AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL PLANTS OF INDIA Volume - 2

Dr. Ramesh Kumar Bhutya Ayurvedacharya Physician In-charge Government Ayurvedic Hospital Bhiya Distt. Bundi (Raj.)

Dr. Ramesh Kumar Bhutya 3/25, Shiv Vatika Marg, Keshavrai Patan (Distt. Bundi) (Rajasthan) Mobile: 09414538301

Published by: Scientific Publishers (India) 5-A, New Pali Road P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur – 342 001 (India) E-mail: [email protected] www.scientificpub.com

© Ramesh Kumar Bhutya, 2011

ISBN: 978-81-7233-735-3 (Vol. 2) 978-81-7233-684-4 (Vol. 1) 978-81-7233-736-0 (Set) E-ISBN: 978-93-87307-32-2

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, adapted, abridged, translated, stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other systems or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the authors/editors and the publishers.

Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on the understanding that neither the editors (or authors of chapters in edited volumes) nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publishers, for rectifying it in future editions, if published.

Typeset: Rajesh Ojha Printed in India

Dedicated to Respected Dr. Satish Sharma Range Forest Officer, Udaipur Famous Zoologist and Botanist, Critical Researcher, Enthusiastic Scientist

Dr. Satish Kumar Sharma Range Forest Officer Forest Research Farm, Banki (Sisarma) Udaipur, Rajasthan

Foreword

Dr. R.K. Bhutya, a famous Ayurveda physician of Rajasthan and author of present book had produced a notable volume on Ayurvedic medicinal plants of India in Hindi entitled ‘Vanaspati Aushadha Vigyan’ in 2007. His Hindi book was well received by the Ayurved experts, teachers, students and public. There was a constant demand from the Ayurveda experts, teachers, students and public to produce a similar type of book in English language also. Present book is in the massive volume which is an outcome of Dr. Bhutya’s dedicated efforts which were intensified after publication of his Hindi book. Present book is not an English version of his Hindi volume but a separately written independent book having various aspects of medicinal plants, which are well known to Ayurveda. Dr. Bhutya has described 287 plants in first volume and 213 plants in second volume in depth. His descriptions comprising Latin names of plants, their synonyms, classification, detail of vegetative and reproductive organs, phenology, ecology, parts used, dosage, collection period, clinical properties, mode of action and diseases which can be cured. Author has provided many indices at the end of each volume which enhance quality and usability of the book. Colour photographs are strength of the book which will be helpful in easy identification of plants. Most of the photographs were taken by the author himself from various parts of the country. Dr. Bhutya has thrown sufficient light on classical properties of plants, chemical composition of their various parts and their action on different diseases. I am sure that this book will prove an asset for Ayurveda experts, teachers, students, nature lovers, medicinal plant growers and common people.

(Dr. Satish Kumar Sharma) 9-5-2010

Preface

In recent years interest in medicinal plants has increased considerably world wide. It has also drawn the attention from common men in general and scholars in the medical streams particular due to sharp rise in problems as a result of adverse/side effects of modern medical science treatments, methods and medicines. In the today’s advanced technological era, pharmaceutical companies are launching new medicines every now and then without sound rational and scientific evidence. Their consequences are only known after 10-20 years of their continuous use. By then it may have caused a very serious damage to the public health. This poses a serious threat to the health of the common men, particularly in a country like India, where majority of the people live in villages and lie below poverty line and unable to afford costly medical treatment. For instance, sharp increase in diabetes mellitus among people is observed in recent times and some antibiotics were found responsible for it. Even medical practitioners have started acknowledging the fact now that for most of the diseases the real culprits are either doctors themselves or the medicines they prescribed to the patients. In the light of the above, the curiosity about the sources of the medicines, medicinal plants in most of the cases, has drawn considerable interest among all quarters of the medical science. This further paves the way for the quest for the authentic literature related to the systematic classification of the medicinal plants with the updated information in detail. It won’t be out of place to mention here that in spite of availability of a lot of books on medicinal plants in the market, readers are not found them satisfactory as their issues are not adequately addressed and hence, not successfully fulfill their requirements. Some books have focused in detail on a particular aspect of medicinal plants while neglecting the others, whereas, other books are good from botanical perspective but not found appropriate from the point of view of Ayurveda. Even some Ayuverdic books on medicinal plants found contradicting with the ancient classical books on Ayurveda and observed incorrect. Similarly, classic Ayurvedic books have not found acceptability due their lack of botanical coverage. It all leads to chaos and confusion in identification of medicinal plants among academicians, practitioners and research scholars. Author has identified the need for a balanced literature on medicinal plants which may be appropriate for both the people from botany and Ayurveda. This was the major motivation behind writing this book. In addition, in the absence of proper knowledge related to the identification of medicinal plants, many plants remained either unidentified or wrongly identified. As a result, many important and precious medicinal plants are often considered as weeds and disposed off as waste material. Wrong identification even lead towards more serious repercussions as these may be used wrongly in preparing medicines for which they are not recommended due to different chemical constituents, and hence deprived of their actual uses. In this book, an attempt is made to fill the above identified gaps. It is my firm belief that this book will be of immense use to Ayurveda experts, teachers, students of post-graduates and under- graduates Ayurvedic courses, researchers, students of botany, scientists, pharmacologists, pharmaceutical organizations, pharmacists, biochemists, medical men and even common men. However, I have tried to the best of my abilities and knowledge to produce a book containing all major aspects of Ayurvedic medicines and their source plants, even than some gaps and laps may prevail. I will be grateful to the readers for their suggestions and valuable feedback.

