sions of the Earth? Q. What is this book intended to teach you? A. The divisions formed by nature, such as A. General Geography. Islands, Lakes, Seas, Oceans, &c., &c. THE HEMISPHERES. 7

Q. What is Political Geography? A. A description of the various political divi­ sions of the World, and of the extent of differ­ ent countries. Q. What is meant by the Political Divisions of the World? A. Those divisions of the World which have been formed by man; such as King-doms, Em­ pires, Col-a-nies, and Re-pub-lics.

CONVERSATION IV. EXAMINATION LESSON IV. Something about the Hemispheres. The Hemispheres. 1. The Earth has more names than one. It Q. What is the Earth called 1 is called a Planet, a lVorld, a Ball, a Globe, A. A Planet, a World, a Ball, a Globe, or and a Sphe1·e. It is called a planet because a Sphere. it moves through the Heavens; it is called a Q. How is the World pictured to us? world because it is an inhabited part of God's A. Either on a globe or a map. great Creation; and it is called a ball, globe, WhO~' ~~~~ is tpe most natural way of showing us the or sphere because it is rounded in shape. 2. As the Earth is shaped like a ball, we A. On a globe; for we can then see its dif­ have to picture it either on a globe, or on a ferent sides, and how the land and water are drawing called a map. As we turn round a connected. Q. How is the Earth, when it is shown on a map, made globe, we can see each side of it; but on a to look like a ball? map we have to picture each side separately. A. By means of the curved or circular lines 3. As we cannot make a picture large which are drawn upon it to make it appear enough to show every river, mountain, sea, round, as on Fig. 3. ocean, or city on the Earth in its full size, we Q. How is it that we can only see half of the round have to represent them on a map. But as World on a map? the Earth is round, we can only show, in a A. Because as the paper is flat, so the sur­ drawing, half of it at one view. Such a face of the map is flat also, which makes it drawing is called a hem-i-sphere, or half a impossible to show on it in one picture more sphere. On this drawing we have to put a than half of a round body. number of round or curved lines to show that Q. How, then, is the other half of the whole World the Earth is round, and to point out where shown? each place on its surface is situated. A. By means of a second map, which shows 4. These hemispheres have various names. the other half of the World. The two usually shown on a map are called Q. What are these halves called? the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. These A. Hemispheres, or half-globes. Q. Which two are most generally shown or used in hemispheres show all the world east and west Geographies? of Europe, where Geography was first taught. A. The Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres Q. Why are they called the Eastern and Western Hemi· show those parts of the Earth north or south spheres? of the Equator,-of which we shall hear by and A. Because the chief part of the land and by. If you lpok on the map, or on the fol­ water described in them lies to the east and lowing figure, you will see all the land and west of Europe, where Geography was first water divisions in each hemisphere. taught. 8 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

Q. Name and point out on the map the principal coun. Q. Name and point out the principal capes. tries in this hem.ispliere. Q. Name and point out the principal straits. Q. Name and point out tho great oceans on the map. ~ Q. Name and point out, also, the position of tho prin. Q. Name and point out the different zones and tropiCS. cipal sea uamed. Q. Name and point out the equator, the two poles, and Q. Name and point out the po.itions of the principal the two circles. bays and gnUs. Q. Name and point out the great mountain-ranges Q. Name and point out the larger islands and island. on the map. groups on the map. Q. Name and point out the principal rivers. THE HEMISPHERES. 9

Q. Name "nd point out on the map the continent. and Q. Name and point out the principal capes. principal countries in this hemisphere. Q. Name and point out the different zones and tropics. Q. Name and point out the great occaDS on the map. Q. Name aud point out the equator, the two poles, and Q. Name and point out, also, the positions of the prin­ the two circles. cipal seas. Q. Name and point out the great mountain-ranges Q. Name and point out the positions of the principal on the map. bays and gulfs. Q. Name and point out the principal rivers. Q. Name and point out the priricipal islands. Q. Name and point out the principal straits or channels. 10 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

Q. Why is one of these divisions also I.lled the Old World? A. Because the Old World was first known to our forefathers, and in it man was created. Q. Why is the other division called the New World? A. Because the New World, discovered (it is said) by the Northmen about 800 years ago, was re-discovered by Christopher Columbus and his companions only about 400 years ago. Q. Describe the Eastern Hemisphere.

A. The Eastern Hemisphere, or Old World, Fig.4.-NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERES, OK contains more land and less water than the NORTH AND SOUTH POLAR PROJECTIONS. Western Hemisphere. the Equator. It contains the chief water­ Q. Name, and pOint out on the map. the great land­ dh'itilOllS ill the Eastern llcmh;phcre. divisions of the Globe. Q. What circle and tropic are wholly in this hemi­ A. Europe, Asia, Africa, and the island­ sphere. continent of Aus-tra-li-ii, which is part of A. The Ant-arc-tic Circle and the Tropic of O-ce-an-i-a [o-she-]. Capricorn. Q. Wbat arc tbese great land-divisions called? Q. What is the peculiarity of climate in the Southern A. Con-tl-nents; except Oceania, which con­ Hemisphere 1 sists of great numbers of islands scattered over A. In the Southern Hemisphere it is mid­ the ocean. summer in January, and mid-winter in June. Q. Describe tho Western Hemisphere. Q. Into what other Hemispheres is the World some­ times divided? A. The Western Hemisphere, or New World, A. Into the Land and Water Hemispheres. contains a great deal more water than land. Q. Describe the Land-Hemisphere. Q. Name and point out the great land·dhisioDS in the Western Hemj~phere. A. The Land-Hemisphere has Western Eu­ A. North and South America. rope for its centre. It contains nearly all the Q. N arne and point out the two great clusters of islands land on the Earth's surface. in this Hemisphere. A. The West-India Islands and the Islands of Oceania. divi!!~llnto what other hemispheres can the World be A. Into the North Polar or Northern, and the South Polar or Southern, Hemispheres. Q. Describe tbe North Polar or Northern Hemisphere. A. The Northern Hemisphere includes all those regions lying between the North Pole and the Equator. It ruubins the principal land-divisions of the Globe. Q. What circle and tropic are wholly in this hemi­ sphere. A. The Arc-tic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer. Q. Describe the South Polar or Southern Hemisphere. A. The Southern Hemisphere includes all those regions lying between the South Pole and Q. Point out and name from Fig. 5 the principal oceans in the Water-Hemisphere. SKETCH OF THE MARINER'S COMPASS. 11

Q. Describe it as it appears at present. CONVERSATION V. A. It consists of a small piece of ma~netized steel, called a needle, which is suspended on a Sketch of the Mariner's Compass. point or pivot 80 that it can turn round. 1. At first when persons wished to go by sea Q. In what direction does it point? from one place to another, they had to keep in A. To the North, as shown in the engraving. sight of land; or by watching the Sun by day and the Moon or Stars by night, they might Q. Ofll'h.t use is the compo,,? steer the ship correctly. When they could not A. It enables sailors and travellers to find see the land, the Sun, the 1\1oon, or the Stars, their way across water and land; for as it al­ their risk of being lost was generally very great. ways points in one direction, they know which 2. This difficulty lasted a long time. At way to go. length, Marco Polo, a celebrated Venetian trav­ Q. Name the four prinCipal points ofthc compass. eller, brought from China, in the year 1260, a curious instrument, afterwards called a mari­ A. North, South, East, and West. ner's compass, which consisted of a piece of lodestone placed upon cork and allowed to float on water. In this position the lodestone would turn toward the north. 3. Since Marco Polo's time, the compass has been greatly improved. It now consists of a piece of steel suspended on a point or pivot. This steel, when once touched by pieces of lodestone or magnet, continues to turn or vi­ brate until it points towards the north, or North Mag-net-ic Pole, to which it is attracted by a strong but unseen influence called Mag-net-ism.

Fig. 7.-POINTB OF THE COMPASS BHOWN ON A ::MAP.

Q. How are these points shown on a map? A. The North is shown at the top, and the South at the bottom; the East at the right hand, and the West at the left hand. Q. Name tho otber parts of the compass as shown in Fig.6.-THE MARINER'S COMPASS. the engraving. A. North-East, South-East, North-West, and South-West. EXAMINATION LESSON V. 9. Why are the East, West, North, andSouthcal1ed the cardmal or chief points of the compass? The Mariner's Compass. A. Because in the East the Sun appears to Q. What is the Mariner's Compass? rise j in the West he appears to set; and because A. An instrument made for the use, at sea, one end of the needle of the compass points of mariners or sailors. to the North, and the other to the South. 12 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

CONVERSATION VI. " River"; when it descends over broken rocks, it is called a "Torrent"; and when over low Conversational Trip over Land and Water. rough rocks or large stones, it is called a

[~e ~'i1l llnw try to explain many things in GC'ography " Rapid"; but if it suddenly falls from a whIch httle btl.\':-; and brir1s often H'C, Lut do llot Ulu.i(:rt:tulld.] great height, as in the Niagara River, it is 1. "T C should remem bel' that were it not that called a "Fall" or "Cat-a.-ract." books of Geography have been written, contain­ 6. If we follow this streain, we may soon ing descriptions of the Earth and what is see it flow into a large open space of water. on its snrface, people would have to travel If this open space of water has laud on every over it in order to see the great cities, oceans, side, it is called a "Lake"; and the land at rivers, and mountains which cover its vast sur­ face. Now, as many little boys and girls do not trawl very far from home, they should be glad to learn from Geographies all about the wonderful II'orld ou which they live. 2. We shall now suppose our little learner to be taking a short trip with us away from home. We will go with him and help to explain to him the names_of many things which we shall see on our way. 3. But before setting out, we will ask if our little traYcllin;,!' companion has not often thought that all the rest of the Earth was very sniall compared with the size of that part about Fig. S.-A LAKE. his own home; and also if he does not think that onlJ: the place where he lives, as far as he the edge of the lake is called the "Shore." can see, IS covered all over with the beautiful When one" river flows into another river, the blue sky above him. This Geography is de­ first river is called a "Trib·u-ta.-ry." The signed to show him his mistakes in these and outlet of a river is called its" Mouth." Some­ other matters. times the river flows directly into the sea or 4. Any little boy who lives in the country ocean, and then its mouth, if wide and the tide has no doubt often seen a river a lake an flows iuto it, is called an "Es-tu-a.-ry." island, or a mountain: but does he not often 7. Going farther along the road, we begin wonder where the great cities are, with their to ascend a high piece of ground. 'I:his is called noise and bustle; and the wide ocean, with its a "Hill." If this piece of ground is very storms and waves, its ships and steamers? On. the other hand, any little boy who lins in a Clty must often wonder where the country is with all its trees and fields and meadows fo: the sky seems to shut them all out. ' 5. After leaving home, the first thing we may see is a stream of water running across the road, having a bridge over it. When such a stream is large, the banks on either side are often high. If they are low and the stream is small, the stream is called a "Riv-ii-let," or, in Ame.'ica, "Creek." In other parts of the IVorld, "Creek" means an inlet of the sea. If the stream is large, it is called a Fig. 9.-A VOLCANO. CONVERSATIONAL TRIP OVER LAND AND WATER. 13 high and rocky, it is called a "Mountain"; and city, in a space of water called a " Har-bour" ; its top, when pointed, is called a "Peak." If others are farther away, at anchor in a place a mountain throws out fire and smoke, it is called a" Roadstead," beyond a piece of land called a "Vol-eii-no." which runs out into the water. This piece of 8. The mountains which stretch away on land (as in Figs. 10 & 11) is called a "Cape": each side of us are called" Mountain-ranges" ; beyond it is a high and rocky cape, which is and the space between them, in which the called a" Prom-on-to-ry" or " Headland." road winds along, is called a "Yallvy." If 11. Outside the harbour (in Fi~. 10) we see the space is very wide, it is called a "Plain." a piece of land standing alone ill the water, An immense plain with grass on it and no with trees on it. This is an "Is-bnc1." trees, is called a "Prairie" [pray-r'iJ. If thi, Islands are of various sizes, and are found plain is sandy and is without grass, it is alone or in clusters in the ocean. If in called a "Des-ert"; and any fertile spot on clusters (as in Fi~·. 1~). the sea is there it is called an " O·a-"i".·' called an " Arch-i-pel.,'.!!;" .. [ark-l-J. If what 9. And now we come near to a city or large appears to be an j,laml (in the same figure) town. (See Fig. 10.) Away in the distance on is joined to the main land or shore, it is called a" Pen-in-su-lii" (or" almost an i,lanll "), and the place th"t joins it to the shore is called all "btIHl,US" (or" :'Ieck "). 12. Between us and the peninsula (in Figs. 10 & 12) we see a sheet of water nearly surrounded by the land, and 'luitl' shel­ tered. This is called a "n"y." \\'h,'n such a bay is so very Jar)!e tlla'! we cannot see its size, even if we were to sail I '\'el' it for some time, it is called a "Gulf" (such as the (;ulfs of :Jlexic

Fig.11.-GAPE, PROMONTORY, AND COAST. Fig. 12.-ARCHIPELAGO, PENINSULA, ISTHMUS, AND DAY, EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. strait is very wide, it is called a "Channel"; but if it is so shallow that a ship's lead may easily touch or sound its bottom, it is called a "Sound." 14. When we get into the city (Fig. 10), we shall see a great many things to interest ns. If we go down near the ships, we shall see men taking out of them many things which grow or are made in countries far away; and which countries this book will hereafter describe. 15. We have now completed our little trip, and hope it has been a pleasant and instructive one. 'Ve will now ask a few questions on what we have seen"or have helped to explain. Fig. l3.-STRAIT, CHANNEL, ETO.

WESTERN HEMISPHERE. EASTERN HE...~ISPHERE. Fig.14.--GREAT LAND AND WATER DIVISIONS ON THE GLOBE.

Q. What are they called! EXAMINATION LESSON VI. A. Four are called Con-tl-nents; the fifth, called O-ce-an'l-a [o-she-], is made up of a great Great Land and Water Divisions. many islands lying in one of the oceans. Q. What covers the surface of the Globe? Q. Name these Continents, and point them out on Fig.14. A. Land and water. A. Europe, Asia, Mrica, and America. Q. Is there more land than water on the G1{)be? Q. What are the greatest water-divisions of the Globe A. No: there is only about one fourth as called? much land on the surface of the Globe as there A. Oceans. is water. Q. Describe an Ocean. Q. How is the land on the surface of the Globe divided? A. An Ocean is very deep and salt, and in A. Into five great divisions. stormy weather has large, high waves. DIVISIONS OF LAND AND WATER ON THE GLOBE. 15

Q. Do you know anything about the Ocean Tides 7 Q. What is an Island? A. Yes. At regular hours, the waters of an A. A large or small piece of land with water ocean overflow the land along the shore, and all round it. then flow off again: this is called a Tide. Q. What is a Peninsula? Q. What about Ocean Currents 7 A. A piece of land with water nearly all A. The Ocean has also regular currents, round it. when its waters flow steadily in one direction. Q. What is an Isthmus? Q. Name some of the principal Ocean Curronts. A. A narrow neck or piece of land joining together two larger pieces of land. A. 'Vhe Polar and Eq-ua-to-ri-al [ek-wa-] Q. What is a Cape? Currents, and the Mexican Gulf-Stream. A. A piece of land stretching out into an / R. Name the Oceans, and point them out on Fig. 14. ocean, a sea, or a lake. A. The Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and South­ ern, Arctic, and Antarctic. Q. Where is the Atlantic Ocean P A. It lies between America, Europe, & Africa. Q. Where is the Pacific Ocean? A. It lies between America and Asia. I Q. Where are the Indian and Southern Oceans'! A. They lie south of Asia, Africa, & America. Q. Where are the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans? A. The Arctic Ocean is at the North Pole, and the Antarctic is at the South Pole.

EXAMINATION LESSON VII. Fig.16.-PENINSULA (NOVA SCOTIA) AND ISTHMUS. Q. Has a Cape any other names? Divisions of Land on the Globe. A. Yes: it is also called a Point, Head, Q. Name the chief natural divisions of land. Headland, and Promontory (or high rocky cape). A. Continents, Islands, Pen-in-su-las, Isth­ Q. What is a Prairie? mus-es, Capes, &c. . A. A great wide piece or tract of country nearly level, and chiefly covered with grass. Q. What is a Continent? Q. What is a Plain? A. ~ vast portion of land containing many A. A wide piece or tract of level country. countnes. Q. What is a Desert? A. A large piece or tract of barren country. Q. What is an Oasis? A. A fertile spot in a desert. Q. What is a Mountain? A. A very high hill; and its top, when pointed, is called a peak. Q. What is a Mountain-range? A. A number of mountains connected to- gether and stretching along or across a country. Q. What is a Volcano? A. A burning mountain. Q. Wbat is the mouth of a Volcano called? A. The crater; from which issue fire, smoke, Fig. la.-AN ISLAND (NEWFOUNDLAND). and lava or volcanic cinders. . 16 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

Fig. 17.-PICT01:IAL ILLl'STRATIONS OF VARIOUS GEOGRAPnlCAL TERMS.

REVIEW U:~~()X OX THE FOREGOING ILLUSTRATION. Q. Point out on tho abovo illu8trntioll, and dC' ...;crihl' in your own words, the following land-divisions :-Island,­ Prnil1f'ula, - Isthm 11:-: , - C'npc,-l'romOlltory,-( ·~)a:-t.--lk:l('h.-:\[oulltain-rallge,-Yolcnno,-Yallcy,-Des.ert. Also the follo"illg ""atl'I"-(\i\ j ... iOllS: -Ocean, - ~(·a,-~\rl'llil)('l;,.:!\),-l; ulf,-Bar .-Illlet,-Crcck,-Lake,-Strait,-SOUlld,-Road­ stcad,-HarLonl',-l'urt,-Sonl'co of River,-I~i\"f'I',-:-;f 1't't\Ill,-'Vatl'rfall.-l~:ll,i\I:-:,-Udta of RiYcr,-Callal. Q. roiut ont in the illustration and describe in your own words the following objects on land:-Village,-Town,­ City ,-Capital,-Forcst,-Railway,-Tclcgraph,_F0l1,_Lighthouse.

