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The Future of the Sciences and Humanities Different Domains 90-5356-671-6_cover.qxd 10/22/03 12:38 PM Page 1 Tindemans/Verrijn-Stuart/Visser (eds.) Tindemans/Verrijn-Stuart/Visser The arts and sciences evolve by The Future specialisation and broadening of their scopes. Much of the Sciences innovation results from unusual combinations of views and techniques and Humanities originating in widely The Future of the Sciences and Humanities different domains. However, stepping outside an established discipline entails the danger of ‘shallowness’, even if the primary challenge was a ‘deep’ integration problem. Acceptance of new departures requires recognition and understanding of what is involved, and this depends, among other things, on the adopted nomenclature of the insiders and the resulting perception by outsiders. Thus, current ways of referring to varieties of research and study – say, ‘sciences’ vs ‘humanities’ – often form obstacles to the appreciation of novel approaches. New views are Peter Tindemans necessary. But which angles must be considered? Alexander Verrijn-Stuart and Rob Visser (eds.) P.A.J. Tindemans is President of Global Knowledge Strategies & Partnerships. A.A. Verrijn-Stuart is Emeritus Professor Computer Science at the University of Leiden. R.P.W. Visser is Teyler Professor of History of the Natural Sciences at the University of Leiden. Four Analytical Essays and a Critical Debate on the Future of Scholastic Endeavour WWW. AUP. NL Amsterdam University Press Amsterdam University Press The Future of the Sciences and Humanities Historical and Structural Approaches in the Natural and Human Sciences 1 2 James W. McAllister The Future of the Sciences and Humanities Four analytical essays and a critical debate on the future of scholastic endeavour Contributions by James McAllister, Johan van Benthem, Arie Rip, Herman Philipse and Diedel Kornet, Keith Devlin, Aant Elzinga, Paul Schnabel Edited by Peter Tindemans, Alexander Verrijn-Stuart and Rob Visser A publication of the Amsterdam University Press on behalf of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen (‘Holland Society of Arts and Sciences’) Amsterdam University Press Historical and Structural Approaches in the Natural and Human Sciences 3 ILLUSTRATION FRONT COVER J. Zeuner (sa.) After an engraving by J.C. Philips (frontispiece of the first Proceedings of the Holland Society, 1754) Reverse glass painting, detail, 30 x 40 cm Collection of the Holland Society of Arts and Sciences ILLUSTRATION BACK COVER J.G. Holtzhey Medal of honour of the Holland Society (1752) Silver gilt, 54.6 cm One of the actual medals awarded to the winners of the Prize Competition of the Holland Society of Arts and Sciences (2002) Cover design: Crasborn Grafisch Ontwerpers bno, Valkenburg a/d Geul Lay-out: beeldvorm, Pijnacker isbn 90 5356 671 6 nugi 611/615 © Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2002 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. 4 James W. McAllister Preface Ghosts of Plato and Aristotle, of Descartes, Newton, Kant and Wittgen- stein speak to us, benevolent and admonishing. About natural sciences, liberal arts, the humanities and philosophy. Reminding us of our cultural heritage and social history. So what of the future? The sciences and humanities evolve in two different and not always easily reconcilable ways: by specialisation and broadening of their scopes. Those dedicated to specialisation often accuse the ‘broadeners’ of funda- mental shallowness. However, in many instances, innovation results from unusual combinations of views and techniques originating in widely dif- ferent domains. The essential breakthrough usually consists in the recog- nition and solution of some (‘deep’) integration problem. From time to time, a new area emerges and takes on a life of its own, as a truly independ- ent discipline. In the 21st century, both approaches will continue to be productive. Unfortunately, ‘broadening’ research may be hampered by ‘traditional’ views and too rigid a set-up of research regimes. Among other things, one may rightly question the customary distinction: humanities, natural sci- ences, social sciences (sometimes referred to as the alpha, beta and gamma disciplines). Such strictly compartmentalized nomenclature will always lead to confusion in cases of more detailed interdisciplinary research. Irre- spective of the names associated with emerging disciplines, the organiza- tional links with established institutions may well have to differ radically from current arrangements. New departures require new views. That applies to research approach- es in general and to governmental and institutional policies in particular. All