DOCUMENT RESUME
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AUTHOR. Parrillo, Vincent N. TITLE Arab American Residential Segregation: Differences in Patterns. PUB DATE '22 Mar 84 NOTE 23p.; Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Urban Affairs Association (Portland, Oregon, March 22, 1984). PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Arabs; Census Fi4ures; Economic F4ctois;,
*Neighborhood Integration;, North Americans; ) *Population Distribution; *Racial_CompositioAfr *Residential Patterns ;' SocioeconomicStatus;,
StatisticaI-Analysis , IDENTIFIERS Index of Dissimilarity; *New Jersey
ABSTRACT , In oider to deterMine:the extent of fesidentiaI segregation among first or second generation Arabs living in and around Paterson, New Jersey, 286 fami1ies were located and interviewed. Field data were combined with statistics from the U.S. Census Bui.eau Population and Housing Summary Tape File 1-A. It was found that residential segregation was not the usualepattern among Arab Americans (which included Syrians, Lebanese, Circassians, Palestinians, and Jordanians),. Most of the Arabimmigrant familieS were found to Iivein'working class neighborhoods, either atthe :' city's, edge or in one of the adjoining exurbs or small Cities' (Prospect Park, HaIedon,-CIifton, Pasgaic). In these areas,_ a few- families may live fairly close tai one another, but several blocks from the next small grouping. Ne7fertheIess, interviews reVealed a shared sense of community and frequentjnteraction patterns based upon life cycle rituals, homeland concerns,religious affinatiollg, political activism, or limited social situations. The method used to measure the degree of racial segregation--defined asthe overall unevenness in the spatial distribution of tworacial/ethnic groups--was the index of dissimilarity., Among all the censustracks examined, the mean level of segregation hetween Arab Americans and Whites was found to be 26 percent. With wide fluctuations,-the Mean Arab/Rlack dissimilaritx index was 61 percent. Nonetheless, neighborhood racial composition did not 'appear to be a'factor in Arab Americans' choice of residence or' desire to ielocate. Finallk, the segregated distribution pattern of,this_group was not found to be strongly related to cost of housing. (GC)
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Ch Pr\ tV
iam Xaterson Collage of New Jersay Wayne, New Jersey07470
. Presented to Urban Affairs Association annual meeting Portland, Oregon March 22, 1984
Not for quotationor citation With ut permissionof author
. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION !'PERMISSION TO _REPliO_buatrklis EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION MATERIAL HAS I§E N GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC). irThis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization
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Points ofiiew or opinions Mated imthis do_cu. TO_THE_EDIICATL014A_L RESOURCES ment do not hecessarily represent offitial NIE INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC):" position or policy. ARAB AMERICAN RESIDENTIAL' SEGREGATION:- DIFFERENCES IN PATTERNS
radItiOnal reaidental-TatterniniTUf Europedn white etinics has .
,..tIndtering near a city's historic center. A consider- a) 7 it i 4g4attekiStt about these EurOpean immigraf,icomunities,
/.- qpanieCkTi: 1920, 19504 Gans4, 1962; HandlirOP59; il
aIOutlOa, 1964; Wh3ite, 1943;-Goljdstein and.
. : scheider, 1968). Sikila Apatterna have been reportedamong ASIen
, s ..-communities (e.g.,'..piti,J97-itano,': 19694 Lyman, 1974; ;Petersen,: 1971):
610 pthet investigators=' have written abolto black and HiSpanic 'neighborhood
_ _ , communities :(0,.gi,linkney, 1969; 11,1ling:sley,
Lewis, 1965; FitipatriCki 1971; Rodriguez, 1977). Iia, each instance,
'the ethnic or community was easily defined withipljatticular
boundaries..