viii Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of India - Volume 2

Salient features of the book 1. The latest and updated botanical names, synonyms, species, varieties, families, old families and Ayurvedic classical groups are given in this book. Classical names include only those maintained in ancient Ayurvedic literature. 2. English, Sanskrit, Hindi and Local names are also given. 3. Complete botanical identification with habit, , stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed with full morphological features and measurement of length, width and height are presented, which would be helpful in tentative identification of the plant in the field. 4. Habitat or distribution of plant in India is meant to give a broad idea of the availability of the species in different eco-climatic zones and altitudes. 5. Flowering and fruiting period of plant is also given, although it is variable due to different geological situation in India. 6. Parts used, dosage and collection period of described plant is presented at appropriate places. 7. Ayurvedic classical properties with purity, its effect on Vaata, Pitta and Kapha. Grading of effects is also given. 8. Chemical composition of all parts of plant, with action are also given. 9. Action and disease indication of all parts of plant. These are based on ancient as well as recent ayurvedic literature. 10. Clinical uses of different parts of plant, on different disease. Here are, safe, selected, effective, practical and experienced formulae are given. 11. Under formulations, only classical Ayurvedic preparations are included, patent and proprietary items are not included. 12. Determination of doubtful classical Ayurvedic plants with botanical names. 13. Findings related to toxicology and therapeutic evaluation as and where available have been included under respective subheads. 14. For convenience or further readings, list of consulted books and page number of plant is given. 15. Photos of all plants in natural habitat are also given. All photos are original, with quality, distinguishable and taken by author at various places of India. A very little number photos are received from other source. 16. Classification and plant collection of modern style of action are given, which is very valuable chapter of book. Here are 75 groups are described with botanical and Hindi names. 17. For convenience in treatment and practical point of view, there is classification of clinical uses according to various diseases in alphabetical order with serial number of plants. 18. Index of classical formulations with serial numbers of plant, is given. 19. List of Families of described plants is given, here are 87 families are classified. 20. Index of English names of described plants is given with serial numbers. 21. Glossary of Botanical words is given. 22. Glossary of Medical term is also given. For readers convenience, there are simple names of diseases, instead of complicated medical terminology. 23. Meaning of Ayurvedic and Hindi words, used in this book, that translation in English cannot be possible in true sense. 24. Resource plant of various gums is given. 25. Bibliography. 26. List of plants covered in Volume-1. 27. Index of Botanical names, synonyms and species, with serial numbers is also given. 28. Key index of botanical names covered in volume-1 and volume-2. 29. At last, a composite list of Sanskrit, Hindi and Local names is given for readers’ convenience.

Preface ix

However, this book should be viewed in the light of following points- 1. Botanical characteristics have not been discussed with deep botanical description. This is merely reported on the basis of visual inspection. 2. Clinical uses are given with utmost care and should be implemented with advice of qualified Ayurvedic doctor. Author will not be held responsible for any complicacy. 3. There is much variation in flowering and fruiting time due to different eco-climatic zones of India. 4. There are compound drugs in the inverted coma. 5. Use clarified butter of cow, by the name of clarified butter. 6. Use oil of Sesamum orientale, by the name of oil. 7. Use milk of cow, by the name of milk. 8. Always use roasted seeds of Cuminum cyminum, even not described. 9. Always use fried gum of Ferula narthex, even not described. 10. Do not take cold water, after the drugs, taken with oil or clarified butter.

