POP ULA TION Annual report 2003 COUNCIL Population Council 3 Center for Biomedical Research 4 International Programs Division 5 Policy Research Division 6 Corporate Affairs Division 7 Office of the Secretary-Treasurer 7 Office of Development 7 Distinguished Colleagues 7 Board of Trustees 8 Officers 9 President’s Message 10

Selected 2003 activities 13 Moving a contraceptive vaginal ring closer to market 14 Making contraceptives widely available 15 Enhancing clients’ knowledge and use of contraceptives through better quality of care 16 Investigating childbirth practices in an Egyptian hospital 17 Improving breastfeeding practices among HIV-positive women in Zambia 18 Documenting a gender gap in opportunities among Pakistani youth 19 Researching the challenges posed by urban growth 20 Examining trends in the health of older adults 21 Producing a new population encyclopedia 22 Nurturing scholarship through the Middle East Research Awards 23

Publications 25

Staff and Consultants 31

Advisory and Collaborative Bodies 34

Fellows 35

Awards and Contracts 38

Financial Report 41

Population Council Offices 47

Annual report 2003

Population Council

he Population Council, an international, THE COUNCIL’S ACTIVITIES T nonprofit, nongovernmental organization INCLUDE: established in 1952, seeks to improve the well-being and reproductive health of current and future • conducting fundamental biomedical generations around the world and to help achieve research in reproduction; a humane, equitable, and sustainable balance • developing contraceptives and products between people and resources. such as microbicides to prevent the Research, technical assistance, and capacity build- sexual transmission of HIV; ing are carried out by the Center for Biomedical Research, the International Programs Division, and • doing studies to improve the quality the Policy Research Division. and cost-effectiveness of services related Council headquarters and the Center for to family planning and HIV/AIDS; Biomedical Research are located in New York City; the Council also maintains an office in Washington, • conducting research on health and DC, and an international presence through its four behavior, family dynamics and gender, regional offices and 14 additional offices. and causes and consequences of popu- The Council staff consists of over 560 women lation growth; and men from 38 countries, half of whom hold • strengthening professional resources in advanced degrees. Roughly 50 percent are based developing countries through collabo- outside the United States. Council staff members rative research, awards, fellowships, conduct research and programs in 70 countries. and training; The Population Council is governed by a board of trustees composed of men and women from nine • publishing innovative research in countries. This group includes leaders in biomedicine, multiple peer-reviewed outlets, main- business, economic development, government, health, taining a comprehensive Web site, and international finance, the media, philanthropy, and communicating research results to key social science. audiences around the world. The organization’s funds come from governments, multilateral organizations, foundations and other non- governmental organizations, corporations, individuals, and internal sources. The Council’s expenditures for 2003 were US$73.3 million.

3 CENTER FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

he Center for Biomedical Research undertakes basic research AREAS OF RESEARCH in the reproductive sciences and immunology and develops T AND TRAINING IN 2003 technologies that enable individuals to enhance their health and have safe, planned pregnancies. The center is one of the world’s Contraceptive and reproductive leading laboratories in the fields of contraceptive development health product development and research in reproductive biology. Vaginal rings for contraceptive Staff members in the Product Research and Development and therapeutic use program conduct applied research and develop new technologies Subdermal implants for for the contraceptive and other health needs of women and women and men men. Research and development areas include microbicides, which are preparations that may protect against sexually trans- Transdermal products for women and men mitted infections including HIV and chlamydia; woman-con- trolled contraceptives; products for hormone therapy for women Intrauterine delivery systems and men; and contraceptives for men. Clinical trials of drug for- Microbicides mulations in a variety of delivery systems developed at the cen- Probing studies in female and male ter are carried out by the Council’s International Committee for contraception Contraception Research, a group of clinicians who evaluate the Council’s experimental products, and other investigators in Probing studies in female and male hormonal therapy developing countries. Carraguard®, the Council’s candidate microbicide, has been Reproductive biology and immunology shown to be safe and highly acceptable to women in early clinical studies. Final preparations are underway for efficacy Genetic mechanisms of androgen trials in South Africa. action The Reproductive Biology and Immunology program includes Physiology of Sertoli cells studies of the effects of reproductive hormones on gene activa- Development and physiology of tion, male germ cell development, cell-to-cell communication, Leydig cells the consequences of environmental endocrine disruptors on Testicular proteins male reproductive function, and sperm maturation. Determi- nation of the role of dendritic cells in the transmission and Germ cell dynamics spread of immunodeficiency viruses and investigation of ways to Regulation of gonadal–pituitary block these processes are emerging areas of research. Results interaction from these laboratory studies contribute to the identification of Transmission of immunodeficiency new leads for contraceptives and hormone therapies, for treat- viruses ment of a variety of cancers, such as in the breast, prostate, and testis, and for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Strengthening professional resources Through its postdoctoral training program in reproductive Biomedical fellowship program biomedicine, the center enlarges the community of scientists, Christopher Tietze Fellowship particularly those from developing countries, whose research may lead to advances in health care and contraception. Elof Johansson, vice president, heads the Center for Biomedical Research. Régine Sitruk-Ware is executive director of product research and development. James Catterall is director of reproductive biology and immunology. The center’s staff of 82 includes 21 scientists, three senior administrators, and other professional and support staff; in addition, 14 postdoctoral fel- lows work at the center, which is located on the campus of the Rockefeller University.

4 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS DIVISION

he International Programs Division undertakes collabora- AREAS OF RESEARCH T tive research with governments, nongovernmental organi- AND TRAINING IN 2003 zations, universities, and scientific institutions in developing countries to improve delivery of family planning, reproductive Reproductive health health, and HIV/AIDS prevention and care services; to enhance Elimination of female genital cutting understanding of the determinants of reproductive and sexual Expanding contraceptive choice health; and to focus greater attention on gender issues and New approaches to postpartum care male–female partnerships. The division also provides training Quality and cost-effectiveness of and technical assistance and disseminates the results of its reproductive health and obstetric research to inform population and health policy. Strengthening care professional resources in developing countries is an objective of Reproductive health needs of all of the division’s programs. adolescents Staff members in the Horizons program carry out research Safe motherhood on promising, cost-effective strategies for preventing the trans- Unwanted pregnancy and the mission of HIV/AIDS, ensuring high-quality care and support, consequences of unsafe abortion providing treatment, and mitigating the effects of the epidemic. Frontiers in Reproductive Health staff members develop and test HIV/AIDS/STIs innovative, cost-effective solutions to reproductive health serv- Acceptability of vaginal microbicides ice-delivery problems. Frontiers staff members provide this Adherence to antiretroviral therapy research-based evidence to key policymakers and program Cost-effective ways to prevent managers and increase the capacity of institutions to imple- HIV transmission and to provide ment and sustain client-centered programs. care and support to persons The Reproductive Health program explores such issues as infected with or affected by preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), improving HIV/AIDS childbirth and postpartum care, and reducing unsafe abortion Integration of HIV/AIDS/STI services with reproductive health and its consequences. The Gender, Family, and Development programs program examines the ways that social, economic, and cultural Reduction of mother-to-child factors affect individuals’, especially adolescents’, productive transmission of HIV/AIDS and reproductive lives. The division’s work is developed, implemented, and evalu- Gender, family, and development ated by Council staff in its New York and Washington, DC, Adolescent livelihood studies offices, four regional offices, and 14 additional country offices Gender-sensitive policy for in partnership with service and research organizations around adolescents the world. Male–female partnerships and social Purnima Mane, vice president, headed the International support for women’s reproductive Programs Division until February 2003. Peter Donaldson health succeeded her as vice president in May. Anrudh Jain is senior director of policy and regional programs. The division’s staff Strengthening professional resources of 362 includes 230 health and social scientists and other Capacity-building and professional professionals. support in Pakistan Middle East Research Awards program Use of operations research results in developing countries Vietnam fellowship programs

5 POLICY RESEARCH DIVISION

he Policy Research Division marshals social science exper- AREAS OF RESEARCH T tise toward a better understanding of population issues and AND TRAINING IN 2003 promotes application of that knowledge to the design and implementation of policies and programs responsive to individ- Fertility and family planning ual and societal needs. The division undertakes analyses of Diffusion of fertility-control behavior population policy, demographic behavior, and interrelationships between population and socioeconomic change, often in collab- Large-scale experimental programs oration with colleagues in developing countries. Transitions in reproductive behavior Fertility and reproductive behavior is a central focus of the division’s work. Research examines global fertility trends and Unintended fertility their causes and consequences, the determinants of family size, and the factors underlying the unmet need for contraception. Transitions to adulthood Experimental research seeks to improve program design and Adolescent reproductive behavior performance for both family planning and child survival. Schooling and livelihoods The division’s work on the transition to adulthood docu- ments and explores trends related to key events of adolescence, Population and development policy including sexual initiation, school leaving, formal employment, marriage, and first birth. Particular emphasis is given to under- Urban poverty and health standing the effects of availability of schooling, work opportu- Policy development nities, and reproductive health services on adolescent lives. Population aging Population policy is defined broadly as the full range of gov- ernment actions with a potential population effect. In addition Strengthening professional resources to analyzing policy, division staff members study critical issues related to policy formation, such as consequences of population Social science fellowships change at the individual and societal level. Particular attention Ghana fellowships is given to the socioeconomic and health effects of urban growth. Rapid population aging is creating new challenges for societies seeking to secure the well-being of the elderly. A prin- cipal goal of the division’s expanding program in this area is to identify and assess new policies and programs that ensure the sustainability of public and private support systems for the elderly. The division administers the Population Council fellowships in the social sciences, a program that plays a significant role in strengthening developing countries’ professional resources in the population field. John Bongaarts, vice president, heads the Policy Research Division. Cynthia B. Lloyd is director of social science research. The division’s staff of 22 includes demographers, economists, and sociologists with expertise in the population issues of developing countries. In addition, two social science fellows work in the New York office.

6 CORPORATE AFFAIRS DIVISION

he Corporate Affairs Division encompasses Legal, Human Resources, Office T Services, Information Technology, Public Information, and Publications. The division provides supporting services to the Council, initiates and manages its busi- ness relationships, and licenses products developed in its biomedical laboratories. The Publications and Public Information offices communicate the results of work by Council staff, consultants, and colleagues to an international community of policy- makers, scientists, teachers, media professionals, and the general public through the Council’s publications and its Web site. Publications include two scholarly, peer- reviewed journals, Population and Development Review and Studies in Family Planning, as well as books, newsletters, working papers, and pamphlets. Sandra Arnold, vice president, heads the division, which has a staff of 60.

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER

he Office of the Secretary-Treasurer includes Finance, Accounting, and Grants T and Contracts. Finance oversees the Council’s budget, investments, real estate, and insurance, and Accounting maintains the Council’s financial records. Grants and Contracts administers grants, agreements, and contracts and ensures that the Council is in compliance with donor regulations. James Tuite, chief financial officer and secretary-treasurer, heads a staff of 26.

OFFICE OF DEVELOPMENT

he Office of Development identifies and carries out strategies for expanded and T more diversified financial support, particularly from individual donors, founda- tions, and corporations. Its goals are to increase unrestricted and endowment funds and to complement the successful grantsmanship of the Council’s researchers. The director of development, Ruth Kalla Ungerer, works with the Council’s trustees, president, other officers, and staff to achieve these goals.

DISTINGUISHED COLLEAGUES

wo Distinguished Colleagues provide an additional source of expertise in areas of T relevance to the Council and represent the organization in their fields internationally. Paul Demeny, Distinguished Scholar, serves as editor of Population and Development Review. He also investigates the consequences of population change and contributes to public policy debates on population issues. Sheldon J. Segal, Distinguished Scientist, serves as chair of the Council’s Institutional Review Board, which oversees protection of human subjects in research. His biomedical research focuses on fertility regulation and reproductive health.

7 2003 BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Rodney B. Wagner1 H.R.H. Princess Demissie Habte1 Samuel H. Preston Chairman of the Board Basma Bint Talal Consulting Health Specialist Dean Retired Vice Chairman Founder and Chairperson The World Bank School of Arts and Sciences of the Board The Jordanian Washington, DC University of Pennsylvania J.P. Morgan & Co. Hashemite Fund for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania New York, New York Human Development Ambassador Yoshio Hatano Amman, Jordan President Mark A. Walker Elizabeth J. McCormack1 Gakushuin Women’s Partner Vice Chairman of the Board Nancy Birdsall College Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Associate President Tokyo, Japan Hamilton Rockefeller Associates The Center for Global New York, New York New York, New York Development Werner Holzer1 Washington, DC Bad Homburg, Germany Torsten N. Wiesel Linda G. Martin1 President Emeritus President Marc A. Bygdeman Charles D. Klein1 The Rockefeller University Population Council Professor Emeritus Managing Director New York, New York New York, New York Obstetrics and Gynecology American Securities, L.P. Karolinska Hospital New York, New York Alaka M. Basu2 Stockholm, Sweden Associate Professor of Florence W. Manguyu 1 Executive Committee member. Demography Lynn A. Foster3 Consultant Pediatrician 2 Executive Committee member Director, South Asia Program New York, New York Aga Khan Hospital starting December 3, 2003. 3 Cornell University Nairobi, Kenya Board member starting December 3, 2003. Ithaca, New York Angel Gurria2 Former Minister of Foreign Robert B. Millard2 Affairs and former Managing Director Secretary of the Treasury Lehman Brothers, Inc. Mexico City, Mexico New York, New York

Top, left to right: Elizabeth J. McCormack, Charles D. Klein; Rodney B. Wagner, Torsten N. Wiesel; Linda G. Martin, Alaka M. Basu; Demissie Habte, Yoshio Hatano.

