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België Gewapend Tegen Het Terrorisme? Een Lezing Van Het Fenomeen En Zijn Bestrijding: Strategieën En Middelen

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België Gewapend Tegen Het Terrorisme? Een Lezing Van Het Fenomeen En Zijn Bestrijding: Strategieën En Middelen VEILIGHEID & STRATEGIE N° 126 September 2016 België gewapend tegen het terrorisme? Een lezing van het fenomeen en zijn bestrijding: strategieën en middelen Koninklijk Hoger Instituut voor Defensie Instituut Hoger Koninklijk Kapitein Lars Scraeyen Lorem Ipsum September 2016 België gewapend tegen het terrorisme? Een lezing van het fenomeen en zijn bestrijding: strategieën en middelen Kapitein Lars Scraeyen Koninklijk Hoger Instituut voor Defensie Studiecentrum voor Veiligheid en Strategie Renaissancelaan 30 1000 Brussel ISSN 2295-0915 Een elektronische versie van dit document is beschikbaar en kan gedownload worden van onze website www.khid.be. De in dit document geuite standpunten vallen uitsluitend onder de verantwoordelijkheid van de auteur en geven niet noodzakelijkerwijs het officiële standpunt van het Koninklijk Hoger Instituut voor Defensie, het Ministerie van Landsverdediging of van de Belgische regering weer. Vragen, commentaren of opmerkingen met betrekking tot dit document kunnen gestuurd worden naar volgend adres: Directeur van het Studiecentrum voor Veiligheid en Defensie Koninklijk Hoger Instituut voor Defensie Renaissancelaan, 30 1000 Brussel Of elektronisch naar : [email protected] De auteur Lars Scraeyen begint in 2000 zijn studies aan de Voorbereidende Divisie van de Koninklijke Militaire School en voltooit in 2005 zijn opleiding aan de Koninklijke Militaire School met de 141ste promotie (master in sociale en militaire wetenschappen). Hij kiest dan voor de batterij Paracommando van het 2de bataljon Artillerie, waar hij de verschillende functies doorloopt. Vanaf april 2010 is hij adjunct-officier Operaties en Training (AS3) van het bataljon Artillerie. In 2011 behaalt hij een master in internationale betrekkingen en diplomatie aan de Universiteit van Antwerpen. Sinds juli 2012 is hij als onderzoeker verbonden aan het Studiecentrum voor Veiligheid en Defensie. Hij is alumni van het George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (Duitsland) waar hij het Program on Terrorism and Security Studies volgde. Verder heeft hij binnen zijn onderzoeksdomein vormingen genoten bij de NATO Special Operations School (België) en de Joint Special Operations University (Verenigde Staten van Amerika). In 2016 werd hij geselecteerd voor het George C. Marshall Center Alumni Scholarship Program. i ii Executive Summary The study that lies before you provides a comprehensive overview of perspectives on the terrorist phenomenon, strategies to counter it and the different tools available. The main focus throughout this study is to provide an answer to the question whether Belgium has what it takes to counter terrorism. In order to engage in well-informed discussions on this topic, rather than simply relying on the abundant and simplified reports in the media or the politicized (ab)use of the term in statements and reports, this study offers a variety of perspectives dealing with the definitional issue of terrorism, the different typologies and concepts of it. Instead of presenting the reader with a single approach, we offer several in order to highlight the complex nature of the phenomenon and the different contexts to take into account when discussing terrorism. Even though one definition of terrorism is being put forward, it is one that allows acquiring a better understanding of the phenomenon. Furthermore, the study will emphasize the place of terrorism within the larger spectrum of political action as it was defined by Alex P. Schmid in 1988. Most importanltly though is that our definition and approach of terrorism is dictated by the context that we are working in. As such a domestic or expeditionary context requires a different look at the phenomenon and the ways to deal with it. After having gained a better understanding of the complexity of the phenomenon the study addresses the development of strategies for combating terrorism, with a focus on the adopted ways and available means. It has been determined that four ways are used to combat terrorism: prevention, protection, persecution and response. After a theoretical overview of the development of such a strategy, followed by building on the United Kingdom’s and the European Union’s strategies the study takes a look at the means that are available for such a strategy. The means that are discussed are diplomacy, information, economy, finances, intelligence, law enforcement, emergency services, society, morality and, more into depth based on Geraint Hughes’ monograph on its role in counterterrorism, the military. Finally, after the discussion of the building blocks for the framework, concerning the ways and means available for a combating terrorism strategy, the study will go over the Belgian approach to combating terrorism since November 2015. Within this approach we will give an overview of the evolution of the security environment and some of the challenges for Belgium policy. After an overview of the different measures adopted by the government in the wake of the attacks in January 2015 the study will turn towards addressing the means available in Belgium in relation to the ways they can be applied. This leads to an overview, a matrix, in which can be identified where the different means relate to the ways of combating terrorism. These relationships are a primary indicator for assuring coordination between the different means and actors involved. Throughout the study it shows that Belgium has many to all of the required means to combat terrorism but they are either insufficient or unguided. The lack of an overall national strategy integrating all the levels of power and measures needs to be addressed if Belgium wants to combat terrorism efficiently towards the future. To the example of the ‘Kadernota Integrale Veiligheid’ presented in June 2016 by the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Security and Interior, Belgium should develop a similar approach in developing a strategy encompassing all the means and actors combating terrorism across the different levels of government. iii iv Inhoudstafel De auteur ................................................................................................................ i Executive Summary ............................................................................................. iii Inhoudstafel ............................................................................................................ v Lijst met afkortingen en acroniemen ................................................................... ix I. Introductie ....................................................................................................... 1 II. Terrorisme: veelzijdige definities, typologieën en concepten ........................ 8 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................... 8 De definitie van terrorisme en de ‘bermuda driehoek’ .......................................................... 8 Typologiën van terrorisme ................................................................................................... 15 (1) Contextuele typologieën .............................................................................. 15 (2) Typologieën op basis van drijfveren en geografische voetafdruk ............... 19 (3) Organisationele typologie ............................................................................ 22 Wie is terrorist? Officiële benaderingen versus publieke opinies. ....................................... 25 (1) ‘Blacklist’ regime en contexten ................................................................... 25 (2) Parallelle ‘blacklists’ ................................................................................... 30 Deelbesluit ......................................................................................................................... 34 III. De Terrorisme-Insurrectie connectie ..........................................................37 Inleiding ......................................................................................................................... 37 Terrorisme of insurrectie? .................................................................................................... 37 Insurrecties en terrorisme binnen het politieke spectrum .................................................... 42 Deelbesluit ......................................................................................................................... 51 IV. Terrorismebestrijding : strategieën en middelen ........................................52 Inleiding ......................................................................................................................... 52 Terrorismebestrijdingsstrategieën ........................................................................................ 53 (1) De Britse leidraad voor de Europese Unie .................................................. 55 (2) Strategie: theorie en ontwikkeling ............................................................... 57 (3) Een Belgisch voorbeeld van een nationale strategie ................................... 60 Terrorismebestrijdingsmiddelen .......................................................................................... 62 (1) Diplomatie ................................................................................................... 63 v (2) Strafrecht ..................................................................................................... 68 (3) Financiële dwangmaatregelen ....................................................................
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