A few words of gratitude: In preparing this book, the help of various sources has been taken. I would like thank all the authorities whose works are consulted during the preparation of this book. I would like to express my grateful thanks for their valuable guidance and advice. I am indebted to Dr. Satish Sharma, Range Forest Officer, Udaipur, a constant source of inspiration throughout the development of this book for his valuable guidance and timely help. He went out of the way to help me in spite of his very busy schedule and other professional commitments. Further, I am grateful to my colleagues Dr. R.S. Garg, Ayurvedic physician, Baran, Dr. O.P. Chaturvedi, Ay. Physician, Jaipur, Dr. P.S. Solanki, Ay. Physician, Kota, and Dr. Ashok Saxena, Ay. Physician, Bundi, Dr. J.P. Sharma, Ay. Physician, Bundi, Dr. Gopi Nath Pareek, Jaipur, Dr. Shri Krishan Khandal, Professor, N.I.A. Jaipur for their advice and support. I am also thankful to Dr. L.K. Dadhich, Ex. principal, J.D.B. Girls College, Kota, Mr. Dalpat Singh Rajpurohit, Range Forest Officer, Udaipur, for their valuable guidance. My heartfelt thanks are also due to Mr. Satyawan Sharma, Son-in-law, Mrs. Kamini Sharma, daughter, Dushyant Sharma, Son, Mrs. Kirti Sharma, Daughter-in-law, Mr. Milind, Mrs. Kumud Sharma and other family members for their constant support and assistance. Last but not the least; I am extremely grateful to my wife Smt. Manju Sharma for her patience as she almost freed me in discharging my domestic responsibilities during writing this piece of work. My thanks are also due to Mr. Pawan ji, Mr. Tanay ji and Rajesh ojha, Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur.

Dr. Ramesh Kumar Bhutya 3/25, Keshorai Patan, District Bundi, Rajasthan. E-mail : [email protected]

Contents xi

Contents Vol. 1

S.N. of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 1. Abelmoscus moschatus - Lata kastoori 1 2. Abies spectabilis - Talis patra 2 3. Abroma augusta - Ulata kambal 3 4. Abrus precatorius - Gunja 3 5. Abutilon indicum - Atibala 5 6. Acacia catechu - Khadira 6 7. Acacia farnesiana - Irimeda 7 8. Acacia nilotica - Babula 8 9. Acacia sinuta - Shikakai 10 10. Acalypha indica - Kuppi 11 11. Achyranthus aspera - Apamarga 11 12. Aconitum ferox - Vatsanabha 13 13. Aconitum heterophylum - Atisa 14 14. Acorus calamus - Vacha 15 15. Adansonia digitata - Gorakha imali 17 16. Actinopteris dichotoma - Mayur shikha 18 17. Adiantum incisum - Hansaraj 18 18. Aegle marmelos - Bilva 19 19. Aerva lanata - Gorakhaganja 20 20. campestris - Chhatraka 21 21. Agave Americana - Kantala 22 22. Ailanthus excelsa - Aralu 22 23. Alangium salviifolium - Ankol 23 24. Albizia lebbek - Shirisha 24 25. Alectra parasitica - Ramanarayani buti 25 26. Alhagi pseudolhagi - Yavasa 26 27. Allium cepa - Palandu 26 28. Allium sativum - Rasona 28 29. Alocasia indica - Mankanda 29 30. Aloe barbadensis - Ghrita kumari 30 31. Alpina galanga - Kulinjana 31 xii Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of India - Volume 1

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 32. Alstonia scholaris - Saptaparna 33 33. Althaea officinalis - Khatmi 34 34. Amaranthus spinosus - Cholai 34 35. Ammi majaus - Atari- lal 35 36. Amomum sabulatum - Bari Ilayachi 36 37. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius - Surana 37 38. Anacardium occidentale- Kaju 38 39. Anacyclus pyrethrum - Akarakara 39 40. Ananas comosus - Annanasa 40 41. Andrographis paniculata - Kalamegha 41 42. Anethum graveolens - Soya 42 43. Annona squamosa - Sitaphala 43 44. Anogeissus latifolia - Dhava 44 45. Anthocephalus chinensis - Kadamba 45 46. Apium graveolens - Ajamoda 46 47. Aquilaria agalocha - Agara 47 48. Areca catechu - Supari 48 49. Argemone mexicana - Satyanashi 49 50. Argyreia nervosa - Vidhayara 51 51. Aristolochia bracetolata - Keetamari 52 52. Aristolochia indica - Ishwari 53 53. Artemisia absinthium - Afasanteena 54 54. Artemisia maritima - Kiramani Ajavayan 55 55. Artemisia nilagirica - Damanaka 55 56. Artocarpus heterophyllus - Katahala 56 57. Artocarpus Lacucha - Lakucha 57 58. Arundo donex - Nal 58 59. Asparagus adscendens - Safed Mushali 58 60. Asparagus racemosus - Shatavari 59 61. Atropa acuminata - Suchi 61 62. Averrhoea carambola - Kamarakha 62 63. Azadirachta indica - Neema 63 64. Baccopa monnieri - Brahmi 65 65. Balanites aegyptiaca - Hingot 66 66. Baliospermum montanum - Danti 67 67. Bambusa arundinacea - Bansa 68 68. Barleria prionitis - Saireyaka 69