Bottom, left to right: Basma Bint Talal; Nancy Birdsall, Florence W. Manguyu; Angel Gurria, Lynn A. Foster, Marc A. Bygdeman; Werner Holzer, Robert B. Millard; Samuel H. Preston.

Not pictured: Mark A. Walker.

8 2003 OFFICERS

Rodney B. Wagner Elizabeth J. McCormack Linda G. Martin Chairman of the Board Vice Chairman of the Board President

Sandra P. Arnold John Bongaarts Peter J. Donaldson1 Vice President Vice President Vice President Corporate Affairs Policy Research Division International Programs Division Division

Elof D.B. Johansson James M. Tuite Vice President Chief Financial Officer Center for and Secretary-Treasurer Biomedical Research

1 Succeeded Purnima Mane on May 12, 2003.

9 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

he Population Council is com- conducting clinical trials, and enter- T mitted to doing first-rate ing into licensing agreements for research that makes a positive dif- manufacture and worldwide distrib- ference in people’s lives, especially ution—is unparalleled. in the poorest countries around the My travels in 2003 gave me the world. But if the results of our labo- opportunity to see firsthand the ratory investigations, our data connection between our scientific analyses, and our program evalua- endeavors and the development of tions simply sit on library shelves, policies and programs. In Ghana, we are not achieving our mission. Population Council chairman We have to get our findings into the Rodney Wagner and I visited a hands of those with the power and remote district that is successfully resources to act on a large scale. replicating a child survival and fam- The essays in this report provide ily planning service model that was examples of how Population developed by Population Council Council research, technical assis- staff in collaboration with the tance, and capacity building are Navrongo Health Research Centre. improving the well-being of men, This model is now being scaled up women, and children around the in many parts of Ghana, and we world. In Pakistan, where 61 percent had the honor of discussing the ini- of the population, or 87 million tiative with His Excellency John A. people, are under the age of 25 Kufuor, President of Ghana. In years, the release of our results Kenya, Population Council staff and from the first-ever national survey I had the privilege of meeting with of young people was lauded by the the Honorable Charity K. Ngilu, the Minister of Finance Shaukat Aziz Minister of Health, and the conver- and other government leaders. In sation turned to the possibility of Egypt, lessons from our study of expanding a successful intervention routine births in hospitals are being to improve maternal health that used to improve the training of Council staff have been evaluating. physicians who will care for mil- During a trip to South Africa, lions of women and their babies in I visited two of the clinics at which the Middle East. The Council’s suc- we soon will begin the final phase cess in developing contraceptives— of clinical testing of the Population taking the most promising ideas Council’s candidate microbicide, from our biomedical laboratories, Carraguard®, a gel that we hope

10 will prevent the transmission of It is not possible to list here HIV and other sexually transmitted all the other interactions that I— pathogens. In recent years, research let alone the entire staff of the on the prevention, treatment, and Population Council—have had with mitigation of HIV/AIDS has governmental and nongovernmental accounted for roughly a third of all leaders in rich and poor countries activities at the Population Council. around the world. As always, I am This work spans the globe—from inspired by our staff’s commitment India, where we recently tested a to excellence and to making a differ- model of providing care and sup- ence. I am also very grateful for the port in a resource-poor environ- vision and generosity of our many ment, to Brazil, where we are eval- partners and donors who make our uating prevention services for high- work possible. Their appreciation risk populations who live and work of the value of bringing the best evi- on the borders of the country. We dence to bear in policy and program were pleased that in late 2003, a development is priceless. delegation from the U.S. Senate Finally, I want to recognize the chose to visit one of our research talented trustees and officers of the sites there. Population Council, who contribute In the United States, the so much to our success. All of us Population Council is reaching out were delighted to have Peter to policymakers in Washington, Donaldson return to the Council in especially members of the U.S. 2003 as vice president and director Congress, to help them better of our largest division. It was also a understand the nature and value pleasure to welcome Robert of our research. Throughout 2003, Millard back to the board and to I met individually with over begin working with our newest 20 members of Congress or their trustees, Lynn Foster and Mark senior staff from both major politi- Walker. The challenges are many, cal parties. In October, I presented but with this strong team I am to approximately 50 House and confident that we will continue to Senate staff members an overview achieve our mission of improving of the Council’s findings on what well-being around the world works in the fight against HIV/AIDS through our research. in Africa—a topic of great interest given the magnitude of the epidem- Linda G. Martin ic and the new U.S. AIDS initiative. March 2004

11 Selected 2003 activities

Moving a contraceptive vaginal ring closer to market

Making contraceptives widely available

Enhancing clients’ knowledge and use of contraceptives through better quality of care

Investigating childbirth practices in an Egyptian hospital

Improving breastfeeding practices among HIV-positive women in Zambia

Documenting a gender gap in opportunities among Pakistani youth

Researching the challenges posed by urban growth

Examining trends in the health of older adults

Producing a new population encyclopedia

Nurturing scholarship through the Middle East Research Awards

13 Moving a contraceptive vaginal ring closer to market

n 2003, scientists at the Population lead to submission to the United I Council’s Center for Biomedical States Food and Drug Administration Research made significant progress and other health authorities. If for- on a new contraceptive vaginal ring. mally approved, the Council’s ring The ring is a sustained-release drug- would be the only long-acting ring delivery system made of flexible sili- system available; Organon’s contra- cone rubber. It inhibits ovulation by ceptive ring, NuvaRing®, which recently gained FDA approval, works Women who tested the for only one month. vaginal ring in Brazil, The Council’s contraceptive ring is Chile, the Dominican intended to be worn for three weeks Republic, and the United States liked and for each of 12 months and removed accepted the contracep- for a week, during which time a tive. Large-scale safety menstrual period is induced. It is and efficacy studies inserted and removed by the user as are about to begin. in the case of a diaphragm and does not require attention before each act of sexual intercourse. Further, the ring does not produce certain side effects, such as acne, that are experi- enced with the androgenic progestins used in most oral contraceptives. continuously releasing a low dose of According to reproductive hormones—synthetic progestin and endocrinologist Régine Sitruk-Ware, synthetic estrogen—into vaginal tis- the ring was well liked and accepted sue and then the bloodstream. by women in all countries in which it Results from initial studies indicate was tested—Brazil, Chile, the that the ring is as effective as oral Dominican Republic, and the United contraceptives or intrauterine devices States. Women who used the ring, in preventing pregnancy. she reports, came back to the clinic to Council scientists designed the request it again. ring to provide contraception for a full Summing up the method’s appeal, year, making it a particularly useful Sitruk-Ware says, “The system works product for women in developing without daily attention, which favors countries, whose birth planning better compliance and hence fewer options are often limited. Researchers failures. Other systems such as Régine Sitruk-Ware manufactured a ring prototype in the implants, injections, and IUDs have is executive director of mid-1990s and have been testing it this advantage as well, but they product research and for safety and efficacy in clinical trials. require greater involvement of a development at the Council’s Center for They now plan to proceed to a large- health provider. Once she has it, the Biomedical Research. scale study that, if successful, could woman controls the ring herself.” ■

14 Making contraceptives widely available

or more than F half a century, the Population Council has pursued the objec- tive of giving people the means to choose whether and when to have children by (Left to right) Copper T meeting their needs for contracep- below the market price but above intrauterine device, Norplant®, Jadelle®, Mirena® tion. One of the approaches to this cost, or a charitable foundation may goal that the Council has been be created to donate the product. uniquely successful in pursuing is In the United States, the pharma- developing long-acting, reversible ceutical company Wyeth established contraceptives and making them the Contraception Foundation under available to people throughout the the terms of its agreement to market world who want and need them. Norplant, and Berlex, Inc. created the At its Center for Biomedical ARCH Foundation under its Mirena Research, the Council has developed contract. These foundations help make three of the four long-acting, the products available to women who reversible contraceptives for women could not otherwise afford them. available today: the Copper T The manufacturer and marketer intrauterine device; the Norplant® of Mirena outside the United States, subdermal implant system and its Schering AG, has taken a novel successor, Jadelle®; and Mirena®, the approach to meeting its public-sector levonorgestrel hormone-releasing responsibilities by creating the intrauterine system. More than International Contraceptive Access 50 million women worldwide have (ICA) Foundation. Under Schering’s relied on these products for family agreement with the Council, the ICA Sandra Arnold planning. The Council is now in the Foundation will provide the product is a Council vice president vanguard of research that may lead to at reduced prices to public-sector and director of the new contraceptive options for men. agencies throughout the world, Corporate Affairs Division. She leads the Council’s The Council aims to provide which will in turn provide them to product licensing. access to these contraceptives to all— women in the developing world. This rich and poor, in developed and foundation is the first established for developing countries. In licensing the specific purpose of supplying each new biomedical product to phar- products at reduced prices interna- maceutical companies for manufac- tionally. According to Population turing and marketing, the Council Council general counsel Patricia always includes provisions for access Vaughan, who helps negotiate these to the products at reduced prices by agreements, “It is hoped that this public-sector organizations that make foundation will greatly enhance avail- Patricia Vaughan them available to the poor. A special ability of this excellent method to is the Council’s general public-sector price may be established, women in the developing world.” ■ counsel.

15 Enhancing clients’ knowledge and use of contraceptives through better quality of care

he idea that quality of care in family choices of contraceptive methods, and T planning services makes a difference provided full information on the meth- was put forth in the early 1990s by ods women chose. In Guatemala and Judith Bruce, now Population Council Peru, where the strategy was replicated, program director of gender, family, and clients’ knowledge of their chosen methods increased. John Townsend, In Senegal, if a woman receives director of Frontiers, explains, “Quality high-quality care, of care is both a right for clients and a she is more likely good investment for program managers to continue using and policymakers concerned about contraception than clients’ reproductive health.” if she does not. In Asia, women who received good care during clinic visits were significant- ly more likely to use contraceptives for a longer time than those who did not. A research team in the Philippines, led by economic demographer Saumya RamaRao with investigators from Ateneo de Davao University, inter- viewed more than 1,700 new contracep- tive users. After assessing the quality of development, and Anrudh Jain, now care women received when they select- the Council’s senior director of policy ed a method, researchers reinterviewed and regional programs. Quality is com- them 16 months later and found that monly measured by observing care and 75 percent were still using contracep- the nature of the interaction between tion. Use of a modern method was providers and clients, and by interview- greatest at the highest level of care. ing clients about their experiences. In In Senegal, a study of more than 2003, Council researchers showed that 1,000 new family planning users programs designed to improve quality of showed that these findings are replica- care can improve clients’ clinic experi- ble. “Clients who received good care ences and increase their knowledge. were 1.3 times more likely to continue Further, new research shows that if a using contraceptives more than a year woman receives high-quality care, she is later than those who did not,” notes more likely to use contraception than if RamaRao, who led both studies. “A she does not. well-rounded information exchange In Latin America, researchers from between the client and the provider that the Frontiers in Reproductive Health includes clear explanations of all options program found that a new counseling and risks goes a long way.” ■ strategy led to significant improvements The USAID-funded Frontiers in Reproductive in clients’ interactions with clinic Health program applies systematic research techniques to improve delivery of family providers. In more than 300 family planning and reproductive health services Saumya RamaRao planning clinics in Peru, program staff and influence related policies. Frontiers is is a program associate implemented by the Population Council with in the International trained counselors to ask clients about Family Health International and Tulane Programs Division. their reproductive goals, presented University.

16 Investigating childbirth practices in an Egyptian hospital

very year approximately 500,000 Population Council research E women die from childbirth-relat- at an Egyptian hospital may result in the adoption of ed causes, most of them in developing safer labor and delivery countries. While Egypt’s maternal practices for normal mortality rate has fallen significantly deliveries in Egypt and other over the past decade, from 174 deaths developing countries. per 100,000 live births in 1992 to 84 in 2000, the primary avoidable factor contributing to these deaths remains substandard medical care. The Egyptian government has markedly improved emergency obstetric care, but until recently little was known about hospital practices for normal delivery. To address this gap, public health physician Karima Khalil led a team that documented normal labor and delivery practices in Egypt for the death in Egypt). In the Egyptian study, first time. The study took place at the drug was used for this purpose in Cairo’s El-Galaa Teaching Hospital, a only 15 percent of the deliveries. prestigious obstetrics facility that trains Regarding labor augmentation, more than 200 doctors annually. providers reported that bed shortages The team observed 176 women made oxytocin use necessary. With throughout labor and delivery. Many 100 obstetrical cases daily, including hospital practices deviated from the emergencies, hospital staff found it standards of evidence-based medi- difficult to monitor women experi- cine. For example, research shows encing normal labor. Such challenges that the drug oxytocin is required in are common in other developing 15 percent of labors in the United countries as well. States to augment poorly progressing According to Barbara L. Ibrahim, labor. However, inappropriate use can Council regional director in West Asia cause fetal distress, uterine rupture, and North Africa, “The research team and postpartum hemorrhage. In the worked closely with hospital manage- Egyptian study, oxytocin was used in ment from the outset, and the hospi- 91 percent of observed labors. The tal is eager to institute needed team found “nearly routine, inade- improvements.” In consultation with quately monitored, and largely inap- hospital staff, the research team is propriate” oxytocin use. Contrary to developing a provider training pack- guidelines, the drug was given before age, writing a protocol for normal labor could be assessed, in spite of labor, and exploring ways to increase good progress, or before a woman’s bed availability. Reports Khalil, water had broken. “Policymakers and medical care Oxytocin also is appropriately providers in Egypt and the region are administered immediately after a interested in our methods and find- Karima Khalil baby’s birth and before the placenta is ings, which have implications for is reproductive health delivered to prevent postpartum hem- physician training in many other coordinator in West orrhage (the leading cause of maternal developing countries as well.” ■ Asia and North Africa.