An annual average of 15;000 Arab immigrants:haVebn settling'i
'American cities since 1976, acwrding to the Office of. Immigration:and'
Naturalization Services. Little is known about them, however,partly._'
because only limited statistics are kept. .For instance, the 1980
census-taking only did a raftdom sampling in ciples of 100,000 or more
about Arab Americans. State offices base their data on census input,
andwhile,the 980 CensusSummary'Tapes released in 1982 pontain-
information about whites, blacks, and Hispanics as well as other
summary data, specific information about Arab Americansis not
accessible by thftse means.
A few sqcial scientists have studies Arab immigrant communities
(Agocs, 1981; Sengstock, 1977; Ansari, 1977; Elkholy, 1976; Kayal and
Kayal, 1975; Aswad, 1974)-.. While these studies have offered some valuable 'insights, muCh,remains unknown:about:the dynamic's of Arab;
immigrant communities in the eastern United States. Foi exAmple, the
federal government identifies 40,000 Arab AMericans as living in New
Jersey. Yet very fewyell-defin Arab American coMmunitie ca
recognized.Moreover, the federal governmentincludes .t der the.
rubric of "Arabi! such non -Arab peoples as Armenians)anIranians, who
neither view themselveb as Arabs nor do the Arabs themselves. fl Field Investigation
Lacking both specific official data and tht pi esence of a
clearly visible Arab American community to investigate even though
the federal government reported over 10,000 Arabseither foreign-born
or of foreign stodeliving in the Paterson metropolitan area, this - investigator set out'to find them.Utilizing a team of six trained
4field workers, we launched.4 three- month inVestigation. -Approaching
first our known contacts and proprie f the few Visible Arab
establishments in the area,-we were able,through snowball sampling--
to identify 2,028 Arab families living 'in the metropolitan area and
to interview all,members bf 286 families.
OUT- preliminary findings about their'n4tionalities,,religions,
socioeconomic statusi:cohesiveneas, intergroup tensions, and
assimilation difficulties,were reported in a paper to the UAAJast
year in Flint. At thattime discussant Joe T. bardan suggested one
direction for further. research might be through-utilization bf the
index of dissimilarity (discussed late0,This paper follows that
suggestion, as well 'as Dr.,Darden'S own research framework on . - xesideatial segregation ofAmerican.Indians in Michigan.Our'focus
will be on.Arab'American residential segrtgation. EcologicalTheoreticaX/Framerrk
The ecoiogical_appraachesidential Segregation tends to ,
conceptualize,it as an adaptation of a particular group to certain
spatial-rconstraints within' the urban environtenti,. Implicit in this
framework are three factors: the dynamics of supply
- demand in an open market economy, the constraints Set by ability to
pay, and.= the group's status which influences its,ability ta cmgete
for .available housing(Hawiey,1950;)gonao, 1960)-
Literature in-the field is inconsistent on the relationship
between,ethnic segregation end socioeconomic status of a group;
number Of studies have found significant correlations between ethnic
segregation:44d sacioedOnomic Status Oarroph and Marston, 1971;
-Duncan: and Lie rson, 959; LieberSon, 1961;1963; Guest and Weed.,: 1976;:
Darden and Hay, 190)-.Other stUdies have discredited this
hypothesis (Taeuber and Taeuber,_ 1964;1965; Taeubet, 1968 ;Darden;
1973; Farley, 1977). Some scholars have criticized ihe ecological
perapective for overemphasizing ethnic segtegation as a functian of
socioeconomic faCtotS (RantroWitZ09731 Massey, 1979). Social Class 4 differences, when controlled, have yielded 'reduced levels of segre-:
gation only at the upper socioeconomic strata, they maintairG and not
at all status categories.