Contents xiii

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 69. Barringtonia acutangula - Samudraphala 70 70. Basella alba - Upodika 71 71. Bauhinia racemosa - Ashamantaka 72 72. Bauhinia variegata - Kachanar 73 73. Benincasa hispida - Kushamanda 74 74. Berberis aristata - Daruharidra 75 75. Bergenia ciliata - Pashanbheda 76 76. Betula utilis - Bhojapatra 77 77. Bixa orellana - Sinduri 78 78. Blepharis edulis - Utangana 79 79. Blumia lacera - Kukarondha 79 80. Boerhavia diffusa - Punarnavaa 80 81. Bombax ceiba - Semal 82 82. Borassus flabellifer - Tada 83 83. Boswellia serrata - Shallaki 84 84. Brassica campestris - Sarson 85 85. Brassica juncea - Rai 86 86. Brunella valgaris - Dharu 87 87. Buchanania lanzan - Chironji 88 88. Butea monosperma - Palasha 89 89. Caesalpinia bonduc - Kantaki Karanja 91 90. Caesalpinia sappan - Bakama 92 91. Cajanus cajan - Arahara 93 92. Callicarpa macrophylla - Priyangu 94 93. Calophyllum inophyllum - Punnaga 95 94. Calotropis procera - Arka 95 95. Camellia sinesis - Chaya 97 96. Cannabis sativa - Bhanga 97 97. Capparis deciduas - Karira 99 98. Capparis zeylanica - Vyaghranakhi 100 99. Capsicum annum - Lal Mircha 101 100. Carica papaya - Eranda Karkati 101 101. Carissa carandas - Karonda 102 102. Carthamus tinctorius - Kusumbha 103 103. Carum carvi - Jiraka-Krishna 104 104. Cassia absus - Chakasu 105 105. Cassia auriculata - Charmaranga 106 xiv Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of India - Volume 1

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 106. Cassia fistula - Amalatasa 107 107. Cassia occidantalis - Kasani 108 108. Cassia senna - Sanaya 109 109. Cassia tora - Chakramarda 111 110. Catharanthus roseus - Sadabahar 112 111. Cedrus deodara - Devadaru 113 112. Celastrus paniculatus - Jyotishamati 114 113. Centella asiatica - Mandukaparni 115 114. Centipeda orbicularis - Nakachhikani 117 115. Centratherum anthelminticum - Kali Jeeri 117 116. Ceratophyllum demersum - Shevala 118 117. Chenopodium album - Bathua 119 118. Cicer arietinum - Chana 120 119. Cichorium intybus - Kasani 121 120. Cinchona officinalis - Kunena 122 121. Cinnamomum camphora - Kapoora 122 122. Cinnamomum tamala - Tejpata 124 123. Cinnamomum verum - Dalchini 124 124. Cissampelos pariera - Patha 126 125. Cissus quandrangularis - Hadajora 127 126. Citrullus colocynthis - Indrayana 128 127. Citrullus vulgaris - Tarbooja 129 128. Citrus aurantifolia - Nimbu 130 129. Citrus limon - Jambeera 131 130. Citrus maxima - Chakotara 132 131. Citrus medica - Matulunga 132 132. Claviceps purpurea - Argata 134 133. Cleome gynandra - Hulhula 134 134. Clerodendrum indicum - Bharangi 135 135. Clerodendrum infortunatum - Bhandira 136 136. Clitoria ternatea - Aparajita 137 137. Coccinia grandis - Kunduru 138 138. Cocculus hirsutus - Pataalgarudi 139 139. Cochlospermum gossypium Katira 140 140. Cocus nucifera - Nariyal 140 141. Coffea Arabica - Kofi 141 142. Coix lacrima-jobi - Gavedhuka 142