17 Improving breastfeeding practices among HIV-positive women in Zambia

ach year more than 700,000 are HIV-positive. Research has shown E infants worldwide are infected that the widespread practice of with HIV through transmission from “mixed feeding”—combining formula their mothers during pregnancy, labor or other foods and breast milk—can and delivery, or while breastfeeding. result in an even higher rate of HIV As much as 90 percent of the world’s transmission than breastfeeding alone. mother-to-child HIV transmission Thus, infant-feeding guidelines occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, where developed by health managers in Counseling helps Ndola recommend exclusive breast- women make feeding for the first six months, even better-informed for mothers who are HIV-positive. In decisions about infant the study, six health clinics added vol- feeding and HIV. untary HIV testing and infant-feeding counseling to their services. Counselors advised HIV-negative women to breastfeed exclusively for six months and to continue breast- feeding while introducing other foods until their babies reach age two. HIV-positive mothers were taught about the risks of formula feeding and those of mixed feeding. They, too, were advised to breastfeed exclusively access to antiretroviral drugs, which for six months, then stop and switch can reduce the transmission of HIV to local infant foods to reduce their from mother to child when taken sur- children’s risk of exposure to HIV. rounding childbirth, remains limited. Researchers used surveys to assess In 2003, encouraging results from a feeding practices before and after study conducted by the Horizons pro- counseling. The proportion of gram in Ndola, Zambia, suggest that mothers who reported breastfeeding even when such drugs are not avail- exclusively rose from 57 percent to able, mothers who receive counseling 79 percent, with fewer mothers about infant feeding are far more like- reporting mixed feeding. ly to take steps, such as adopting safer “The research shows that infant- feeding practices, to prevent their feeding counseling is a crucial part of babies from contracting HIV. preventing mother-to-child transmis- In developing countries such as sion,” affirms public health specialist Zambia, infant formula—recommend- Naomi Rutenberg, a lead author of ed in place of breastfeeding for HIV- the study. ■ positive mothers in wealthier coun- tries—is often unaffordable, and local The USAID-funded Horizons program water supplies for mixing it may be of operations research is implemented by the Population Council in collaboration unsanitary, exposing infants to life- with the International Center for Research threatening diarrheal diseases. Some on Women, the International HIV/AIDS Naomi Rutenberg women may also be reluctant to for- Alliance, the Program for Appropriate is research director of Technology in Health, Tulane University, the Horizons program. mula feed for fear of indicating to Family Health International, and the their neighbors and others that they Johns Hopkins University.

18 Documenting a gender gap in opportunities among Pakistani youth

ajor differences in school, A Population Council M work, and recreation opportu- field researcher discusses roles and nities between young men and status of youth in women in Pakistan were detailed in a Pakistan with a Population Council survey released in young farmer. 2003. These findings resulted from an unprecedented national survey of adolescents that was conducted with the assistance of the Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics. Researchers sur- veyed some 8,000 young people ages 15 to 24—an age group that accounts for 20 percent of the population, or more than 27 million. Young people in Pakistan spend their time very differently depending on gender. Males are much freer to attend are likely to drop out earlier leave the home unaccompanied on a than boys. “The gender gap remains daily basis, and most eventually enter huge,” reports social scientist Minhaj the paid labor force. By comparison, ul Haque, one of the survey’s princi- less than 40 percent of young women pal investigators. Cynthia B. Lloyd, are doing paid work by age 24. the Council’s director of social science Females are most likely to work at research, explains that while most home on domestic chores. And while young people aspire to higher educa- their work at home is largely hidden tion, “attainment levels are much and unpaid, “at every age between 15 lower. Poverty, lack of access, and and 24 women work more hours poor school quality are all to blame.” than men,” notes Zeba A. Sathar, In response to insights gleaned Population Council country director from the investigation, the Population in Pakistan. Furthermore, the vast Council plans to continue in-depth majority of young girls say they research into opportunities for pri- would do paid work if opportunities mary schooling in the country’s rural were available. communities. According to Finance Parents in Pakistan prefer to send Minister Shaukat Aziz, the study’s their children to single-sex schools. findings will inform Pakistan’s However, the number available to national youth policy. “Economic females at each level falls far short of growth and prosperity are not auto- the number of schools accessible to matic,” he says. “They will depend males, particularly in rural areas. on whether Pakistan succeeds in pro- Fewer than half of all girls and young viding better education, minimizing Minhaj ul Haque women in Pakistan have ever the gender gap, and creating job is a deputy program enrolled in school, and those who opportunities.” ■ manager in Islamabad.

19 Researching the challenges posed by urban growth

or decades, demographers have was published by the National F thought of developing countries as Academies Press in 2003. mostly rural, but in the next 30 years Among the panel’s findings: that picture will change. The world’s • Nearly half the world’s urban popu- population is projected to increase by lation lives in the smaller cities of 2.2 billion by 2035, and almost all of developing countries (cities of one the growth will occur in the cities of million people or fewer). The bulk of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. future population growth will take place in such cities. Levels of infant and child mortality in Nairobi slums as compared • The expansion of squatter settle- with other parts of Kenya ments and shantytowns hinders the provision of basic infrastructure and 150 births) Rural Urban All Nairobi Nairobi slums amenities, especially when growth 000 , occurs on the peripheries of cities, 1 100 where government responsibilities are ill-defined. 50 • As a group, people living in smaller cities have less access to health- 0 related public services—running Mortality estimate (per Infant mortality Child mortality Under-five mortality water, flush toilets, and electricity— The urban poor face health risks comparable to or greater than risks in rural villages. In than people in large cities. Studying the urban slums of Nairobi, infant and child mortality rates are more than twice the rate small cities is a critical precursor to for Nairobi as a whole. improving these conditions. Source: National Research Council et al. 2003. Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. • Research is needed on measuring poverty, identifying vulnerable groups, Demographers know little about and creating links to assistance. how particular urban settings affect “The urban advantage in health is people’s marriages, fertility, health, not a myth—but it is only a partial and schooling. What data there are truth,” explains Montgomery. come mostly from large cities, and Comparing the health of urban and few studies have examined the differ- rural residents, the panel found that ences within and among large urban urban dwellers do not always enjoy an areas or have focused on smaller advantage. In fact, city residents who cities. To narrow that research gap are poor can face health risks compara- and to help governments manage ble to risks in rural villages, and for urbanization, the U.S. National slum dwellers risks can be even greater. Research Council formed the Panel As national governments decen- on Urban Population Dynamics, tralize, city officials are being asked to chaired by Population Council econo- meet increasing demands for services, mist Mark R. Montgomery and yet few are equipped to do so. If Richard Stren of the University of demographers are to help them, they Toronto. The panel’s report, Cities must learn much more about cities Mark Montgomery is a senior associate in the Transformed: Demographic Change and and the needs of the people who live Policy Research Division. Its Implications in the Developing World, in them. ■

20 Examining trends in the health of older adults

opulation aging—the increase in Percent of older adults in Taiwan with at least one P the proportion of a population functional limitation, by age and education that is older—is occurring in rich and By age By education 65 50 50 poor countries alike as fertility and 60 80+ years 45 None mortality rates fall. A major question 55 40 40 surrounding the increase in survival 50 45 75–79 years 35 Primary to older ages is whether the extra 40 30 t t 30 en en 35 c years of life are spent in good or bad c 70–74 years r r 25 e e 30 P health. The answer has important P 25 20 20 implications for policies that might 20 15 15 65–69 years encourage people to work longer and 10 10 10 More than primary for programs to support older people 5 5 0 0 who cannot care for themselves. 1993 1996 1999 1993 1996 1999 Two recent studies examined this Year Year issue. Population Council president In Taiwan, there has been an increase in the proportion of older adults with Linda G. Martin, Vicki A. Freedman difficulty either walking 200–300 meters or climbing stairs. The youngest of the Polisher Research Institute, and and best-educated older adults tend to have the fewest limitations. Robert F. Schoeni of the University of Michigan published a review of the evidence on older Americans in the The Taiwan study looked at the Journal of the American Medical ability of people 65 and older to Association. In a Population Studies walk 200 to 300 meters and climb article, Council sociologist Zachary stairs. Between 1993 and 1999, the Zimmer, Martin, and the former proportion who had difficulty with director-general of Taiwan’s Bureau of these activities grew—from 26 to 36 Health Promotion, Ming-Cheng percent. The researchers were not Chang, investigated the question for able to explain this change, but spec- Taiwan, whose population is aging ulated that one factor may have been even more rapidly than those of the 1995 introduction of universal Western countries. health insurance, which increased The researchers found that over access to care and may have especial- the last two decades older Americans’ ly benefited those in poorest health. functioning has generally improved, “Previously people with severe limi- but older Taiwanese have not fared as tations may have been more likely well. In the United States, “the great- to die,” Zimmer explains. est improvements occurred in the In both populations, tomorrow’s ability to carry out such routine activ- elderly generally will have received ities as household chores and shop- more education and experienced ping, while there was little change for greater prosperity throughout their such personal care activities as lives than today’s elderly. So while bathing,” notes Martin. Overall, the the recent decline in functioning proportion of the population aged 70 among Taiwan’s elderly is not and older in the United States who positive, Zimmer notes, “Young Zachary Zimmer needed help with any activity people in Taiwan are likely to enter is a research associate declined between 1982 and 1996 their senior years much healthier in the Policy Research from about 23 percent to 19 percent. than did their elders.” ■ Division.

21 Producing a new population encyclopedia

he newly published Encyclopedia The Encyclopedia of Population is T of Population, edited by directed to professionals in the pop- two longtime associates of the ulation sciences as well as to other Population Council, provides a social scientists, college students, and educated lay readers. The edi- POPULATION In modern usage the word population means “the total tors sought to produce articles that number of persons inhabiting a country, town, or other area,” or “the body of are informative yet jargon-free. The inhabitants” (Oxford English Dictionary [1933]). The two meanings seem much two-volume set includes more than the same and are often conflated, but conceptually they are distinct—the first, 300 entries written by experts from the number of persons, is the demographer’s stock in trade; the second, the a wide range of disciplines. A sam- body of inhabitants, is the stuff of social science generally. . . . The word’s first pling of topics gives a sense of the recorded use in a modern sense, according to demographer Adolphe Landry, is encyclopedia’s scope: population in an essay by the philosopher Francis Bacon from 1597. . . . Well before Bacon aging, AIDS, animal ecology, there was of course a need to talk about numbers of inhabitants in a particular emerging infectious diseases, envi- territory. In English, for example, the word “souls” in the sense of enumerated ronmental ethics, forced migration, individuals was used from the fourteenth century or even earlier. But for most human extinction, and population purposes the egalitarianism implied by weighting individuals equally would have been seen as distorting reality. . . . Nobles and commoners, or citizens in literature. “If this encyclopedia and noncitizens, could not be simply added together. Women and children might has an ambition beyond the utilitar- count for little; slaves for nothing. . . . ian, it is to push out the boundaries of the subject,” the editors write. —Excerpted from Encyclopedia of Population The basics of demography are of course covered as well. contemporary appraisal of the The editors believe that a refer- population sciences. The only ence work on population must tack- other encyclopedia of population le controversial subjects. Entries was published more than 20 years explore the ethical concerns raised ago, at a time when the field looked by genetic testing, new reproductive very different. “In the 1980s, technologies, and euthanasia, for population issues seemed to many example. “Not a few topics in popu- Paul Demeny people to connote little more than lation studies are contentious, either is the Council’s rapid population growth and in terms of research findings or, more Distinguished Scholar. measures to curtail it,” write the basically, in terms of their political editors, Paul Demeny and Geoffrey and ethical premises or implications,” McNicoll, in their preface. state the editors. “Unsurprisingly, the “Today, population growth is various authors may often take dif- one concern among many.” Demeny fering positions. We have sought to is founder and editor of the ensure an overall balance among the Council’s journal Population and articles.” The encyclopedia is pub- Development Review. Both he lished by Macmillan Reference USA; and McNicoll have written exten- an electronic version will be avail- Geoffrey McNicoll is a senior associate in the sively on population and develop- able through Gale eBooks and Policy Research Division. ment issues. netLibrary. ■