From our field investigation wefound that residential segregation
. was not the'usual pattern among Arab Americans.; Rather than toncen- g.
trating in-recognizable, tightly =knit e4thnic subcpmmities near the
city's core, the tended to settle in loose clusters in many neighbor- I. , hoods near the periphery df the city. Others lived in ddjacent extirbs
,-near the location of industrialJobt to be found in'HaWthorne; Fair
LaWn; Elmwood Park, Sbuth Paterson,Clifton,and Passaic (sae Figute
, This recent lotni of migrant residential patterninghas beet.fothd in
other cities (AgoCs, 1981; Aswad, 1974) Because the ethnic community
1- 2_ 2_ still exists as an Interactivnal rather than territorialentity,-it is V 4 in essence a' "-dispersed Village" (Lofland,1973:136).
ate and Hethodology
In addition to the,fieldjnvestigationi-data forthis paper was
obtained fromthe Population and Housing Summary i a* File 1=A (U.S.
Bureau of the Censusi 1981).;The data consisted Of 1). the number of
whites and blacks by census tracts, from which the number of Arabi
identified through the field investigationwere extracted, and 2) the
median- housing value and rent bycensus tracts. Tlibse tens' racts in
communities we had located Arab American familieswere the only ones
included in this study.
Arab Americans were identified as firstor second generation
Syrians,-Lebanese, dirciasiant.; Palestinians and Jordanians.EX-added
were ArMenians,. Iranians and Egyptians (the latter definedas an
Afro-Mediterranean people); For purposes,of this paPetiionlythote
Arab families identified living at that residence at the time, of
the 1980 census were included;
The method utilized to measurethe degree of racial segregat.ion,
_ - defined as the overall unevenness in the spatial distributionof two
racial/ethnic groups, is the index of dissimilarity. This index i considered the standard measure of'residential segregation and
widely used '(Maasey, 1981:313). It is stated as
D =, 100 = E 1 x.. y.
Where the percentage of a community's Arab American population
living in a given census tract;
= the percentage of the community's white or black population
living in the same census tract;
= the inde of dissimilarity, or one/half the sum of the
absolupdifferences (positive and negative) between the
percentage'distributions of the'Arab Americana and whites or
blacks in the communities (Darden and Tabachneck; 1980);
Index values range On a continuum frOm_"0"..(np.segregation) to
"100" (total segregation),. This index value identifies what
. .
. percentage of either group being compared would have to relocate elsewhere `to establish an::evenly balanced spatial distribution of both groups within thaf community..
An important related consideration is the .impact of housing casts upon residential segregation.Since we found economic diversity among Our sample, it was important to identify the extent of this association of cost and ldbation in creating the dispersed village.Utilizing the percentage distribution of Arab Americans and medianhpusingvalue or xent'in the census tracts studied, computed Pearson correlation coefficients to determine what reIatiOnah4, if any, existed between these two variables.
Our field investigation had.turnedlipiSeveralinter- -sting facts..
Arab'" immigrant caMi/#5 working clags,'40shbokhoods
.,either at the city's edge or in one of the adjpining exurbs or small
cities (Prospect Park, lialedoni C,lifton, Passaic). QEn t ese areas a
few families may llve fairly close to one another, but then one has
.._ to journey qeveraibIock-s to find the next,small,grouping. Nevertheless
, . : . our inberViewe had revealed a,shared sense ofcommunity And fiaqUbnt . , 4 interaction patterns. Ethnic solidarity existed through a cosmopolitan
networkvialdtained through communication "and life" ycle xitualai
homeland ' concerns, political activism, o limitedsocial sitUat ions
(sChOol, work, nearby families).
._ A IeSer_nuMber offirst:generatiOn ArabAiericana, mostly
. . , _ ._._ ,- ,, Leban4se; were middle, class and lived in.nearby suburbs (North HaledOn,
'-f Paterson,-.. LittleFalls,)..:: Also fining, in thege Obtirbs were :many.
second generation Arab Americans of middle claAstdtu6. '.Significantly
30.2 percent of the 5,973 Arab immigrants living in the Paterson . .
metropolitan area are Orthodox and their nearest church is inLittle;
Fallswhile 25:4 Percent ,are Melkite Cafholics, and4hair vearest
church isjnyest a very small percentage Of, , Arab AMiritdn eithOrHaf4hese communities. Soya "--.9
t live"in Paterson Or, an exurb;: we logn&mostmost pedge Of.these
. . ° -.X lAiths journey to the plAtItirb to .attend services. This Isjet:
icator o Oleintejactibnalnetwork'. : -r puth Paterson of. the city of Pdterson had-both the Tale
1980:Census Count.s .
