Nutritional Epidemiology and Research Methods
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Basic Epidemiology for BPSU Studies
BPSU Study guidance – Basic epidemiology for BPSU studies Dr Simon Lenton on behalf of the Scientific Committee of the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit Updated 07 01 19 BPSU parent bodies: with support from: 1 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 Concepts of disease development ..................................................................... 3 Public health surveillance ...................................................................................... 4 Epidemiology ............................................................................................................. 4 Descriptive epidemiology ...................................................................................... 5 Analytic epidemiology ............................................................................................ 5 Triangulation (cross verification) ........................................................................ 6 Capture-recapture .................................................................................................... 6 BPSU research design ............................................................................................. 6 BPSU resources .......................................................................................................... 9 Appendix .................................................................................................................... 10 References ................................................................................................................ -
Structured Measurement Error in Nutritional Epidemiology 3 1 = F 60 Ki2 J Kij
JASA jasa v.2004/12/09 Prn:26/10/2006; 10:42 F:jasaap05194r.tex; (Diana) p. 1 Structured Measurement Error in Nutritional 1 Epidemiology: Applications in the Pregnancy, 60 2 61 3 Infection, and Nutrition (PIN) Study 62 4 63 5 Brent A. JOHNSON,AmyH.HERRING, Joseph G. IBRAHIM, and Anna Maria SIEGA-RIZ 64 6 65 7 66 8 Preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks’ gestation, is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Identifying 67 factors related to preterm delivery is an important goal of public health professionals who wish to identify etiologic pathways to target 9 68 for prevention. Validation studies are often conducted in nutritional epidemiology in order to study measurement error in instruments that 10 are generally less invasive or less expensive than “gold standard” instruments. Data from such studies are then used in adjusting estimates 69 11 based on the full study sample. However, measurement error in nutritional epidemiology has recently been shown to be complicated 70 12 by correlated error structures in the study-wide and validation instruments. Investigators of a study of preterm birth and dietary intake 71 13 designed a validation study to assess measurement error in a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered during pregnancy and with 72 the secondary goal of assessing whether a single administration of the FFQ could be used to describe intake over the relatively short 14 73 pregnancy period, in which energy intake typically increases. Here, we describe a likelihood-based method via Markov chain Monte Carlo 15 to estimate the regression coefficients in a generalized linear model relating preterm birth to covariates, where one of the covariates is 74 16 measured with error and the multivariate measurement error model has correlated errors among contemporaneous instruments (i.e., FFQs, 75 17 24-hour recalls, and biomarkers). -
NUTR 305: NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Fall 2016 Course
NUTR 305: NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Fall 2016 Course Syllabus Time and location of the course: Tuesdays 1:30-3:00PM Fridays 8:45-10:15AM Location: Jaharis 155 (Except practicum #1: September 30th in Sacker 514 and practicum #2: October 14th in Jaharis 156) Instructor : Fang Fang Zhang, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 Email : [email protected] | Phone : 617-636-3704 Teaching Assistants: Danielle Haslam, MA MS Ph.D. Candidate, Nutritional Epidemiology Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy Email : [email protected] Mengxi Du MS/MPH Candidate Tufts University School of Medicine Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy Email : [email protected] Office Hours: Email anytime to set up an appointment Tufts Graduate Credit: 1.0 Prerequisites for taking this course: Required prerequisites for this course are the following: 1) Introductory Human Nutrition (e.g., NUTR 201 or 202) 2) Introductory Epidemiology (e.g., NUTR 204 or MPH 201) 3) Biostatistics (e.g., NUTR 209/309 A&B or MPH 205) Course Description: This course is designed for graduate students who are interested in conducting or better interpreting epidemiological studies relating diet and nutritional status to disease and health. There is an increasing awareness that various aspects of diet and nutrition may be important contributing factors in chronic disease. There are many important problems, however, in the implementation and interpretation of these studies. The purpose of this course is to examine methodologies used in nutritional epidemiological studies, and to review the current state of knowledge regarding diet and other nutritional indicators as etiologic factors in disease. -