Contents xv

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 143. Colchicum leuteum - Suranjana 143 144. Coleus amboinicus - Parnayavani 144 145. Commiphora mukul - Guggulu 144 146. Commiphora myrrha - Bol 146 147. Convolvulus pluricaulis - Shankhapushpi 146 148. Coptis teeta - Mamira 148 149. Corallocarpus epigaeus - Nahikandi 148 150. Corchorus fascicularis - Bahuphali 149 151. Cordia dichotoma - Sleshamantaka 150 152. Coriandrum sativum - Dhanyaka 151 153. Coscinium fenestratum - Kalambaka 152 154. Costus speciosus - Kebuka 152 155. Crataeva nurvala - Varuna 153 156. Cressa cretica - Rudravanti 154 157. Crinum latifolium - Sudarsan 155 158. Crosus sativus - Kesar 156 159. Crotalaria juncea - Shana 157 160. Crotalaria verrucosa - Shanapushpi 158 161. Croton tiglium - Jayapal 158 162. Cucumis maculata- Kachara 160 163. Cucumis melo - Kharbuja 160 164. Cucumis sativus - Khira Kakari 161 165. Cuminum cyminum - Jirak-sweta 162 166. Curculigo orchioides - Mushali-kali 163 167. Curcuma amada - Aamaa Haldi 164 168. Curcuma angustifolia - Tavakhsir 165 169. Curcuma aromatica - Van Haridra 166 170. Curcuma longa - Haridra 166 171. Curcuma zedoria - Kachura 168 172. Cuscuta reflexa - Amarbel 169 173. Cymbopogon martini - Rohishatrina 170 174. Cynodon dactylon - Durva 171 175. Cyperus scariosus - Nagarmotha 172 176. Daemonorops draco - Khoonakharaba 174 177. Dalbergia lanceolaria - Gorakha 174 178. Dalbergia sissoo - Sisama 175 179. Datura innoxia - Dhatura 176 xvi Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of India - Volume 1

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 180. Daucas carota - Gajar 178 181. Delonix regia - Gulturra 179 182. Delphinium denudatum - Nirvishi 180 183. Dendrophthoe falcate - Banda 180 184. Desmodium gangeticum - Shalaparni 181 185. Desmostachya bipinnata - Kusha 182 186. Dichrostachys cineria - Virataru 183 187. Digitalis purpurea - Hritapatri 184 188. Dioscorea bulbifera - Varahikanda 185 189. Diospyros malabarica - Tendu 185 190. Diplocyclos palmatus - Shivalingi 186 191. Dipterocarpus atatus - Aswakarna 187 192. Dolichos biflorus - Kulathi 188 193. Dorema ammoniacum - Ushaka 189 194. Drypetes roxburghii - Putrajivaka 189 195. Echinops echinatus - Untakatela 190 196. Eclipta prostrata - Bhringaraj 191 197. Elaeocarpus sphaericus - Rudrakhsa 192 198. Elephantopus scaber - Gojihva 193 199. Elettaria cardamomum - Choti Ilayachi 194 200. Embelia ribes - Vidanga 195 201. Enicostema axillare - Naya 197 202. Ephedra gerardiana - Soma 198 203. Eryngium caeruleum - Shakakul Mishri 198 204. Erythrina variagata - Kantaki Palasha 199 205. Eucalyptus globules - Telparni 200 206. Eulophia campestris - Saalamagatta 201 207. Eupatorium triplinrve - Ayapana 201 208. Euphorbia hirta - Dugdhika 202 209. Euphorbia neriifolia - Sehunda 203 210. Euryale ferox - Makhana 205 211. Fagonia indica - Dhanvayasa 205 212. Ferula foetida - Hingu 206 213. Ficus arnottiana - Pahari Pipal 208 214. Ficus benghalensis - Vata 209 215. Ficus carica - Anjeer 210 216. Ficus hispida - Kakodumber 211

Contents xvii

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 217. Ficus lacor - Plakhsa 212 218. Ficus racemosa - Udumber 212 219. Ficus religiosa - Pipal 213 220. Flacourita indica - Vikankat 215 221. Flacourita jangomas - Pani Aamala 215 222. Foeniculum vulgare - Saunfa 216 223. Fumaria indica - Pittapapara 218 224. Garcinia indica - Vrikhsamla 219 225. Garcinia morella - Kankustha 220 226. Garcinia penduculata - Amlavet 220 227. Gardenia gummifera - Narihingu 221 228. Gentiana kurroo - Trayamana 222 229. Gloriosa superba - Kalihari 223 230. Glycyrrhiza glabra - Madhuyasti 224 231. Gmelina arborea - Gambhari 225 232. Gossipium herbacum - Kapaas 226 233. Grewia asiatica - Phalasa 228 234. Grewia hirsuta - Naagabala 228 235. Grewia tenax - Gangeran 229 236. Grewia tiliaefolia - Dhanvan 230 237. Gymnema sylvestre - Gurmar 230 238. Habenaria edgeworthii - Vriddhi 231 239. Habenaria intermedia - Riddhi 232 240. Haldina cordifolia - Haldu 233 241. Hedychium spicatum - Kapoorakachari 233 242. Helicteres isora - Marorphali 234 243. Heliotropium eichwaldi - Neelkanthi 235 244. Heliotropium indicum - Hastisunda 236 245. Hemidesmus indicus - Anantamool 236 246. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Japa 237 247. Holarrhena antidysentrica - Kutaja 238 248. Holoptelea integrifolia - Chirabilva 240 249. Hordeum vulgare - Jou 241 250. Hydnocarpus laurifolia - Chaalmogara 242 251. Hygrophila auriculata - Talmakhana 243 252. Hyocyamus niger - Parsika Yavani 244 253. Hyssopus officinalis - Jufa 246 xviii Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of India - Volume 1