Persons by Race in Selected Census Tracts
area Name Total Population White 'Black
Clifton 74,388 72;610 360 -:
Haiedon -6 607 . 6,422' 95 ) Hawthorne 18,200 '. 18;071 10
Little Falls 11,496 11 2a8 50' A
North Haledon7 8..;177_ 7,931 lid-,
PaSSaid 52,463 32;210 0;364.
'437970' 70;203 706,1 Paterson ,
Prospect Park: 5.;.142 4;9.16 '.! 46
1,1,072 West Paterson 1193 , 4I greatest number of ArabAmericans ,443) and the greatest percentage'
had the smallest (10;13); The Hillcrest section of Paterson
(0.81) but. the smallest absolute number was.inLitt
While.we could determine'that moreArab Americ4ns tended to live in
_ . thesouthetnand."torthern edges of .Paterson--aswell as in adjoining ,
prospect Park, Haledon, and Passaic--the-employment of the
index of dissimilarity provided us withcomparative information on
0 their residential segregatier
Among all the census tractsexamined, the mean level of segte4
gation between Arab Ameridans andwhites was 26.0 percent. The level
segregation ranged from a high of 38.6 percentin PasVio to a low ,
15.5 percent in Little Falls ceeTable 2). As a small 'city
(pop. 52i463), Passaic haC very distinctPolish and Hispanic .0eighbor-
hoods,*which probably generate thishigher degree of residential
segregation for Arab_Americans.Similarly, Paterson has large Italian,
- _ -._ . __ . -_:'-. -, 49.6Y: Jewish ,.and Hispatib,neighborhoOdswhich would explain its higher _ ___ ,7!=... . 44 :_ , PercentageleVel of segregationoverall. ThiC laSt fihding points out -',
that, althOugh Arab-Americans aremore greatly segregatecyn'theCity
-as a whole(particularly the North. Ward andSouth Taterson)i they
IeSS segregated within those specifit,areasthanother whites. This
finding supports the field investigation ofidentifying a residential
pattern of loose clustering. The low level of residentialsegregation
in Little Falls and WestPaierson Sliggests the usual pattern of-random
home selgction in middle class,non-ethnic subUrbia.
The Arab/Black -leVel ofsegregation ranged from a laa of 37.3 the HillcreSt 110r-cent in the NorthWard:to a high:Of 67.9percent in
Table 2
Arab American Population and Eegregation
in Selected Census Tracts of Paterson t'le'tropolitaii Area
Arab index of Dicskilarity Percent of
Census Tract Population Arab v. White Ethnic Arab v. 'Black . Total Population
.PatersonEincrudesareas 5,973 (49.6) 60'8 in addition. to below)
1fil!Irth Ward 2,214 ;24 -7 37.3 7.
,SouthPaterson 2,443 26.1 44.1 C 10.13
Eastside 823 29.2 66.0 2.3 il
Hillcrest' 207 17.4 .19 0.81
Clifton 1,004 -', 34.4, 82.4 1.35
Haledbn 257 30.6 54'.3 3.89
Little Palls 192 15.5 58.0 1.67
North Haledon 369 19.9 81.5 4.51
Passaic - 1,825 38.6 48,6 3.48
ProspeCt Park 281 31.3 51.4 5;46
West Paterson 194 17.8 ', 79.2 1.72
Source:Computed by the author from field, investigatiiort and from O.S. Bureau of the Censui; 1981. 3
section of Paterson, and an overall high of 82.4 percent in Clifton:.
