DOCSLIB.ORG

Biochemical Indicators of the Transportation Stress of the South African Abalone (Perlemoen), Haliotis Midae, Linn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biochemical Indicators of the Transportation Stress of the South African Abalone (Perlemoen), Haliotis Midae, Linn BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF THE TRANSPORTATION STRESS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN ABALONE (PERLEMOEN), HALIOTIS MIDAE, LINN. S. O. OMOLO University of Cape Town This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Science (Zoology) The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town the transportation stress abalone H-i"Ulh' midae, By Samson Odira Omolo Submitted in the requirement aeg'ree of Master of iSCl.em;e Department of of Town. University of Cape Town Supervised by Professor Professor Peter Cook and Brown. South African abalone (perlemoen), Haliotts midae, Liml. University of Cape Town This thesis is dedicated to my father who never lived to witness, to my mother who lived to witness, to my wife and children with grace and sincerity - Amen University of Cape Town ,J DECLARATION Biochemical indicators of the transportation stress of the South African abalone (perlemoen), Haliotis midae, Linn. I hereby a) grant the University of Cape Town free licence to reproduce the above thesis in whole or in part, for the purpose of research; b) declare that i) This thesis reports the results of original research which I have carried out in the Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, between 1997 and 1999 and it is my own unaided work apart from the normal guidance from my supervisors. Throughout this study I was involved in the determination of metabolites coricentrations during simulated transport experiments and interpretation of data, as well as the writing up of the project. University of Cape Town ii) This work has not been submitted for a degree at any other university. Samson Odira Omolo Date CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIA TION Vi CHAPTER 1 I.INTRODUCTION I 1.1. Aims and objectives I 1. 2. The genus Haliotis 1 1. 3. Morphology of Haliotis 2 1.4. Biology, development and ecology of Haliotis 2 1.5. The distribution of Haliotis species 3 1.6. Fisheries industry 4 1.7. South African abalone fishery 6 1.8. Economic importance 9 1.9. Energy metabolism of molluscs with special reference to Holitidalae 9 1.10 Energy metabolism of Haliotis during transport 10 1.11. Oxygen consumption during simulated transport 11 1.2. Heat beat 12 CHAPTER 2 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 13 2.1. Experimental animalsUniversity of Cape Town 13 2.2. Profile of enzymes distribution in Haliotis Midae muscles 14 2.2.1. Sample preparation 14 2.2.2. Enzyme assays in crude extract 14 2.2.3. Purification of enzymes from muscles of Haliotis Midae and LogUo vulgaris 15 2.2.3 .1.Protein determination 17 2.3 Incubation of abalone in oxygen-free sea water 17 .' -'- ............ ..:. "-"~;",,,,,~~ .. 2.4. Behavior of Haliotis. Midae during exercis~ 17 2.5 Transport simulation studies on Haliotis midae 18 2.6 Metabolites in tissues 18 2.6.1 Preparation of perchloric acid (PCA) extract 18 2.6.2 Determination of metabolite concentrations 19 2.7 Oxygen consumption by Haliotis midae 20 2.8 Heart beat 22 2.9 Chemicals 23 2.10 Statistical analysis 24 CHAPTER 3 3. RESULTS 25 3.1 Activities of dehydrogenases in various tissues of Haliotis midae 25 3.2 Enzyme purification 26 3.2.1 Purification oftauropine dehydrogenase (TaHD) 26 3.2.2 Purification of octopine dehydrogenase (OcDH) 27 3.2.3 Purification of OcDH on DEAE-Sephacel column 29 3.3 Energy metabolismUniversity of Haliotis Midae of during Cape environmental Town and functional anoxia 31 3.3.1 Behavior of Haliotis Midae under conditions of environmental and functional anoxia. 31 3.3.2 Metabolite concentrations during environmental and functional anoxia. 