Q. What is a Valloy? .ii. That part of the land lying along the A. That part of a country lying between margin of an ocean, a sea, or a lake. mountains or hills. Q. What is a Boach? Q. What is a Coast or Shore? A. The level part of a coast or shore. DIVISIONS OF WATER ON THE GLOBE. 17

EXAMINATION LESSON VIII. Q. What is a Delta? A. Islands formed at the mouths of a river. Q. What are tho,e rivers callod whicb 1I0w into otber Divisions of Water on the Globe. rivers? Q. How is the water on the surface of the Globe A. Branch Streams, Tributaries, or Affiuents. divided? Q. Wbat is a Canal I A. Into Oceans, Seas, Lakes, Rivers, &e. A. A channel of water like an artificial river, Q. What i. an Ocean? designed for the passage of boats. A. A great extent of water separating con­ Q. What is a Swamp, Yo-rass, or Bog? tinents. A. A low, wet piece or tract of country. Q. What is an Estuary I Q. Wbat is a Seal A. A large space of water lying between A. The wide mouth of a river into which different countries. the tide of the sea flows. Q. What is an Archipelago? (See Figs. 12 & 17.) EXA~IINATION LESSON IX. A. Part of an ocean or sea containing a number of islands. Various Objects on Land. Q. Wh.t is a Gulf? Q. E..xplain the difference between a Village and a Town. A. A very large body of water stretehing A. A Village is a small collection of inhab­ into the land. ited houses in the country; a Town is a larger Q. Wh.t is a Bay or Inlet 1 collection of inhabited houses. A. A smaller body of water stretehing into Q. Describc a City. the land. A. A City is a large town enjoying certain Q. What is a Lake 1 privileges conferred upon it by law. A. A large or small body of water with land Q. What is meant by a Capital? all round it (as in Fig. 8). A. A Capital is the seat of government and Q. What is a Strait? legislation in a country. A. A narrow passage of water eonnecting Q. Describe a Forest. two larger bodies of water (as in Fig. 1~). A. A Forest is a large tract of country Q. Wbat is a Channell covered naturally with trees and brushwood. A. A wider passage of water than a strait. Q. Describe a Railway or Railroad. A. A Railway or Railroad is a levelled road Q. What is a Sound? on which are laid two long lines of iron rails, A. A shallow strait or channel. a few feet apart, for the passage over them of Q. Describe a Harbour. carriages, which are chiefly propelled by steam. A. A Harbour is a sheltered place for ships. Q. Wbat is an Electric Telegraph? Q. What is a Riverl A. An Electric Telegraph is an invention A. A River is a large stream of fresh water for sending news and messages, to a longer or running in a channel over the land. shorter distance, by means of electricity, which Q. What are small streams of water called 1 is sent along wires that are suspended on poles. A. Rivulets, Rills, or Brooks. Q. De,cribe a Fort. A. A Fort is a large earthwork or walled Q. What is a Spring? enclosure or building defended by cannon. A. Water springing up out of the ground. Q. Wbat is a Ligbthouse I Q. What is a Waterfall? A. A Lighthouse is generally a lofty circular A. Water falling over a bank or over rocks. tower of great strength, erected on a dangerous Q. What is a Rapid I coast or shore, from the top of which a strong A. Water rapidly descending over rough bright light shines over the water at night to stones or rocks j a shallow portion of a river. guide or warn sailors.

B 18 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

EXAMINATION LESSON X. EXAMINATION LESSON XI. *

Size, Motion, and Measurement of the Earth. Imaginary Lines on the Surface of the Earth Q. Of what size is the Earth? and in the Heavens. A. It is about 8,000 miles straight through Q. Describe the Axis of the Earth. its centre, or diameter, and nearly 25,000 miles A. The axis is an imaginary line passing, round its outside, or circumference. from north to south, right through the very centre of the Earth. Q. IIow many motions has the Earth? A. Three: 1st, its daily motion on its own axis, or centre; 2nd, its yearly motion round the Sun; and 3rd, its continuous motion in the sky with all the other planets. Fig.IS. Fig.I9. I mile. I I mile. 3 mile. in length.

I m. sq .• II m. sq .• S .:i I m.sq .• I m.sq .• II m.sq., or 1 sq.m. or 1 sq.m. ~ ~ or 1 sq.m. or 1 sq.m. or 1 sq.m. :;: '1' ·1----1 ~ .= ------I m. sq., I m. sq., ~" 1i'" I m. sq., I m. sq.. I m. sq., or 1 sq.m. or 1 sq.m. ?" Cl or 1 sq.m. or 1 sq.m. or 1 sq.m.

2 m. sq., or 4 sq. m. 6 square miles. SOUTH Fig. 21.-AXIB, POLES, GREAT AND LESB OIRCLES. Q. How is the extent of a country measured? Q. What Rre the North and South Poles? A. By miles of length and breadth, by A. The precise points on the Earth's sur­ square miles, and by miles square. face, at the north and south, where the Earth's Q. What is a mile in length? axis terminates. A. The distance, in a straight line, between Q. What is the Equator? one place and another, as shown in Fig. 18. A. A line running round the Earth at an equal distance from the North and South Poles. Q. What is one mile squaro, or a square mile? Q. What are the Meridians? i A. A square piece of country every side of A. Lines "passing round the Earth through which is a mile in length. (See Figs.18,19,& 20.) the North and South Poles. Q. What are square mile. r Q. What is a first meridian? A. A piece of country containing a number A. A line running from north to south on , of miles square together, as shown in Figs, 18, the Earth's surface, through any particular 19, and 20. place fixed upon by astronomers. Q. Do you know of any such places fixed upon? A. Yes: Greenwich [grin-idj], near Lon­ don, in England; Paris, in France; and i~~~~~~~~~~~Jl~~~~~~~1 Washington, in the United States. ·This lesson. following in its natural order, should have preceded Lesson V. It was deemed desirable however rather to fnmiHarizc the mind of the ~)Upil, at that stage, with the appearance of the Earth as it lS actually E-een by him, than to confuse him with a lesson on the imaginary Jines on ita Fig.20.-A PIECE 011' COUNTRY 5 MILES IN LENGTH surface, which cannot be seen at all. The lesson was there-­ BY 2 WIDE. MAKING 10 SQUARE: MILES. fore transforred to this place. IMAGINARY LINES ON THE EARTH AND IN THE REA YENS. 19

Q. What is the use of a first meridian-line? Q. What is a Sign of the Zomac! A. To calculate the distance in degrees east A. It ,is one of the twelve parts into which or west from such first meridian-line to any the Ancients divided the Zodiac. other place on the Earth's surface. Q. Describe the Zomac. Q. What is Longitude! i A. The distance in degrees of any place A. The Zodiac is a space in the Heavens of : lying east or west from the first meridian-line. eight degrees wide on each side of the ecliptic, I Q. What is Latitude? within which all the planets perform their an- . A. The distance in degrees from the Equa­ nual movements round the Sun. tor to any place north 01' south of it. Q. Why was it called the Zodiac? Q. What are Parallels of Latitude 1 A. Because the Ancients named its twelve A. Lines of latitude runuing parallel to the parts chiefly after some animal,-and zodion Equator. is the Greek word for a " little animal." Q. Where are degrees of latitude and longitude marked on a map? A. Degrees of latitude are marked in figures on the right and left hand sides of a map; and degrees of longitude at the top and bottom.

Fig. 23.

DEGREES, OIRCLES. ETO. Fig. 24.--'l'BE ZODIAC, WITH THE POSITION OF THE EARTH Q. Wbat is a Geographical Degree? 1::-1' EACH OF THE FOUR SEA.BONS. A. A Geographical Degree is one of the Q. Name the twelve signs of the Zodiac, as shown in three hundred and sixty equal parts into which tbe engraving. every circle, whether large or small, is divided. Ll. 1. A-ri-es, the Ram. Q. How many degrees are there from the Equator to 2. 'l'au-rus, the Bull. either Pole? 3. Gemini [jem'-i-ni], the Twins. 4. Can-cer, the Crab. A. Ninety; that is, one fourth of a circle. o. Le-o, the Lion. Q. What is a Minute? 6. Vir-go, the Virgin. 7. Li-bra, the Balance. A. The one-sixtieth part of a geographical S. Scor-pi-o, the Scorpion. degree. (A minute is also the one-sixtieth part 9. Sag-it-ta-ri-ns [sadj-], the Archer. of an hour.) 10. Cap-ri-cor-nns, the Goat. H. Aquarius [a-kwa-re-us], the ·Water-bearer. Q. What is a Second 1 12. Pis-ces, the Fishes. A. The one-sixtieth part of a minute. Q. What is an Orbit? Q. Repeat the Astronomical Table. A. The path or course of any planet or other Ll. 60 Seconds (If) make a Minute ('). 60 Minutes make a Degree (0). celestial body in the Heavens. 360 Degrees make a Cirde (0). Q. Describe the Ecliptic. 30 Degrees make a Sign of the Zodiac. 3 Signs, or 90 Degrees, make a Quadrant A. The Ecliptic is the apparent path of the (or one fourth) of the Zodiac. Sun in the Heavens, but is really the path of 12 Signs, or 4 Quadrants, or 360 Degrees, complete the circle of the Zodiac. the Earth round the Sun. 20 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

Fig. 25.-TlIE ZONES, TROPIOS, AND CIRCLES.

Q. Why is it called the Ecliptic? Q. What are the Zones? A. Because the eclipse, or partial darkening A. Zones are belts passing round the Earth or hiding of the Sun or Moon from our view, at equal distances from the Equator, and par­ takes place in or near it. allel to it. Q. Describe the Arctic and Antarctic or Polar Circles. Q. How many Zones are there? A. They are two circles round the Earth, A. The Tropics and Polar Circles divide the each about 23~ degrees from the North and Earth's surface into five Zones. South Poles. Q. Name and point them out on Fig. 25. Q. Point them ont in Fig. 25. A. (1) The Torrid Zone, lying within the Q. Name the Tropics. Tropics; (2, 3) the North and South Tempe­ A. The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of rate Zones, lying at each side of the Torrid Capricorn. Zone; (4, 5) the North and South Frigid Q. Describe them, and point them ont on Fig. 25. Zones, lying between the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Poles. A. They are two circles running parallel to the Equator, one of which is about 23t degrees Q. What arc the Antipodes? north, & the other the same distance south of it. A. They are points on the Earth's surface which are diametrically opposite to each other. Q. What is the Zen· ith? ..:1. The place di­ rectly over the head of the spectator, as in Fig. 26. Q. What is the Nadir? .- A. The point in _;?<''',-,-",AT-'-=':=.~=~'F-_ the sky exactly op­ posite to the Zenith, and under the spec- tator. Fig. 27.-THE HORIZONS. THE WORLD AND ITS INHABITANTS. 21

Q. Describe the Horizons. A. The Sensible Horizon is where the Earth EXAMINATION LESSON XIII. and the Sky appear to meet. The Rational Horizon is parallel to the Sensible, but 4,000 The World and its Inhabitants. miles from it, as shown in Fig. 27. Q. Of what is the Earth's surface composed or made np? A. Clay, sand, rocks, stones, and metals. EXAMINATION LESSON XII. Q. Name some of the principal metals. A. Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin. The Celestial or Heavenly Bodies. Q. What grows out of the Earth's surfacer Q. What celestial bodies revolve around tbe Sun r A. Trees, plants, grass, grain, vegetables, &c. A. The Plauets, Comets, and Asteroids. Q. What kinds of living creatures arc found on it? Q. Wbat i. a Planet! A. All kinds of tame and wild beasts, birds, A. A Planet (or" wanderer") is a heavenly reptiles, and insects. body in motion. Q. Does anything live in the waters of the Ocean? Q. Wby is it called a Planet? A. Yes: great whales and all kinds of fish. A. To distinguish it from the Fixed Stars, Q. Can anything else but whales and fisb live in tbe which are supposed to be suns around which waters? other planets, stars, &c., revolve. A. Yes: there are a great many birds and Q. Do tl.e Planets always mailltain the same relative positions in the sky? animals that live partly on land and partly in A. No: unlike the Fixed Stars, they are the water. always slowly changing their places in the Sky. Q. How was mankind scattered over the Earth? Q. Wbat is a Comet? A. A long time after Adam and Eve, our first A. A heavenly body whose orbit is very ec­ parents, died, their children or descendants, centric,-that is, not near circular or round. who attempted to build the Tower of Babel, Q. Wbat is tbe meaning of the word Comet? were scattered by God over "the face of all the Earth."-Genesis xi. 8_ A. "Comet" is from a JD Greek word meaning" hair," Q. How arc they now distinguished! - so called from the long A. Their descendants who remained in Asia, bright hair-like tail which are copper-coloured; those who moved into generally accompanies it. Europe, became white in course of time; and those who moved into Africa, became black. Q. Wbat are Asteroids? URANUS __ A. Asteroids are small bodies having the "form" EXAMINATION LESSON XIV. "£PTUNEQ. of stars. T hey are, too, called Planetoids, because they have Governments and Religions of the Earth. EARTH. also the" form" of planets. Q. Do all tbe inhabitant. of tho World live in ono VENU~\ 0- country? ~:~~RY~ Q. Name, in the order of their A. No: they live in different countries, and Fig. 28.-COMPARA- ~czS~1::~oE~1~\r:IS~~~ncta which TIVE SIZES DB' THB are divided into a great many nations. PLANETS. A. Mer-cu-ry, Mars, Ve- Q. Aro they all ruled by the same laws and under the nus, the Earth, Nep-tune, Ur-a..nus, Sat-urn, same government? and Ju-pl-ter. A. No: each nation has its own laws and Q. Wbat are Moons, and how many bas eacb planet! its own kind of government. A. Sat-el-lites, or "attendants," which re­ Q. What is the city or placo called at which tbe laws volve round the planets. Each planet has are made? from one to eight moons attending it. A. The Capital, or Metropolis. (See Fig. 17.) 22 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

Q. What are tho names of the great national divisions of tho Earth? A. Empires, Kingdoms, Republics, Duchies, and Principalities. Q. What Is an Empire? A. One or more coun­ tries governed by an Em­ peror, Empress, or Sultan. Q. What is a Kingdom? A. One or more coun­ tries governed by a King or Queen. Q. What is the general namo for rulers of tillS kind? A. SO'-lrcigns, or lUon­ archs.

O. What is tho [::f'TIeral nnmrj 11)]' c\\l1lltri4' ...; g' Iy,:'rll(:d L... · tiii .... killli ot' I'll]t·;· ..." aud how nrc tller dbtiu. gUi~ltl'd ~ ~4. lUon-ar-chies [-kiesJ; and they are either All,,)­ Fig. 29.-lUANNXR OF WOP-SIIIP OR SYMBOLS OF THE DIFFERENT RELIGIONS. lute or Con-sti-tu-tion-al [-she-nal]. Q. Do all tho, nations of tho World believe in tho Christian religion? Q. DC'.";Cl'ilJC' an Absolute :lIon arch ? A. No: the Jews. the Mohammedans, and A. A monarch ,,-ho,e power is not limited Pagans do not believe in it. by law, as in Russia or Turkey. Q_ In what do the J('\\" belie,-e? Q. Describe n Constitutional or Limited :Uonarch Y A. They believe in the Old, but not in the .A. A Illflll:lrl'h whusc power is limited by Xcw, Testament, and are still looking for a law, as in England. Messiah or Saviour. (!. What is a R('puLlic? Q, In what do the Mohammedans believe? A. A country go,erned by a ruler called a A. They bdivve in the pretended re,elations President, who is elected for a certain number of years. from Heaven of Mahomet (a religious impostor who lived in Arabia about 600 years after our Q. 'Vbat nrc Duchies and Principalities? Saviour's advent). A. Countries goYerD"'! by Dukes and Prin­ ces, who are eitller eledil'u or hereditary. Q. In what do rag-ans or 11101at(>r8 b~lieT"e? A. They believe in false gods, and worship (l· What do you understand by llcl'cllitnry government? idols made by their own hands. A. A government carried on by the son or heir of the last preceding ruler. Q. In what do C'hrh-tinll:O; believe? A. They" belie,e in GOD, the FATHER AL­ r..'. Art' nIl the nntiolls equally cidlizod? ~IIGIITY, maker of Heaven and Earth; in .1. Nit: some are uncivilized, others are half­ J E~l-~ CHRIST, his only Son, our LORD"; and civilized, and the rcmailll!cr arc fully civilized. in "the HOLY GHOST, the Comforter." They I:'. How do nations bceomo fully civilized? believe also in the Bible, as GOD'S word,­ .1. By means of the religion of the Bible, through which" holy men of old spake as they aided by education. were moved by the HOLY GHOST." PART II. LESSONS ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF EACH COUNTRY.

CONVERSATION VII. c.elebrated English Arctic explorer, Sir J. Frank­ llll), and enter Baffin's Bay and Davis' Strait. Conversational Trip through North 7. On one side we see Greenland and ou America. the other side, Lab-ra-dor. West of Labrador

[Be~ore learning the Geography of each country in N. is a great inland sea called Hudson Bay. Amel"lca, we shall make a rapid trip over the whole of it.] Passing down Davis' Strait, we again reach 1. ~nd first, before commencing our trip, Newfoundland. we Wish to tell our young friends that the 8. Sailing to the south, we pass Nova Northmen, .chiefly from Norway, are supposed Scotia and reach the United States. Down to have discovered, by way of Iceland the this ~oast we see the Ber·mn-da Isles, nearly ! nortJ:Iern part of America about 800 year; ago. opposite Cape Hat-te-ras. We soon reach the Christopher Columbus, who _ re-discovered Ba-bii-ma Islands and Flor-I-da, and pass into America, sail~d from Spain nearly 400 years the Gulf of Mexico. ago, and on his first voyage across the Atlantic 9. From this Gulf we sail up the nohle Ocean landed on one of the West-India Isl­ Mississippi river, touch at New Orleans, and ands. He did not reach the continent itself pass on to the far north. If we branch off : until two years afterwards. near St. Louis and follow up the Missouri 2. One of the companions of Columbus River, ~e cau once more ~ross the Rocky named A-mer-I-cus Yes-pu-ci-us, wrote, after hi~ Mountams and reach the PaCIfic Ocean ao·ain.o return to Spain, an account of this discovery of 10. Sailing down the Pacific coast, we pass the New World, and the country thus described Or-c-gon, Cal·'i-for-n'i-a, and Mexico, till we reach i came by degrees to be known as America. Central America. Crossing it, we reach the , 3. After farther exploratiou on the new Oa-rih-be-an Sea; and jnst before us lie Jamaica continent, it was found that it consisted of Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, and other well~ two great parts, which were called North and known West-India Islands,-one of which was South America. They are connected by the reached hy Christopher Oolumbus when he discovered the Xcw ·World. (Sec map of \\TEiiT narrow isthmus of Da-ri·en, or P~n-[lrmar-mah J. 4. Shortly after Columbus, Sir John Ca-bot INDIES, farther on.) Thus we end our rapid trip. who discovered British North America, sailed from England, and reached an islaud off the EXA::lIINATION LESSON XV. coast of America, which he called Newfoundland. 5. Leaving this island, we sail up the Gulf Continent of America. and Ri"cr St. Lawrence, the Lakes On.ta·d·o Q. When and by whom was America discovered? E.rie, Hu.ron, and Superior, to Lake Win: A. By the Northmen, about SOO years a.~o; n'i-peg. From this lake we proceed along the and by Christopher Columbus, in October 1-1 ~l~. Sas·katch-e·wan river to the Rocky Mouu­ Q. How did tho new continent receive the name of tains; beyond which are British Co-Ium-b'i-a, America? A. It was named after Americus Vespucius, Va~couver [van-koo-ver J Island, and the great Pacific Ocean. who wrote an account of the voyage of Colum­ a. Sailing up the Pacific coast, we pass Rns­ bus to the New World. sian America, and then round it into the Arc­ Q. Name the two great dhisions of America. ~ic Ocean. Passing on through this region of A. North America and South America. lOe and snow, we see many islands and other Q. By what arc they connected? places (which have become famous from the A. By the isthmus of Darien, or Panama. search which was made among them for the (See Western Hemisphere, page 8.) EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

PRINCIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT OF A:UERICA. EXAJIIXATION LESSON XVI. e-g-an'], Superior, Winnipeg', Ath-a-bas-cli, Great Slave, and Great-Rear Lakes. North America. Q. Point out and namo the great rin:·r .... (.!. Point out and name the principal animals on the Continent of America, as shown in the cllg'ruyillg. A. The ~t. Lawrence to the east, the Mis­ sissippi to the south, and the Mackenzie to A. 1, the Wolf; 2, the Fox; 3, Otter; 4, the north. Bear; 5, Jllln~e; 6, Llama; 7, Buffalo (or, more correctly, the Bison); 8, 9, Beaver; Q. Point out and Dame the other principa1 rivers. 10, Wild Horse; 11, Condor; 12, Alligator. A. Ottawa, Ohio, Rio Gran-de, Missouri, Saskatchewan, Columbia, and Kwickpack. Q. Trace on the map the trip wllich we have just made. Q. Poiut out on the map the boundaries of North Q. Point out and name the oceans. America. A. The Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. Q. Puint out and name the chief divisions of North Amuica. Q. Point out and namo the great bays at the north. A. Greenland, or Danish [day-nish] Amer­ A. Baffin's and Hudson Bays. ica; Russian [rush-an] America; British Q. Point out nnd name the principal gulfs. America; the United States; Mexico; Cen­ A. St. Lawrence, Mexico, and California. tral America; and the West-India Islands. Q. Point out and name the principal straits. Q. Point out and name tho great mountain-ranges in North ... \.JIIl'rica. A. Davis, Belle-Isle, and Yu-cli-tan Channel, along the east coast. A. The Rocky Mountains, on the Pacific coast, and the Alleghany [al-le-gay-ne] Moun­ Q. Point out and name the principal islands. tains, on the Atlantic coast. A. Parry, Melville; Banks, Albert, and Victoria Land; Booth-l-ii, Cockburn [ko-burn], Q, Point out and namo the principal lakes. Oumberland, and Southampton, at the north; A. Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan [mish- Newfoundland, Cape Bret-on, Long Island; NOll'l'H AMERICA. 25

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NQi~1ftll AM~IiU~A\'Al~ 0 I 'EliCJHh 1\fllcs. '500 ~: ~ EnCft ...·EasyLessons in. Genl; GCOO'

the Bermuda, Ba-ha-ma, and other islands of I Q. Point out and name the principal capes. the West Indies, off the east coast; Vancouver A. Farewell, Uharles, Race, Breton, Sable; and Queen Charlotte's, off the west coast. Cod, May, Hat-te-ras; Ca-toche [-tosh], Gra- EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

Q. Name and point out the principal rivers and lakes cias-a-Dios [gri1'-se-as-a,..dee' -oce J, Cor-ri-en-tes, in these bettlellents. St. Lucas, Men-do-ci-no [-se-no], Blanco; Flat­ Q. What country lies between Bud.on Bay and New­ tery, Barrow, &c. foundland? Q. Point out and name the chief peninsulas. A. Labrador, a cold country, but with valu­ A. Greenland, Labrador, Xu va Scotia, Flor­ able fisheries off the coast. ida, Yucatan, California, and Russian America.

EXA~IINATION LESSON XIX. EXAMINATION LESSON XVII. British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Russian, Danish, and French North . America. Q. How can ron reach British Columbia from the Upper .oa~katchcwan rh·er? Q. Point out on the map tho position and boundaries of l~ussiall America. .A. Through several passes, or openings, in Q. Name and poiut out on the map its riYer and cape. the Rocky ;\lountains. .A. River Kwickpack and Cape Darrow. Q. l'oint out the position of British Columbia. Q. Name and point out its principal rivers. Q. What countries are included in Danish America? Q. For what is it cLielly noted? A. The peninsula of Greenland, and the island of Iceland. (See W. Hemisphere, p. S.) A. For its rich gold-fields. Q. Xarnc and point out the capital. Q. Point out their position on the map. Q. Point out 011 tile map of Nowfoundland, and name A. X CW Westminster, near the mouth of the the Frcnch it'l:nHll'l . Fraser ri ycr. • 1. :\Ii(1uelon and Langley; capital, St.Pierre. Q. Point out on the map the position an.d boundaries of Q. What i:-; thu occupation of their inhabitants? Vancoun~r I~lalld. A. Cod-fishing, and drying the fish for export. Q. Point out its straits, gulfs, &c. Q. For what is it chiefly noted? ..:1. For being the largest island on the Pacific EXAMINATIO~ LESSON XYIII. coast, and for its fisheries, coal, and furs.

lj. ~:lIn(' and poillt out its capital. Hudson-Bay Territory. A. Yictoria, at the south of the island. (). Point out on thc map of North America tho position of tho 'Va::.t territory around HUlbon Bay. (/. Aftor whom was this territory named? EXAjIIXATIO~ LESSON XX • • 1. After Henry Hudson, all Englishman, who discovered the bay about ~iiO year:; ago. ('. For what is it cbitt1y noted? British North America. A. For its nnmerous rivers, and the valuable Q. l\)illt (lut ou the m:lp of Xortll America the boun- dark;.; (Ir lilili"ll North ..:\lIl('Iit:a. ' furs of its wild animals. (l· 'Vllut ocean lios to tho north ?-to tho cast ?-and to (!. roint out nnd llfimo thoso riYcrs. the Wt'~t? A. Great Whale river, Rcd river, Saskatch- 1/. What great bay lies uorth of Canada? ewan river, and jIackenzic river. I' c"ll~~i,,'.i·hat smaller bay lies between Hudson nay and the ;{:lcr:~lRIJ~~~~rlll~~ to the south betwcon James nny nnd '.'. What bay and strait lio still farther to the north­ ea.-;t ~ .1. Various trading-posts; the principal one of which is the Red-Hiver Settlcment. A. Baffin's Bay and Davis' Strait. Q. ",hat great rauge of mountains lies noar the Pacific Q. For what aro these areas of country chiefly lloted? coast? .1. For their feI·tile soil and rich coal-fields. A. The Rocky Mountains. CONVERSATIONAL TRIP THROUGH THE B. N. A. PROVINCES. 27

Niagara river into Lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Huron; and at the Sault Ste. Marie [so-sant'­ m5.-ree'], pass into Lake Su­ peri or; and thus reach the N. W.limits of Upper Canada.

EXAMINATION LESSON XXI. Provinces of British North America. q. Trace ou the map ofthf' n.x.,A. Provlllc('s the trip we buvejll.',t made, Q. roint Ollt on HIe same map tho position of Ncwfoundlalld, Capo ]~n'ton. 1\"(IYU :-:,ctJiia. rlillCu·Ed,Yard hluud, NC'w Brull!'wick, Lower ('an· ada, and L"pper Canada. Q. Poillt out on the map and namc

VIII. Q. Howrnany ofth('~(>rrovinces touch upon the coast? A. All but Upper Canada. Conversational Trip through the Provinces Q. Name and point out the chiefrin.:rs and Jakes. of British North America. Q. Between which two 1a1\:es do the Niagara :Falls occur? 1. FrOllI the island of Newfoundland, we A. Between Lakes Eric and Ontario. sail a little to the south and touch at Cape Q. Wbat country and bay lie nortb of Upper Canada? Breton island, and then reach Prince-Edward A. Prince-Rupert Land, and James Bay. Island. South of this island, we see an isth­ mus which joins Nova Scotia to New Brunswick. Q. Wbat bay lies we,t of l"p]lcr Canada? 2. Touching at the Magdalen Islands, and A. Georgian Bay, Bast of Lake Huron. sailing up the Gulf of St. Lawrence, "l>e see Q. Wliich oftbe LHited States lie soutb of Canada? before us Anticosti island amI the coast of Q. What islandslic in the (iulfof St. Lawrence? Labrador. Turning to the left hand, we A. Anticosti, lIIagdalen, Prince Edward, enter the noble Canadian river St. Lawrence, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland. -so called by its discoverer, Jacqnes Cartier. Q. Kame and point out the bays, capes, and straits. 3. Proceeding up this river, we tirst pass the Sag-ue-nay river and reach Quebec. '\'e then pass the river St. Man-rice, and reach Mont­ CONVETISATION IX. real, on the island of that namc. At the head of this island, we sec the river Ottawa, which Conversational Trip thr~ugh New­ separates Upper from Lower Canada. Still fOlUldland. sailing up the St. Lawrence, we reach the 1. If we follow the route of the Canadian boundary-line between Canada and the lTnited steamers from Canada to Europe, we shall soon States, and enter the beautifnl Lake Ontario enter the Strait of Belle 1sle,-so called from at Kingston. From Kin"ston we reach To­ an island of that name north of Newfoundland. ronto; and pass over fi·om it to the magnifi­ 2. Passing out of that strait, we turn to cent Falls of Niagara,-one of the greatest the south along the "Ranks" until we first wonders of the world. reach Cape Freels, and then Cape Bonavista,­ 4. From these Falls we pass rapidly up the which latter cape is supposed to have been the 28 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL. GEOGRAPHY.

land first seen by Rir John Cabot when he 4. From thi~ point round by Cape Ray to discovered the island. the Strait of Belle Isle, the coast is but little 3. Farther on, we reach Rt . Johns, the caJ'i­ inhabited, except by fishermen, who land to dry tal of the island, situated on a peninsula their fish. The interior contains several ponds indented with several deep bays. Rounding or lakes. A telegraph-line, by way of Cape Ray, this peninsula by way of Cape Hace and going connects Newfoundland with Xova Scotia. westward, we touch at the islands of French North America. EXAMINATION LESSON XXII.

Iiewfoundland Island. Q. Trace on the map the trip which we have just made. Q. I'oint out ou tho map the position and boundaries of N t.'wtbundland. Q. What countries lie north·west of the island? A. Labrador and Canada. Q. Point out on the map and name its bays and capeB. Q. Point out and name its ponds or lakes, and rivers. Q. Point out and Dame its district-divisions. Q. For what is Newfoundland chietly noted? A. For its valuable coast-fisheries, and for APPEARANCE 011' NEWFOUNDLAl'fD FROM A DALLOON. being the first-settled British-American Colony. NEWFOUNDLAND ISLAND. 29

Q. What is peou!Jar about Newfoundland? \ Q. Point out on the map the. course 01 the telegraph between St. Jolms and Nova Scoba, by way of Cape Ray. A. The fogs on the coast, and the great Q. What strait lies at tho north of the island? sand-banks at the S. and E. of the island. A. The Strait of Belle-Isle,-through which 30 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

the Canadian mail-steamers pass, in the sum· mer season, on their way to and from Europe. Q. Point out and namo the capita.l of Newfoundland. A. St. Johns, at the south·east of the island·

CO~VERSATION X. Conversational Trip through Prince­ Edward Island. From Newfoundland we proceed in a south­ westerly direction to Prince - Ellward Island. As we go round the coast of this island, we see that it is crescent-shaped. 'Ve see also that two APPEARANCE OF NOVA SCOTIA, ETC., FROM A BALLOON. deep bays cut the island nearly into three Rounding it, we follow the coast and explore parts. Near Hillsborough Bay we find Char­ Bras d'Or Lake, and pass Sydney, the capital. lottetown, the capital. 3. As we reach the Atlantic Ocean, we turn to the south-west along the coast, passing Cape EXAMINATION LESSON XXIII. Canso; until we reach Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, with its fine and spacious harbour Prince-Edward Island. and well-fortified citadel. 4. From Halifax, we go on to Cape Sable j Q. Point out on the map of No,a Scotia, the pm:ition where we round the peninsula and turn to the and boundaries of l'rillce--Etlwarc.l It'lanu. north-west into the Bay of Fundy. We find Q. What countries lie to the ~. E. and S. W. of it? the upper end of this bay divided by the Cobe­ A. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and New quid range of mountains iRto Mi-nas or l\1i-nes Brunswick. Channel and Chiegnecto Bay. Q. Point out and name ita principal bays and capes. 5. At Windsor, in Hants County, south of Q. Name and pOint out its county-divisions. Minas Basin, we can take the railway for Hali­ A. King's, Queen's, and Prince counties. fax. From Halifax we proceed along another Q. For what is the island chietly noted! line of railway to Truro, and from it on till A. For its fertility and its healthy climate. we reach Bay Verte again. Q. Name and point out tho strait at the south. Q. Point out and name its capital. EXAMINATION LESSON XXIV. A. Charlottetown, near Hillsborough Bay. /' Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. Q. Traco on the map the trip which we have just made. CONVERSATION XI. Q. Point out on the map the position and boundaries of the Province of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. Conversational Trip through Nova Scotia Q. What island lies north of Nova Scotia P and Cape Breton. A. Prince Edward and Cape Breton. Q. To what Province is Nova Scotia connected by an 1. From Prince - Edward Island, we sail Isthmus? across Northumberland Strait to Bay Verte, A. To New Brunswick, at the north-west. on the north-west coast of Nova Scotia. From Q. Name and point out the principal harbours. this we go eastwards, passing Pic-tou [-too] Q. Point out and name their principal bays and capes. and Cape St. George, and cross St. George's Bay. Q. What is peculiar about the Bay of Fundy? 2. From Port Hood we go north-east along A. It is generally very stormy, and its tides Cape-Breton coast till we reach Cape North. sometimes rise 60 feet high. - NOVA SCOTIA, CAPE BRETON, AND PRINCE-EDWARD ISLAND. 31

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Q. For what are Nova SCotia and Cape Breton noted r I Q. What separates Cape Breton from Nova Scotia? A. For their coal, iron, and other minerals; A. The" Gut" or Strait of Canso. and for their extensive coast, and good harbours. Q. Name and pOint out the prinoipal islands. EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.

Q. Name and point out the principal lakes, rivers, and mountains. we proceed by railway up to Woodstock, passing Q. Name and point out the cQunty.divisiol1s on the the picturesque Grand Lake to the left on the Atlantic cua~t.-ou tLo nay of Fuudy,-uud Oll NortllUID­ boundary-line. [We should remember that berland Strait. there is another Grand Lake, connected with Q. What chirf places do the lines of railway connectl the. St. John river, in Queen's County.] A. Halifax with Windsor and 'fruro. From Woodstock we proceed up the St. John Q. Name and point out the capital of ('ape llrcton. until we again reach the boundary-line of A. Sydney, in Cape-Breton County. Canada. Q. Name- and point out the capita) and principal towns of N ont :Scotin. A. Halifax, the capital, in Halifax County; EXAMINATION LESSON XXV. Pictou, at the north; Truro, .at the head of Cobequid Bay; Windsor, in Hants County; New Brunswick. Liverpool, in Queen's County; and Lunen­ Q. Trace on the map the trip whlch we have just made. burg, in Lunenburg County. Q. Point out on the map 1110 position and boundaries of N l'W Brunswick. Q. Wbat group of ielandp. lies north of Prince-Edward IslauJ? Q. What large bay separates New Brunswick from Canada? A. The Magdalen Islands, which belong to A. The Bay of Chaleurs, at the north. Canada. Q. Point out and name it::; other bays and harbours. Q. Point out and name the prillcipal islands. CONVERSATION XII. Q. What counties lie on the Bay of Chaleurs '-on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumb(>rland Strnit?-on the Conversational Trip through New Bay of }"'ulldy?-in the interioJ'?-alld on Maine boundary? Brunswick. Q. For what is New Brunswick cbiefly noted P A. For its square shape, its lllany rivers, 1. Ifwe enter New Brunswick from Nova and its extensive ship-building. Scotia, we proceed alon!!; the projectcll railway­ Q. N arno and point out itB principnllakes? line to Shediac, thence along the coast to Richibucto Harbour and l\Iiramichi Bay, and A. Grand Lake in Queen's County, and rounel by Shippegan Island into the Bay of Grand Lake on the Maine boundary. Chaleurs. Q. Which arc its largest rivers? 2. Sailing up this bay for some distance, A. The Restigouche, which falls into the we reach the mouth of the Res-ti-gouche [-goosh] Bay of Chaleurs; the MirallJichi, which falls river, which, with the bay, forllls the boundary into Miramichi Bay; and the St. John, which between Canada and ::\ew Brunswick. Leaving falls into the Bay of Fundy. this river, we proceed southwards across the Q. Point out and name the chief seaport. country to the Grand Falls of the St.John river. 3. Frolll these falls, we descend this fine A. St. John, at the mouth of St. John river. river to Fredericton, the capital, or seat of Q. Poiut out and namo tho capital. government. Leaving Fredericton, wc soon A. Fredericton, 84 miles up the St. John. reach St. John, the cOllllllercial capital of New Q. Point out and name the chief towns along the coast' Brunswick, at the mouth of the St. J olm river. 4. We now follow the coast-line alon;!: the CONVERSATION XIII. Bay of Fundy, and reach the head of Chieg­ necto Bay. From Amherst we reach Bay Verte, and thence round by Shediac. Conversational Trip through Lower Canada. 5. Returning by railway to St. John, and 1. Leaving New Brunswick by the Resti­ thence to the head of Passamaquoddy Bay, we gouche river, and crossing to the Metis river pass down among the islands to the Great (in Canada), we rcach the river St. Lawrence. Manan. Returning thence by St. Stephen, 2. Turning to the south-west, we gruQuulIy NEW BRUNSWICK. 38

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reach the mouth of the Saguenay river, to the Ireach the head-waters of the St. Maurice river: right. Up this fine river we can go in a large Passing down the St. Maurice, we reach the ship for 75 miles, and from its source can St. Lawrence again, at Three Rivers.

c 34 LOWER CANADA-TRIP THROUGH UPPER CANADA.