Here the pattern of racial segregation helps eXplain the findlngs.
North Ward is a stable, racially Mixed neighborhood whereas the Hillcrest
section has remained a mostly aII-whiteresidential area. Clifton, of small, almost suburban type city_72,670, has a total, black population
, f-only 360. Similarly North Haledon (pop8 177) and West Paterson
(pop. 11,293) have extremely few black residents
.,:respectively (see'telile 1
With wide fluctuations, the mean Arab/Black dissimilarity index was
61.0 percent. Although this clearly reveals a fairly high racial
segregationi.evel,..itis apparently not due to Arab American prejudice,
but rather logt. sotital-pattetts; Our field interviews unveiled no
a . discernibleevidende of racial bias or tension- In fact: racial
composition of the neighborhood did not appear to be a factor in Ooice
. of residence or desire to relocate.No interracial tensions or conflicts
were reported, and we found a:common assumption among Arab Americans
that those who lived where they did--white or biack--were considered
respectable people. Coming from a part of the world steeped in
religious rather than racial prejudices, Arab Americans appear to'be
unconcerned about racial difference's in this more secular society.
The_Relationship Of Housing Cost to Arab American Residential. Segregation
Arab Americans are more concentrated (though paradoxically in
loose clusters) within some communities in the Paterson metropolitan`
.area than in others; Because cost of hot:ming heavily influences choice of residential location and tliose housing costs vary from one
neighb o d or community to another, was economics a determinant of
Arab American residential.patterning? A probable causal relationship a betweenousing costs (rents or home values) and Arab American
settlement could. be assumed f'a.disproportionate number clustered in o
lowvalued or low - rental areas-.: SUcha link could_ not be assumedif j no strong relationship betx4en these tW6 vati.ables uniz.found:
Out method 6f ,answering ..this,quesion-waS 'computation of
Pearson-corielationcoefficients betWeen the percentagedistribution
of Arab Americansand median housing value and rent for all census
tracts examined-. We found a negative relatiOnship in all but one
icOmmanity betWeen the diStribUtion'of Arab Americans and the median
value of the Housing.The relationship was positive only in the
section f Paterson where the correlation was +.09.Weak
negative relationship's existed in the Hillcrest section, Prospect
Park, Haledon, Clifton, and Passaic. Very. weak relationships
occurred in the North Ward, South Paterson, North Haledon,Little
Falls, and West Paterson (see Table 3). The relationshipsare
significant in all communities except the Eastside section.
Our field investigation turned up the probable explanation for
the Eastside section showing a rather weak positive association between
residence and housifig cost. That area comprises three distinct
ecological zones. Nearest to'the city's central business district,
. situated between an elevated railroad,line and avide thotoughfare
(Madison Avenue), is one of the older, residential neighborhoods. -10--
This almost all black neighborhood is a low rent area ofsubstandard and/
or deteriorating housing. Next to it is a zone in transition,
some of it' racially mixed Ind someof it mostly white. Some large
)Vic orian homes on Broadway have been converted intomultiple family
dwellings, often with a commercial establishment on the first floor.
On the eastewmost end of this spreading Urban blightlive a
substantial number of Circadsians and other Arabic-speaking peoples.
The third area is beyond this and known aSManor dill, its.name
totrectlyconnoing its typology, Large homes and mansions - =including..
the residence of the Roman Catholic Bishop of theDiocese of
Paterson--dre located on this large hillside, near carefullygroothed
Eastside Park; Housing values in'the Eastside section range from the
very low to the very high. Most Arab Americans reside in the middle
range housing in thisarea.
The correlation coefficients between thedistribution of Arab
AmericanS and Median housing rdnt indicated weakernegatiVe relationShiPS
than those for owner -occupied housing value; Again, the only positive
correlation occurred in the Eastside section, though at +.11 percentit
was neither strong nor Significant.The relationships were weak in
Haledon and PaSsaici and very weak 'in all the others(see Table 3).