31 3.4 Energy metabolism duri~g transport of live Haliotis midae 41 3.5 Heart beat 54 3.6 Oxygen consumption of Haliotis midae 57 4 4. DISCUSSION 59 4.1 Metabolic to functional anoxia 59 4.2 Metabolite as a consequence of transport stress in 62 4.3 Energy of transports tress Haliotis midae rates during transport simulation Oxygen consumption of Haliotis. midae during transport 69 CONCLUSIONS 71 73 University of Cape Town ACKNOWI,EDGEMENTS ACKNOLEDGEMENTS. I am grateful to my supervisors, Professor G. Gade, Associate Professor P. Cook and Emeritus Professor A. C. Brown for their support and constructive criticisms throughout this thesis; their willingness to discuss all problems and their sound, critical reading of this manuscript was of great value. Professor G. Gade's suggestions have greatly assisted to streamline my research and successfully to complete this thesis. Associate Professor P. Cook's contribution has been immense, including making arrangements for getting abalone from divers and generously organizing funding for this project. He has made a valuable contribution by shaping this manuscript. Without his effort this project would not have succeeded. I am especially grateful to Emeritus Professor Alec C. Brown who so willingly read every word and who supported and encouraged me when my spirits were low. He has remained a true fatherly and concerned friend. He has advised me to tolerate many disappointments and deviations from my initial ambition. His continuous encouragement not only in the work presented in this thesis, but also along the rocky road in my path of progress is appreciated. He has facilitated all my endeavors to the best of his ability and helped ensure a satisfactory outcome. It has been a very successfui collaboration that I hope continues well into the future, for me and my family to cherish. University of Cape Town I would also like to thank the Kenyan Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Managements for granting me study leave to pursue this Research. Their contribution is highly appreciated. I would like to thank everyone in the Zoology Department for their friendship and co­ operation. Many thanks also to my colleagues in the Abalone Laboratory, who were very friendly and ready to assist me whenever I had a problem. A great amount of technical 1 ~. - -~ ......... -~.~:"". __,,::,,,,,:,!;'.~1. ~....'...;":-..L:l,t~"'..: .:;:..:... -~;~~~.i . ..:;~.~.---: L :j .. ~ .•. ACKNOWI,EDGEMENTS support came from the technical staff; without them many ofthese experiments would not have been possible. I also wish to thank Bruce Dell for his co-operation in solving technical problems and Andrea Plos for her help in maintaining and repairing the computer equipment which was crucial throughout all stages of this study. I am grateful to Mrs.Ute A. Seemann, Senior Scientific Officer in Chemistry Department, loaned me her equipment. I am grateful for the support shown by my friends in Kenya throughout my stay and study in South Africa; also to friends in Cape Town who have been supportive in many ways. Above aU, I wish to thank two special people in my life: my mother, Sara Aute Omolo, who lives to witness my academic path and my wife Pamela Adhiambo Odira, without whose love and support this work might never have been completed. I would also like to thank my children for unfailing support and encouragement during the period that they missed their fathers care; their patience was highly appreciated. This research and publication would not have been possible without the partial financial support by the Foundation for Research Development (Pretoria), the University of Cape Town, the Zoology Department and by the Abalone Research Group. University of Cape Town 11 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Biochemical indicators of the transportation stress of the South African abalone (Perlemoen), Haliotis midae, Linn. By S.O'Omolo Departmentof Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, 7701, South Africa August 1999 Abalone exposed to air incurred greater metabolic and structural stress in muscle than do abalone at rest. Since foot and shell adductor muscle texture and flavor affect economic values of H Midae, the investigation sought evidence of differences attributable to transport of the commercial South African abalone based on environmental and exercise inducement. Tauropine dehydrogenase from Haliotis. midae muscle exhibits its highest activity 53.85 ± 13.56 U g-l wet weight in shell adductor muscle. The activities of octopine dehyedrogenase, strombine dehydrogenase or alanopine dehydrogenase in adductor muscle were very low. Therefore, tauropine dehydrogenase was isolated from adductor muscles for enzymatic determination oftauropine. Tauropine dehydrogenase was purified 8.5-fold withUniversity 47% recovery_ of Cape Town During exercise, energy for muscle construction was provided by the breakdown of arginine phosphate and glycogen. Glycogen concentrations significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in shell adductor, foot and gill tissues. Exercise caused a significant decline in arginine phosphate and formation ofD-lactate in muscle tissues Glycogensignificantly decreased (p~ 0.01) in adductor and foot muscles. Most of the m ---------------------- ABSTRACT