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 254. Imperata cylindrica - Darbha 246 255. Indigofera tinctoria - Neelika 247 256. Inula racemosa - Pushkarmoola 248 257. Ipomoea digitata - Vidarikanda 249 258. Ipomoea nil - Kaladana 250 259. Ipomoea sepiaria - Laxhamana 251 260. Iris ensata - Balvacha 251 261. Jasminum gradiflorum- Chameli 252 262. Jasminum sambac - Mogara 253 263. Jatropha curcas - Ratanjot 254 264. Juglans regia - Akharot 255 265. Juniperus communis - Hauber 256 266. Justicia adhatoda - Vasa 257 267. Kalanchoe pinnata - Parnabeeja 258 268. Lagenaria siceraria - Katutumbi 259 269. Lannea coromandelica - Jingini 260 270. Lavandula stoechas - Ustakhaddus 261 271. Lawsonia inermis - Mehandi 261 272. Lens culinaris - Masura 262 273. Lepidium iberis - Todari 263 274. Lepidium sativum - Chandrasura 264 275. Leptadenia reticulata - Jivanti 265 276. Leptadenia spartium - Swarnajivanti 266 277. Leucas cephalotes - Dronapushpi 266 278. Lilium polyphylum - Khsirakakoli 267 279. Limonia acidissima - Kapittha 268 280. Linum usitatissimum - Alasi 269 281. Liquidamber orientalis - Shilarasa 270 282. Litchi chinensis - Lichi 271 283. Litsea glutinosa - Medalakari 272 284. Lochonera pussilla - Bavalibuti 272 285. Luffa acutangula - Kritavedhana 273 286. Luffa cylendrica - Dhamargava 274 287. Luffa echinata - Devadali 275

Classification of Plants According to Action 277

Classification of Clinical Use 290

Contents xix

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number Index of Formulations 295

Families of Medicinal Plants 303

List of Botanical Names, Synonyms and Species 306

Abbreviations 312

Index of English Words 313

Glossary of Botanical Words 316

Glossary of Medical Words 328

Meanings of Hindi and Ayurvedic Words 338

Index to Sanskrit, Hindi and Local Names 340

Resource Plants of Gum 352

Contents Vol. 2

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 288. Macrotyloma uniflorum Kulathi 1 289. Mahuaa 1 290. Majorana hortensis Maruaa 3 291. Malaxis acuminata Jivaka 3 292. Malaxis muscifera Rishabhaka 4 293. Mallotus philipensis Kampillaka 4 294. Malus pumila Seb 6 295. Malva sylvestris Khubbaji 6 296. Mangifera indica Aam 7 297. Manilkara hexandra Khirani 8 298. Marsdenia tenacissima Murvaa 9 299. Marsilea minuta Chopatiyaa 10 300. Martynia annua Kaakanaasaa 11 301. Matricaria chamomilla Babunaa 11 302. Melaleuca leucadendron Kaayaputi 12 303. Melia azedarach Mahaanimba 12 304. Mentha piperata Piparment 14 305. Mentha spicata Pudinaa 14 306. Merremia gangetica Mushaakarni 15 307. Mesua ferrea Naagkesar 16 308. Michelia champaka Champaa 17 309. Mimosa pudica Lajjaavanti 18 310. Mimusops elengi Maulashree 19 311. Mitragyna parvifolia Kalam 20 312. Momordica charantia Karelaa 21 313. Momordica dioica Kakoraa 22 314. Moringa oleifera Shobhaanjan 23 315. Morus alba Sahatuta 24 316. Mucana pruriens Kavaancha 25 317. Murraya koenigii Mista Nimba 26 318. Musa paradisiaca Kelaa 27 319. Myrica nagi Kaayaphala 28 320. Myristica fragrans Jaayaphala 30 321. Nardostachys jatamansi Jataamansi 31 322. Nelumbo nucifera Kamal 35 xii Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of India - Volume 2