3. But leaving it and passing up the St. Q. For what is Lower Canada noted? Lawrence, we reach the island of Orleans; A. For its shipping, its fisheries, its iron and beyond which we see before us, the famous copper mines, and its beantiful scenery. citadel of Quebec, high above the ancient city. Q. What peninsula lies to the north-east? 4. As we leave Quebec, the river becomes A. Gaspe; lying between the Gulf of St. narrowcl' till we reach the city of Three Riv­ Lawrence and the Bay of Chaleurs. ers, si tnated at the three-fold mouth of the St. Q. Name and point out the principal counties. l\hurice river, a short distance below the foot Q. Name and point out the cities. of Lake St. Peter, which is an expansion of A. Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal, and the St. Lawrence. Soon we come within sight St. Hyacinthe. of the stirring city of Montreal, and its cele- Q. Point out and name the capital. A. Quebec, noted for its celebrated fortress. Q. What celcbrated iron railway-bridge crosses the St. Lawrence at Montreal? A. The Victoria, which is shaped like a tube or box, and is nearly two miles long. Q. Name the chief town in the Eastern Towllships? A. Sherbrooke, on the rivers St. Francis THE VICTORIA TUBULAR RAILWAY-BRIDGE, FROM ST. LAMBERT. and Magog. brated Victoria Bridge. This bridge is nearly Q. What railway connects Quebec and Montreal with two miles long. It is built of iron, and shaped Portland in the State of Maine? like a long box or square tube, through which A. The Grand Trunk Railway, which ex­ tends to Lake Huron in Upper Canada. the railway-trains run with safety. Q. Which are the principal islands in the St. Lawrence? 5. If' we prefer it, we can also reach Mont­ real by railway. Leaving Point Levi, opposite A. Montreal, and Isle Jesus, at Montreal; Qnebee, we come to Richmond; and thence, Orleans, at Quebec; and Anticosti, in the Gulf. through St. Hyacinthe, a flourishing city, to l\1ontreal. At Richmond we could also go on CONVERSATION XIV. direct, through the Eastern Townships, passing Conversational Trip through Upper Canada. Sherbrooke, their chief town, to Portland. 1. Leaving Montreal by the Ottawa river EXAMINATION LESSON. XXIV. we reach Ottawa City, the new capital of Ca~ nada. On our way up we see many rivers flow­ Lower Canada. ing into the Ottawa. 2. We can also reach Upper Canada by the Q. Trace on the map the trip which wo have just made. Q. Point out the pOSition & boundaries of Lower Canada. St. Lawrence, and pass many flourishing towns Q. Which is its largest river? and villages on our way. The rapids on this A. The St. Lawrence, which flows north- river are beautiful; so also is the scenery among east into the Gulf of the same name. the Thousand Islands, near Kingston. Q. Name the principal rivers N. of the St. Lawrence. 3. At Kingston we reach Lake Ontario; A. The Saguenay, St. Maurice, and Ottawa. proceeding up which, we pass Cobourg Port Q. Name the principal rivers S. of the St. Lawrence. Hope, and Whitby, before we come to T~ronto. A. Richclieu, St. Francis, and Chaudiere. 4. From Toronto we cross the lake to the

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Q. What lakes lio between the Oltawa river and Geor· celebrated Falls of Niagara; thence we go gian Bay? westward to St. Catherines, Hamilton, Paris, Q. What rivers flow into Georgian Bay? Bran tford, Woodstock, London, St. Thomas, Q. What rivers 1Iow into Lake St. Clair? and Chatham, to Lake :;;t. Clair. Q. Point Qut the lIadawaska river. Q. 'Vllat peninsulas separate Lake Erie from Lake 5. From Lake :;;t. Clair, we go northward, Ontario, Lake Erie from Lako St. Clair, and Lake Erie past Sarnia, into Lake Huron. Thence, touch­ from lleorgian llay. Q. Point out and name the cities of Upper Canada. ing at Goderich, we ~() along the County of Bruce peninsula to the island of Manitoulin, A. London, Hamilton, Toronto, Kingston, and to the Bruce Miuesj and ou to Sault Ste. and Ottawa. Q. Point out and name the chief towns on the map. ~Iarie, at the entrance of Lake Superior. Q. For what is Upper Canada chiefly noted? 6. Retracing our steps, we enter the Geor­ A. For its great lakes, fertile soil, and agri­ gian Bay; and reaching Collingwood, we pro­ cultural products; its copper, iron, and other ceed to Barrie and Lake f'imcne. At Bea­ minerals; and its oil-springs. verton we cross over to the chaiu of lakes in the Counties of Victoria, Peterboro', Northumber­ land, and Hastings, till we reach the river CONVERSATION XV. :Moira, at the mouth of which is Belleville. 7. From Belleville we pass down the beau­ Conversational Sketch of the Queen. tiful Bay of QuintC, north of Prince-Edward 1. All good and loyal little boys and girls County, till we reach Kingston again. will no doubt like to hear something about our great and noble Queen. When she is addressed RXAJIINATION LESSON XXV. in writing by any of her subjects she is styled Her Most Gracious ~Iajesty Queen Victoria; Upper Canada. but she is generally called The Queen. Q. Traco on tbe map tbe trip just mado. Q. Point out the boundaries of L'ppel' Canada. 2. The Queen lives in England, where she Q. Point out and llame each of the grl'ut lakes. has several beautiful palaces, in different parts Q. What rin'r separates L"ppcr ii'om Lower Canada? of the country. In London several wise and A. The Ottawa, which falls into the St. distinguished men assist her in governing her Lawrence at the island of ~Iolltreal. great empire. Q. Point out the other boundary-rh'ers ofL'"ppcr Canada. 3. Among the Queen's forefathers were the A. The Niagara, Detroit, and St. Clair. celebrated Alfred the Great, and William the Q. Wbat bays Iio north of Groy and Simcoo Counties? Conqueror. The King who reigned before our Queen was her uncle, William IV. When he died, she was made Queen of the whole British empire (including all the British colonies). 4. The Queen had an excellent mother, who early taught her to love GOD. When her uncle died and she was told that she was a Queen, her first act was to kneel down and pray to GOD for his divine guidance. 5. The Queen has ever since ruled the empire so wisely, that she is greatly beloved by all her suhjects. She has a number of children, who, from their hip;h rank, are called Princes and Princesses. Her eldest son, the Prince of Wales, visited the British N orth­ American Provinces in 1860, and was wel­ eomed with great love and affection by all classes of the people. :PROPOSED PARLIAMENT-BUILDINGS, OTTAWA. . p -===~~C~~~n~~__ ., "

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~p....-n.a.:bJ"l:Ci.b:. &.ILU~~~w~. D ... &lf.11 .1-.r J'·.J!{..lJUXj;n..~.&.C.l:: .l>1u.LLt..I:u....l Q. 'Vhnt inland lnk(\ lic~I'OUth-P3l"it of I\:ingston? Q. roint out on tho nlflp fiud nnlllC' the nlrious coun­ .Point out the blunds in Lakes Outario and Erio. I fl. lakes lie lltlrth of \\'hitby Hlid t'nbuurg~ties in Vppef l'anudn bOl'lirl"ing Oll tu(' rirer Ottawa,- · "~hatJll'uiusula lies tI, of tho ('OUIlty of lla~ti]lg-:-\?\\'hat I t;t. · l'Oillt out UIHluall10 tho rCIHuilliug' iuland-cuuutics, I (t \\'hut stntCl"\ Iio south Hlid w('st of U. l'allatln~on the river LawrcnCl',-Oll Lake Untario.-oll · 'Vlmt large luku lies directly llortll of TOl'OlltO? C/. Siluw Oil tlw map thu pusition of Niagaru Fulls. ILake Eliu,-Dll Lako St. Cluir,-und on Lako Huron. ~ . 38 GOYERX)1ENT OF CANADA-TRIP THROUGH THE UNITED STATES.

God," but to "honour the King," [Queen,or chief ruler. ] Q. How, then, should we act as dutiful subjects of the tlueeu? A. We should be truly loyal to her as our Sovereign; and we should obey God's la ws, as well as those of our country. (2. 'Vha represents tho QU('l'll in Canada? A. His Excellency the Governor General. Q. By whom are thelaw8 of Canada euactcd? A. In Canada by the Queen's Represen­ tative, with the advice and consent of the Le­ gislative Council and House of Assembly; and in England by the Queen, with the con­ HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. sent of Parliament. 6. In 1861 the Queen suffered a great loss in the den,th of her noble husband, Prince Albert the gOOll. All her subjects mourned CONVERSATIO~ XVI. with her, and from every part of her vast em­ pire she has received the warmest sympathy. Conversational Trip through the United 7. Our duty to the Queen is to love her, States of America. and to obey the laws of our country. The 1. Leaving Canada by the Grand Trunk Bible says, "fear (;nu and honor the King," Railway, we soon reach Portland, in the State and" obey them that have the rule over you." of Maine. From that city we can go along the With one heart and voice, our prayers for her coast to Boston, the capital of Massachusetts; should continually ascend; and, in the words of thence round Cape Cod to Xew York, which is our National Anthem, we should all heartily sing: the chief shipping-port of the United States. "God saw· our ~r;lt'if)us Queen, 2. From New York we go up the Hudson Long lin! our llolJIe QtH.-'l'll! Gau sa rc t hl' (Juel'll ! river to Albany, and thence to the great Send her Yidurioll.";, lakes; or still proceeding along the sea­ Happy awl ~.dorilJlls, coast, we pass Delaware Bay, some distance Long to l't.'i~ll orcr u:-; ! God ,.... a re the Queen I" up which is Philadelphia. Farther to the south is the city of Washington, the capital of EXAMINATION LESSON XXVI. the Northern United States. 3. From Washington we pass through Vir­ The Queen and the Government of Canada. ginia, by way of Richmond (capital of the Q. GiYl~ some account of the Queon in your own words. Southern Confederate States), to the ocean Q. What is our duty towards tho Queen? again. Going still farther south, we pass the A. The Bible teaches us, not only to "fear States of North Carolina, South Carolina, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 39

SIr .A lJIE.IJ.IC.A

OE 1lIJ] II C 0

Georgia, and their cOllllllercial cities of Wil­ 7. Frolll California we proceed eastward mington, Charleston, and Savannah, till we through Xew ;Ucxico, Arizona, and Texas to reach the peninsnla of Florida. Going round the Gulf of JIcxico; and thus end our trip. Florida, we pass along the coasts of the States of Alaballla, Mississippi, and Louisiana. EX •.uII~ATIO~ LESSON XXVII. 4. In Lonisiana we enter the great Missis­ sippi river, and, going northward to its source, The United States of America. we pass, on the right hand, the gtates of Mis­ Q. Tract' on the map tho trip which we haye just made. sissippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, and Q. Point out on tho map tho position and boundaries Wisconsin. At Kentucky the Ohio river of tho United ~tat('s of America. Q. roint Qut the great cllain of mountains wl1ich runs joins the Mississippi; along the northern banks along tho Atlantic cua:-;t. . of which are the States of. Indiana and Ohio. Q. Point out the principal rivors in tho United States. 5. On the left-hand side of the Mississippi A. The Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas, Missis- frolll its mouth, we pass the States of Louis­ sippi, Colorado, and Columbia. iana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Minne­ Q. roint out and name the principal baYB. sota. Corning down the river again to Mis­ Q. Point out and name the principal capes. souri, we turn to the west up the Jli':,-ouri Q. How many States and Territories aro there in the river, passing the States of Kansas, Nebraska, United ,t;tntcs? & Dakotah, till we reach the Rocky Mountains. A. Thirty-four States and nine Territories. 6. Crossing these Illountains, we enter Wash­ Q, How are these States and Territories divided? ington Territory, and pass into Oregon, Utah, A. Into Eastern, Middle, Southern, and Nevada, and California, on the Pacific coast. Western. "'!'j ~======91-~ ) 40 EASTERN STATES-SOUTHERN AND SOUTH-EASTERN STATES. I

Q. For what are the Now-England States chiefly noted 7 EXAMINATION LESSON XXVIII. A. For their early settlement by the Eng­ The New-England or Eastern States, and lish, and for their extensive manufactures. the Northern or Middle States. Q. For what nrc the Northern State, Chiefly noted? A. New York for its commerce, Pennsylva­ Q. Point out and namo tho Eastern or New-England States aDd thoir capitals. nia for its coal, New Jersey for its fruit, and A. MAINE, capital AlignS/I{ j NEW HA~IP­ Delaware for its small size. SHIRE, capital ('U II m)'d ; VERMONT, capital Q. Name and point out the largest and the 8malle,t of the New-England lltates. J[ulI/pl'lill' j :\lAs~A(,Hr~ETTs, capital Boston; Q. Name and point out the principal cities near the HHODE I~LA:-;j), capitals PJ'(Jl'idcllCe and "\~~'/('­ Ncw·Brunswick and Canada boundaries. port,. and CONNECTICUT, capitals Hartford Q. Name and point out the smallest and the largest of and New IIU!'('}l. the lIIiddle States. Q. Point out and name the AIiddlo or Northern States and their capitals. EXAMINATION LESSON XXIX. A. NEW YORK, capital Alban!! j PENNSYL­ VANIA, capital Harrisburg,. NEW JERSEY, The Southern and South·Eastern States. capital TJ'(lIiol/.,. and DELAWARE, Dovel'. O. Point out on the map and name the Southern and South.Eastcrn t;tatcs and their capitals. Q. What State lies between Canada and 1'o.~l'W Bruns- wick? A. MARYLAND, capital Annapolis j VIR­ Q. What three States border nIl th£' State of New YorkY GINIA, capital Richmond.: KE:

UNITED STATES FIRST PART. Eng~!orEa.sy,. LessoIlJ in G-enernl. G-cograpDY-_ x..nt£"~.I:·llK.1cl1.U::iS.iJ;J..l.,';k....-LJ~

~~~---- WESTERN AND SOUTH-WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES.

Q. Whnt river ,ep­ Q. Wbat four States border on the lI1ississippi? nrntcs l\Jaryland ii'om Virbrlnia? A. Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. A. The Poto­ Q. For what arc these States chiefiy noted? mac, which also A. For their prairies, agriculture, & minerals. rises in the Alle­ Q. Trace the direction of the principal rivers. ghany Mountains. Q. Wbat clIiefcities are situated on lakes bordering on Q. For wbat pro­ Canada? ductions arc these Q. What cities arc connected with Canada by railway! States Doted? Q. Point 9ut and Dume the South-Western States and A. For their Territori('s, and their capitals. cotton, tobacco, A. TEXAS, capital Austin; ARIZONA and and rice. XEW ~IEXICO, capital SUlta Fe; CALIFOR­ Q. Whnt chief city NIA, capital ,';',('mlllel/to; NEVADA, capital is Rituatcd ill tl1is dis­ trict? ---; OREnO:"l. capital Cu 1'1', tll;s ; ",T ASH­ A. Washington, INGTON, capital U/llmp/lt ; .:uTAH, capital Fill­ the capital of the more; COLORADO, capital Pike's Pel,k; IN­ Northern r n i ted DIAN TERRITORY, capital Tahlequah; KAN­ States, in the Dis­ S.\S, capital Lecompton; NEBRASKA, capital TOllACOO-PLA.::-;:T IX FLOWER. trict of Columbia. Om"l/f(; DAKOTAH, capital l1Ial1,zan j and Q. Poiut out and name the capital of each State. IOWA, capital Des JIuines. Q. Poiut out the chief cities on the .Atlantic CO:lt't. Q. What States and Territories lie to the east? Q. ",."lticli i:-: tli(' c:tpital oftllo Southern COllfcdcratioll? Q. ',hat States and Territory lie north of l\Icxico? A. Richmond, in the State of Virginia. Q. What States and Territory lie on the Paci.fic coast? Q. Wbat States and Territories lie soutb of Britisb AmClica? EXAm~ATION LESSON XXX. f). What States and Territories lic between Missouri and California? The Western and South-Western States Q. Point out the principal capes on the Pacific coast. (), What great chain of mountains lies between the and Territories. . ::\Ii~,"i~."il'l'i rinT and the l'acific coast? Q. Point out tbe Western States and tboir capitals. Q. Wbat great river takes its riso in Dakotab? A. Orno, capital Columbus; I:"llllA:"lA, cap­ A. The )Ii"""uri, a branch of the Mississippi. ital 1""/"""1',,//.,; iUICHIGAN, capital Lan­ Q. What other plincipal rin'rs are in these States? sillg; \Vl~C()~~I~, capitall1Iadison; ILLI:I'OI~, Q. Wbat lake is found ill nah? capital ,spr;lIgJicld; & lIIIN:I'E~UTA, St. Pallis. A. Great Salt Lake, near the Mormon city. Q. What three States border on Lakes Q. What rh'cr separates Oregon from Washington? Eric, iluroll, sud Superior? A. The Columbia at the north, and the A. Ohio, lIIichigan, and Wis­ Lewis at the south . .:lonsin. Q. ·"'hat river sC'parntes the States of Dakotah, Iowa, Q. Wbat States in part bordor on Lake and Mi:-.";(Illri iu part ii'Olll Nebraska and Kansas? Michigan? A. The Missouri.

A. Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Q. llhat riYl1fS form the eastern and the western boun­ and \Yisconsin. daries of Texa:-;? Q. Which two States lie wost of tbe A. The Sabine and the Rio Gran-de. ]\'1issil!il!iippi? Q. Whicb are the chiof commercial cities in tbose A. Iowa and Missouri. States? A. San Francisco, in California, and Galves­ Q. What. three States lie botween tbo RICE, WITH A Ohio aud the l\Iississippi? ton and Corpus Christi, in Texas. GI~AI~ MAG­ Q. Point out and name tbe capital or cbief city in each ~IFIED. A. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. State. UNITED STATES, SECOND PART. 43

SECOND PART. Entrawdfor:EasyLesson.sln GeJi!.G-eo~

40 3 I} Lon ~itudc 44 MEXICO-CENTRAL AMERICA-WEST-INDIA ISLANDS.

CONVERSATION XVII. EXAMINATION LESSON XXXII.

A Conversational Trip through Mexico. Central America. (Sec Map of NORTH AMERICA; and Map of the Q. Trace on the map the trip which we have just made. UNITED STATES, ~l'CUllll Part.) Q. Point out the position of Central America. 1. Passin~ down the Gulf of Califoruia, we Q. Wbat great mountain-ranges extend through it? have the peninsular State of Lower Califoruia on one side, and the mainland of Mexico on A. 'l'he Andes of South America. the other.. Q. What countries are included in Central America? 2. Crossing the isthmus at the boundary of A. 1. GUA-TE-MA-LA; 2. SAN SAL-VA­ Central America, and rounding the Yucatan DOR j 3. HO::;--DU-RAS j 4. NlC-A-RA-GUA [nik­ peninsula, we enter the Gulf of Mexico. a-rah-gwii] j J. COS-TA RI-CA Cree-kit] j and Coasting alon~ it, we reach the river between 6. BRITISH HON-DU-RAS. ;\fexico and Texas, called the Rio Grande del Nor-te, or "Grand River of the North." Q. For what is Central America noted? A. For being the connecting-link between North and South America, and the dividing­ EXAMINATION LESSON XXXI. line between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

The United States of Mexico. CONVERSATION XIX. Q. Trace on the maps named the hip just made. Q. roint out the position and boundaries of :Ucx.ico. Conversational Trip through the West Indies, Q. Point Qut the direction of the great mountain-range. or West-India Islands. Q. Point out and name the two peninsulas of Mexico. A. Lower Califoruia, and Yucatan. 1. Leaving Cape Gr1lrci-as ii Dios [dee-oce] Q. Point out and name the chief river at the north. (Central America), on our trip through the Q. roint out and name the gulfs and cape. 'Vest-India Islands, we soon reach the Greater Q. Point out the position of the capital. Antilles [an-tcels] or Leeward [loo-ard] Islands, Q. How many states, &c., are included in l'Iexico? and touch at Jamaica, the most important of • A. ~~ states, 3 territories, & a federal district. the British islands. We next visit Cuba. This Q. For what is Mexico chiefly noted? fine island belongs to Spain j and ne~r Ha­ A. For its ancient civilization, its volcanoes, vanna, its capital, Columbus is buried. Cross­ and its silver-mines. ing Cuba, we see stretching far before us, the B:\hama Islands, which belong to Great Britain. It was on one of these islands that CONVERSATION XVIII. Columbus first landed when he discovered the New World. (See map.) Conversational Trip through Central 2. Leaving the Bahamas, we touch at Hayti, America. -part of which (Do-min-I-cii) became a Span­ ish colony in 1861: the rest is independent. 1. Entering Central America from Yucatan, Still going eastward, we reach Porto Rico, we pass along the coast in an eastern direction another island belonging to Spain. until we round Cape Gra.ci-as a. Dios [dee-oce], 3. We now sail in a southeasterly direc­ when we go due south. As the Andes, a tion down the Caribbean Islands and Lesser continuation of the Rocky Mountains, com­ Antilles, and touch at a number of small but mence in Central America, we proceed between beautiful islands belonging to various European them, through five separate republics. powers,-as marked on the map. THE WEST-INDIA ISLANDS. 45

EXAMINATION LESSON XXXIII. 5. TRIN-I-DAD)ying off the coast of South America; capital, Port 0/ Spain. The British West-India Islands. 6. The BER-m::-DA ISLANDS, lying 600 Q. Trace on the map the trip which we have just made. miles off North Carolina; capital Inc)j~'I:::::d~ :~: lh~ii~tc~~tt~~. the map the British West­ Hamilton, on Long Island. Q. For what are the Bahama Islands ehietly noted? A. 1. The BAHA~rAs, off Florida; capital Nassau, on New-Providence Island. A. For their great number, and for one of 2. JAMAICA, lying south of Cuba; capi­ them having been the land first reached by tal Spanish Town. Columbus when he discovered the New World. 3. The NORTHERN CA-RIB-BEE or J~EE­ Q. Which are the two largest islands? WARD ISLANDS, lying east of Porto A. Jamaica and Trinidad. Rico; capital St. John. Q. Describe Jamaica. 4. TheWIND-wARD ISLANDs,lyingsouth A. Jamaica is 150 miles long and 50 wide. of the Leeward Islands; capital The Blue Mountains traverse its entire length. Bridgetown, on Barbados island. Turk's Island is attached to Jamaica. 46 THE WEST-INDIA ISLANDS-SOUTH AMERICA.

Q. Name the capital Bud the chief town of Jamaica. Q. Point out and name the Danish West-India Islands. A. Spanish Town is the capital; but Kings- A. Santa Crnz, St. Thomas, and St. John, ton is the chief place of trade. east of Porto Rico. Capital, Christianstadt.

Q. FOI' what is Trinidad chiefly noted '! Q. Point out and name the Swedish West.India Island. A. For its size, pitch lakes, and scenery. A. f't. Bartholomew, lying between St. Q. Name its capitat :\Iartin and Barbuda, is the only Swedish col­ A. Port of Spain, a very flourishing town. ony in America. Capital, Gustavia. Q. Point out and name the Butch West-india Islands. Q. 'Vilat are the chiefcxports ofthC'!"e islands? A. ~t. Martin (in part), Saba, St. Eusta­ A. ~llgar, tobacco, coffee, ricl" and fruit. tius, east of Porto Rico; Buen Ayre, Cura90a, Q. X:lllll' t11e prillcil,al British Leeward hlnnds. Oruha, &c., off the coast of South America. A. _\.n-ti-,~ua [-tee-gii], Dn-min-i-e-" SI. Chris­ Q. Which is the most important of the group! to-pher, lIIont-ser-rat, Nl~yis, the Yirgin Isl­ ands, anq Bar-bu-dii. A. Curagoa. Capital, William stadt. Q. Are there any other West-India I~lands? (I. Name the principal British Windward Islands. A. Yes: lIIargarita and Tortuga, off the A. Bar-ha-dos [-doze I, ~I.Yin-cent, To-ba-go, South-American coast. They belong to Venez­ Gren-a-clii, and St. Lu-ci-'i. uela. Capital, Asun9ion. Q. For what are the llormuda Islands chiefly noted? A. For their isolation, coral-reefs, & climate. CONVERSATION XX.

EXAMINATION LESSON XXXIV. Conversational Trip through South America. 1. Starting from the islands last named, we The Spanish, French, Danish, Swedish, and soon reach the coast of South America. We Dutch West-India Islands. sail in a southeasterly direction past Venez­ Q. Point out and name the Spanish West-India Islands. uela, and British, Dutch, and French Guiana, A. Cuba, part of Hayti, anu Porto Rico. until we reach the vast empire of Brazil. 2. In sailing along this coast, we pass the Q. roint out and describe the island of Cuba. mouths of the great river Amazon, and thence to A. Cuha is 700 miles long, and is one of the Cape 1-IL Roque. Rounding this cape, we turn richest and largest of the -nT est-India Islands. to the southward, till we reach Rio de Janeiro, Q. Name its capital. the capital of the empire. A. Havanna, a place of extensive commerce. 3. Southward from this city, we soon reach Near it Columbus is buried. Uruguay, La Plata (with its large river of that Q. I'oint out and describe Dominica. name), and Patagonia, with the British Falk­ land Islands to the right, and Tierra del Fuego A. Dominica is the eastern part of Hn,ti to the left. Here we round the famous which lies east of Cuba. It is mountain~us' Cape Horn and pass into the Pacific Ocean. but fertile. In 1861 it became a Spanish colony: 4. "T e now turn northward, toward Chili, Q. l'oint out and describe the island of Porto Rico. off the coast of which we see the island of Juan A. Porto Rico is a beautiful island, and lies Fernandez, the scene of Robinson Crusoe's east of Hayti. Capital, 1-11. J 01111s, or San Juan. adventures. We next pass Bolivia, Peru, and Q. roint out and name the French West-India Islands. Equador (or Ecuador), until we reach New Granada (now Columbia). Crossing the Isth­ A. lIIartinique, Guadeloupe, lIIarie Galante, Desiradc, and part of St. Martin. mus of Panama, we once more reach the Carib­ bean Sea and the West-India Islands. Q. Name the principal capitals. 5. If we now turn our steps inland, and A. St. Pierre is the capital of Martinique; proceed southward along the famous Andes and Basse Terre, of Guadeloupe. mountains, we pass nearly all the countries of SOUTH AMERICA. 47

50irom GrCCDn'icnlU

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JO ~o "'" ~

.,..., "0 ,i

South America. At Quito, in Equador, we are 6. In order to reach Paraguay, the only in­ under the equator, and here we find the lof­ land country in South America, we enter by tiest peaks in the entire range of the Andes. the broad. mouth of the Rio de la Plata and 48 SOUTH AMERICA.

go up the Paran:1 and P:1raguay rivers. Pass­ Q. Point out and name the principal islands. ing Paraguay, we reach Bolivia and Brazil. A. Trinidad, J o-an-nes, Sout.h Georgia, Falk­ 7. If we cross through Bolivia into Peru, land, Tierra del Fuego, Wellington, Chil-o-e, we shall come to the source of the Amazon Juan Fernandez, St. Felix, and Chin-chas. river. Following clown this tributary, we reach Q. Point out the principal peninsulas. the great river itself, and pass throngh Brazil to the Atlantic Ocean. At the mouth of the A. Brazil and Patagonia. Amazon we can enter the river Zingu, and Q. Point out and namo tho principal capes. ascend its waters, through Brazil, till we come A. Gal-li-nas, Point Ba-ri-ma, Orange, St. to a tributary of the Paraguay river. Desccnd­ Roque. Branco, Frio, St. Maria, Cor-ri-en-tes, ing it, we again arrive at the mouth of the Rio Horn, Pillar, St. Nicholas, A-gu-ja, Blanco, St. de la Plata, and so end our journey through Lo-ren-zo, St. Franci"co, and Point l\Ia-ri-ald. South Amcric:1.

EXAMINATION LESSON XXXV. EXA:\IINATION LESSON XXXVI. South America. Republics of New Granada, or Columbia, and Q. Trace on the map tho trip which we ba,'o just mado. Venezuela. Q. Point out on the map the bonndar:ic::-I. of S America. Q. Name and point out on the map the position and bOWldaric8 of the republic of New Granada, or Columbia. tr Xamc and point out tll0 ohlef divisions of South •\Jllc lien. as follows: Q. roiut out and name the capes and bays on the coast . NEW Q. What celebrated isthmus of this republic unites A. GRANADA [grilrnah-clii], or Co­ North aull l':Iout11 America? LmI-BI-A, capital Bo-go-ta j VE:-I-EZ-UE-LA A. The isthmus of Panama, or Darien. [way-h], capital C",.-IH·,f,,; BRITISH (;FI-A­ NA [ghe-ah-niq, c"l'ital (,','o/~r;cll)lf'ff j l"RENCH NowQG~!~~ta~~~~'~i~~~~~re of mountains runs through GUIANA, capital ('''.'If'ff}!I' [k::i-yenll J; DI'TC'II A. The Andes, which are a continuation of GUIANA, capital ~>'''·-'''IiI",.-i-IH) j BR.\-ZIL', the Hocky Mountains of North America. capital Ri-o fl/~ .]/(//1;1'0 [jii-llce-ro]; ECTA­ Q. What rh'er flows into the Caribbean Sea? DOR [ck-''''L-durc], capital Qnito [kce-to]; PE-RU, cll'ital Lima llce-Ill::t]; BI>-LIV-I-A, capital A. The l'Iag-da-le-na. C/J///jil;"""1 [t,;hll-kc-i'ah-hl]; ClIlLI [tshil-li], Q. What other rivers take their rise in New Granada? capital S,m-ti',I-Y" [-tI-ah-i!"]; LA PLATA [plah­ A. The Orinoco, Rio Xegro, and Caqueta. t:i], capital P"n"/,I [l"t-r'-'-llal,]; P_~R.\

EXAMINATION LESSON XXXVII. EXAMINATION LESSON XXXIX. British, French, and Dutch Guiana. The Republics of Ecuador and Peru. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Guiana. Q. Point out tho position and boundaries of Ecuador. Q. How is it divided! Q. For what is Ecuador chiefly noted? A. Into British, French, and Dntch Gniana. A. For its lofty mountain-peaks, & volcanoes. Q. Wbich division lies to the east and which to the Q. Point out and llaUlC its capital. west? A. Quito, situated near the Equator. A. The British to the east, and the Dutch Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Peru. to the west. Q. Point out and name its capes: Q. For what is Guiana chiefly noted? Q. What islands lie otrthe cua

D 50 LA PLATA-PARAGUAY-URUGUAY-PATAGONIA, ETC.-EUROPE.

EXAMINATION LESSON XLI. CONVERSATION XXI. La Plata, or the Argentine Republic. Conversational Trip through the Continent Q. Point out the position and boundaries of La Plata. of Europe. f). For what iK La Plata chiefly noted r 1. Leaving the shores of America by a A. For its pampas, or vast treeless plains. Canadian steamer, the first European port we Q. Name its chief rivers. touch at is either a northern or a southern one A. The Parana and the Colorado. in Ireland. Thence passing within sight of Q. 'tllat is the direction of these rivers? Scotland or Wales, we soon reaeh England. A. They flow in a south-eastern direetion. 2. We proceed to Londou, the capital of Eng­ Q. Name the capital and other chief city. land and the commercial eentre of the world; A. Buenos Ayres, the capital; and Parana. and from it, by way of Holland and Belgium, direct our steps to England's great neighbour, France. From Paris, by the river Loire EXAMI~ATION LESSON XLII. [lwahr], we reach the Bay of Biscay, and, The Republics of Paraguay and Uruguay. passing round Cape Ortegal, coast along, by Portugal and southern Spain, to Gibraltar. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Paraguay. 3. Passing through this strait, we enter Q. For what is it chiefly noted? the Mediterranean Sea, and, sailing between A. For lying entirely inland. the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, reach Q. Name its two boundary.rh·crs. Italy. Crossing over to the Adriatic Sea and A. The Paraguay and the Parana. going southward, we coast along Greece, and, Q. Point out and name it...: C~lldtal. passing between Turkey in Europe and Turkey A. A~unS'ion, the ~al'ital, on the Paraguay. iu Asia, we enter the Black Sea. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Uruguay. 4. From the mouth of the Danube, we pro­ Q. For what is it chiefly noted? ceed up that noble river through Turkey and A. For having been formerly the banda ori­ Austria, until we reaeh Germany, with Switz­ erland on our left. By way of Prussia, we ~"llIl or southern boundary of ~panishAmerica. reach the Peninsula of Denmark. Q. Namc its capital city. 5. Here crossing over through Sweden and A. Montevideo, on the Rio de la Plata. Norway, we soon again reaeh the Atlantic Ocean. Coasting northward, we pass the EXAl\nNATIO~ LESSON XLIII. Loffoden Islands, and, rounding North Cape, turn southward through Lapland and Finland, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, &c. into the vast empire of Russia. We have Q. Point out tho position and bonudalies of Patagonia. thus in a rapid tour touched every important Q. 'Vhat strait g{'paratl.',"; it from Tierra del Fuego? country in Europe. Q. Point out and name its gulfs, capes, and bay. Q. Name and point out its peninsulas and islands. Q. For what is Patagonia chiefly noted? EXAMINATION LESSON XLIV. ~1. For its sterility, and its vast plains. Q. For what is Tierra del Fuego noted? The Continent of Europe. A. Volcanoes. Its name means Land of Fire. Q. Trace on the map tho trip just made. Q. Point out the position of the Falkland Islands. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Europe. Q. How are they divided? Q. Point out and name tho prinCipal islands. A. Into East Falkland and West Falkland. A. The British Isles, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily. Q. Point out and name some of the smaller islands. Q. What other island lies to the south.east? ..4.. The islands north of Scotland; the isl­ A. South Georgia, an inhospitable place. ands east of Spain; Malta, the Ionian Isles, &0. THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE. 51

Q. Point ont and name the principal peninsulaB. A. White, Baltic, North, Mediterranean, A. Norway and Sweden, Denmark, Spain Adriatic, Marmora, Black, Azof, and Caspian. and Portugal, Italy, Greece, and the Cri-me-a. Q. Point out and name tho principal gulfs. Q. Point out and name the principal capeB. A. Bothnia, Finland, and Cattegat. A. North, Clear, Land's End, Ortegal; Finister're, Spartivento, and Mat-a-pan'. Q. Point out and name the principal bay. Q. Point out and name the principal !eas. A. Biscay, between parts of France & Spain. BRITISH ISLES.

---::=':------" --r::. ..

PRINOIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE.