energy was derived from glycolysis through Embden-Meyerhof pathways resulting in accumulation of tauropine and D-lactate. The energy demand was high and A TP was reduced, but the adenylate energy charge did not show a significant decrease after exerclse. There was significant (ps 0.01) increase oftauropine and D-lactate in the tissues during prolonged exposure. Adductor muscle exhibits the highest metabolite concentrations. Exposure to air for 36 h led mainly to the formation oftauropine (6.55 ± 0.39 and 7.76 ± 1.47 I-lmoles g-l wet weight at 7°C and 10°C, respectively) in the adductor muscle, whereas D-lactate production predominated in the foot (5.78 ± 0.17 and 7.58 ± 2.98 I-lmoles g-l wet weight at 7 °C and 10°C respectively).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effect of Diet and Sex-Sorting on Growth and Gonad Development in Farmed South African Abalone, Haliotis Midae
    Effect of diet and sex-sorting on growth and gonad development in farmed South African abalone, Haliotis midae A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE of RHODES UNIVERSITY By DEVIN WILLIAM PHILIP AYRES December 2013 ABSTRACT Abalone, Haliotis midae, farmers in South Africa that feed formulated diets reported a periodic drop in abalone growth during periods of increased gonad development. A large drop in abalone biomass was noticed after presumed spawning events. This study was aimed to determine the effect of diet and sex-sorting on gonad development in abalone. Experiments were conducted on a commercial abalone farm from July 2012 to the end of June 2013. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with two protein sources. A fishmeal and soybean meal (S-diet) diet and a fishmeal only (F-diet) diet were fed to abalone (50 - 70 g abalone-1) over 12 months. Weight and length gain, gonad bulk index (GBI), visceral index (%) and meat mass index (%) were determined monthly and seasonally. A histological study on the female gonads was conducted. This study also included an experiment to test the effect of sex-sorting (70 - 80 g abalone-1) on growth and body composition with treatments including males (M), females (F) and equal numbers of males and females (MF). Weight gain and length gain were faster in S-diet-fed abalone (RM-ANOVA, F (1, 16) = 7.77, p = 0.01; F (1, 69) = 49.9, p < 0.001, respectively). Gonad development was significantly affected by the inclusion of soybean meal with S-diet-fed abalone showing higher GBI-values than F- diet-fed abalone (RM-ANOVA, F (1, 33) = 16.22, p = 0.0003).
    [Show full text]
  • Localised Population Collapse of the Invasive Brown Alga, Undaria Pinnatifida: Twenty Years of Monitoring on Wellington’S South Coast
    Localised population collapse of the invasive brown alga, Undaria pinnatifida: Twenty years of monitoring on Wellington’s south coast By Cody Lorkin A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Marine Biology Victoria University of Wellington 2019 Abstract Invasive species pose a significant threat to marine environments around the world. Monitoring and research of invasive species is needed to provide direction for management programmes. This thesis is a continuation of research conducted on the invasive alga Undaria pinnatifida following its discovery on Wellington’s south coast in 1997. By compiling the results from previous monitoring surveys (1997- 2000 and 2008) and carrying out additional seasonal surveys in 2018, I investigate the distribution and spread of U. pinnatifida on Wellington’s south coast, how this may have changed over time and what impacts it may have had on native macroalgal and invertebrate grazer communities. Intertidal macroalgal composition and U. pinnatifida abundance was recorded on fifteen occasions between 1997 and 2018 at two sites at Island Bay and two sites at Owhiro Bay. In addition, the subtidal abundance of six invertebrate grazers was recorded eight times within the same sampling period. Microtopography was also measured at each site to determine if topography had an influence on macroalgal composition. From 1997 to 2000 U. pinnatifida abundance gradually increased per year, but its spread remained localised to Island Bay. In 2008 U. pinnatifida had spread westward to Owhiro Bay where it was highly abundant. However, in 2018 no U. pinnatifida was recorded at any of the sites indicating a collapse of the invasion front.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus Aculeatus (D’Orbigny, 1834)
    Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny, 1834) By Jean Sagman Alupay A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David Lindberg Professor Damian Elias Fall 2013 ABSTRACT Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny, 1834) By Jean Sagman Alupay Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Autotomy is the shedding of a body part as a means of secondary defense against a predator that has already made contact with the organism. This defense mechanism has been widely studied in a few model taxa, specifically lizards, a few groups of arthropods, and some echinoderms. All of these model organisms have a hard endo- or exo-skeleton surrounding the autotomized body part. There are several animals that are capable of autotomizing a limb but do not exhibit the same biological trends that these model organisms have in common. As a result, the mechanisms that underlie autotomy in the hard-bodied animals may not apply for soft bodied organisms. A behavioral ecology approach was used to study arm autotomy in the octopus, Abdopus aculeatus. Investigations concentrated on understanding the mechanistic underpinnings and adaptive value of autotomy in this soft-bodied animal. A. aculeatus was observed in the field on Mactan Island, Philippines in the dry and wet seasons, and compared with populations previously studied in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of Haemocyanin Function in Haliotis Iris 255 Also Matched with Adductor Muscle Haemolymph Samples
    The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 253–263 (2002) 253 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 JEB3731 The archaeogastropod mollusc Haliotis iris: tissue and blood metabolites and allosteric regulation of haemocyanin function Jane W. Behrens1,3, John P. Elias2,3, H. Harry Taylor3 and Roy E. Weber1,* 1Department of Zoophysiology, Institute Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, DK 8000 Aarhus, Denmark, 2School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia and 3Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 30 October 2001 Summary 2+ 2+ We investigated divalent cation and anaerobic end- Mg and Ca restored the native O2-binding properties product concentrations and the interactive effects of these and the reverse Bohr shift. L- and D-lactate exerted substances and pH on haemocyanin oxygen-binding (Hc- minor modulatory effects on O2-affinity. At in vivo 2+ 2+ O2) in the New Zealand abalone Haliotis iris. During 24 h concentrations of Mg and Ca , the cooperativity is 2+ of environmental hypoxia (emersion), D-lactate and dependent largely on Mg , which modulates the O2 tauropine accumulated in the foot and shell adductor association equilibrium constants of both the high-affinity muscles and in the haemolymph of the aorta, the pedal (KR) and the low-affinity (KT) states (increasing and sinus and adductor muscle lacunae, whereas L-lactate was decreasing, respectively). This allosteric mechanism not detected. Intramuscular and haemolymph D-lactate contrasts with that encountered in other haemocyanins concentrations were similar, but tauropine accumulated and haemoglobins.
    [Show full text]
  • Réponse Transcriptomique Et Cellulaire De L'ormeau Rouge
    R´eponse transcriptomique et cellulaire de l'ormeau rouge Haliotis rufescens, cultiv´een ´ecloserieindustrielle face aux stress m´etalliqueset aux pathog`enes: r^oledes probiotiques dans la survie des organismes Fernando Silva Aciares To cite this version: Fernando Silva Aciares. R´eponse transcriptomique et cellulaire de l'ormeau rouge Haliotis rufescens, cultiv´een ´ecloserieindustrielle face aux stress m´etalliqueset aux pathog`enes: r^ole des probiotiques dans la survie des organismes. Zoologie des invert´ebr´es.Universit´ede Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2013BRES0058>. <tel-01089606> HAL Id: tel-01089606 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01089606 Submitted on 2 Dec 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE présentée par sous le sceau de l’Université européenne de Bretagne Fernando Silva Aciares pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE Préparée à L'institut Universitaire Européen Mention :Océanographie biologique de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de École Doctorale Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de La Mer l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) Thèse soutenue le 22 mars 2013 Devant le jury composé de : Réponse transcriptomique et Nathalie Cochennec Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Pubblicazione Mensile Edita Dalla Unione Malacologica Italiana