Design of Clinical Trials Evaluating Dietary Interventions in Patients with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
748 ROME FOUNDATION WORKING GROUP nature publishing group Design of Clinical Trials Evaluating Dietary Interventions in Patients With Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Chu K. Yao , BND (Hons)1 , P e t e r R . G i b s o n , M D , F R A C P1 a n d S u s a n J . S h e p h e r d , P h D , M N D , B A p p S c i 2 Clear guiding principles for the design and conduct of dietary intervention trials in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are lacking. This narrative review examines the specifi c challenges associated with the design and reporting in dietary intervention trials. Dietary intervention trials need to address the collinearity between food, nutrients, and bioactive components that obscure the relationship between food and their effects in the gut. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies remain the gold standard for dietary trials, but are limited by diffi culties in adequate masking of study food or inappropriate choice of placebo food / diets. Provision of study diets as the preferred delivery method can somewhat address these limitations, although allowing good adherence compared with education-based dietary interventions. Issues associated with participant expectancies and dietary behaviors can alter the true effectiveness of a diet. In addition, failure to adjust for or report baseline intake of nutrients of interest can reduce their magnitude of benefi t. Bias in subjective reports and choice of measurement tools can preclude accurate assessment of food-intake data. In the design of elimination and rechallenge studies, suffi cient time period and adequate exclusion of dietary triggers are essential to ensure symptoms are well-controlled before rechallenging. -
Early Epidemiological Assessment of the Virulence of Emerging Infectious Diseases: a Case Study of an Influenza Pandemic
Early Epidemiological Assessment of the Virulence of Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Case Study of an Influenza Pandemic Hiroshi Nishiura1*, Don Klinkenberg1, Mick Roberts2, Johan A. P. Heesterbeek1 1 Theoretical Epidemiology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2 Centre for Mathematical Biology, Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand Abstract Background: The case fatality ratio (CFR), the ratio of deaths from an infectious disease to the number of cases, provides an assessment of virulence. Calculation of the ratio of the cumulative number of deaths to cases during the course of an epidemic tends to result in a biased CFR. The present study develops a simple method to obtain an unbiased estimate of confirmed CFR (cCFR), using only the confirmed cases as the denominator, at an early stage of epidemic, even when there have been only a few deaths. Methodology/Principal Findings: Our method adjusts the biased cCFR by a factor of underestimation which is informed by the time from symptom onset to death. We first examine the approach by analyzing an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong (2003) with known unbiased cCFR estimate, and then investigate published epidemiological datasets of novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in the USA and Canada (2009). Because observation of a few deaths alone does not permit estimating the distribution of the time from onset to death, the uncertainty is addressed by means of sensitivity analysis. The maximum likelihood estimate of the unbiased cCFR for influenza may lie in the range of 0.16–4.48% within the assumed parameter space for a factor of underestimation. -
Case-Control Studies
Case-control studies Ph.D. course University of Copenhagen March 7, 2005 Aims • Definition of case-control studies • Know the difference between case-control and cohort studies • Describe odds ratio • Know the principles for selection of controls • Be aware of bias and confounding in CC-studies • Describe advantages and disadvantages of CC-studies How are you going to test, if • Amyl nitrite (’Poppers’) is the cause of Kaposi’s sarcoma? – Case-control • Hospitalisation with hip fracture is the cause of lung embolus? – Case-control • Smoking is the cause of lung cancer? – Case-control • Use of childcare centres is a cause of respiratory tract infections? – Cohort study • Viagra acts against erectile dysfunction? – Randomised controlled study 1 The question (hypothesis) determines the method • The method dependes (among others) of –Type ofdisease – Frequency of disease – Characteristics of affected persons – Diagnostic methods Analytical study types • Determination of causes and effects •Observational – Cohort studies –Case-controlstudies • Interventional studies – Randomised, controlled studies Cohort studies • Cohort: Cohors (latin): 1/10 of a legion • Prospective (!) • Starting point a population of healthy TIME Sick Exposed Persons Healthy Population without disease Sick Non-exposed Healthy 2 Outcome in cohort study: Relative risk Sick Healthy Total Exposed A B A + B Non- C D C + D exposed Total A + C B + D A + B + C + D A Relative risk = A + B C C + D With other words: Cohort studies measure • Risk of disease among the exposed compared -