22 Nurturing scholarship through the Middle East Research Awards

arking its 25th year in 2003, M the Middle East Research Awards Program in Population and the Social Sciences (MEAwards) helps scholars conduct important research on population issues in Middle Eastern countries. It is one of several Population Council programs designed to advance scholarship in the biomedical, public health, and The Poverty Working been able to carry out otherwise: social sciences. According to Barbara Group, one of four long- L. Ibrahim, director of the Council’s studying the under-registration of term research working West Asia and North Africa regional mortality statistics in Egypt. Further- groups coordinated by office, which administers the pro- more, Rashad notes, “MEAwards the Council’s MEAwards gram, “MEAwards has thrived fostered interaction and networking program, held a work- shop in Rabat, Morocco, because it provides two things that among researchers. We were able on May 14–16, 2003. are rare in the region: peer support to draw on and benefit from one for emerging scholars of excellence another’s experiences.” and funds to pursue topics that are The program has made training locally defined.” scholars in research methods a priori- Abdel Ghaffar Ahmed, MEAwards ty. To promote a sense of academic program director, says it fills a void: community that facilitates collabora- “Lack of opportunities and lack of tion, some recent awards have includ- access to the necessary resources to ed Internet subscriptions—e-mail is undertake research in this region still a luxury in some locations. make the program extremely impor- The goal of the MEAwards pro- tant.” Over the years, Ahmed notes, gram is to cultivate creative thinkers MEAwards has advanced scholarship and leaders who are engaged in solv- on critical regional issues such as pop- ing the challenges of their societies, ulation displacement, rural transfor- and by this measure the program has mation, and the social context of been highly successful. Several award poverty, and has supported 311 recipients have become influential researchers with 215 awards. policymakers and academicians. For Grants are made to carry out example, the sociologist Aisha Belarbi projects that meet the program’s high served as minister of state for foreign standards, and freedom to address affairs in Morocco, economist Bassam sensitive topics and critical ideas is Saket was appointed minister of trans- guaranteed by the program. Hoda port and communications in Jordan, Rashad, who now heads the Social and Rahma Bourqia, an anthropolo- Research Center at the American gist, recently became the first woman Abdel Ghaffar Ahmed University in Cairo, recalls that to serve as president of a university in is MEAwards program MEAwards allowed her to do innova- Morocco, at Mohammadia University director in West Asia tive work that she might not have near Rabat. ■ and North Africa.

23 PUBLICATIONS

he Population Council is committed to communicating The Council also publishes Population Briefs, a newslet- T the results of its work and that of others in the field to ter that highlights findings from its own research in the those concerned with population and health issues, includ- biomedical, social science, and public health fields. Books, ing the public at large. To this end, it publishes and dissem- statistical compendiums, conference proceedings, newslet- inates a wide range of materials to varied audiences. The ters, working papers, and pamphlets are among the other Council provides publications at no cost to professionals in publications issued by the Council. Staff members also developing countries who have limited funds or who face publish their work in a wide range of external outlets, considerable currency exchange barriers. including peer-reviewed journals. The Council publishes two scholarly, peer-reviewed The Council’s Web site—www.popcouncil.org— journals, Population and Development Review and Studies in contains selected publications in HTML and PDF formats Family Planning, both of which have a dedicated reader- and lists hundreds of publications and articles by staff ship worldwide. Supplements to the Review, each examin- members. ing a major subject of policy relevance in depth, are The first part of this section is organized by research issued every other year. Paul Demeny is editor of area and lists 2003 publications by staff and consultants. Population and Development Review; Ethel Churchill is man- Authors whose names appear in boldface are Council staff aging editor. Julie Reich is managing editor of Studies in members. The second part of this section lists the articles Family Planning. Views expressed in the journals are those published in 2003 in Population and Development Review, in of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the a supplement to the journal, and in Studies in Family Population Council or its sponsors. Planning.

Biomedical Research Gao, Hui-Bao, Ming-Han Tong, Yan-Qin Hu, Hai-Yan Lee, Nikki P.Y., Dolores D. Mruk, William M. Lee, and You, Qiang-Su Guo, Renshan Ge, and Matthew P. C. Yan Cheng. “Is the cadherin/catenin complex a Akingbemi, Benson T., Renshan Ge, Cheryl S. Hardy. “Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced functional unit of cell–cell actin-based adherens Rosenfeld, Leslie G. Newton, Dianne O. Hardy, Leydig cell apoptosis,” Molecular and Cellular junctions in the rat testis?” Biology of Reproduction Dennis B. Lubahn, Kenneth S. James F. Catterall, Endocrinology 199(1–2): 153–163. 68(2): 489–508. Korach, and Matthew P.Hardy. “Estrogen receptor-α gene deficiency enhances androgen biosynthesis in Hamada, Anna L., Takeshi Maruo, Takashi Samoto, Lui, Wing-Yee, William M. Lee, and C. Yan Cheng. the mouse Leydig cell,” Endocrinology 144(1): 84–93. Shigeki Yoshida, Harold A. Nash, Irving M. Spitz, and “Rho GTPases and spermatogenesis,” Biochimica et Elof Johansson. “Estradiol/progesterone-releasing Biophysica Acta 1593(2–3): 121–129. Anderson, Richard A., A. Michael Wallace, Naveed vaginal rings for hormone replacement therapy in Sattar, and ———. “Sertoli–germ cell adherens junction Narender Kumar, Kalyan Sundaram. postmenopausal women,” Gynecological “Evidence for tissue selectivity of the synthetic dynamics in the testis are regulated by RhoB GTPase Endocrinology 17(3): 247–254. androgen 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone in hypogo- via the ROCK/LIMK signaling pathway,” Biology of nadal men,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Heikinheimo, Oskari, Raimo Kekkonen, and Pekka Reproduction 68(6): 2189–2206. Metabolism 88(6): 2784–2793. Lähteenmäki. “The pharmacokinetics of mifepris- ———. “TGF-βs: Their role in testicular function tone in humans reveal insights into differential “Inhibin receptor signaling,” in and Sertoli cell tight junction dynamics,” Bernard, Daniel J. mechanisms of antiprogestin action,” Contraception Helen L. Henry and Anthony W. Norman (eds.), International Journal of Andrology 26(3): 147–160. 68(6): 421–426. Encyclopedia of Hormones, vol. 2. New York: ———. “Transforming growth factor β3 regulates Academic Press, pp. 297–303. Laoag-Fernandez, Jovelle B., Takeshi Maruo, Paivi the dynamics of Sertoli cell tight junctions via the Pakarinen, Irving M. Spitz, and Elof Johansson. ———. “SMAD expression in the testis predicts age- p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway,” “Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine and cell-specific responses to activin and TGFβ,” Biology of Reproduction 68(5): 1597–1612. system on the expression of vascular endothelial Journal of Andrology 24(2): 201–203. growth factor and adrenomedullin in the endometri- Lui, Wing-Yee, Dolores D. Mruk, William M. Lee, and Bernard, Daniel J., Kathleen H. Burns, Bisong Haupt, um in adenomyosis,” Human Reproduction 18(4): C. Yan Cheng. “Adherens junction dynamics in the Martin M. Matzuk, and Teresa K. Woodruff. “Normal 694–699. testis and spermatogenesis,” Journal of Andrology reproductive function in InhBP/p120-deficient mice,” 24(1): 1–14. Lau, Ann S.N. and Dolores D. Mruk. “Rab8B GTPase Molecular and Cellular Biology 23(14): 4882–4891. and junction dynamics in the testis,” Endocrinology ———. “Sertoli cell tight junction dynamics: Their Chen, Yong-Mei, Nikki P.Y. Lee, Dolores D. Mruk, 144(4): 1549–1563. regulation during spermatogenesis,” Biology of William M. Lee, and C. Yan Cheng. “Fer kinase/FerT Reproduction 68(4): 1087–1097. Lee, Nikki P.Y. and C. Yan Cheng. “Regulation of and adherens junction dynamics in the testis: An in Sertoli cell tight junction dynamics in the rat testis Lui, Wing-Yee, Daria C.H. Wong, Dolores D. Mruk, vitro and in vivo study,” Biology of Reproduction β via the nitric oxide synthase/soluble guanylate and C. Yan Cheng. “TGF- 3 regulates the 69(2): 656–672. cyclase/3’,5’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate/pro- blood–testis barrier dynamics via the p38 mitogen tein kinase G signaling pathway: An in vitro study,” activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway: An in vivo Endocrinology 144(7): 3114–3129. study,” Endocrinology 144(4): 1139–1142.

25 Morris, David J., Andrew S. Brem, Renshan Ge, Walch, Laurence, Emanuela Clavarino, and Patricia López, Paz, Blanca Rico, Ana Langer, and