    Distribution and Biogeography of the Recent Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) Worid-wide Daniel L. Geiger Autorizzazione Tribunale di Milano n. 479 del 15 Ottobre 1983 Spedizione in A.P. Art. 2 comma 20/C Legge 662/96 - filiale di Milano Maggio 2000 - spedizione n. 2/3 • 1999 ISSN 0394-7149 SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI MALACOLOGIA SEDE SOCIALE: c/o Acquano Civico, Viale Gadio, 2 - 20121 Milano CONSIGLIO DIRETTIVO 1999-2000 PRESIDENTE: Riccardo Giannuzzi -Savelli VICEPRESIDENTE: Bruno Dell'Angelo SEGRETARIO: Paolo Crovato TESORIERE: Sergio Duraccio CONSIGLIERI: Mauro Brunetti, Renato Chemello, Stefano Chiarelli, Paolo Crovato, Bruno Dell’Angelo, Sergio Duraccio, Maurizio Forli, Riccardo Giannuzzi-Savelli, Mauro Mariani, Pasquale Micali, Marco Oliverio, Francesco Pusateri, Giovanni Repetto, Carlo Smriglio, Gianni Spada REVISORI DEI CONTI: Giuseppe Fasulo, Aurelio Meani REDAZIONE SCIENTIFICA - EDITORIAL BOARD DIRETTORE - EDITOR: Daniele BEDULLI Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale. V.le delle Scienze. 1-43100 Parma, Italia. Tel. + + 39 (521) 905656; Fax ++39 (521) 905657 E-mail : [email protected] CO-DIRETTORI - CO-EDITORS: Renato CHEMELLO (Ecologia - Ecology) Dipartimento di Biologia Animale. Via Archirafi 18. 1-90123 Palermo, Italia. Tel. + + 39 (91) 6177159; Fax + + 39 (9D 6172009 E-mail : [email protected] Marco OLIVERIO (Sistematica - Systematics) Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo. Viale dell’Università 32. 1-00185 Roma, Italia. E-mail : [email protected] .it Italo NOFRONI (Sistematica - Systematict) Via Benedetto Croce, 97. 1-00142 Roma, Italia. Tel + + 39(06) 5943407 E-mail : [email protected] Pasquale MICALI (Relazioni con i soci - Tutor) Via Papina, 17. 1-61032 Fano (PS), Italia. Tel ++39 (0721) 824182 - Van Aartsen, Daniele Bedulli, Gianni Bello, Philippe Bouchet, Erminio Caprotti, Riccardo Catta- MEMBRI ADVISORS : Jacobus J.
    [Show full text]
  • Amanual Sf Techniques for Claltunns Paua', Halíotís Írís, Through to the Earla Iuverrlile Stage
    Amanual sf techniques for claltunns paua', Halíotís írís, through to the earlA iuverrlile stage Ncw 7*alanõ flshqles TechnlcalÍlqætNo ,l ISSN olt -ato t92 Amanual of techniques for cvltunns p*t^, Halíotís írts, through to lhe e úV iuvevtile stage Løtnarõ l. Tong Gtaatme A. Moss Peter Íletfearn lohn lllingworti;h New Zealanõ Íishefies Technical Íleport No. l f992 Published by MAF Fisheries Wellington lwz ISBN 0-477-08657-8 Inquiries to: The Editor, MAF Fisheries Greta Point, P.O. Box 297, Wellington, New Zealand. MAF Fisheries is the fisheries group of the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. The name MAF Fisheries was formalised on L November 1989 and replaced MAFFish, which was established on 1 April 1987. MAFFish combined the functions of the old Fisheries Research Division and Fisheries Management Division and the fisheries functions of the old Economics Division. The New Zealand Fisheries Tþchnical Report series in part continues the Fisheries Research Divisíon Occasional Publication series. The New Zealand Fisheries Occasionql Publicøtion series contains mainly conference proceedings and bibliographies. Edited by G. G. Baird & S. J. Baird Set in 10 on l-1, Times Roman Typeset by Challis Datacom Printed by Madison Printing Company Limited Cover: Taranaki Aquagardens, north of New Plymouth. Contents Page 5 5 6 Principles of paua rearing 8 Broodstock management 8 9 Fertilisation, hatching, and larval development 9 The larval culture system 11 Settlement and early juvenile growth tI Ongrowing to a marketable size 12 A recipe for breeding and rearing paua 13 13 Broodstock 14 Spawning and rearing 74 16 17 I7 Appendix 1; Rules, Regulations, and Permits required 19 Appendix 2: A method to prepare larvae for counting the rows of chitinised teeth on the radula 19 Appendix 3: Use of benzocaine for anaesthetising abalone 20 Appendix 4: Chemicals required to induce spawning 20 Appendix 5: Counting techniques 21 Abstract Tong, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Bivalves and the Sclerochronological Reawakening