The weakest negative relationship existed inNorth Haled-On) and the
telationships'were;_significant in South Paterson, Prospect Park,
Haledon, Little Falls, West Paterson, and Passaic. Tble 3
Correlation Qoe f f idiehts Betw9en Percent '.4ral?Ainerican
and 1441.. using Value . Rent
in Seleqtad Census Tracts
Census Tracts' Median Value N Median -tent
Paterson
- . North Ward =.27* 382 =:16 394 P c South Paterson , =.2'9t 47,7 -.28* 485
East s ide. + 09 182 34.:,1 189
Hillcrest.., -. ,... 52
. 242w. Clifton . -.42* 239 -.18 - Haledon - 45* " 57 --37?" 70
-.19** 58' -='..22** . 58 Little Falls . \-..
North Haledon - :28* ,, '95 -.08f 95
Passaic =.4*" 416 -.39* ''.. 427
b .
- PrOgpeat Park - '':', ---.46* 6 -.26** 74
West. Paterson '1.23** 47 -A.28** 47
* Signif /Cant at ,th,.01 level k* Significant at the .05 level'.
1 7t Summary and Discussion
This paper is a follow-through study of a field research project
conducted last year Through the index of dissimilarity' and computation Of P'earson correlation, oefficientsi we have determined;the'extent_ of Arab. American residential segregation in the Paterson metropOIitan
region and assessed the extent to which the spatial distribution
Arab'AMercanS, between census
in the cost of housing.,
We found that although Arab Americans areas of the city or its adjacent communities they settle in loose ' _ clusters iather than in more concentrated territories as,forther
Europeahinimigtants or' Hispanics today;Arab American residential segregkion therefore hasnot reached the high levels that characterize blac -white .segregation or typical' native- immigrant segregation.
Neither are p4ttero of Arab Aterican segregation highly related to thecost-:of housing4 suggesting that economic income is not the key to SeIeeting Olaceiof residence. Rather; other social prodesesi iii-Cluding6han Migration and proximity to work; are contributing vafiabIes-
,The results of this analysis suggests the following:
. 'Arab-Americans Maintain an rateractional ethnic community
rather than a tightly-knit territorial community.
Residential segregation between Arab Americans and whites
in the PaterSonmetropolitan region averaged 26.0percent A in 1980. The level of segregation ranged etoth a high-of
34.4,percent in Clifton to a low of 15.5 percent in Little Falls. -12^
Arab American§ are less segregated from whites (26.0) than
from blacks (61.0) However, this pattert:refleCted larger
societal behavior patterns and not any apparent Arab racial
iatribution pdtterh of Arabimericah§,ig not
strongly.related to the cost of housing- HOwever, mrd5dle. class
Arab Americans, like native -bor ass Americansi ere
more likely to live outside the city than lower or working.
class Arab Americans;
Future research on the.residential segregation;of Arab Americans
should examine if this pattern continues with thecontlualarrival of
new immigrants and the role ethnicity plays in the segregation process.
Another potentially interesting concern in the racially mixed
neighborhoods is whether an increase in either the black or the Arab
/ population causes any changes. in perceptions or reacons; Also; if'
more Arab Americans achieve upward mobility and move ,r their
churches in Little Falls or West Paterson, what-v-e t will that
increased ethnic visibility in those faAly non-ethnic suburbs have?
As relativelyrecent immigrants, the full measure of Arab Atherican
residential patterning has yet to be determined, but ,these are the
present indications.
19 -13--
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TaeuberiKarl-and Alta Taeuber 1965Negroes in hies. Chicagb: Aldine.'
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U.4S. .Bdrean of the 'CerisItas. 1482Population andHousing Summary Tape File-A, New Jersey. . nt. of Commerce 198..1'1980 Census-, ofPopnlation andFObbing.Advance Reports-New Jersey. c53o93124%.'
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