need open dialogues and critical self-assessment. In this connection, the way we talk about arts and sciences has become of increasing impor- tance. The four essays in this book present a variety of illuminating and re- freshing points of view on the problems in question. Many angles were Historical and Structural Approaches in the Natural and Human Sciences 5 further developed in the Sciences and Arts Debate held by the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen (“Holland Society of Arts and Sciences”) on 16th February 2002, triggered by the presentations of the authors and the reviews by the invited discussants. The editors of this volume discuss the conclusions (and highlights) in the first chapter and add a summary in an epilogue. While not overly important as such, one must admit that the traditional “Arts and Sciences” in the Society’s name and in the title of the symposium may have constituted an appropriate label for 18th century practices, but today are more properly covered by “Sciences and Humani- ties”! The inspiring help of the members of the Steering Committee and the external reviewer, Professor Theo Kuipers, is gratefully acknowledged. 6 James W. McAllisterPreface Table of contents Preface . 5 1 The Sciences and Arts Debate . 9 A review and some conclusions Dr Peter A.J. Tindemans, Prof. Alexander A. Verrijn- Stuart and Prof. Rob P.W. Visser 2 Historical and Structural Approaches in the Natural and Human Sciences . 19 Dr James W. McAllister (Leiden University, Faculty of Philosophy) Discussion: The Role of Laws and Contingency in History . 55 Prof. Diedel J. Kornet (Leiden University, Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Sciences) 3 Science and Society in Flux . 63 Prof. Johan F.A.K. van Benthem (University of Amsterdam, Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, Faculty of Sciences, Mathematics and Computer Science) Discussion: Does A New Kind of Science Require a New Kind of Scholar or a New Kind of University? . 91 Prof. Keith J. Devlin (Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University) Historical and Structural Approaches in the Natural and Human Sciences 7 4 Science for the 21st Century . 99 Prof. Arie Rip (University Twente) Discussion: Redrawing Disciplinar Boundaries – but to What Degree? . 149 Prof. Aant Elzinga (Göteborg University, Dept of History of Ideas and Theory of Science, and Collegium Helveticum, ETH Zürich) 5 Science and Democracy . 153 Prof. Herman Philipse (Leiden University, Faculty of Philosophy) Discussion: Science and Democracy: a Difficult Relationship 221 Prof. Paul Schnabel (Utrecht University and Social & Cultural Planning Bureau) 6 Epilogue . 227 A Characterization and Four Theses (the Editors) Concluding Remarks (Dr Alexander H.G. Rinnooy Kan) 7 Appendix . 231 a The Holland Society of Arts and Sciences b The Prize Competition c The Contributors 8 The SciencesTable and Artsof contents Debate 1 The Sciences and Arts Debate A review and some conclusions Dr Peter A.J. Tindemans, Prof. Alexander A. Verrijn-Stuart and Prof. Rob P.W. Visser The 1999 Prize Competition of the Holland Society1 challenged partici- pants to express innovative views of the Sciences and Arts. Formally, they were asked to provide a meta-description such that newly emerging disci- plines might be accommodated without the rigid categorization imposed by traditional nomenclature schemes. This overall objective was para- phrased as “indicating which elements might be helpful or, by contrast, obstruc- tive in guiding scholarly endeavour in the 21st century”, possibly including “a reasoned rejection of the classical distinction sciences/humanities and other re- strictive classifications, replacing these by a more effective taxonomy”. Simply put, how can we talk about esoteric or unexpected developments in con- structive ways? How may scholars, administrators and politicians really understand each other when entering largely unknown domains? A well-known example of the nomenclature dilemma is the borderline between physics and chemistry. Where do we position fundamental re- search on chemical compounds? Are ‘quantum chemical’ studies physics (because of their quantum mechanical formalisms), chemistry (because one investigates chemical structures) or even applied mathematics (when the study essentially depends on the ability to compute results mathemat- ically)? Fortunately, the physicist active in this area will be able to publish results in a journal on ‘chemical physics’, whereas the chemist will refer to the subject as ‘physical chemistry’. Yet, in an era when all research is to be justified financially, a chemistry department may – and often does
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