    Paleobiology, 2021, pp. 1–23 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2021.16 Review Fossil bivalves and the sclerochronological reawakening David K. Moss* , Linda C. Ivany, and Douglas S. Jones Abstract.—The field of sclerochronology has long been known to paleobiologists. Yet, despite the central role of growth rate, age, and body size in questions related to macroevolution and evolutionary ecology, these types of studies and the data they produce have received only episodic attention from paleobiologists since the field’s inception in the 1960s. It is time to reconsider their potential. Not only can sclerochrono- logical data help to address long-standing questions in paleobiology, but they can also bring to light new questions that would otherwise have been impossible to address. For example, growth rate and life-span data, the very data afforded by chronological growth increments, are essential to answer questions related not only to heterochrony and hence evolutionary mechanisms, but also to body size and organism ener- getics across the Phanerozoic. While numerous fossil organisms have accretionary skeletons, bivalves offer perhaps one of the most tangible and intriguing pathways forward, because they exhibit clear, typically annual, growth increments and they include some of the longest-lived, non-colonial animals on the planet. In addition to their longevity, modern bivalves also show a latitudinal gradient of increasing life span and decreasing growth rate with latitude that might be related to the latitudinal diversity gradient. Is this a recently developed phenomenon or has it characterized much of the group’s history? When and how did extreme longevity evolve in the Bivalvia? What insights can the growth increments of fossil bivalves provide about hypotheses for energetics through time? In spite of the relative ease with which the tools of sclerochronology can be applied to these questions, paleobiologists have been slow to adopt sclerochrono- logical approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Scale of Marine Ecological Effects of Seabed Mining in the South Taranaki Bight: Zooplankton, Fish, Kai Moana, Sea Birds, and Marine Mammals
    Assessment of the scale of marine ecological effects of seabed mining in the South Taranaki Bight: Zooplankton, fish, kai moana, sea birds, and marine mammals Prepared for Trans-Tasman Resources Ltd September 2015 Prepared by: Alison MacDiarmid David Thompson Janet Grieve For any information regarding this report please contact: Neville Ching Contracts Manager +64-4-386 0300 [email protected] National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd Private Bag 14901 Kilbirnie Wellington 6241 Phone +64 4 386 0300 NIWA CLIENT REPORT No: WLG2015-13 Report date: September 2015 NIWA Project: TTR15301 © All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form without the permission of the copyright owner(s). Such permission is only to be given in accordance with the terms of the client’s contract with NIWA. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system. Whilst NIWA has used all reasonable endeavours to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate, NIWA does not give any express or implied warranty as to the completeness of the information contained herein, or that it will be suitable for any purpose(s) other than those specifically contemplated during the Project or agreed by NIWA and the Client. Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................................. 6 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Radula Development in Abalone Haliotis Discus Hannai from Larva to Adult in Relation to Feeding Transitions
    FISHERIES SCIENCE 2001; 67: 596–605 Original Article Radula development in abalone Haliotis discus hannai from larva to adult in relation to feeding transitions Tomohiko KAWAMURA,*1a Hideki TAKAMI,1 Rodney D ROBERTS2 AND Yoh YAMASHITA1 1Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001, Japan and 2Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The radula morphology of Haliotis discus hannai was examined by scanning elec- tron microscope from the larval to the adult stage. The radula of competent larvae contained 11–13 transverse rows of teeth after 6–7 days at 20°C. The number of rows increased to 25–30 during the first several days after settlement, but then remained approximately constant throughout the post- larval period, increasing again in abalone larger than 4 mm in shell length (SL). In post-larvae <~1 mm SL, only two pairs of lateral teeth (L1, L2) were present in the larval radula. An additional three pairs of lateral teeth (L3–L5) were added progressively as post-larvae grew from 0.9 mm to 1.9 mm SL. Marginal teeth were added steadily from one pair in larvae to 30–40 pairs at 3–4 mm SL, 70–80 pairs in 30–40 mm juveniles, and 70–90 pairs in 90–100 mm adults. The serrations on the working edges of the rachidian (R) and lateral teeth became less pronounced as the abalone grew. Nearly all serrations disappeared from the rachidian (R) and inner lateral teeth (L1, L2) by ~2 mm SL, and from the outer lateral teeth (L3–L5) by 20 mm SL.