P. Harry Jellinck, Randall R. Sakai, and Matthew P. L. Morris. “Prostaglandin (PG) FP and EP1 receptors Guadalupe Espinosa (eds.). Género y Política en Hardy. “The functional roles of 11β-HSD1: Vascular mediate PGF2α and PGE2 regulation of interleukin- Salud [Gender and health policy]. Mexico City: tissue, testis and brain,” Molecular and Cellular 1β expression in Leydig cell progenitors,” UNIFEM, Salud. Endocrinology 203(1–2): 1–12. Endocrinology 144(4): 1284–1291. Mensch, Barbara S., Barbara L. Ibrahim, Susan Mruk, Dolores D., Michelle K.Y. Siu, Anne M. Wang, Gui-Min, Peter J. O’Shaughnessy, Curtis Lee, and Omaima El-Gibaly. “Gender role attitudes Conway, Nikki P.Y. Lee, Ann S.N. Lau, and C. Yan Chubb, Bernard Robaire, and Matthew P.Hardy. among Egyptian adolescents,” Studies in Family Cheng. “Role of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteas- “Effects of insulin-like growth factor I on steroido- Planning 34(1): 8–18. es-1 in junction dynamics in the testis,” Journal of genic enzyme expression levels in mouse Leydig Quisumbing, Agnes R., Kelly Hallman, and Marie T. Andrology 24(4): 510–523. cells,” Endocrinology 144(11): 5058–5064. Ruel. “Maquiladoras and market mamas: Women’s Rothschild, Gerson, Chantal M. Sottas, Holger Ylänen, Kaija, Timo Laatikainen, Pekka work and childcare in Guatemala City and Accra,” Kissel, Valter Agosti, Katia Manova, Matthew P. Lähteenmäki, and Alfred J. Moo-Young. Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Hardy, and Peter Besmer. “A role for kit receptor “Subdermal progestin implant (Nestorone®) in the Paper no. 153. Washington, DC: International Food signaling in Leydig cell steroidogenesis,” Biology of treatment of endometriosis: Clinical response to Policy Research Institute. Reproduction 69(3): 925–932. various doses,” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Verma, Ravi K. and Martine Collumbien. “Wife beat- Saleh, Saleh I., Sayed H. Khidr, Sayed M. Ahmed, Scandinavica 82(2): 167–172. ing and the link with poor sexual health and risk Theodore M. Jackanicz, and Harold A. Nash. behavior among men in urban slums in India,” “Estradiol–progesterone interaction during the Building Research Capability Journal of Comparative Family Studies 34(1): 61–74. preparation of vaginal rings,” Journal of Health, Development, Information and Policy Pharmaceutical Sciences 92(2): 258–265. Institute. “Creation of a unified management infor- HIV/AIDS Segal, Sheldon J. “Contraception, modern methods mation system for three NGOs in the West Bank Askew, Ian and Marge Berer. “The contribution of of,” in Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll (eds.), and Gaza,” Frontiers Final Report. Washington, DC: sexual and reproductive health services to the fight Encyclopedia of Population, vol. 1. New York: Population Council. against HIV/AIDS: A review,” Reproductive Health Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 170–174. Hewett, Paul C., Annabel S. Erulkar, and Barbara Matters 11(22): 51–73. Sitruk-Ware, Régine. “Alternatives for optimal hor- S. Mensch. “The feasibility of computer-assisted and Janneke van de Wijgert. mone replacement therapy,” Climacteric 6(suppl 2): Braunstein, Sarah survey interviewing in Africa: Experience from two “Cultural norms and behavior regarding vaginal 11–16. rural districts in Kenya,” Policy Research Division lubrication during sex: Implications for the accept- ———. “Hormone therapy and the cardiovascular Working Paper no. 168. New York: Population ability of vaginal microbicides for the prevention of system: The critical role of progestins,” Climacteric Council. HIV/STIs,” Robert H. Ebert Program on Critical 6(suppl 3): 21–28. Phillips, James F. “Demographic surveillance sys- Issues in Reproductive Health Publication Series. ———. “Progestins in hormonal replacement tems,” in Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll New York: Population Council. therapy (HRT): New molecules, risks and benefits,” (eds.), Encyclopedia of Population, vol. 1. New York: Castle, Chris. “YRG CARE base model report: Annales d’Endocrinologie 64(2): 178. Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 204–206. Integrated prevention, care, and support services,” ———. “Progestins in hormonal therapy (HT) World Health Organization and Frontiers Program. Horizons Project Report. Washington, DC: today, tomorrow and the next day: A roundtable dis- “Expanding capacity for operations research in Population Council. cussion,” Steroids 68(10–13): 973–979. reproductive health: Summary report of a consulta- Dadian, Margaret (ed.). Horizons Report: PMTCT: tive meeting.” Geneva: World Health Organization. Sitruk-Ware, Régine, Margaret Small, Narender From Research to Practice. Washington, DC: Kumar, Yun-yen Tsong, Kalyan Sundaram, and Population Council. Theodore Jackanicz. “Nestorone®: Clinical applica- Gender and Family Dynamics ———. Horizons Report: Workplace Studies in tions for contraception and HRT,” Steroids Amin, Sajeda and Nagah H. Al-Bassusi. “Wage Africa and Asia. Washington, DC: Population 68(10–13): 907–913. work and marriage: Perspectives of Egyptian work- Council. Sitruk-Ware, Régine and Irving M. Spitz. ing women,” Policy Research Division Working Frank, Ines, John J. Santos, Erin Mehlhop, Loreley “Pharmacological properties of mifepristone: Paper no. 171. New York: Population Council. Villamide-Herrera, Christine Santisteban, Agegnehu Toxicology and safety in animal and human stud- Boonmongkon, Pimpawum, Philip Guest, Amporn Gettie, Ralf Ignatius, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and Melissa ies,” Contraception 68(6): 409–420. Marddent, and Steve Sanders. “From trafficking to J. Pope. “Presentation of exogenous whole inacti- Siu, Michelle K.Y., William M. Lee, and C. Yan sex worker: Burmese migrants in Thailand,” in vated simian immunodeficiency virus by mature Cheng. “The interplay of collagen IV, tumor necro- Muhadjir Darwin, Anna Marie Wattie, and Susi Eja dendritic cells induces CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell sis factor-α, gelatinase B (matrix metalloprotease- Yuarsi (eds.), Living on the Edges: Cross-Border responses,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency 9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1 in the Mobility and Sexual Exploitation in the Greater Syndromes 34(1): 7–19. basal lamina regulates Sertoli cell–tight junction Southeast Asia Sub-Region. Yogyakarta: University Hope Humana, LINKAGES, National Food and dynamics in the rat testis,” Endocrinology 144(1): of Gadjah Mada, pp. 163–232. Nutrition Commission, Ndola District Health 371–387. Hallman, Kelly, Agnes R. Quisumbing, Marie T. Ruel, Management Team, Horizons Program, and Zambia Siu, Michelle K.Y., Dolores D. Mruk, William M. and Bénédicte de la Brière. “Childcare and work: Integrated Health Project. “Empowering communi- Lee, and C. Yan Cheng. “Adhering junction dynam- Joint decisions among women in poor neighbor- ties to respond to HIV/AIDS: Ndola Demonstration ics in the testis are regulated by an interplay of hoods of Guatemala City,” Food Consumption and Project on Maternal and Child Health: Operations β 1-integrin and focal adhesion complex-associated Nutrition Division Discussion Paper no. 151. research final report,” Horizons Project Report. proteins,” Endocrinology 144(5): 2141–2163. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Washington, DC: Population Council. von Eckardstein, Sigrid, Gabriela Noe, Vivian Research Institute. Jones, Heidi, Janneke van de Wijgert, and Elizabeth Brache, Eberhard Nieschlag, Horacio Croxatto, Kadir, Muhammad Masood, Fariyal F. Fikree, Kelvin. “The need for a ‘condoms-only’ control group Francisco Alvarez, Alfred J. Moo-Young, Irving Amanullah Khan, and Fatima Sajan. “Do mothers-in- in microbicide trials,” Epidemiology 14(4): 505. Sivin, Narender Kumar, Margaret Small, and law matter? Family dynamics and fertility decision- Ketas, Thomas J., Ines Frank, Per Johan Klasse, Kalyan Sundaram, Population Council International making in urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Brian M. Sullivan, Jason P. Gardener, Catherine Committee for Contraception Research. “A clinical Pakistan,” Journal of Biosocial Science 35(4): Spenlehauer, Mirjana Nesin, William C. Olson, John trial of 7-α-methyl-19-nortestosterone implants for 545–558. P. Moore, and Melissa J. Pope. “Human immunode- possible use as a long-acting contraceptive for Langer, Ana and Blanca Rico. “An integral initiative ficiency virus type 1 attachment, coreceptor, and men,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and to respond to complex needs,” in Paz López, Blanca fusion inhibitors are active against both direct and Metabolism 88(11): 5232–5239. 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26 Ketas, Thomas J., Per Johan Klasse, Catherine Veazey, Ronald S., Robin J. Shattock, Melissa J. ———. “Freedman, Ronald,” in Paul Demeny and Spenlehauer, Mirjana Nesin, Ines Frank, Melissa J. Pope, J. Christian Kirijan, Jennifer Jones, Qinxue Geoffrey McNicoll (eds.), Encyclopedia of Pope, Julie M. Strizki, Gregory R. Reyes, Bahige M. Hu, Thomas J. Ketas, Preston A. Marx, Per Johan Population, vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference Baroudy, and John P. Moore. “Entry inhibitors SCH- Klasse, Dennis R. Burton, and John P. Moore. USA, pp. 438–439. C, RANTES, and T-20 block HIV type 1 replication in “Prevention of virus transmission to macaque mon- Casterline, John B., Fatma El-Zanaty, and Laila O. El- multiple cell types,” AIDS Research and Human keys by a vaginally applied monoclonal antibody to Zeini. “Unmet need and unintended fertility: Retroviruses 19(3): 177–186. HIV-1 gp120,” Nature Medicine 9(3): 343–346. 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27 National Research Council, Committee on Okullo, Joel, Quinto Okello, Harriet Birungi, Ian Guest, Philip. “Reproductive health including family Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Askew, Barbara Janowitz, Carmen Cuthbertson, planning,” Asia-Pacific Population Journal 18(2): Sciences and Education, Panel on Urban Population and Florence Ebanyat. “Improving quality of care 55–79. Dynamics, Mark R. Montgomery, Richard Stren, for family planning services in Uganda,” Frontiers Gyapong, John, Gifty Addico, Ivy Osei, Mercy Abbey, Barney Cohen, and Holly E. Reed (eds.). Cities Final Report. Washington, DC: Population Council. Dominic Atweam Kobinah, Henrietta Odoi Agyarko, Transformed: Demographic Change and Its RamaRao, Saumya, Marlina Lacuesta, Marilou Gloria Quansah Asare, Harriet Birungi, and Ian Implications in the Developing World. 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28 Lara, Diana, Sandra G. Garcia, Jennifer Strickler, Sholkamy, Hania, Karima Khalil, Mohamed Cherine, Sathar, Zeba A., Cynthia B. Lloyd, Cem Mete, and Hugo Martínez, and Luis Villanueva. “El acceso al Amr Elnoury, Miral Breebaart, and Nevine Minhaj ul Haque. “Schooling opportunities for girls aborto legal de las mujeres embarazadas por vio- Hassanein. “An observation checklist for facility- as a stimulus for fertility change in rural Pakistan,” lación en la ciudad de México” [Access to legal based normal labor and delivery practices: The Economic Development and Cultural Change 51(3): abortion for women who become pregnant as a Galaa Study,” Monographs in Reproductive Health 677–698. result of rape in Mexico City], Gaceta Médica de no. 5. Cairo: Population Council. Sathar, Zeba A., Cynthia B. Lloyd, Minhaj ul Haque, México 139(suppl 1): S77–S90. Turner, Abigail Norris, Charlotte Ellertson, Sarah Judith A. Diers, Azeema Faizunnisa, Monica Grant, Larrea, Fernando, Marta Durand-Carbajal, María del Thomas, and Sandra G. Garcia. “Diagnosis and and Munawar Sultana. Adolescents and Youth in Carmen Cravioto, and Raffaela Schiavon. treatment of presumed STIs at Mexican pharma- Pakistan 2001–02: A Nationally Representative “Anticoncepción de emergencia” [Emergency con- cies: Survey results from a random sample of Survey. Islamabad: Population Council. traception], Gaceta Médica de México 139(suppl 1): Mexico City pharmacy attendants,” Sexually S29–S36. Transmitted Infections 79(3): 224–228. Marsh, David R., Salim Sadruddin, Fariyal F. Fikree, Ulloa-Aguirre, Alfredo and Claudia Díaz- JOURNALS Chitra Krishnan, and Gary L. Darmstadt. “Validation Olavarrieta, and Charlotte Ellertson. “Prefacio” of verbal autopsy to determine the cause of 137 [Preface], Gaceta Médica de México 139(suppl 1): Population and Development Review neonatal deaths in Karachi, Pakistan,” Paediatric S1–S2. (Volume 29) and Perinatal Epidemiology 17(2): 132–142. Verma, Ravi K. “Male sexual health concerns and Miller, Suellen, Nancy L. Sloan, Beverly Winikoff, their implications: Research findings from commu- Number 1, March Ana Langer, and Fariyal Fikree. “Where is the ‘E’ in nity-based studies in Mumbai,” in Anjali Mahajan MCH? The need for an evidence-based approach in (ed.), Perspectives on Culturally Based Concepts of Articles safe motherhood,” Journal of Midwifery & Semen Loss: A Key to Prevention of STIs/HIV. Women’s Health 48(1): 10–18. Baroda: Deepak Charitable Trust, pp. 67–77. Paul Demeny, “Population policy dilemmas in Europe at the dawn of the twenty-first century” Nawar, Laila, Dale Huntington, Ibrahim Kharboush, Verma, Ravi K., Sumitra Sharma, Rajendra Singh, Nancy Ali, and Mahmoud Shaheen. “Assessment of Gurumurthy Rangaiyan, and Pertti J. Pelto. “Beliefs Robert Woods, “Urban–rural mortality differentials: pilot health project outcome indicators: West concerning sexual health problems and treatment An unresolved debate” Bank/Gaza,” Frontiers Final Report. Washington, seeking among men in an Indian slum community,” Patrick Heuveline, Jeffrey M. Timberlake, and Frank DC: Population Council. Culture, Health and Sexuality 5(3): 265–276. F. Furstenberg, Jr., “Shifting childrearing to single Nigenda, Gustavo, Ana Langer, Chusri Kuchaisit, mothers: Results from 17 Western countries” Mariana Romero, Georgina Rojas, Muneera Al- Transitions to Adulthood Steven Ruggles and Susan Brower, “Measurement Osimy, José Villar, Jo Garcia, Yagob Al-Mazrou, of household and family composition in the United Hewett, Paul C., Barbara S. Mensch, and Annabel Hassan Ba’aqeel, Guillermo Carroli, Ubaldo Farnot, States, 1850–2000” S. Erulkar. “Consistency in the reporting of sexual Pisake Lumbiganon, José Belizán, Per Bergsjo, Leiv behavior among adolescent girls in Kenya: A com- Notes and Commentary Bakketeig, and Gunilla Lindmark. “Women’s opin- parison of interviewing methods,” Policy Research ions on antenatal care in developing countries: Division Working Paper no. 182. New York: Oka Obono, “Cultural diversity and population policy Results of a study in Cuba, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Population Council. in Nigeria” and Argentina,” BMC Public Health 3: 17. Lloyd, Cynthia B. “Education,” in Paul Demeny and Philip, Neena, Caitlin Shannon, and Beverly Number 2, June Geoffrey McNicoll (eds.), Encyclopedia of Winikoff. “Misoprostol and teratogenicity: Population, vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference Reviewing the evidence—Report of a meeting,” USA, pp. 278–283. Articles Robert H. Ebert Program on Critical Issues in Lionel Shriver, “Population in literature” Reproductive Health Publication Series. New York: Lloyd, Cynthia B., Sahar El-Tawila, Wesley H. Clark, Population Council. and Barbara S. Mensch. “The impact of educational Susan Greenhalgh, “Science, modernity, and the quality on school exit in Egypt,” Comparative making of China’s one-child policy” Phillips, James F., Tanya C. Jones, Frank K. Education Review 47(4): 444–467. Nyonator, and Shruti Ravikumar. “Evidence-based Peter Boomgaard, “Bridewealth and birth control: development of health and family planning pro- Lloyd, Cynthia B. and Paul C. Hewett. “Primary Low fertility in the Indonesian Archipelago, grams in Bangladesh and Ghana,” Policy Research schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: Recent trends and 1500–1900” Division Working Paper no. 175. New York: current challenges,” Policy Research Division Charles Hirschman and Bussarawan Population Council. Working Paper no. 176. New York: Population Teerawichitchainan, “Cultural and socioeconomic Council. Quasem, Iftekhar, Nancy L. Sloan, Anita influences on divorce during modernization: Chowdhury, Salahuddin Ahmed, Beverly Winikoff, Mensch, Barbara S., Wesley H. Clark, and Dang Southeast Asia, 1940s to 1960s” and A.M. Chowdhury. “Adaptation of kangaroo Nguyen Anh. “Adolescents in Vietnam: Looking mother care for community-based application,” beyond reproductive health,” Studies in Family Notes and Commentary Journal of Perinatology 23(8): 646–651. Planning 34(4) 249–262. Linda J. Waite and Evelyn L. Lehrer, “The benefits Savelieva, Irina, John M. Pile, Inna Sacci, and Ratha Mensch, Barbara S., Paul C. Hewett, and Annabel from marriage and religion in the United States: A Loganathan. “Postabortion family planning opera- S. Erulkar. “The reporting of sensitive behavior by comparative analysis” tions research study in Perm, Russia,” Frontiers adolescents: A methodological experiment in Final Report. Washington, DC: Population Council. Kenya,” Demography 40(2): 247–268. Data and Perspectives Schiavon, Raffaela. “Aborto médico: Alternativas Mensch, Barbara S. and Susheela Singh. Graeme Hugo, Anthony Champion, and Alfredo terapéuticas actuales” [Medical abortion: Current “Adolescent fertility,” in Paul Demeny and Geoffrey Lattes, “Toward a new conceptualization of settle- therapeutic alternatives], Gaceta Médica de México McNicoll (eds.), Encyclopedia of Population, vol. 1. ments for demography” 139(suppl 1): S55–S63. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 14–16. Number 3, September Segal, Sheldon J. “Spontaneous abortion,” in Paul Quisumbing, Agnes R. and Kelly Hallman. Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll (eds.), “Marriage in transition: Evidence on age, education, Encyclopedia of Population, vol. 2. New York: and assets from six developing countries,” Policy Articles Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 913–914. Research Division Working Paper no. 183. New Catherine Hakim, “A new approach to explaining York: Population Council. fertility patterns: Preference theory” Segal, Sheldon J. and Luigi Mastroianni, Jr. Hormone Use in Menopause and Male Andropause: RamaRao, Saumya and Nafissatou J. Diop. Thomas LeGrand, Todd Koppenhaver, Nathalie A Choice for Women and Men. New York: Oxford “Serving the reproductive health needs of adoles- Mondain, and Sara Randall, “Reassessing the insur- University Press. cents in Senegal: Analysis of costs,” Frontiers ance effect: A qualitative analysis of fertility behav- Project Report. Washington, DC: Population Council. ior in Senegal and Zimbabwe”