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DRYWALL MUD AND MUDDY DOCTRINE: HOW NOT TO DECIDE A MULTIPLE-EXPOSURE MESOTHELIOMA CASE STEVE C. GOLD* INTRODUCTION Courts have a long history of stuffing policy considerations into the causation element of tort claims.1 High stakes and causal complexity especially elicit such doctrinal misdirection. Toxic tort claims exemplify these traits as much as any type of claim in contemporary tort law. So it comes as no surprise to find judicial policy preferences at or just below the surface in many court opinions that nominally address only whether the plaintiff has proven that the defendant caused the plaintiff’s harm.2 Judicial decisions have consequences. Stare decisis and the influence exerted by some courts magnify the effects. A court sets a precedent in response to a perceived policy imperative. The precedent is then applied (perhaps borrowed by another jurisdiction) in a second case that it doesn’t fit quite as well and is then extended to a third case with unexpected, unjust, or unintelligible results. So it comes as no surprise that when courts misapprehend or misuse factual causation principles, practical concerns are as much at stake as is the theoretical coherence of doctrine. Scholarship has—or should have—consequences, too. Hard problems and novel issues stimulate academic research. Toxic torts have presented plenty of both, and factual causation has proven to be the most durable, controversial, and intractable difficulty in toxic tort cases. So it comes as no surprise that toxic tort causation has generated a sizable body of legal scholarship, some of which has * Professor of Law and Judge Raymond J. -
Notable Minimum Value of Relative Risk Recognized by Japanese Epidemiologists and Rule of Proof in Civil Trial: Questionnaire Survey
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Notable Minimum Value of Relative Risk Recognized by Japanese Epidemiologists and Rule of Proof in Civil Trial: Questionnaire Survey Minoru Sugita, Shaw Watanabe1, Masao Kanamori and Takashi Izuno Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Toho University School of Medicine and 1Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan (Received for publication on March 11, 1993) Abstract. Members of The Japanese Society of Cancer Epidemiology were questioned about relative risk in cancer epidemiology. The notable minimum value of relative risk recognized by the epidemiologists distributed from 1.1 to 5.0, and the mean and the standard deviation of the notable minimum value were 1.92 and 0.760. In civil litigation of United States a plaintiff must prove one's case by a "preponderance of evidence," which means that a causal relationship between risk factors and a health disturbance to a plaintiff is proved when relative risk is 2.0 or more. The mean value 1.92 of the notable minimum value of relative risk nearly corresponded to the relative risk 2.0, which indicates that opinion of Japanese epidemiologists did not disagree with the rule of the proof in civil litigation of United States. It is mentioned that the standard of the proof should be "high probability" based on "a high level of conviction in the judge's own mind" in Japanese civil trials, and that the "high probability" means that relative risk is 5.0 or more if we dare to quantify the vagueness. This value corresponded to the maximum value of the notable minimum relative risk in the questionnaire to the Japanese epidemiologists. -
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE DATE: August 2020 PERSONAL INFORMATION NAME: Angela Dorothea Liese ADDRESS: Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208 Phone (803) 777-9414 Fax (803) 777-2524 Email [email protected] EDUCATION 1996 Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Epidemiology Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Dissertation title: The development of the multiple metabolic syndrome: the role of insulin, anthropometric indices, and parental history 1993 Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 1991 Master of Science in Nutrition (Diplom) Institute of Nutritional Science University of Bonn, Germany Thesis title: Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables: a comparison between the US and Germany PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2010 – Professor of Epidemiology (with tenure) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina Angela D. Liese Curriculum Vitae 2010 – 2011 Associate Chair Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina 2008 – 2013 Director Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina 2006 – 2010 Associate Professor (with tenure) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina 2002 – 2006 Assistant Professor Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina 2000 – 2002 Research Assistant Professor Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina 1996 – 2000 Lecturer in Epidemiology and Research Associate Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine University of Münster, Germany 2 Angela D. -
Epidemiology and Mental Disorder: a Review