Q. Point out and name tho principal channels. A. The Irish, St. George's, and the English. EXAMINATION LESSON XLV. Q. roint out and name tllC principal straits. A. Dover, Gibraltar, Messina, and Bosporus. The British Isles. Q. Point out and nnme the principal riYeTs. Q. Point out thc boundaries of the British Isles. A. Volga, Don, Dnieper [nee-per], Dan-nbc, Q. Point out the principal countries in these islands. Rhone, E-bro, Ta-gus, Loire, Seine [sehn] A. England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Rhine, Elbc, a-del', and Yis-tu-la. ' Q. roint out and name Ute principal mountains. A. The Ural or Uralian, Norway or Scan- ~ -- dinavian, Valdai Hills, Caucasian, Carpathian ~-;=- _.=,.,._- Hartz, Alps, Appenines, and PyrC1H'l'S, ' ,""c Q. roint out and name cach of the chief divisions or "'--.­ countries of Europe. Q. 'Vhich ofthcsc countries arc called first-clu88 powers? A. Great Britain and Ireland, France, Rns- sia, Austria, and Prussia. ~c-'c~-'Cc-c~M Q. Name toe second-class powers, A. Spain, Italy, Norway and Sweden Tur­ key in Europe, & the Pontifical States (Rome). Q. Which are tho third·cl.ss powers? A. All the other countries in Europe. Prin3p~o~~1:~! ~f ~:l~O~~~ve engraving, and name, tho A. 1, The Reindeer; 2, Chamois; 3, Goat; 4, Bull; 5, Cow; 6, Sheep; 7, Horse; 8 Ass; 9, Wild Boar; 10, Owl; 11, Golde~ Pheasant; 12, Bittern; 13, White Swan. BRITISH ISLES, NORWAY, SWEDEN, DENMARK, AND PART OF GERMANY AND FRANCE, AS SEEN FROM A BALLOON. BRITISH ISLES. 53 IIr.. -----.-2------,-0------C~1,-,,--ll~:~-'''~le~~,=\\~~-~~1-,~'="'~~-=2~r~Tr-e-'n~w~i,~h--o~L~O~~-~~·-.rr~O~1n--'~G~r~"~nwc~·~,~h--.., \

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.0 In-awn.l>,.. "F.x. DOD:n,..A..& C.E.,'b..l:inlt;c. ..l h('r1ln.d..l:JrICiK A·nO"ss&LL...N.. ~ Q. Point out and name the capitals of England, Ire· Q. Point out the Channel Islands, Alderney, &c. land, and Scotland. I Q. What iBlands lie between England and Ireland? A. London, Dublin, and Edinburgh. O. Po~nt out and name the channels which separate Q. What islands lie to the west and to the north of IScotland from Ireland. Walos from Ireland, and southern Scotfand, and to the south of England? Wales from southern England .. 54 BRITISH EMPIRE-TRIP THROUGH ENGLAND.

Q. What channel and strait separato England from Frallce? Q. What hills soparate England from Scotland? Q. What BeaB lie to the cast and to the west of England? I E:XAMINATIO~ LESSON XLVI. I The British Empire. Q. What constitutes the British empire? A. The islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and the British Colonies all over the world. Q. What city is tho capital of the British empire 1 A. London, on the river Thames, in England. Q. 'Vho is the chief ruler over tho Britisll empire? A. A kill;!" or queen. At present, Her Most Gracious .)Iajesty Queen Victoria is chief ruler. Q. How aro the British colonies governod ? .A. By governors (who represent the Queen), aided by various councils of ministers.

CONVERSATION XXII.

Conversational Trip through England.

1. From London, the great metropolis, we YORK MINSTER. sail down the Thames, and, rounding south­ river to Oxford, another great university-city; ward, pass through the Strait of Dover, be­ passing on our left Windsor Castle, one of the tween England and France, to the south coast. Queen's residences. From Oxford we proceed 2. In sailing along this coast, we pass the northward through the centre of England, beautiful Isle of Wight and the great naval passing through a richly-cultivated country, stations of Portsmouth and Plymouth, till we and many famous manufacturing and mining reach Cornwall,-famous for its tin. Round­ districts, where silks, cottons, woollens, iron, ing this point, we enter the Bristol Channel, and other articles are manufactured in great and, cros~ing it, touch the coast of Wales. abundance. At York, on the river Ouse, we see 3. Sailing across Cardigan Bay, we reach the celebrated Minster, or Cathedral. the Isle of Anglesea, and, passing through the Menai Strait, enter the Irish Sea. Crossing EXAMINATION LESSON XLVII. this sea, we touch at the Isle of Man; from which we steer for St. Bees' Head. We now England. land, and, proceeding through the romantic Q. Trace on the map the trip just made. lake-scenery of Cumberland and Westmoreland, Q. Point out tho position and boundaries of England. cross over to the North Sea and sail south­ Q. Point out and name its principal heads and points. wards to the Norfolk Peninsula. Here we Q. Name and point out its principal baYB and inlets. Q. Point out and namo its principal channels & straits. enter the Ouse [oose] river from The Wash, Q. Point out nnd name its principal islands. and, going southward, soon reach London, pass­ Q. Point out and name its principal rivers. ing the famous university-city of Cambridge. A. The Thames [temz], A-von, Sev-ern, 4. From London we proceed up the Thames Mersey, Tyne, Humber, Trent, and Ouse. ENGLAND AND WALES-TRIP THROUGH IRELAND. 55

O. Point out the "boundaries of Wales. Q. Point out & name the principal scats of commerce. A. London, Liverpool, and Bristol. Q. What are the chief exports? A. Manufac­ tured cottons, woollens, hard­ ware, earthen­ ware, &c. Q. How many counties arc there in England ? A. Forty,- 6 northern, 5 eastern, 19 mid­ land, and 10 sonthern. Q. How many counties are thero in Wales? A.12,-6 in North, and 6 in South Wales. Q. Point out and llame tho coun­ ties in England and Wales. Q. For what is England cWelly no· ted? A. For her civil and reli­ gious freedom, and for her com­ merce and ma­ nufactures. Q. Point out & ~a~herh:hlof~ft~~~~ A. London, the capital j Cambridge, Oxford, CONVERSATION XXIII. Birmingham, Manchest.er, York, Newcastle, Liverpool, Bristol, Southampton, Portsmouth. Conversational Trip through Ireland. Q. Describe the city of London. A. London is the largest, wealthiest, and 1. From Liverpool we take steamer for Ire­ greatest commercial city in the world. Among land, and soon reach its chief city, Dublin. its most noted public buildings are the Houses From Dublin, the capital of Ireland and of of Parliament and the celebrated Westminster the province of Leinster, we go southward Abbey. Population, nearly three millions. along the coast, passing in succession the pic- 56 IRELAND.

impressive from its striking grandeur. 3. Passing the counties of Kerry and Clare, we reach Galway, the capital of the province of Conn aught. After passing Erris Head, we round the north­ ern counties of Ire­ land, passing the celebrated Giant's Causeway, and enter the harbour of Bel­ fast, the capital of the province of Ul­ ster. 4. From Belfast we soon reach Lough ~eagh [nay], the largest lake in Ire- land, and from it Sl proceed westward across the country to Lough Erne and other beautiful lakes, to the head-waters of the Shannon river. Down this fine river we rapidly glide to its mouth, passing ,+"-----z--t--fl52 many noted towns on the way. Tak­ ing a southerly di­ rection, we are soon in the midst of the mountains of Kerry; among which we find the famous turesque Counties of Wicklow, Wexford, and Lakes of Killarney, where many a day may be Waterford, until we reach the city of Cork, spent among the most beautiful scenery of capital of the province of Munster and of the Ireland. largest county in Ireland. 2. After stopping at Queenstown, we still proceed along the coast, and, rounding Cape­ EXAMI~ATIO~ LESSO~ XLVIII. Clear Island, turn northward. We now pass in succession deep bays and rocky capes, form­ Ireland. Q. Trace on the map the trip iust made. ing scenery of a most beautiful description, and Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Ireland. TRIP THROUGH SCOTLAND. 57

Q. Name and point out its chief citie•. A. Dublin, the capital; Belfast, London­ derry, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Galway. Q. Describe Dublin, the Ilapital of Ireland. A. It i~ one of the finest cities in Europe, and contams a number of elegant public build­ ings. Population 258,500.

CONVERSATION XXIV. Conversational Trip through Scotland. 1. From Belfast we cross over to Port Pat­ rick, on the weit coast ?f Scotland. Taking a nort~lCrly course, we saIl past group after group of pICturesque islands, ineludin" Staffa (with its celebrated cave ) ,-the scene~y of which is full of grandeur and beauty. 2. After leaving the Heb-ri-des, or Western Isles, we sail eastward past Cape Wrath and through the Pentland Firth. Turning to the south round the Aberdeen Peninsula, we soon reach Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland on the Frith of Forth. ' THE GIANT'S OAUSEWAY, COUNTY ANTRIM. 3. From this beautiful city, we cross the Q. Point out and name its capes, beads, and points. country to Glas!!:ow, the chief commercial city Q. Point out and name its chief bays and inlet•. in Scotland. Here on the river Clyde we see Q. Point out and name the chief rivers. those celebrated factories so long famous for A. The Shannon, Suir, Barrow, and Boyne. their machinery and ship-building. Q. Point out and name the principal islands. 4. From Glasgow we pass up Loch Lomond A. Cape-Clear, Valentia, Arran, Clare, and and through Argyle, with the lofty Ben Lo­ Achil [ak-ilJ. mond on our right, to the outlet of the Cale­ Q. Point out and name the principal lakes. donian Canal, which connects Moray Frith A. Loughs Foyle, Neagh, Erne, Ree, Conn, with the Atlantic. Here, leaving Ben Nevis Mask, Corrib, Derg, and Killarney. behind, we take a rapid run through the wild Q. What are the chief cxports ? scenery of the Northern Highlands. A. Laces, poplins, linens, and farm-products. 5. Retracing our steps through Aberdeen by way of Balmoral, on the river Dee, where Q. Into what provinces is Ireland divided? the Queen's Castle is situated, and crossing A. Leinster, Munster, Ulster, & Connaught. the Grampian Mountains, we reach the pic­ Q. How many counties are there in Ireland? turesque counties in the centre of Scotland, A. Thirty-two i-in Leinster, twelve' Mun­ with their numerous rivers, lochs, and mountain­ ster, six; Ulster, nine; and Uonnaught, five. peaks, so famous for their beauty. At Loch Q. Point out these provinoes and counties. Q. Name the capitals ofeaob of tho provinces. Katrine in the County of Perth, as at Kil­ A. Dublin, of Leinster; Cork, of Munster; larney in Ireland, and at the Cumberland lakes Belfast, of Ulster; and Galway, of Connaught. in England, we might linger long; but we must Q. For what i. Ireland chiefiy noted? hasten on through the counties of Stirling, A. For its beautiful scenery, its fertility, Lanark, and Dumfries, and by way of Gretna ~nd agricultural or farm products. reach the Solway Firth. Thus we end our trip. 58 SCOTLAND.

ri-des, Orkneys, & Shetland Islands. Q. Point out and name its principal lochs or lakes. A. Lochs Lo­ mond, Katrine, Awe, Fyne, Tay, Ness, Maree, and Shin. Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. A. The North Cheviots, theGram­ pians, & the N orth­ ern Highlands. Q. Point out and name the principal " rivers. A. The Clyde, Tay, Dee, & Spey. Q. Where is the chief mining-district of Scotland? A. It stretches from Fifeshire to Ayrshire. Q. Into how many s·I;----;~_ counties is Scotland divided? A. 33, includ­ ing the islands. Q. Point out and name these counties on the map. Q. What are the chlef exports? A. Linens, ma- chinery, steam- " ships, and agri- S e OTLA N D\ s(",;ra, ~~'fidi.if-~-iI cultural products. ·llgJfoJ:"E~LessOD.~.in 6Cn~Geog,~ll)t I ~o T 0 Q. For what is portl'atr~~ \> i,iJe Scotland chiefly noted? .. Long. """West: (., 1,~I,l)ilJ Greeuwicn A. For its moun- L.~D~'"~~=-'~"'~'"":'·'·~'~'U~"':"L~".~"[,:;'.,,~.";;;,";;;,;;;'vF-"';';;;;';-"IIJ._..;;:;.... -...;.;;;.,~~=.~~:i::~m'l'r:r.:::~~.. tainous highlands, EXAMINATION LESSON XLIX. wild and picturesque scenery, and many friths. Q. Where is Balmoral Castle? Scotland. A. On the river Dee, county of Aberdeen. Q. Trace on the map the trip just mad •. Q. Namo and point out the principal Scottish cities. Q. Point out the position and boundaries 01 Scotland. Q. Point out and name its capes and heads. A. Edinburgh, the capital i Glasgow, Dun- Q. Point out its sounds, bays, and 1il-ths. dee, Aberdeen, Perth, and St. Andrews. Q. Point out and name its principal islands. Q. Describe Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. A. Arran, Islay, Jura, Mull, Skye, the Heb- A. Edinburgh is a beautiful and picturesque BRITISH DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE-SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 59

Q. Give the names of tho principal Ionian isles. A. Corfu, Cephalonia, and Zante. Q. Under what gOTornmcnt arc tho Ionian Islos? A. They form are public, under the proteo­ tion of Great Britain.

CONVERSATION XXVI. Conversational Trip through Spain and Portugal. 1. Leaving France by way of the river Rhone, we soon reach Spain; down the coast of which we sail, passing the Isles of Minorca, Majorca, and I Yi~'l on one side, and the mouth of the Ebro river on the other. Round through the i-Itrait of Gibraltar, we reach Portugal, and turn to the north along its coast. BALMORAL CASTLE, THE QUEEN'S HIGHLAND RESIDENOE. 2. On our way northward, we pass two im­ city, and contains many noble buildings and lit­ portant rivers, the Tagus and the Douro, and erary institutions. The new town is hand­ again reach the coast of Spain. Rounding somely laid out. Population 168,100. Capes Finisterre aud Ortegal, we enter the Bay of Biscay. Going due east along the coast, we soon reach the Pyrenees boundary­ CONVERSATION XXV. line between France and Spain. 3. Landing here, we proceed southward to Conversational Trip through the Principal the Strait of Gibraltar, by way of Madrid, the British Dependencies in Europe. capital of Spain. On our way, we cross succes­ 1. From I~ondon we proceed down the Eng­ sively several mountain-ranges, which divide the lish Channel, touching at the islands of Jersey, country into as many fertile plains and valleys. Guernsey, Alderney, and Sercq (or Sark), which lie close to the coast of France. 2. Leaving these islands, we cross the Bay EXAMINATION LESSON LI. of Biscay; thence, rounding Spain, we touch at the rock of Gibraltar, with its famous for­ Spain and Portugal. tress. Entering the strait here, we pass along Q. Trace on the map of Europe, p. 51, tho trip just made. the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and land Q. Point out the boundaries of Spain and Portugal. at Malta. Farther on we reach the Ionian Q. Point out and name the capes and strait. Isles, which ends our trip. Q. What great mountain-rango lies to the north. Q. For what is Gibraltar noted? EXAMINATION LESSON L. A. As a celebrated British fortress. Q. Point out and namo the principal rivers. British Dependencies in Europe. A. The Ebro, Guadiana, Tagus, and Douro. Q. Name the British Dependencies in Europe. Q. "'hat aro tho chicf exports of Spain and Portugal? A. The Channel Islands, Ijibraltar, Malta, A. Wines, oil, fruit, leather, &c. the Ionian Isles, and the Island of Helgoland. Q. Point out and name the capital cities. Q. Give the names of the lIaltese group of islands. A. Madrid, the capital of Spain; and Lis­ A. Malta, Gozo, and Cumino. bon, the capital of Portugal. 60 FRANCE.

2. Here we cross over into the Mediterra­ nean, and pro­ ceed along that coast, passing the Rhone riv­ er, until we reach Nice, a place lately acquired by France from Sardinia. Go­ ing northward along a spur of the Alps, we reach Savoy, also lately ce­ ded to France by Sardinia. Here we reach Mont Blanc; from which we turn to Ge­ neva. Follow­ ing the Swiss boundary-line to Basle, we go farther N. to Strasbourg. 3. From Strasbourg we proceed by Q. For what were Spain and Portugal formerly noted 7 railway across the country to Paris, the capital A. For their commercial greatness. of France. After seeing this splendid city, we turn our steps southward until we reach the CONVERSATION XXVII. Rhone, down which we go to A vignon; thence to Marseilles, and to Toulon, the southern naval­ Conversational Trip through France. station of France. From this port we can sail 1. Our nearest way to France from Russia to Corsica, a large island in the Mediterranean is through Germany and up the Moselle river. belonging to France. Ajaccio, its capital, was Following up the Belgian boundary-line, we the birth-place of the first Napoleon. reach the Strait of Dover, near Calais. From this town we proceed along the coast, passing EXAMINATION LESSON LII. BouloO'ne, Dieppe, Havre (at the mouth of the Seine)~ Cherbourg, and Brest, until we reach France. the Bay of Biscay. Down it we sail, passing Q. Traee en tho map the trip just made. the rivers Loire and Garonne, until we reach Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Franee. the Pyrenees mountains at the south. Q. Point out and name its principal gulf and hay. AUSTRIA-PRUSSIA-ITALY. 61

Q. What mountain-ranges are at the south and the cast 1 Q. Point out the principaiIivers, & .how their direction. OONVERSATION XXIX. Q. How is France divided? .A. Formerly into provinces, but now into Conversational Trip through Prussia. thirty-eight departments. 1. From Austria we cross the Hartz Moun­ Q. What are the chief export. 1 ~ains into Prussia by way of Saxony. Pass­ .A. Silks, fancy articles, wines, &c. mg to the north-east through Silesia and across Q. For what is France chiefly noted 1 the rivers Oder and Vistula, we reach the Baltic. .A. For its compact shape, its silk-manufao­ 2. Turning now to the west and passing the tures, and its military power. month of the Oder, we proceed inland to Berlin, the capital of Prussia; then turning to the west, Q. Point out and name its chief cities. we cross the Elbe through Hanover into Eastern .A. Paris, the capital; Oalais, Havre, Oher­ Prussia, passing through a fertile country. bourg, Brest, Nantes, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Toulon, Lyons, Dijon, Strasbourg, and Rheims. EXAMINATION LESSON LIV. Q. Point out the position of Corsica. Q. Point out and name its capital. Prussia. .A. Ajaccio, the birth-place of Napoleon I. Q. Trace on tho map of Europe, p. 51, the trip ju,! made. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Prussia. Q. What countrios separate East and West Prussia? OONVERSATION XXVIII. A. Hanover, and other smaller states. Conversational Trip through Austria. Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. A. The Rhine, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. 1. From Italy we enter Austria, by way of Q. In what direction do they flow? Venice. Orossing the country we reach the Q. What are the chief oxports of Prussia 1 Carpathian Mountains. Following these moun­ A. Grain, wine, lumber, wool, linen, &c. tains, we soon reach the river Danube_ Q. For what is Prussia chiefly noted? 2. We now turn to the west, and, following A. For its rapid growth into a kingdom. the course of the Danube, pass through the Q. Point out and name its capital city. heart of the empire, including Hungary, to A. Berlin, on a tributary of the Elbe. Vienna, its capital. OONVERSA'rION XXX. EXAMINATION LESSON LIII. Conversational Trip through Italy. The Empire of Austria. 1. Leaving Switzerland, we descend through Q. Trace on the map of Europe, p. 51, the trip just made. Piedmont to Turin, its capital, and, by rail­ Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Austria. way, reach the Gulf of Genoa. Passing down Q. Point out and name its principal mountain-ranges? the coast of Tuscany, we sail between the A. The Alps, and the Oarpathians. islands of Elba and Oorsica_ Q. Point out and name its principal river. 2_ Leaving the island of Sardinia to the A. The Danube, flowing through its centre. west, we pass in succession the river Tiber Q. Point out & name the principal divisions of Anstria. and the beautiful Bay of Naples, till we reach A. Austria Proper, Venice, and Hungary. the Strait of Messina, between Italy and the Q. What are the chief exports 1 island of Sicily. On leaving the Strait, we A. Glass, flax, paper, silk, and wool. round Oape Spartivento, and, passing the Q. For what is Austria noted 1 Gulfs of Squil-la-ce and Taranto, enter the A. For its central position, and its mines. Adriatic Sea by the Strait of Otranto. Q. Point out and name some of its chief cities. 3. Up this sea we sail rapidly until we reach A. Vienna, the capital; Innspruck, &Venice. the Gulf of Trieste. Orossing this gulf to 02 ITALIAN STATES-SWITZERLAND-RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