29 Jane Menken, Linda Duffy, and Randall Kuhn, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Anne Loison, Marco Festa- Clémentine Rossier, “Estimating induced abortion “Childbearing and women’s survival: New evidence Bianchet, Nigel Gilles Yoccoz, and Erling Solberg, rates: A review” from rural Bangladesh” “Ecological correlates of life span in populations of Elizabeth Frankenberg, Bondan Sikoki, and Wayan Tim Dyson, “HIV/AIDS and urbanization” large herbivorous mammals” Suriastini, “Contraceptive use in a changing serv- Marc Mangel, “Environment and longevity: The ice environment: Evidence from Indonesia during Notes and Commentary demography of the growth rate” the economic crisis” Causal Analysis in the Population Sciences: Robert E. Ricklefs and Alex Scheuerlein, “Life span A Symposium in the light of avian life histories” Reports Christine Bachrach and Geoffrey McNicoll, Lawrence G. Harshman, “Life span extension of Donald S. Shepard, Richard N. Bail, and C. Gary “Introduction” Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic and population Merritt, “Cost-effectiveness of USAID’s regional program for family planning in West Africa” Robert Moffitt, “Causal analysis in population studies” research: An economist’s perspective” Shiro Horiuchi, “Interspecies differences in the life Stan Becker and Nafissatou Diop-Sidibé, “Does use of the calendar in surveys reduce heaping?” Herbert L. Smith, “Some thoughts on causation span distribution: Humans versus invertebrates” as it relates to demography and population Hillard Kaplan, Jane Lancaster, and Arthur Robson, Number 3, September studies” “Embodied capital and the evolutionary economics of the human life span” Tom Fricke, “Culture and causality: An anthro- Articles pological comment” Ronald Lee and Joshua R. Goldstein, “Rescaling Monica A. Magadi and Siân L. Curtis, “Trends and the life cycle: Longevity and proportionality” Steven Ruggles, “Measurement of family and determinants of contraceptive method choice in household composition in Census 2000: An update” Jean-Marie Robine and Yasuhiko Saito, “Survival Kenya” beyond age 100: The case of Japan” Data and Perspectives Christine A. Varga, “How gender roles influence Jean-Marie Robine, “Life course, environmental sexual and reproductive health among South Griffith Feeney and Iqbal Alam, “New estimates change, and life span” African adolescents” and projections of population growth in Pakistan” John R. Wilmoth and Jean-Marie Robine, “The Manju Rani and Sekhar Bonu, “Rural Indian world trend in maximum life span” women’s care-seeking behavior and choice of Number 4, December James W. Vaupel, “Post-Darwinian longevity” provider for gynecological symptoms” Kenneth W. Wachter, “Hazard curves and life span Articles Reports prospects” Edmund Ramsden, “Social demography and eugen- Sarah Castle, “Factors influencing young Malians’ ics in the interwar United States” reluctance to use hormonal contraceptives” Studies in Family Planning (Volume 34) Rachel Murphy, “Fertility and distorted sex ratios in Elizabeth F. Jackson, Patricia Akweongo, Evelyn a rural Chinese county: Culture, state, and policy” Sakeah, Abraham Hodgson, Rofina Asuru, and Number 1, March David Voas, “Conflicting preferences: A reason fer- James F. Phillips, “Inconsistent reporting of female tility tends to be too high or too low” genital cutting status in northern Ghana: Articles Marc Luy, “Causes of male excess mortality: Explanatory factors and analytical consequences” Insights from cloistered populations” Amson Sibanda, Zewdu Woubalem, Dennis P. Hogan, and David P. Lindstrom, “The proximate Number 4, December Notes and Commentary determinants of the decline to below-replacement fertility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” John Knodel and Mary Beth Ofstedal, “Gender Articles and aging in the developing world: Where are Barbara S. Mensch, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Susan M. Saumya RamaRao and Raji Mohanam, “The quality the men?” Lee, and Omaima El-Gibaly, “Gender-role attitudes of family planning programs: Concepts, measure- among Egyptian adolescents” ments, interventions, and effects” Data and Perspectives Neeru Gupta, Charles Katende, and Ruth Bessinger, Barbara S. Mensch, Wesley H. Clark, and Dang Joshua Goldstein, Wolfgang Lutz, and Sergei “Associations of mass media exposure with family Nguyen Anh, “Adolescents in Vietnam: Looking Scherbov, “Long-term population decline in Europe: planning attitudes and practices in Uganda” beyond reproductive health” The relative importance of tempo effects and gen- erational length” Reports Reports Jane Falkingham, “Inequality and changes in Susan Chen and David K. Guilkey, “Determinants of Supplement to Volume 29 women’s use of maternal health-care services in contraceptive method choice in rural Tanzania Tajikistan” Life Span: Evolutionary, Ecological, and between 1991 and 1999” Demographic Perspectives, James R. Carey and Yan Che and John Cleland, “Contraceptive use Kim Eva Dickson, Rachel K. Jewkes, Heather Shripad Tuljapurkar, Editors before and after marriage in Shanghai” Brown, Jonathan Levin, Helen Rees, and Luyanda Mavuya, “Abortion service provision in South James R. Carey, “Life span: A conceptual Number 2, June Africa three years after liberalization of the law” overview” Steven Hecht Orzack, “How and why do aging and Articles life span evolve?” Nancy Luke, “Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub- Saharan Africa”

30 STAFF AND CONSULTANTS

Maguire, David Moretsele, Evan B. Staff Program Associates his section lists 2003 Population Council staff Read, Janet Schechter, Stephanie Jennifer L. Blum, Heidi Jones Skoler, Margaret G. Small,* Jeri T by their positions as of December 31. Names of Tanen,* Barbara A. Tokay, Eduardo S. Administrative/ professional staff who left the Council during the Tovar, Elaine F. Travers, Loreley A. Technical Professional Staff year are followed by an asterisk. Consultants listed Villamide-Herrera Martha Alexander, Hillary J. Bracken, Senior Research Technicians Sarah L. Braunstein, Heather A. are primarily those who work with the Council on Clark, Taja Ferguson, Barbara an ongoing basis. William De Jesus, Simone J. Evans, Friedland, Mylene E. Gibbs,* Auralice Irina Mamkina, Aileen Marshall, Anna M. Graft, Richard P. Houck,* Virginia Mielnik, Lyann R. Mitchell, Meng-Yun Kallianes, Jacqueline J. Kim, Carey Mo,* Jose A. Romero, Maria T. Meyers, Martina K. Moss, Michelle Sallent, Richard Sewell, Chantal Park, Neena M. Philip, Caitlin S. Sottas, Kristin Sudol, Esther Wu Shannon,* Roman Zadorozhny OFFICE OF Executive Director, Product Staff Assistants Research and Development Staff Assistants THE PRESIDENT Natalie Amar, Jeffrey L. Edwards, Maria Alevrontas, Gabriela Bartalos, Régine Sitruk-Ware Andrew Gonzalez, Laura Guichard, President Elaine K. Baur, Ann Marie Bonardi, Director, Belinda Marrell, Yvonne Harrison Susannah Canfield, Erica L. Chong, Linda G. Martin Microbicides Clinical Trials O’Neal Jill M. Durocher, Mary Alice Elmoor, Head of Foreign Government and Pekka O. Lähteenmäki Administrative/ Shaniece Garner, Amy T. Joyce, Technical Support Staff Dessislava Kirilova, Jeeyun Lee, Board Relations/Special Assistant Head, Clinical Regulatory Sun Ae Lee, Joanna Perlman, Affairs and Safety Desk Mariya A. Babayeva, Anne Conway, Tammy J. Allen Michelle N. Skaer Keumsil Hwang, Jessica Kenney, Srinivas V. Tetali Executive Assistant Malka Kohn, Susanna Kwitny, Delbert Administrative Support Staff Head, Pharmaceutical Vivian E. Montgomery Layne, Patricia McKenna, Norma Afua Adusei, Maria Perez, Elvin Development and Staff Assistant Ombler, Kyung Hwa Park, Daniel Pichardo Regulatory Affairs Philips, Michelle M. Santos, Amparo Marissa Bohrer Consultants Richard Maskiewicz* Solari, Anne Spencer, Kanani E. Titchen, Andrea Wallace, Vennansha Sharon Benjamin, Christiana Coggins, Medical Director Distinguished Colleagues Williams Rasha Dabash, Rachel Goldberg, Distinguished Scholar Donald E. Waldron Claudia Gras, Selma Hajri, Erin Senior Scientists INTERNATIONAL Hasselberg, Danielle Hassoun, Ellin Paul Demeny Kao, Diana Measham, Suellen Miller, Distinguished Scientist Ching-Ling Chen, Chuen-yan Cheng, PROGRAMS Bernard C. Pobiak, Debbie Rogow, Matthew P. Hardy, Patricia L. Morris, Sandy Schilen, Jennefer Sebstad, Sheldon J. Segal DIVISION David M. Phillips, Irving Sivin, Irving Wendy Sheldon, André Ulmann, Administrative Support Staff M. Spitz, Kalyan Sundaram, Yun-yen Vice President Janneke van de Wijgert, Eugene M. Tsong Robert B. Colasacco Peter J. Donaldson, Purnima Mane1 Weiss Scientists Consultants Senior Director, Policy Interregional, Washington, DC Gary Hunnicutt, Narender Kumar, Susan Greenhalgh, Michael P. Todaro and Regional Programs Melissa J. Pope, Frederick Schmidt, Director, Frontiers in Bruce F. Variano Anrudh Jain Reproductive Health Development Staff Scientists Special Assistant John W. Townsend Director Michael I. Anazodo,* Daniel J. Rose N. Maruru Director, Horizons Ruth Kalla Ungerer Bernard, Zong-ming Feng, Marc Interregional, New York Andrew A. Fisher Administrative/ Goldstein, Dianne Hardy, Peter Technical Professional Staff Schlegel Director, Deputy Director, Horizons Anne Donadeo Research Investigators Gender, Family, and Development C. Johannes van Dam Judith Bruce Administrative Support Staff Benson T. Akingbemi, Ines Frank, Senior Program Associates Renshan Ge, Dolores Mruk, En-Mei Director, Reproductive Health James R. Foreit, Naomi Rutenberg David B. Abrams, Magdalene Mayers Niu, Mitchell Thorn Ana Langer (acting), Beverly Winikoff2 Program Associates Senior Administrative Staff CENTER FOR Senior Program Associates Beverly Ben Salem, Margaret J. M. Ashton Barfield, Jean E. Schweis BIOMEDICAL Robert A. Miller, Nancy L. Sloan Dadian, Laelia Z. Gilborn, Joanne N. Staff Program Associate Gleason, Laura S. Raney RESEARCH Program Associates Elizabeth Kelvin* Martha Brady, Judith A. Diers, Batya Vice President Administrative/ Elul, Fariyal Fikree, Nicole Haberland, 1 Elof D.B. Johansson Technical Professional Staff Saumya RamaRao, Janneke van de Vice president until her departure February 14, 2003; Peter J. Donaldson Director, Reproductive Biology Arthur Allen, Thomas Carlson, Peter Wijgert* appointed vice president effective and Immunology J. Conlon, Marion Davis, Senior Administrative Staff May 12, 2003. Sumentheran Govender, Sushma 2 Director of reproductive health until her James F. Catterall Kumar, Marcia Langhoff, Deborah A. Y. Birsen Bayazit, Carol Hendrick departure February 28, 2003; Ana Langer Lazzarino, An An Luong, Robin A. appointed acting director effective March 1, 2003.