S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 323. Nerium indicum Kaner 34 324. Nicotiana tabacum Tambaaku 35 325. Nigella sativa Kalaa jeera 36 326. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Haarsingaar 37 327. Nymphaea Stellata Kumud 38 328. Ochrocarpus longifolius Surpunnaaga 39 329. Ocimum basilicum Van Tulasi 40 330. Ocimum canum Shyaam Tulasi 41 331. Ocimum gratissimum Raam Tulasi 42 332. Ocimum kilimandscharicum Kapoor Tulsi 43 333. Ocimum sanctum Tulsi 43 334. Olea europaea Jaitoon 45 335. Operculina turpethum Nishotha 45 336. Opuntia dellenii Naagaphani 46 337. Orchis latifolia Saalam Mishri 47 338. Oroxylum indicum Shyonaaka 48 339. Oryza sativa Chaaval 49 340. Ougeinia dalbergioides Tinisha 50 341. Oxalis corniculata Chaangeri 51 342. Paederia scandens Gandhaprasa-arini 52 343. Paeonia emodi Udsaleeba 53 344. Panax pseudoginseng Laxamana 54 345. Pandanus fascicularis Kewara 54 346. Papaver sommniferum Afima 55 347. Parmelia perlata Chharilaa 57 348. Pavonia odorata Netrabaala 58 349. Pedalium murex Gokharu Baraa 58 350. Peganum harmala Harmal 59 351. Pentapetus phoenicea Dupahariaa 60 352. Pergularia daemia Utaran 60 353. Peristrophe bicalyculata Kaakjangha 61 354. Phaseolus mungo Urada 62 355. Phaseolus radiatus Moonga 63 356. Phaseolus trilobus Mudgaparni 64 357. Phoenix dactylifera Pinda Kharjoora 65 358. Phoenix sylvestris Khajur 66 359. Phyla nodiflora Jalpippali 67 360. Phylanthus distichus Harphaarevari 68 361. Phylanthus emblica Aamala 69 362. Phylanthus fraternus Bumyaamalaki 71 363. Physalis minima Chirpotali 72

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S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 364. Picrorhiza kurroa Kutaki 73 365. Pinus gerardiana Chilgojaa 74 366. Pinus roxburghii Saral Oleo- 75 367. Piper Naagarbel 76 368. Piper chaba Chavya 77 369. Piper cubeba Kankol 78 370. Piper longum Pippali 79 371. Piper nigrum Kali Mirch 80 372. Piper wallichii Renukaa 82 373. Pistacia intergerrima Kakarasingi 83 374. Pistacia lentiscus Mastagi 84 375. Pistia stratiotes Jalakumbhi 84 376. Pisum sativum Matar 85 377. Plantago ovata Isabgol 85 378. Pluchea lanceolata Raasna 86 379. Plumbago zeylanica Chitraka 87 380. Polyalthia longifolia Aashaapaalaa 89 381. Polygonatum cirrhifolium Mahaameda 89 382. Polygonatum verticillatum Medaa 90 383. Polygonum aviculare Granthiparni 91 384. Pongamia pinnata Karanja 91 385. Portulaca oleracea Lonaa 92 386. Premna integrifolia Agnimantha 93 387. Prosopis spicigera Khejaraa 94 388. Prunus amygdalus Baadaam 95 389. Prunus cerasoides Padmakha 96 390. Psidium guajava Amarood 97 391. Psoralea corylifolia Baakuchi 98 392. Pterocarpus marsupium Vijaysar 99 393. Pterocarpus santalinus Rakta Chandan 101 394. Pterospermum acerifolium Muchakunda 102 395. Pueraria tuberosa Vidaarikand 103 396. Punica grantum Anaar 103 397. Pyrus communis Naashapati 105 398. Quercus infectoria Manjuphala 105 399. Randia dumetorum Madanphala 106 400. Ranunculus sceleratus Kaandeer 108 401. Raphanus sativus Mooli 108 402. Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpagandhaa 110 403. Rheum emodi Revandchini 111 404. Rhus parviflora Tintideek 112