Venice, we go southward to the river Po, and St. Bernard (see map of Italy). Turning to ascenu its rich valley for some distance, then the east along the southern boundary between turn southward through Parma, Modena, and Switzerland and Italy (see map of Europe), we Tuscany. From the celebrated city of Rome, are in the midst of some of the most celebrated we can proceed to the south of Italy, by way scenery of the Alps and of the numerous lakes. of the Apennine Mountains, which extend as 2. Going northwards, we reach Berne, the fur as the Strait of Messina. capital of Switzerland, and then, turning to the south, reach the Lake of Geneva, at the EXAMINATION LESSON LV. south·west corner of Switzerland (see map of France). From this beautiful lake, we soon The Italian States. again come to the celebrated Mont Blanc and the Great St. Bernard, and so end our trip. Q. Trace on the map the trip just made. Q. Point out the position and boundarics of Italy. Q. Point out and name the principal capes and straits. EXAl\1INATIOX LESSON LVI. Q. roint out and name its principal gulfs and bays. Q. What largo islands lie off its coast? Switzerland. A. Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. Q. Trace on the map of Europe, p. 51, and map of Italy (next page), the trip just made. Q. Point out and name its principal mountain~range9. Q. Point out the position & boundaries ofSwitzer]and. A. The Alps, and the Apennines. Q. What mountains form its southern boundary? Q. Point out and name its principal rivers. A. The Alps, which separate it from Italy. A. The Po, Arno, and Tiber. Q. Name two mountain-peaks near this boundary. Q. In what direction do thcy flow? A. Mont Blanc and the Great St. Bernard.. Q. Name its two celebrated volcallic mountains. A. Vesuvius, at Xaples; and Etna, in Sicily. Q. Name one of the principal lakes. A. Geneva, on the French boundary-line. Q. How is Italy dhided? A. Into the kingdom of Italy, the Austrian Q. 'Vhat are tho chief exports? province of Venetia, and the Pontifical States. A. Jewellery, ribbons, silks, cattle, cheese, &c. Q. What arc the chief exports ? Q. For what is Switzerland chiefly noted? A. Silks, olives, straw.hats, and coral. A. For its beautiful lakes and mountains. Q. For what is Italy chiefly noted! Q. How is Switzerland divided? A. For its ancient greatness; and for havino­ A. Into 2~ cantons, forming a republic. long been the residence of the Pope, or head Q. Point out and name the chief cities. of the Roman Catholic Church. A. Berne, the capital; and Geneva. Q. roint out and name its chief cities l' A. Turin, Genoa, Milan, Venice, BoloO"na CONVERSATION XXXII. Florence, Pisa, Rome, Naples, and Palerm~. ' Q. Describe Rome, the capital of the Pontifical States. Conversational Trip through Russia.­ A. Rome is noted for its numerous splendid in-Europe. buildings, especially the Pontifical Cathedral 1. From Stockholm, opposite the Gnlf of of St. Peter, the Vatican (or residence of the Finland, we sail eastward to St. Petersburg, Pope), and numerous churches. Pop. 180,500. the capital of Russia. Mter admiring this city, we proceed inland to Moscow, the for­ CONVERSATION XXXI. mer capital. Here we find a splendid city j but as we pass out of it toward the Dnieper Conversational Trip through Switzerland. river, we e~ter a desolate country, called the Steppes. L From Spain we reach Switzerland through 2. From the mouth of the Dnieper we reach France, by way of Mont Blanc and the Great the Crimea, and, after visiting Sebastopol and ITALY. 63

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.G

its famous battle-ground, proceed along the 3. Up this river we go some distance, then Black Sea to the Sea of Azof. Here we enter cross to the Ural Mountains and sail down the the river Don for a short distance and cross­ Petchora river to the Arctic Ocean. We now ing over from it to the Caspian Sea by way turn to the west and enter the White Sea; of the river Volga, turn toward the north till down whioh we sail, and, by river, crossing to we reach the mouth of the Ural river. Lake Onega, are soon at St. Petersburg again. 64 RUSSIA IN EUROPE-NORWAY AND SWEDEN.

Q. What are the chief exports? A. Tallow, hides, iron, hemp, furs, and timber. note~'? }'or what is Russia chielly A. For its great extent, and its steppes. ciPa?~it%~~O and point out its prin. A. St. Petersburg, the capi­ tal j Moscow, the former capi­ tal i and Sebastopol. Q. Point out the position of Po­ land. A. It lies between Russia and Prussia. Q. Point out and name its chief town. A. Warsaw, the former ca­ pital, on the river Vistula.

CONVERSATION XXXIII. Conversational Trip through Norway and Sweden. 1. From London we sail northeastwardly to the coast of Norway. Up this coast we proceed, passing a great num· ber of fiords, or bays, on the coast, until we rcach the Lof­ foden Isles and North Cape. 2. After rounding the pen­ insula and crossing Lapland, we enter the Gulf of Bothnia. EXAMINATION LESSON LVII. We sail dow? this gulf to Stockholm, the capi­ tal of the kIngdom. We now continue our Russia-in-Europe. course in the Baltic Sea, and, rounding the Swedish peninsula, soon enter the CatteO'at. Q. Trace on tho map of Europe, p. 61, the trip just made. . 3. Passing up the Cattegat, we reach °Chris• Q. Point out on the same map tho position and boun.. daries of Uussia-in-Europc. tiania, the capital of Norway; and leavinO' it Q. Point out and namo its principal seas and gulfs. on?- trip .northward through Norway, we tr~vel Q. Point out ita principal capes and peninsulas. amldst wlld and mountainous scenery. Q. Point out and name its principal mountain-ranges. EXAMINATION LESSON LVIII. A. The Ural and the Caucasian Mountains. Q. Point ont and name its principal rivers . Norway and Sweden. .A. The Pet-cho-ra, Dwi-na, Du-na Vis­ Q. Trace on the map tho trip just made. Q. Point out the boundaries of Norway and Sweden. tu-Ia in part, Dnieper, Don, Volga, and D-ra!. Q. Point out and name their principal capes, gulfs, &c. DENMARK-HOLLAND AND BELGIUM-GERMANY. 65

Q. What chiefly divides these two countries? islands until we come to the mouth of the Rhine. A. An extensive mountain-range. Passing this v.ide river-delta, we reach Belo'ium. Q. Point out and name the pIincipal lakes. 2. Landing at the boundary-line between A. Malar, Wener, and Wetter. France and Belgium, we follow it into Holland Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. until ~e reach the Rhine again. Crossing it, A. l\Iuonio, Tornea, Dahl, Go-tha, and we stIll go on farther north until wc arrive at Glommen. Amsterdam, the capital of Holland. Q. What are the chief exports? A. Iron, copper, fish, horses, &c. EXAMINATION LESSON LX. Q. Name the capital of each country. The Kingdoms of Holland and Belgium. A. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and Christiania, the capital of' Norway. Q. Point out the boundaries of Holland and Belgium. Q. What principal river bas its Qutll'! on tbe coast? Q. Where is Lapland, and to whom doc. it belong? The Rhine, which rises in Germany. A. It lies to the north-east of' Sweden, and A. belongs partly to Sweden and partly to Russia. Q. What are tbe cbiefcxports? A. Cheese, gin, tulips, lace, linen, clocks, &c. Q. CONVERSATION XXXIV. For what i, Holland chiefly noted? A. For its numerous canals, and for its dykes or coast-embankments to keep out the sea. Conversational Trip through Denmark. Q. For what is Belgium chieOy noted? Leaving Prussia by the Elbe river, we reach A. For its oil-paintings; and for having been Denmark. Going northward along the coast, one of the principal battle-fields of Europe. we pa~s many islands, and enter the Cattegat. Q. Point out and name tho capital cities. Rouniling this, we pass on southward, and A. Amsterdam, the capital of Holland; and soon enter the river Elbe again. Brussels, the capital of Belgium.

EXAMINATION LESSON LIX. CONVERSATION XXXVI.

Denmark. Conversational Trip through Germany Proper. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Denmark. We have already gone through Austria, ' Q. Name the principal island. off its east coa.t. Prussia, Denmark, and Holland,-parts of A. Zealand, Funen, and Laaland. which are included in the Germanic Confedera­ Q. What are the chief exports 1 tion. Following the course of' the Elbe, we A. Fish, agricultural products, feathers, &c. pass through Saxony and several other small Q. For what is Denmark chiefly noted? kingdoms, Duchies, Grand Duchies, &c., which A. For its peninsular form. are known aH Germany Proper, and which are also included in the Confederation. Q. Point out and name its chief cities. A. Copenhagen, the capital; Elsinore, &c. EXAMINATION LESSON LXI.

CONVERSATION XXXV. The Germanic Confederation. Q. Point out and name the ,everal countries in tbo Conversational Trip through Holland Germanic Confederation. and Belgium. A. Parts of Austria, Prussia, Denmark, and 1. From Denmark we reach Holland, either Holland; and Germany Proper, including the through Hanover or by the North Sea. Sailing kingdoms of Hanover, Saxony, Bavaria, and down the low flat coast, we pass numerous Wurtemberg; and 27 smaller states.

III 66 GI\EECE-TURKEY-IN-EUROPE-CONTINENT OF ASIA.

(). For what object arc the~e states confederated? Q. What are the chief exports? A. Chiefly for commerce and self-defence. A. Honey, currants, figs, and other fruits. Q. roint out. & name the chief rivers in these countries. Q. For what is Greece chiclly noted? A. The Oder, Elbe, Rhine, and Danube. .A.. For its ancient greatness. Q. What are the chief exports? Q. Point out and name its capital city. A. Flax, grain, timber, fruit, &c. A. Athens, on its eastern coast. Q. Name the capital citi('~ of some of tlH'FC States . .A. Hanover, the capital of Hanover; Dres­ EXAMINATION LESSON LXIII. den, of Saxony; Munich, of Bavaria; Stut­ gard, of W urtcmberg. Turkey-in-Europe. Q. Point out the boundaries of Turkey~in-Europe. CONVERSATION XXXVII. Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. A. The Carpathians at the north. Conversational Trip through Turkey-in­ Q. Point out and name its principal river. Europe and Greece. A. The Danube, at the north. 1. To reach Turkey from Holland, we sail Q. What are the chief exports? up the Rhine until we can cross over to the A. Carpets, silks, leather, drugs, fruit, &c. Danube. Sailing down this nuble river through Q. For what is Turkey.in-Europe chiefly noted? Austria, and Turkey - in -Europe, we soon A. For its ancient history as Macedonia, &c. reach its mouth, on the Baltic Sea_ From Q. Point out and name the capital city of the empire. this point we proceed southward 3S far as the Bosporus, and, passing' Constantinople, the A. Constantinople, on the Bosporus. capital of Turkey, sail through the Sea of 3Iarmora into the Grecian Archipel~g'o. EXAMINATION LESSON LXIV. 2. Sailing through this archipelago, we soon reach the once classic shores of Greece, The Continent of Asia. and Athens, its capital. From Athens we Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Asia. sail southward, and, rounding Cape Matapan', Q. Point out and name its principal capes and bays. sail northward to the Ionian Islands. Pass­ Q. Point out and name its principal seas and gulfs. ing them, we again reach the Turkish coast. Q. Point out and name its chief peninsulas. Following this coast up the Adriatic, we again A. Turkey-in-Asia, Arabia, Hindostan', Ma­ reach the Austrian boundary. From this point lacca, Corea, and Kamtchatka. we can easily cross the country to the river Q. Point out and name the prinCipal islands. Danube again. A. Ceylon', Hainan', Formosa, the Japan Isles, Saghalien, and New Siberia. EXAmXATION LESSON LXII. Q. Point out and ,name the principal mountain-ranges . ..:1_ The Yablonoi, Altai, Thian-Rhan', Peling', The Kingdom of Greece. the Eastern and Western Ghauts, Himalay'as, Q. Trace on the map of Europe, p. 51, the trip just made. and the Ural and the Caucasus in part. Q. roint out the position and boundaries of Greece. Q. roint out and name the great rivers in Asia. Q. roiut out and name it~ prinCipal cape. A. Indus, Ganges, Mekong, Yang-tse-ki-ang', Q. How is Greece divided? Ho-ang-ho', Amoor, Lena, Yenisei, and Obi. A. Into Hellas, at the north; and the Mo­ Q. Point out and name the principal desert. rea, a peninsula at the south. A. The great desert of Gobi, in Tartary. Q. Point out the principal islands 011' the coast. Q. Into what countries is Asia divided r A. Candia, belonging to Turkey; and the A. Into Russia-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Asia, Ionian Islands, under British protection. Arabia, Persia, Independent Tartary, Bokhara, ASIA. 67

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Q, What countries lie east of Persia 1-.ast of Rindo­ Afghanistan', Beloochistan', Hindostan', BUr-\ stan?-north of Indial-east of tho Ca'pian Seal-What mah (or Birmah), Siam, Laos, Anam, Ma­ islands lie to the ea.t 1-to the north I-to the south?-What lacca, China, Japan, &c. range of very high mountain. lies north of Hindostan! 68 TRIP THROUGH ASIA-RUSSIA-IN-ASIA.

PRINCIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT OF ASIA.

CONVERSATION XXXVIII. 4. If we wish to explore China, we can now turn to the east, and, reaching the Yang-tse­ Conversational Trip through Asia. kiang river, proceed eastward through the heart of that great empire. 1. From Turkey-in-Europe we cross ?ver to 5. But continuing our course along the foot Turkey-in-Asia and on our way to ArabIa, pass of the Himalaya Mountains, by way of throuO'h Jerus;lem ' the capital of Palestine, Ca­ " , . bool we enter a small river. Down this river now called Syria. From ArabIa we cross over we ~ail to the Sea of Aral; and from it, across to Persia, and through Afghanis.t~n and Beloo­ chistan reach India. Here, stuhng down the Independent Tartary, reach the Caspi~n Sea. SailinO' down this sea, we come to a rIver on GanO'es river we enter the Bay of Bengal. its coast. Up this river we proceed to Following the coast-line to the IHalacca we~t 2~ Mount Ararat; from which we again reach or Malay Peninsula we enter the Gulf of Siam, Turkey-in-Asia, and thus end our trip. and turninO' northward, soon reach China, Pas~inO' alon';'. this extensive coast, 'we touch at Q. Trace on the map of Asia the trip just made." " " Q. Point out and name the principal animals of Asia. the Corea on our way through the Japan Islands. A. 1 The Monkey; 2, the Lion; 3, Tiger; From Japan we continue our course, by way of 4, Ibex'; 5, Camel; 6, Elephant.; 7, Rhinoce­ Kamtchatka, to Behring Strait. fOS; 8, the Peacock; 9, Flammgo; 10, the 3. Here we reach the Arctic Ocean; and, Boa Constrictor; and 11, the Anaconda. following the coast-line past Siberia, we enter the mouth of the river Lena. Sailing up this CONVERSATION XXXIX. river to its western source, we continue on throu"h Lake Baikal to the foot of the Altai Conversational Trip through Russia-. Mountains. Crossing these mountains into in-Asia. Mongolia, Chinese TartarJ:' and Tibet, we 1. From the Black Sea we cross over to the reach the Himalaya Mountams. Caspian Sea. From this sea, we reach the RUSSIA-IN-ASIA-TURKEY-IN-ASIA-ARABIA. 69 boundary at the north, and, proceeding up it, EXAMINATION LESSON LXVI. cross the Ural Mountains into Siberia. Cross­ ing the Obi river, we come to the Yenisei river, and, sailing down it, reach the Arctic Ocean. Turkey-in-Asia. 2. Turning to the north-east, we round Q. Trace on the map of Asia the trip just made. North-East Cape, and, touching at the islands Q. Point out the position of Turkey-in-Asia. of New Siberia, continue our course through Q. Name the principal divisions of Turkey-in-Asia. Behring Strait, by way of Kamtchatka, to A. Asia Minor, comprising Ryria (including the Sea of Okhotsk. After passing Saghalien Palestine), Armenia, Kourdistan' (or Assyria). Island, we turn southward to the river Amoor. Q. What are the ciliefexportsr Sailing up this boundary-river, we reach the A. Fruit, grain, coffee, silk, &c. Altai Mountains, and, continuing our course along their base, again reach thc Obi river. Q. For what is Turkey-in-As.ia chiefly noted? A. For having been the scene of nearly all the events mentioned in Scripture. EXAMINATION LESSON I.tXV. Q. For what is Palestine chiefly noted? A. For having been the scene of OUR SA­ Russia-in-Asia. VIOUR'S life and sufferings on earth. Q. Trace on the map of Asia the trip just made. Q. Point out the boundaries of Russia-in-Asia. CONVERSATION XLI. Q. Point out the position of Siberia. Q. Point out and name its principal mountain-range. Conversational Trip through Arabia, Persia, A. The Altai range, at the south. Afghanistan, and Beloochistan. Q. Point out its principal rivers and their courses. 1. From Jerusalem, we go southward to A. The Obi, Yenisei, Lena, and Amoor. Arabia, and thence continue our course down Q. What are the chicfexportsr the coast. Turning to the east, and keeping A. Furs, and the products of the mines. along the coast, we enter the Persian Gulf. Q. For what is Russia-in-Asia chiefly Doted? 2. At the head of this gulf, we turn south­ A. For its extent, and Siberian penal-mines. ward along the Persian coast, and soon reach the western, boundary of India. Turning Q. Point out the capital city of Siberia. inland to the north, we cross Beloochistan, A. Tobolsk, on a branch of the river Obi. by way of Kelat', into Afghanistan. Still continuing northward, we reach Cabool. From CONVERSATION XL. Cabool we cross the mountains into Persia. 3. Here, through a great salt -desert, we proceed to the Caspian Sea, and from it turn Conversational Trip through Turkey­ southward to Teheran', the capital. From in-Asia. Teheran we proceed directly southward, 1. From the Black Sea, we cross over to the through a mountainous country, to the head city of Jerusalem, which is so famous in Bible of the Persian Gulf, as before. history; and, turning: to the east, continue our course to the river Euphrates, near which is EXAMINATION LESSON LXVII. supposed to have been the Garden of Eden. 2. Down this river we go as far as the Persian Gulf. Retracing oUf steps, we proceed Arabia. northward along the boundary-line between Q. Trace on the map of Asia the trip just mado. Persia and Turkey, near Mount Ararat, and Q. Point out the position of Arabia. Boon again reach the Black Sea. Q. What gulf separates Arabia from Persia r 70 PERSIA, ETC.-EAST INDIES-HINDOSTAN, OR BRITISH INDIA.

Q. What is peculiar about Arabia? of the Kistnah, Godavery, and Hoogly rivers, A. Though a large country, its rivers are until we reach the river-delta of the Ganges. small, as mountains extend all round the coast. 3. From the mouths of the Gauges and the Q. Whnt nre the chief exports? Bramahpootra rivers we turn to the south along ..:1. Coffee, gums, spices, and fruits. the coast-line of Aracan, where, rounding the Q. For what is Arabia chiefly noted? peninsula of Pegu, we pass the mouth of the .1. For ib; s'lndy deserts, and for having been Irrawaddy and reach the Tenasserim coast, the scene of the impostor Mahomet's career. down which we sail to Singapore the capital of Q. Nanw the capito.! city. the British settlements on the Malacca Straits. A. Mecca, near its west coast. (See map of Asia.) 4. Crossing the Bay of Bengal, we reach the Hoogly river; up which we go to Calcutta, the EXAl\IINATION LESSON LXVIII. capital of the Bengal Presidency and of British India. From Calcutta we proceed northward to the river Ganges. Sailing up this noble river, Persia, Beloochistan, and Afghanistan. with the great Himalaya Mountains to the north Q. Point out the position and boundarics of Persia. of us, we reach the Presidency of Agra, and pass Q. 'Vhat s('a~ lie N. of PerSia, and S. of BcloochiRtan? through many splendid cities. Continuing our A. 'rhe Caspian, north of Persia; and the course to the north-west after we leave the Arabian, south of Beloochistan. Ganges, we reach the Punjaub Presidency, Q. What gulf lies south of Persia 1 which is enclosed within five rivers. Crossing Q. What are tho chief exports 1 four of them, which are tributaries of the A. Silks, carpets, perfumes, &0. Indus river, we turn southward down this fine Q. 'Vhat are these countries noted for? river and again reach its many mouths. A. Persia is noted for its ancient greatness, and the other states for their warlike tribcs. EXA~IIXATIOX LESSON LXIX. Q. Point out and name the capital cities. A. Teheran, the capital of Persia; Cabool, Hindostan, or British India. the capital of A(ghanistan; and Kel-at' the Q. Trace on the map of India the trip just made. capital of Beloochistan. ' Q. Point out the boundaries of Britisll India. Q. Point out and name its principal capes, gulfs, & bays. Q. Point out and name its principal islands. CONVERSATION XLIL A. Ceylon, the Maldives, & the Laccadives. Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. Conversational Trip through the - A. The Himalayas at the north, and the East Indies. Ghauts at the south. 1. From Beloochistan we proceed by the Q. Point out the plincipal rivers and their Courses. Arabian Sca along the coast-line of India, and A. The Indus, Ganges, Bramahpootra, Go­ pass in succession the mouths of the Indus river, davery, Kistnah, and Nerbudda. the Gulfs of eutch and Cam bay, the city of Q. What aro tho chief exports? Bombay, and Goa the capital of the Portuguese ;,1. Ri?e, sugar, tea, spices, indigo, cotton, settlements. To the west of the Malabar coast opIUm, Silk, hemp, flax, iron, salt, &c. lie the Laccadive and the Maldive Islands. Q. For what is India chielly noted? 2. Rounding Cape Comorin, we pass the A. For being the largest and most valuable island of Ceylon to the right, and proceed up dependency of the British crown. the Bay of Bengal to Pondicherry the capital Q. How is Hindostan divided? of the French settlements, Madras the capital A. Into the five British Presidencies, &c. j of the Madras Presidency, and the mouths and the dependent and the independent states. BURMAH, SIAM, ETC.-EMPIRE OF CIIIXA.