31 Staff Program Associates Muller, Maria Teresa Palafox, Sofia Warangkana Singhsneah, Nucharee Administrative/ Carolyn Baek, Katie Schenk Reynoso, Simone Rodríguez, Laura Srivirojana, Washsiraporn Technical Professional Staff Ruiz, Darío Silva, Maite Vélez, Suramaythangkoon, Tran Thu Ha, Edmond Baguede, Marthe Bruce Administrative/ Carmen Zambrana Marium Ul Mutahara, Leila Caleb Dieng, Mamadou Djire, Zoumana Technical Professional Staff Varkey, Nidhi Verma,* Shalini Verma, Consultants Doumbia, Peter Gaiku, Zahra Louis F. Apicella, Angela Briceño, Vu Linh Chi, Vu Thi Kieu Dung, Anjali Hassanali, Adan Isaac, Milka Juma, Ângela Aparecida Donini, Luis Stephanie Joyce, Lisa W. Lane, Widge,* Nazia Yusuf Susan Cherop Kaai, Arjmand Banu Bahamondes, Davida Becker, Silvia Damon A. Newsome, Roberto Khan, Mirriam Khumalo, Francis Maria Caldas Pedroso, Carol Suzanne Support Staff Valverde* Kotobridja, Wilson N. Liambila, Camlin, Maria Dolores Castro Madhukar Bagdas, Tina Bhalla, Tapon Charity Mamathuba, Nqobile Staff Assistants Mantilla, Teresa de Vargas, Sally Kumar Bose, Shiv Charan, Mohammad Mavimbela, Mazwi P.S. Mngadi, Davis Ellwein, Loren Galvão, Alfredo Asiful Haidar Chowdhury, Nazimuddin Alison M. Clarke, Shari Cuesta, Fortunate N. Mosery,* Joseph F. Guzman, Deanna Kerrigan, Sarah Chowdhury, Sujan Kumar Dey, Do Van Tshikana M. Douglas, Malea Hoepf, Motsepe, Gugulethu G. Ndlovu,* Lucy Landis, Federico León, Sheri Doai, Hendrawan, Hoang Van Huu, Sherry A. Hutchinson, Jenny N. Nganga, Carolyne Njue, Tebogo Lippman, Zilka Loayza, Lizbeth T. Abdul Hossain, Johny, Abdul Majid, Myers, Natalie Phillips-Hamblett Ramothibe,* Reine Lydia Saloucou, Lõpez Carillo, Jose David Mariscal, Laxman Mandal, Asha Matta, Pithak Catherine Searle, Mike Shamku,* Administrative Support Staff Luis Moreno Montalvo, Cristina Takae Namtirah, Nguyen Thi Phuong Lan, Monica Wanjiru, Pauline Zoundi Vivian Nicholson, Phan Van Trinh Yamaguti Ogura, Alberto Padilla, Indah Pratiwi, Amala Rahmah, Anna Carola Prudencio Soria, Haralal Roy, Komal Saxena, Rama Support Staff Seconded Staff Francisco Prudencio, Irma Ramos, Sehgal, Radhey Shyam, Sofyani, P. John Anzali, Carol Apiyo, Abdoul Susan Adamchak,* Christopher Susanna Rance, Arthur Lawrence Sunanda, Elvin Sunny, V.L. Thomas, Dieng, Angela Gadzekpo, Mamadou Castle, Ann Levin,* M. Celeste Marin, Reingold, María Cristina Rentería, Geetha Vaithyanathan, Peng-Ngram Goudiaby, Simon Kamau, Kenneth Ann McCauley, Julie Pulerwitz, Ellen Christine Ricardo, Kara Lynn Yamtim Kukanu, Lindiwe Francis Kumalo, Weiss Richmond, Patricio Sanhueza Smith, Seconded Staff Anita Laryea, Joanne Lewa, Winnie Maria Silvia Setubal, David Silva, Lubasi, Nomakhweki M. Madikiza, Consultants Heiner Grosskurth* Jennifer Strickler, Jaime Tellería Wellington Mage, Siphiwokuhle Mary Geissman, Ault Nathanielsz, Consultants Melissa Mahlangu, David Matheka, Emma Ottolenghi, Stephen Pearson, South and East Asia Amadou Lamine Mbengue, Ella Iveta Pudule, Marcia Townsend Rajib Acharya, Stina Almroth, Shalini Regional Director Bharat, Tan Boon-Ann, Celine Miyanda, Vuyelwa Mjale, Abiot Modingoane, Dianah Mwangi, Jane Latin America Costello-Daly, Kurus Coyaji, Vikas Saroj Pachauri Mwikali, Douglas Ndeddah, Adama and the Caribbean Desai, Anne Donovan, P. Duraisamy, Senior Program Associates Deepika Ganju, Gayatri Giri, Hoang Tu Niaré, Philisters Obunga, Joyce Ombeva, Norah Omenda, Louis Regional Director Jane C. Hughes, Shireen J. Anh, Maya Ibars, Sarita Jadav, Yanogo Ana Langer Jejeebhoy, Mohamad Ejazuddin Khan Gaurang Jani, Gavin Jones, Neera Kashyap, Le Thai Thi Bang Tam, Karin Seconded Staff Senior Program Associates Program Associates Lockwood, Amdou Moreau, Rupa J. Karusa Kiragu Juan Díaz, Ricardo Vernon Simon Baker, Sabine K. Mudoi, Nirmala Murthy, Shweta Bajaj Flessenkaemper, M. Philip Guest, Nagreth, Nguyen Tri Duc, Nguyen Thi Consultants Program Associates A.K. Ubaidur Rob, Avina Sarna, Viet Hong, Nguyen Dinh Loan, Clement Ahladake, Fred Bateganya, Carlos Brambila-Paz, Sandra Garcia, Josephine Sauvarin,* Budi Utomo, Nguyen Thi Tam, Nguyen Quynh Trang, Victoria Ebin, Humphres Evelia, Daniel A. Grossman, Federico León* Ravi K. Verma Archana Kaushik Panda, Pham Bich Christine Heritier, Evelyn ’Kuor San, Phuong Thu Huong, Rajendra Host-Country Advisor Staff Program Associate Kumoji, Joanne E. Mantell, Margaret Prasad, A. Venkat Raman, Laura McEvoy, Tekle Mekbib, Peter Fernando Gonzãles Salguero Michelle Gardner Reichenbach, R.S.S. Sarma, Savosnick, Julie Solo, Leah Thayer, Administrative/ Host-Country Advisor Josephine Sauvarin, Nirmala Selvam, Roberto Valverde, Mary Thole Zama Technical Professional Staff John Stoeckel, Tran Hoang Nam, Trinh Vu Quy Nhan Thuy Lan, Leela Visaria, Beryl West, West Asia and North Africa Katrina Abuabara,* Tess Aldrich, Lucinda Willshire, Iresh Zaker Davida Becker,* Angelica Bixcul, Administrative/ Technical Professional Staff Regional Director Lucia Brito, Angela Caballero, Maria Sub-Saharan Africa Dolores Castro, Jennifer Catino, Anju Agarwal,* Lila Amaliah,* Rahela Barbara Ibrahim Magda Chinaglia, Claudia Díaz, Henry Anam, Abhijeet Anand, Aminul Regional Director Senior Program Associate Espinoza, Lisa Goldman, Guillermina Arifeen,* Shahina Begum, Monica Ayorinde Ajayi Herrera, Diana Lara, Antonieta Bhalla, Sonia Bhalla, Ismat Ara Zeba A. Sathar Martin, Rosa Poiré, Patricia Riveros, Bhuiya, Mohammad Nizamuddin Senior Program Associate Program Associates Ana Lucía Rodríguez, Mariamalia Bhuiyan,* Deddy Darmawan, Sunetra Ian Askew Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Abdel Ghaffar Rodríguez,* Marta Julia Ruiz Gómez, Deshpande, Joachim Victor Gomes, M. Ahmed, Peter Miller, Laila Nawar Raffaela Schiavon,* Jorge Solórzano, Punpet Hiranpradit, Sharif Program Associates Carrie Tatum, Claudia Vizcaíno, Maria Mohammed Ismail Hossain, Shveta Harriet Birungi, Kelly Blanchard,* Administrative/ Reneé Zelaya Kalyanwala, Saba Khan, Esther Anne Jane Chege, Nafissatou J. Diop, Technical Professional Staff Parapak Kusumaatmadja, Le Thu Anh, Support Staff Seydou Doumbia, Annabel Erulkar, Alyce N. Abdalla, Abrar Ahmed, Le Thi Phuong Mai, Louise Lee-Jones, Eka Esu-Williams, Sam Kalibala,* Imran Ahmed, Imran “Mani” Ahmed, Katia Amorim, Javier Arellano, Vaishali Sharma Mahendra, Anurag Esther G. Muia,* Saiqa Mullick, Lewis Muhammad Shafique Arif, Mehmood Laura Carrillo, Hilda Castro, João de Mishra, Nguyen Thu Ha, Vijaya Ndhlovu, Diouratié Sanogo, John P. Asghar, Seemin Ashfaq, Zaheer Gul Carvalho, Vanessa De Gyves, Maria Nidadavolu, Bashra Parveen, Anil Skibiak, Lassane Placide Tapsoba Awan, Bushra Bano, Kamran Shafi Ivone de Souza, Valentín Díaz, Paul, Laila Rahman, Mohammad Bhutta, Miral Breebaart, Mona Bur, Tatiana Gómez-Garcia, Leticia Staff Program Associates Moshiur Rahman, Gurumurthy Moushira El Geziri, Dina El Meleegy, Herrera, Jorge Ledesma, Rosendo Rangaiyan, Sohini Roychowdhury, Scott Geibel, Charlotte Warren Tarek Alam Eldin, Azeema Faizunnisa, Limón, Hilaria López, Wilson Patchara Rumakom,* K.G. Santhya, Nayyar Farooq, Magda Fayek, Noha Magueño, Susana Medina, Gloria Srisuman Sartsara,* Mary Philip Gaballah, Hedi Ganoub, Tayyaba Gul, Morales, Atala Moreno, Silvana Sebastian, Dipak Kumar Shil, Ashfa Hashmi, Gihan Hosny, Shaheen

32 Naz Islam, Karima Khalil, Muhammad Senior Administrative Staff Staff Assistants Staff Assistants Khalil, Mumraiz Khan, Wajahat Raza Elizabeth Cottrell Robert Granata, Joyce Ng Carmen Delgado, Marita Seaberg, Khan, Amr Kotb, Rahim Dad Malik, Julie A. Sitney Irfan Masood, Khalid Mehmood,* Administrative/ Administrative Support Staff Noushad Mehmood, Farid Midhet, Ali Technical Professional Staff Teresa Baran, Stacey Mohammed, Administrative Support Staff Mohammad Mir, Mashooda Mirza, Monica Grant, Jude Lam-Garrison, Regina Wilson Walter J. Fitzpatrick, Matthew C. Shagufta Naheed, Ikram Noshi,* Bonisiwe P.N. Mdluli, Barry Ravitch Micka Tahira Parveen, Saima Pervez, Abdul Office Services Rashid, Gul Rashida, Moushira Staff Assistants Rasmy, Naseem Raza, Enayatur Mark I. Garrison, Melissa Hamilton, Director OFFICE OF THE Rehman, Mona Emil Rizk, Rania Barbara M. Miller, Doreen Totaram, Laurie Constantino Roushdy, Nahed Sakr, M. Ahmed Kate Venet SECRETARY- Saleem, Abeer Salem, Rania Salem,* Administrative/ TREASURER Syed Zakir Hussain Shah, Salma Research Support Staff Technical Professional Staff Shaltout, Lubna Shireen, Munawar Margaret McGirt Gary B. Clifton Chief Financial Officer Sultana, Hanan Tammam, Zeba and Secretary-Treasurer Consultants Staff Assistants Tasnim, Minhaj ul Haque, Zia ul James M. Tuite Islam, Abdul Wajid, Wael Wasel, Peter Aglobitse, Anthony Amuzu, John N. Gontarz, May Moy-Au, Nadia Zibani Rodolfo Bulatao, Kobita Chowdury, Barbara Nee Administrative/ Julia Dayton, Griffith Feeney, Ellie Technical Professional Staff Support Staff Administrative Support Staff Feinglass, Sara Hossain, Lopita Huq, Agnes Chan Ghazanfar Abbasi, Atef Abdoun, Elizabeth Jackson, Nahid Kamal, Mario Aponte, Kimeka Armstrong, Abdul Aziz, Ashraf Haddad, Ramadan Emmanuel Kuffour, Bruce MacLeod, Naquan Davis, Alston L. Jones, Staff Assistant Imam, Khalid Javed, Marghani G. Simeen Mamud, Philomena Nyarko, Richard V. Williams, Regina Wilson, Bella Feuchtwanger Marghani, Samar Akram Masih, Siddiqur Osmani, Gabriel Pictet, Santi Andre L. Winslow, Patricia A. Yousaf Jan Masih, Hatem Mostafa, Rozario, Tulshi Saha, Sidney Schuler, Youngblood Office of the Controller Osama Mostafa, Mohamed Mousa, Dina Mahnaz Siddiqi, Nicholas Swan, Bakht Munir, Yehia Ramadan, Ghulam Rachel Tobey Information Technology Controller Raza, Kamran Saeed, Essam Samra, Lorraine Karlen Feroz Shah Director Senior Administrative Staff Consultants CORPORATE Catherine T. Davidoff AFFAIRS Senior Technical Staff Richard L. Kessler, Danielle Kossove, Zeinab Gamal Hassan, Linda Herrera, Zenaida C. Lota Russane Green Hozayin, Dick Jessor, DIVISION Deborah Boccio, Stanley Mierzwa Hind Abou El Seoud Khattab, Ray Administrative/ Technical Professional Staff Langsten, Baquer Namazi, Juliette Vice President Technical Professional Staff Seibold, Jan Williamson Sandra P. Arnold Karen A. Blount, Irene Friedland, Betty Goldman, Cheryl A. Mitchell, Michael Lim, Sue Mee Low, Du Luu, Bill Moy, Teressa Saju Senior Director, Corporate Affairs Paulino Ruiz, Vladimir Sidorenkov,* Administrative Support Staff POLICY James E. Sailer* Chung Shun Wu Cathy S. Cai, Elena Chan, RESEARCH Senior Administrative Staff Public Information Cynthia Green, Maria Herrera, DIVISION George Young Sherwin T. Nicholson, Rita Schramm, Director Staff Assistant Anthony Velez Vice President Melissa May Joe Schulz John Bongaarts Administrative/ Grants and Contracts Director, Legal Technical Professional Staff Director Social Science Research Gina Duclayan, Suzanne P. Elliott, General Counsel Marjorie Kitzes Cynthia B. Lloyd Diane M. Rubino, Craig J. Savel Patricia C. Vaughan Administrative/ Senior Associates Staff Assistant Technical Professional Staff Attorney Sajeda Amin, John B. Casterline, Gregg P. Culling Chiara Lombardo, Russell Miller, Geoffrey McNicoll, Barbara S. Margarita Cruz* Kristin E. Morrell* Mensch, Mark R. Montgomery, Publications Legal Staff Assistant Staff Assistant James F. Phillips Ann-Bernice Allen Director Catherine Gil de Lamadrid Research Associates Ethel P. Churchill Kelly K. Hallman, Paul Hewett, Human Resources Administrative Support Staff Zachary Zimmer Senior Technical Staff Jerusha Klemperer, Lyntonia S. Peters Director Robert Heidel, Margaret A. Knoll, Staff Research Associates Vivien Rabin Julie K. Reich, Y. Christina Tse Population Council Program III Ellie Feinglass, Elizabeth Jackson,* Tanya Jones Senior Administrative Staff Administrative/ Senior Administrative Staff Darryl K. Lewis, Maria Vinardell Technical Professional Staff Resident Fellows Ruth Copeland Sura Rosenthal, Wendy Spero, Jared Administrative/ Toshiko Kaneda, Ravai Marindo,* B. Stamm, Karen Tweedy-Holmes, Staff Assistant Technical Professional Staff Sara Peracca Michael J. Vosika, Debra Warn Holly S. Hobart Benjamin Bilbao, Deirdre Hoare, Karen Martinez Librarian H. Neil Zimmerman