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.27.4.277 on 1 August 1964. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1964, 27, 277 Epidemiology and mental disorder: A review MICHAEL SHEPHERD AND BRIAN COOPER From the Institute ofPsychiatry, the Maudsley Hospital, London Though it is now fashionable to speak of the demiology were in circulation before 1914, the year epidemiology of mental illness, this conjunction of in which Goldberger published the first of a series of terms appeared in the literature only rarely before papers which were to demonstrate beyond argument 1949, when it was chosen as the title of a conference the professional epidemiologist's contribution to the organized by the Milbank Memorial Fund to ex- study of mental illness. There were several well- plore common ground between psychiatrists and documented accounts of the so-called psychic epi- public health workers (Milbank Memorial Fund, demics. The development of intelligence testing and 1950). Since then a spate of publications, especially the early studies of suicide had established the value in North America, the Scandinavian countries, and ofthe ecologist's method; and the older psychiatrists, the United Kingdom, has signalized the confluence as Lewis has pointed out, were familiar with such of two medical disciplines. The number of these in- basic epidemiological themes as the relationship vestigations is now so large, and their nature so between mental disorder and migration, isolation, varied, that it is advisable to demarcate the bound- occupation, and socio-economic change (Lewis, aries of psychiatric epidemiology. In Britain this task 1962). has been made easier by the cataloguing of current In view of these promising trends, it is of more Protected by copyright. -
Msc Nutrition and Health Specialization: Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health (Distance Learning)
MSc Nutrition and Health Specialization: Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health (Distance Learning) Wageningen University Course Descriptions (First Version 13-05-2015) Wageningen University, part of Wageningen UR For quality of life 21 HNE28303 Introduction Descriptive Epidemiology and Public Health (Distance Learning) Language of instruction: English Teaching methods: 1.3 DKC; 03 DT; 03 DG; 0.2 DEL; 0.6 IP; 0.3 IS Contact person: Joanne Leerlooijer Lecturer(s): Dr JM (Marianne) Geleijnse, prof. dr. ir. P (Pieter) van ’t Veer, Prof dr ir E (Ellen) Kampman, Prof dr ir EJM (Edith) Feskens, Dr ir GJ (Truus) Groenendijk-van Woudenbergh, Dr SS (Sabita) Soedamah- Muthu Examiner(s): Dr JM (Marianne) Geleijnse, gelei001 Content: In this course you will learn about the basic concepts, measures and study designs in analytical epidemiology and public health. Analytical studies investigate patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in certain populations. These studies give insight in risk factors of diseases and can inform policy makers in the field of public health to design prevention strategies. You will learn common measures as well as methods that support interpretation of study results, including their strengths and limitations. In addition, risk factors of major communicable and non-communicable diseases are discussed. Learning outcomes: After successful completion of this course students are expected to be able to: 1) calculate basic measures used in epidemiology and public health, including various measures of association, including PR, IRR, IPR and OR, and (population) attributable risk and fraction 2) understand basic study designs used in analytical epidemiology and public health and indicate the major (dis)advantages of the various study designs, including: a. -
Epidemiological Bulletin Pan American Health Organization: Celebrating 100 Years of Health
Epidemiological Bulletin Pan American Health Organization: Celebrating 100 Years of Health Vol. 23, No. 3 September 2002 Demographic and Mortality Trends in the Region of the Americas, 1980-2000 This year, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) impacts on the population’s mortality profile by both com- celebrates a century of work towards coordinating efforts of municable and non-communicable diseases and external caus- the countries to improve health in the most vulnerable popu- es. It is especially evident in the more susceptible population lations of the Americas. In carrying out this effort, one of the groups such as the poor or elderly. The resulting pattern of essential functions of the Organization during this period mortality magnifies the presence of significant health gaps has been the collection, analysis, and dissemination of infor- between different social groups and geographic areas within mation on health among the Member States. As part of its countries.4 Considering the complex dynamics of the Region’s constitutional mandates, PAHO prepares since 1954 a qua- demographic and health conditions in the Region, the aim of drennial report on the health situation and trends in the Amer- the present article is to describe important markers of the icas. Since 1998, this report is published under the title of “demographic transition” process within the Americas, sin- “Health in the Americas.”1 Its 2002 edition was presented in gling out the changes in relevant indicators in recent years. the previous issue of this Bulletin. This publication contains DATA SOURCES: This analysis is based on PAHO’s core health PAHO’s analysis of different public health aspects of the data, using countries from the American Region as geographic population and the organized responses of the health sector.