A. Pondicherry (French) and Goa (Dutch) Canton', Ningpo,' and Shanghae', until we settlements j Cashmere', Nepaul', and Bhotan', reach the mouth of the Yang-tse-ki-ang river. native states. Up this great river we sail to Nankin', and then on thronp;h the heart of the empire until I we come to Tibet and the desert of Gobi. EXAMINATION LESSON LXX. 2. Crossing this desert to tbe Thian-Shan' Burmah, Siam, &c. Mountains, we proceed along them to the east, Q. Point out the boundaries of Burmah and Siam. and again cross the desert of Gobi to Pekin', Q. Point out and name the capital cities. the capital of the empire. After seeing this A. Singapore', capital of the British Malacca­ great city, we continue our course from it Straits settlements j Monchoba, of Burmahj into the Yellow Sea, and thence to the mouth Bankok', of Siam; Hue, of Anam. of the Ho-ang-ho river. On our way, it is likely we shall meet with many groups of people like that in the engraving on next page. CONVERSATION XLIII. Conversational Trip through the Chinese EXAMINATION LESSON LXXI. Empire. 1. From Anam (see map of Asia), we go up The Empire of China. the Chinese coast, passing the large islands of Q. Trace on the map of Asia the trip we have just made. Hainan' and Formosa and the coast-cities of Q. Point out the position and hounda,ie. of China. ISLANDS OF JAPAN-OCEANIA-MALAYSIA.

CONVERSATION XLIV. Conversational Trip through the Islands of Japan. From China we cross over to Ximo, or Kiu­ siu, Sikokf, Niphon, and Yess.o, t~e principal islands of Japan. As we wllld III and out through the straits and deep gulfs and bays, we reach many places of great beauty, and cities well populated. To the north are Sag­ hali'en and the Kurile islands, which belong to Japan.

EXAMINATION LESSON LXXII. The Islands of Japan. Q. Point out the position of the Japan island•. Q. Name the principal islands of Japan. A. Ximo, or Kiusiu, Sikokf, and .Niphon. Yesso, the southern part of Saghalien, and the Kurile islands, are dependencies. OHINESE MANDAHIN, HIS WIFE. CHILD, AND SERVANT. Q. What are the chief products ? A. Copper, iron, tea, tobacco, and silk. Q. Point out and nnme its principal seas. Q. For what is Japan chiefly noted? Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. A. For its long seclusion from other nations. A. The Thian-shan, north, and the Peling, Q. Point out and name its chief cities. south of Chinese Tartary. A. Jeddo, the military capital; l\feaco, the Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. ecclesiastical capital; Osaka, Simoda, &c. A. The Ho-ang-ho, and the Yang-tse-ki-ang. Q. How is China divided? EXAMINATION LESSON LXXIII. A. Into China Proper, Tibet, Chinese Tar­ tary (including Mongolia, and l\Iantchooria), Oceania. Corea; and Formosa, Hainan, and Loo-choo Q. Point out tbe great island-groups of Oceania. islands. Q. Into bow many great groups are tbey divided? Q. What arc tbe chief exports ? A. Into three, called Malaysia, Australasia, A. Tea, rice, silks, porcelain, nankeen, &c. and Polynesia; and these are again subdivided. Q. For what is China chiefly noted? EXAMINATION LESSON LXXIV. A. For its vast popnlation, its great wall, its tea-exports, and its porcelain, or china. Malaysia. Q. Point out and name its chief cities. Q. Point out tho position of the Malaysian group. A. Pekin, the capital; Nankin, Shanghae, Q. Name the principal islands in this group. Ningpo, and Canton. A. Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the Philippines. Q. Point out and name tho British possessions in China. Q. Name the Dutch islands in Malaysia. A. The island of Hong-Kong' (capital Vic­ A. Java, Celebes, part of Borneo, Timor, &c. toria); and Cowloon', opposite Hong-Kong. Q. Name the Spanish islands in Malaysia. Q. What other Europeans have Chinese possessions? A. The Philippines, a group of three large A. The Portuguese have Macao. and twelve hundred smaller islands. OCEANIA • 73

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Q. Name the Portuguese islands. Q. What 8 large islands lie south and cast of Malaysia? A. Ti-mor in part, Flo-res, So-lor, &c. Q. Name the British islands in Malay,ia. Q. Point out the largest island in Malay,ia. A. Labuan', and part of Borneo. Q. What countries lie west and north of Malaysia? Q. Point out the largest island in Australasia. 74 AUSTRALASIA-TRIP THROUGH OCEANIA-AUSTRALIA.

PRINOIP..i..L ANIMALS IN OCEANIA.

EXAMINATION LESSON LXXV. islands, the Ladrones, and the islands in Anson's archipelago. From them we sail east­ Australasia. ward of the Sandwich islands, thence southwest Q. Poiut out the po~itjon of Auslralasia. by way of Palmyra's, America's, Cook's, and Q. Name the principal islands in tIus group. Navigator's Islands, to the Central Archipelago, A. AU8trdia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New thence south-east and east to the Friendly Guinea, Kew Hebrides, Salomon Islands, &c. islands, and thus make a rapid survey of these Q. Which of these islands belong to Great Britain? great island-clusters in the Pacific Ocean. A. Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Q. Trace on the map the trip just made. Q. Point out and name tho principal animals of Oceania. CONVERSATION XLV. A. 1, The Kangaroo-rat; 2, the male Kan­ garoo ; 3, the female Kangaroo; 4, Duck-billed Platypus; 5, Sheep; 6, the Lyre-bird; 7, Conversational Trip through Oceania. Cockatoo; 8,' Argus-eyed Pheasant; 9, Yul­ 1. From Japan we direct our course south­ ture; 10, Emu; 11, Cassowary; 12, Ap­ ward to the principal islands of Oceania. We teryx, or Wingless-bird; and 13, Black Swan. first touch at the Philippine islands; and from them proceed onward in succession to the large EXAMINATION LESSON LXXVI. islands of Borneo, Cel-e-bes, Java, &c. 2. From them we reach the great island­ Australia. continent of Australia. Rounding it, we touch Q. Point out the position alld boundaries of Anstralia. at Tasmania, then at New Zealand, and, turn­ Q. Point out and name its capes and gulfs. ing northward, reach the New Hebrides, Salo­ Q. Into what colonies is it divided! mon Islands, and Papua or New Guinea. A. Into North, West, and South Australia 3. From it we proceed to the Caroline Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. ' AUSTRALIA. 75

Q. Point out and namo its principal mountains. Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. A. The Australian Alps, with several branches, A. The river Darling, with its chief tribu­ running along the east coast. taries, the Lachlan, the Murray, & the Colgoa. 76 BRITISH AUSTRALASIA-TASMANIA, NEW ZEALAND, ETC.-AFRICA.

Q. What are the chief exports 1 .d. Gold, iron, copper, wool, tallow, &c. EXAMINATION LESSON LXXVII. Q. For what is Australia chiefly noted? A. For being the largest island in the world; Ta.smania, New Zealand, &0. for its gold; and for its flocks and herds. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Tasmania. Q. Point out and name the capital cities. Q. Point out and name the principal capes and straits. A. Sydney, the capital of X ew South Wales; Q. Point out the position of New Zealand. Brisbane, of Queensland; Melbourne, of Yic­ Q. Name the principal islands in the group. toria; Adelaide, of South Australia; and Perth, A. New Ulster, Munster, and Leinster. of West Australia. Q. Point out and name the chief cities. A. Hobart Town, the capital of Tasmania, and Auckland, the capital of New Zealand. CONVERSATION XLVI. Q. Name the principal groups of the Papuan islands. A. New Guinea, Salomon, & New Heb-ri-des. Conversational Trip among the British Q. Name the principal island-groups in Polynesia. Islands of Australasia. A. Anson's, Ladrone', Caroline, Sandwich, : 1. Reaching Australia from New Guinea, Navigators', Cook's, Friendly Islands, &c. we first enter the great northern Gulf of Car­ Q. Which are the most important of these groups? pentaria, from which we cross North Australia A. The Sandwich Islands, which have ad­ to ~he west coast. Down this coast we go, vanced in civilization. Capital, Honolulu. untIl we reach West Australia. Here, round­ ing Cape Leeuwin, we enter the great Aus­ tralian Bight, or Gulf, and sail up Spencer EXAMINATION LESSON LXXVIII. Gulf into South Australia. 2. Returning by way of Kangaroo Island, The Continent of Africa. we reach Victoria, and, turning to the south, across Bass Strait, land at Tasmania, formerly Q; Point out the position and boundaries of AfriCR. called Van-Diemen's Land, and celebrated as Q. Point out and name its capes, gulfs, and bays. a former penal, or convict, settlement. Cross­ Q. Point out and name its principal rivers. in~ this island to Hobart Town, the capital, we A. The Nile, Lu-fij-i, Zum-be-si, Orange, saIl due east to New Zealand. Here we visit Con-go, Ni-ger [-jer], and Sen-e-gal [-gaul]. the islands of New Leinster, New Munster, Q. Name the principal lakes. and New Ulster, and, embarking at Auckland A. Tchad, Dem-be-a, Victoria-Ny-an-za, Ta­ the capital, we return to New South Wales. gan-y-ka, Ny-as-sa, and N'gam-i. 3: Touching at Sydney, the capital, we contmue our course northward along the coast· Q. Point out and name the principal dhisions of Africa. to Brisbane, the capital of Queensland and so A. The Barbary States, Egypt, Nubia, Abys­ on to Flinder's Land. Here we take a~ inland sinia, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Lower journey southward unt.il we reach the tributa­ and Upper Guinea, Soudan', and the Sa-ha-ra. ries of the river Darling. Crossing them and Q. Point out and name the principal islands. following the Liverpool and the Blue Mountains A. Mad-a-gas-car, St. Helena, Ascension, the and the Australian Alps, we reach Victoria. Cape-Verd, Canary, & Ma-dei-ra [-day-] islands. 4. Turning westward, we descend the river Q. What are the eWef exporta 1 Murray until we reach the Darling. Crossing this river into South Australia, we visit the A. Cotton, rice, nuts, ebony, and ivory. great salt-lake Torrens. From it we proceed Q. For what is Africa eWefiy noted l southward until we reach Spencer Gulf again. A. For its great river Nile, its vast extent Q. Trace on the map (page 75) the trip just made. and its almost unbroken coast-line. ' AFRICA. 77

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What countries lie north ofthe Sahara Desert? . Whnt countrie~ lie i'()uth of the Tropic of Capricorn ? . I · Which are the Pl;llcipal rivers atthewestof'Africa? . Point out and name the .countries which lie between the 8. reat Desert of Sahara and the Equator. · 'Vhich arc the principal rivera at the east of Africa? Q. Point out and name tbe countncs which lie between · What celebrated sea separates Africa from Arabia? the Equator and tbe Tropic of Capricorn. ~· What large island lies off tbe S.E. coast of Africa? 78 TRIP THROUGH THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA.

PRINOIP..A.L ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT 011' AlI'RIOA. and Abyssinia. Crossing over to the Strait of CONVERSATION XLVII. Babelmandeb, we round Cape Guardafui' and sail southward along the Ajau and Zanguebar' Conversational Trip through the Continent coast to Mozambique. Here we enter the of Africa. Zambesi, and follow its course inland until we reach the great Victoria Falls in this 1. Returning from Australia by the Indian river. From these falls we turn northward, Ocean, we reach Madagascar. Crossing this through the vast region of Ethiopia, or Cen­ large island, and also the Mo-zam-bique [-beekJ tral Africa. Here, in our progress, we meet Channel, we reach the coast of Africa. with tribes which have never yet seen the face 2. Turning to the south, we pass in succes­ of a white man, or have heard of the SAVIOUR, sion, Sofala, Zooloo, the British colonies of but which still bow down to idols, and worship Natal and Kaffraria, until we reach Cape Co­ strange gods. We fi.nd the trees and shrubs lony. Here, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, and flowers of lUXUriant growth, and of great we turn to the north and pass in succession the beauty. Many of the animals, and of the Hottentot Country, Cimbebas, & Lower Guinea. birds and reptiles, too, are different from what 3. Here we turn to the west and touch at we have ever seen or heard of. As we approach the Slave Coast, Gold Coast, Ashantee, Liberia, the Great Desert, we cross several tributaries Sierra Le-o-ne, and Senegambia, northward of the famous Nile (which have never yet been until we reach the Senegal river. Passing the explored), and extensive lakes and lofty moun­ Sahara coast, we reach Barbary. Passing tains .. When we reach this desert, we find Morocco, we coast along by Algeria, Tunis, nothing but parched and arid sands, destitute Tripoli, and Barca, until we reach Egypt. of trees and water. In order to cross the 4. Here, entering the ancient river Nile, we desert with safety, travellers are compelled to sail up it, passing Cairo the capital, and the join some of the native caravans of camels celebrated Pyramids, on our way to Nubia which trade between the Barbary States and THE FOUR BARBARY STATES-VARIOUS COUNTRIES IN AFRICA. 79 the interior, and exchange gold-dust and ivory Q. For what Scripture event is this river noted? for the productions of the coast, and of foreign A. For the finding of Moses, who had been countries. At several points on the way the floated on it, in a little ark of bulrushes. caravans stop at fertile spots in the desert, Q. Who placed him in this ark? called oases [o'-a-sees], where water and grass A. His mother, as King Pharaoh had ordered and trees are found, and where they refresh all the Hebrew infant boys to be thrown into themselves on their journey. the Nile. Q. Trace on the map the trip just made. Q. By whom was 110ses found? Q. Point out, on opposite page, and name, the prin­ A. By the daughter of King Pharaoh. cipal animals of Atrica. Q. What did she do with him? A. 1, The Mandril; 2, Baboon; 3, Lion; A. She gave him to his mother to be nursed, 4, Hyena; 5, Camel; 6, Cape Buffalo; 7, Gi­ and brought him up as her own son. raffe; 8, Zebra; 9, Elephant; 10, Hippopot­ Q. What sea lies to the cast of Egypt? amus; 11, Ostrich; 12, Alligator; 13, Cobra A. The Red Sea. di Capello, a most venomous serpent. Q. For what is this sea noted? A. For its passage by the Israelites, under EXAMINATION LESSON LXXIX. Moses, when on their way from Egypt to the promised land of Canaan. Four The Barbary States. Q. What celebrated mount is at the head of this sea? Q. Point out and name the four Barbary States. A. Mount Sinai, in Arabia, around which A. Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, the Israelites encamped. including its dependencies, Barca and Fezzan'. Q. What took place here? Q. 'Vbat range of mountains runs through Morocco A. The Israelites received from GOD, by the and Algeria? hand of Moses, the Ten Commandments. The Atlas range, and from it the Atlantic A. Q. For what is Egypt chiefly noted? Ocean is named. A. For its antiquity and its Pyramids. Q. What islands lie off the Atlantic coast of Morocco? Q. Point out and name its capital cities. A. The Madeira, belonging to Portugal. A. In E~ypt, Cairo; in Abyssinia, Gondar. Q. What islands lie south of the Madeira islands? Q. What nrc the chief expol1s? A. The Canary Islands, belonging to Spain. A. Grain, dates, coffee, senna, ebony, &c. Q. To whom do the Barbary States belong? Q. Point out the countries of South·Eastcrn Africa. A. Algeria belongs to France; but most of A.. Berbera, Zanguebar, and Mozambique. the other States are independent. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of cacho Q. What are the chiefcxporta? Q. J->oint out their principal capes. A. Olive oil, fine leather, carpets, wool, indigo. Q. Point out and name their principal rivera. Q. Name and point out the chief cities. A. The Webbe, Jubb, Lufiji, and Zambesi. A. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Q. What arc the chicfcxporls? Mourzouk'. A. Gold, copper, ivory, and fruits. EXAMINATION LESSON LXXXI. EXAMINATION LESSON LXXX. Central Africa. North-Eastern and South-Eastern Africa. Q. Point out the chief divisions of Central Africa. Q. Point out the countries of N orih·Eastern Africa. A. The Sahara, Soudan, and Ethiopia. A. Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of each. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of each. Q. Point out and name the principal lakes. Q. What river runs through these countries? A. Tchad, Victoria Nyanza, Taganyka, Ny­ A. The celebrated river Nile. assa, Shirwa, and N'gami. 80 SOUTHERN AFRICA-LOWER GUINEA, ETC.-ISLANDS OF AFRICA.

Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. Q. Point out the chief divisions of Upper Guinea.. A. Niger, Lufigi, and Zambezi. A. Slave Coast, Gold Coast, Ashantee, and Q. In what river have magnificent fallB been found? Liberia, a republic of freed American slaves. In A. the Zambezi are the Victoria. Q. How are these countries governed? Q. What mountains separate Soudan from Up. Guinea? A. The Gold-Coast Settlements by the Brit­ A. The Kong Mountains, running E. & W. ish and the Dutch: the others are independent. Q. Point out and Dame tile chief city. A. Timbuctoo', on the i-liger, in Soudan. Q. Point out the position and boundary of cacho Q. ,,'hat are the cbiefexports? EXAMINATION LESSON LXXXII. A. Gold-dust, palm-oil, ivory, maize, &c. Southern Africa. Q. Name the chief city. Q. Point out the eWef di\'isions of Southern Africa. A. Cape Coast Castle (British). A. The Zulu (or Zooloo), Boshuanhas, and Q. Point out and name the chief town in Liberia. Hottentot l'.. nutries; and the British colonies A. Monrovia, capital of Liberia. of .:\atal, Kaffraria, and the Cape. Q. Point out the chief dh'isions of Senegambia, &c. A. Senegal, Gambia, and Sierra Le-o-ne. Q. What are the chief ('xports? A. Timber, hides, cotton, and palm-oil. Q. How are these countries goyerned? A. The French have settlements on the Senegal river; the British, on the Gambia river, and Sierra Leone, a colony for liberated slaves. Q. Name the principal rivers. A. The Senegal and the Gambia.

EXA~lI~ATION LESSON LXXXIV.

. The Islands of Africa. Q. Point out and name the principal islands of Africa. A. Madagascar, St. Helena, Ascension Fer­ ~~ nando Po', the Canary and the Madeira Isles. ~2 Q. Name the British islands. KAFFIR CHIEF OF THE ZULU TRIBE. A. A northern part of Madagascar, Mauritius Q. Point out the position and boundaries of each. the Sey-chelles', St. Helena, and Ascension. ' Q. Name the principal rivers. Q. Name the French islands. A. The Orange and Fish rivers. A. Bourbon, Ste. Marie, Nossibe, Mayotta. Q. What aro tho chief exports? A. Wool, sheep, ivory, and ostrich-feathers. Q. Name the Spanish islands. Q. Point out and name the principal cities. A. The Canary Isles, Fernando Po, &c. A. Cape Town and Port Natal. Q. Name the Portuguese islands. A. The Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape­ EXAMINATION LESSON LXXXIII. Verd Isles (the last lying off Cape Verde). Lower and Upper Guinea, &c. Q. Is Madagascar independent! Name its capital. Q. Point out the chief divisions of Lower Guinea. A. It is chiefly independent. Tananarivo A. Congo, and Loango. in the cent.re, is its capital. '

THE END.