    [Show full text]
  • Adec Preview Generated PDF File
    Records of the Western Allstralian Mllselllll Supplement No. 66: 247-291 (2004). Diversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia; results of the 1999 dredge survey (DA2/99) John D. Taylor and Emily A. Glover Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, U.K. email: [email protected] [email protected] Abstract - From a dredge survey of the subtidal fauna of the Dampier Archipelago a total of 422 species of macromolluscs was identified, comprising 227 gastropods, 188 bivalves, four scaphopods and three chitons. Most species were uncommon but abundant taxa included the bivalves Melaxinaea vitrea, Corbllla fZlIIlcata and C. crassa and the gastropods Herpetopoma atrata and Xenophora solarioides. Community analysis identified eight molluscan assemblages, reflecting the varied and patchy nature of the substrates that ranged from muds and silts to coarse sands, gravel, rubble and rocks. The most species-rich stations were those located inshore at water depths <10 m. These muddy stations were also notable for the diversity and abundance of suspension-feeding bivalves. Most of the mollusc species identified are distributed widely around tropical Australia and the Indo-West Pacific but a few are endemic to northwestern Australia, including the newly described lucinid bivalve Lamellolllcina pilbara. INTRODUCTION parts of the world. Studies of latitudinal gradients Although the northwestern Australian shelf is of in molluscan diversity usually focus on well­ outstanding biological interest for its suspected high documented continental margins such as the diversity and the relatively high numbers of eastern Pacific coast of North America (Roy, endemic taxa, the subtidal molluscan fauna is Jablonski and Valentine, 2001; Valentine, Roy and poorly known.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Mollusca of Cocos (Keeling) / Christmas Island Ecoregion
    RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY Supplement No. 30: 313–375 Date of publication: 25 December 2014 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:52341BDF-BF85-42A3-B1E9-44DADC011634 Checklist of the Mollusca of Cocos (Keeling) / Christmas Island ecoregion Siong Kiat Tan* & Martyn E. Y. Low Abstract. An annotated checklist of the Mollusca from the Australian Indian Ocean Territories (IOT) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands is presented. The checklist combines data from all previous studies and new material collected during the recent Christmas Island Expeditions organised by the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (formerly the Raffles Museum of Biodiversty Resarch), Singapore. The checklist provides an overview of the diversity of the malacofauna occurring in the Cocos (Keeling) / Christmas Island ecoregion. A total of 1,178 species representing 165 families are documented, with 760 (in 130 families) and 757 (in 126 families) species recorded from Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, respectively. Forty-five species (or 3.8%) of these species are endemic to the Australian IOT. Fifty-seven molluscan records for this ecoregion are herein published for the first time. We also briefly discuss historical patterns of discovery and endemism in the malacofauna of the Australian IOT. Key words. Mollusca, Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean INTRODUCTION The Cocos (Keeling) Islands, which comprise North Keeling Island (a single island atoll) and the South Keeling Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) (hereafter CI) and the Cocos Islands (an atoll consisting of more than 20 islets including (Keeling) Islands (hereafter CK) comprise the Australian Horsburgh Island, West Island, Direction Island, Home Indian Ocean Territories (IOT).
    [Show full text]