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S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 405. Ricinus communis Eranda 113 406. Rosa centifolia Gulab 115 407. Roscoea alpina Kakoli 116 408. Rubia cordifolia Manjisthaa 116 409. Ruta graveolens Sitaab 118 410. Saccharum bengalense Sharpat 119 411. Saccharum officinale Ikha 119 412. Saccharum spontaneum Kaasa 121 413. Salacia chinensis Saptachakra 121 414. Salix caprea Vetas 122 415. Salix tetrasperma Jalvetas 123 416. Salvadora persica Pilu 123 417. Salvia plebeia Samudrashosha 124 418. Sansevieria roxburghiana Nagdaman 125 419. Santalum album Chandan-Sweta 126 420. Sapindus mukorossi Arithaa 127 421. Saraca asoca Ashok 128 422. Sarcostema brevistigma Somalataa 129 423. Saussurea costus Kustha 130 424. Schrebera swientenioides Muskaka 131 425. Scindapsus officinalis Gajapipal 132 426. Scirpus grossus Kasheruka 132 427. Semecarpus anacardium Bhallaataka 133 428. Sesamum orientale Til 135 429. Sesbania grandiflora Agatsya 136 430. Sesbania sesban Jayanti 137 431. Shorea robusta Shaal 138 432. Sida cordifolia Balaa 139 433. Sida rhombifolia Mahabalaa 141 434. Sisymbrium irio Khubakalaan 141 435. Smilax china Chopchini 142 436. Solanum ferox Badi Kantakari 143 437. Solanum melongena Begun 144 438. Solanum nigrum Makoya 145 439. Solanum surattense Kantakari 146 440. Soymida febrifuga Maansarohini 147 441. Sphaeranthus indicus Gorakhamundi 148 442. Spilanthes oleracea Akara-karaa-desi 149 443. Spinacea oleracea Paalak 150 444. Spondias pinnata Aamratak 151 445. Streblus asper Shaakhotak 151

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S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 446. Stereospermum suaveolens Paatalaa 152 447. Strychnos nux-vomica Tinduka 154 448. Strychnos potatorum Nirmali 156 449. Styrax Lobaan 156 450. Swertia chirayita Chiraayataa 157 451. Symplocos racemosa Lodhra 158 452. Syzygium aromaticum Lavanga 159 453. Syzygium cumini Jaamuna 160 454. Tagetes erecta Gendaa 162 455. Tamarindus indica Imali 163 456. Taraxacum officinale Dugdhafeni 164 457. Tecomela undulata Rohitaka 165 458. Tectona grandis Saagawan 166 459. Tephrosia purpurea Sharpunkhaa 167 460. Teramnus libialis Maashaparni 168 461. Terminalia arjuna Arjun 169 462. Terminalia bellirica Baheara 170 463. Terminalia chebula Harad 171 464. Terminalia tomentosa Asana 173 465. Thespesia populnea Paaras Pipal 174 466. Thevetia peruviana Kaner 175 467. Thuja orientalis Mayurpankhi 176 468. Tinospora cordifolia Giloya 177 469. Trachyspermum ammi Ajawaayan 178 470. Trapa natans Sigharaa 180 471. Tribulus terrestris Gokharu-Chotaa 181 472. Tricodesma indicum Adhahpushpi 182 473. Tricholepsis glaberrima Brahmadandi 183 474. Tricosanthes bracteata Bari Indrayan 183 475. Tricosanthes cucumerina Tikta Patol 184 476. Trichosanthus dioica Patol 185 477. Trigonella foenum-graecum Methi 186 478. Triticum aestivum Gehun 187 479. Tylophora indica Arkapatri 188 480. Typha elephantina Erakaa 189 481. Uraria picta Prisnaparni 190 482. Urginea indica Jangali Pyaaj 191 483. Valeriana jatamansi Tagar 192 484. Vateria indica Safed daamar 193 485. Vernonia cinerea Sahadevi 194 486. Vetiveria zizaniodes Khas 195

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S.N. Botanical Name of Plant Hindi Name Page Number 487. Viola odorata Banafshaa 195 488. Vitex negundo Nirgundi 196 489. Vitis vinifera Drakhsaa 198 490. Wedelia calendulacea Kesharaaj 199 491. Withania somnifera Aswagandhaa 200 492. Woodfordia fruticosa Dhaataki 202 493. Xanthium strumarium Aadhaashishi 203 494. Zanthoxylum armatum Tumburu 204 495. Zea mays Makkaa 205 496. Zingiber officinale Adaraka 206 497. Zingiber zerumbet Kapoor Haldi 208 498. Ziziphus jujuba Baraa Ber 209 499. Ziziphus nummularia Chota Ber 210 500. Ziziphus sativa Unnaaba 210

Classification of Plants According to Action 212 Classification of Clinical Use 225 Index of Formulations 230 Families of Medicinal Plants 235 List of Botanical Names, Synonyms and Species 238 Abbreviations 243 Index of English Words 244 Glossary of Botanical Names 247 Glossary of Medical Words 259 Meanings of Hindi and Ayurvedic Words 270 Index to Sanskrit, Hindi and Local Names 272 Resource Plants of Gum 280 Key Index of Botanical Names of Medicinal Plants 281