33 ADVISORY AND COLLABORATIVE BODIES

Institutional Review Board International Committee Social Sciences Fellowship Committee for Contraception Research Sheldon J. Segal Ronald R. Rindfuss Chairperson Elof D.B. Johansson Chairperson Population Council Chairperson University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Arthur Allen1 Population Council Jane Menken Population Council Sheldon J. Segal University of Colorado, Boulder James F. Catterall Chairperson Emeritus Mark Pitt Population Council Population Council Brown University Andrew Davidson Francisco Alvarez-Sanchez Columbia University PROFAMILIA, Dominican Republic Fariyal Fikree2 Philippe Bouchard Population Council Hôpital Saint-Antoine, France Ruth L. Fischbach Vivian Brache Columbia University PROFAMILIA, Dominican Republic Elof D.B. Johansson3 Horacio B. Croxatto Population Council Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva Rachael N. Pine Ian Stewart Fraser EngenderHealth University of Sydney, Australia June Reidenberg Anna Glasier Scarsdale, New York Lothian Primary Care, National Health Service Trust, United Kingdom John W. Townsend Population Council Takeshi Maruo Kobe University, Japan Livia S. Wan New York University Medical Center Daniel R. Mishell, Jr. University of Southern California Eberhard Nieschlag University of Münster, Germany Gita Ramjee 1 Effective September 2003. Medical Research Council, South Africa 2 Effective June 2003. Christina Wang 3 Through August 2003. Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

34 FELLOWS

ell-qualified professionals are needed through- fellowship programs supports highly qualified W out the world to address population and devel- Vietnamese health professionals in obtaining the mas- opment issues. Strengthening this professional base is ter of public health degree in the United States, and a an integral part of the Population Council’s mission. newer program provides master’s degree training in The Council’s long-standing fellowship programs have reproductive health, sexuality, and the social sciences. helped advance the careers of more than 2,400 social Fellowships under both programs are for two years; and biomedical scientists, many of whom have gone upon completion of their studies, fellows are expected on to hold leadership positions in the population field. to return to Vietnam and work for institutions there. The work of these fellows has enhanced the Council’s MEAwards, offered through the Middle East role in informing the development of population poli- Research Awards Program in Population and the Social cy and programs and fostering research. Sciences, support interdisciplinary studies and profes- The Council’s biomedical fellowship program, sional development for scholars in that region. administered by the Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council fellowships in the social sci- brings postdoctoral fellows to the center to conduct ences, administered by the Policy Research Division, research in reproductive biology and immunology and support one year of work leading to a doctoral degree, product development. The Christopher Tietze one year of midcareer training in the population field, Fellowship in Reproductive Epidemiology provides one or up to two years of postdoctoral research. Awards year of funding for research on morbidity and mortality are made only to applicants whose proposals focus on associated with fertility-regulation methods and their the developing world. The Ghana fellows conduct one delivery, as well as other health topics such as unsafe year of predoctoral or postdoctoral research in family abortion, maternal mortality, and reproductive health. planning and demography at the Navrongo Health The International Programs Division administers Research Centre in Ghana. two fellowship programs in Vietnam and supports fel- The fellowship programs are supported by private lows in other developing countries who are linked to foundations, the U.S. government, individuals, specific projects within the division. These fellows are and the Council itself. The Council’s Web site— selected on a competitive basis within particular www.popcouncil.org—provides detailed information on regions, countries, or institutions. One of the Vietnam Council fellowships.

BIOMEDICAL Haiyan Huang. Postdoctoral fellow, Guimin Wang. Postdoctoral fellow, Europe Peking Union Medical College, Department of Obstetrics/ FELLOWS Beijing. Transcriptional regulation in Gynecology, University of Uppsala, Germany Fellows conduct research at the Center male germ cells. Sweden. Postnatal differentiation of Anke Diemert. Predoctoral fellow, for Biomedical Research. Institutions Li Huang. Resident physician, Leydig cells in the insulin-like growth University of Luebeck School of listed are those with which fellows Shanghai Second Medical University. factor-1 deficient mouse. Medicine. Hormone therapy and were affiliated before joining the Genetic analysis of the function of a India steroid regulation of human breast Council. thioredoxin-like sperm protein in cells. Anil Kumar Pillai. Postdoctoral fellow, knockout mice. M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara. Italy Asia Jifan Li. Postdoctoral fellow, Characterization of mechanisms con- Silvia Peretti. Predoctoral fellow, Biomaterials Research Unit, China trolling basal and activin-stimulated Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome. Department of Chemical Engineering expression of follicle-stimulating hor- Virus modulation of dendritic cell Qiang Dong. Lecturer and attending and Applied Chemistry, Aston mone in pituitary gonadotrope cells. function that drives HIV infection surgeon, Western China University, University, Birmingham, United instead of immune activation. Chengdu. Analysis of steroidogenic Kingdom. Identification and modifica- Israel function in mouse Leydig cells during tion of Carraguard® using chemical Margarita Vigodner. Postdoctoral fel- Russia stress. methods. low, Tel Aviv University. Character- Natalia Teleshova. Postdoctoral fel- Li-Qiang Fan. Postdoctoral fellow, Hui-Juan Shi. Lecturer, Department ization of lipid transfer START low, Division of Neurology, Karolinska Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, of Biochemistry, East China domain proteins in male germ cells. Institute, Huddinge University Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Science and Technology, Japan Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Modes East China University of Science and Shanghai. Cloning and functional of communication between novel Technology. Study of molecular mech- analysis of thioredoxin-like and CD20- Tomomoto Ishikawa. Postdoctoral dendritic cell subsets and immuno- anism of male reproductive hormone related novel rat sperm protein fellow, Kobe University School of deficiency virus in the SIV-macaque action using a transgenic mouse genes: Potential fertility control Medicine. Interleukin-regulated gene system to improve vaccines. experimental model system. agents. expression in Sertoli cells.

35 INTERNATIONAL Pham Thi Chinh. University of Tran Thi Thu Ha. University of Mahmoud Mansour, St. Katherine. Washington, Seattle. Melbourne. Research on drying food and vegeta- PROGRAMS Pham Dinh Hoa. Boston University. Tran Thi Thu Hoang. University of bles in Sinai following the Bedouin DIVISION FELLOWS Melbourne. traditional way (Culture and Health Pham Quoc Hung. Boston University. Awards Program). Tran Thi Kim Oanh. University of Pham Van Phuoc. University of Seham Nasser, Cairo. Producing a Africa Melbourne. California, Los Angeles. poster and two cartoon films on the Trinh Van Thang. University of North Uganda Phan Thi Thu Ha. University of abuse of medications (Culture and Washington, Seattle. Carolina, Chapel Hill. Health Awards Program). John Frank Mugisha. Operations Phung Thi Thanh Tu. University of Vu Hong Phong. University of Gamal Youssef, Qena. An education research on the global development Amsterdam. and coordination of capacity building Washington, Seattle. kitchen in two kindergartens in Qena and economic research (Frontiers in Phung Thi Thuy Van. Boston (Culture and Health Awards Reproductive Health country fellow). University. MEAWARDS Program). Quach Thi Bich Lien. Brown Morocco Asia University. Africa Mehdi Lahlou and Claire Escoffier, Vietnam Thai Thanh Thu. Tulane University. Egypt Rabat. New migrants and new strate- Tran Phuc Hau. Emory University. gies: From sub-Saharan countries to The following Vietnam fellows are Rabab Abdulhadi, Cairo. Post-Oslo Europe through Maghreb. studying toward the M.P.H. at the Tran Khanh Van. University of identification patterns and collective Zeinab Mi’adi, Casablanca. The dou- institutions listed. Massachusetts, Amherst. action of Palestinian refugees in ble tattoo on the rural female body: Lebanon. Bui Quang Vinh. Harvard University. Trinh Thu Hang. Emory University. New reading of the reality of rural Dao Thanh Huyen. Johns Hopkins Vu Van Chinh. Emory University. Hibba Abugideiri, Cairo. Egyptian women and their aspirations and women and science: Gender in the University. Vu Quynh Nga. Harvard University. integration in development. making of colonized medicine, Dao Thi Diep Quyen. Boston Kholoud Sebai, Rabat. Identity and Vu Cong Nguyen. Brown University. 1893–1929. University. the body: A psycho-social study of Vu Ngoc Phinh. Boston University. Ghada Boutros, Cairo. Coptic immi- Dinh Thuan An. Harvard University. rural women’s perception of urban grant churches: A “piece from home” women in Jiballa. Ha Anh Duc. Harvard University. away from home. The following Vietnam fellows are Sudan Huynh Quoc Hieu. University of North studying toward master’s degrees in Ahmed El Hamalawi, Giza. Producing Carolina, Chapel Hill. reproductive health, sexuality, and a prototype of a tool to prevent dust Sahar El Faki, Khartoum. NGOs’ Le Ngoc Dien. University of North the social sciences at the institutions from harming the health of uphol- development impact on internally dis- Carolina, Chapel Hill. listed. sterers (Culture and Health Awards placed persons. Program). Le Quang Duong. University of Bui Thi Thanh Thuy. University of Tunisia Illinois, Chicago. Amsterdam. Noha El Naggar, Alexandria. Abdel Wahab Ben Hafaideh, Tunis. Designing a glossary of medical Le Thi Phuong Mai. University of Duong Khanh Van. London School of Students’ mobility, new destinations, terms related to maternal and child Massachusetts, Amherst. Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. and alternative mobility: The case of health in Aswan Governorate Tunisian students after September Le Thuy Lan Thao. University of Hoang My Dung. Columbia University. (Culture and Health Awards 11, 2001. Washington, Seattle. Hyunh Nam Phuong. London School Program). Le Anh Tuan. Columbia University. of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Iman El Tahlawi, Cairo. Nutritional The Americas Nguyen Hong Chuong. University of Khuat Thi Hai Oanh. London School of patterns of Egyptian women (Culture California, Berkeley. Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. and Health Awards Program). United States Nguyen Dinh Cuong. University of La Manh Cuong. San Francisco State Anita Fabos, Cairo. Egyptian percep- Ozlem Atlan, New York. The American Pittsburgh. University. tions of forced migrants in Cairo: third world: Globalization and local acculturation of the elite in the Nguyen Thi Thanh Ha. University of Le Van Dien. Boston University. National identity and hosting the “other.” Middle East. Illinois, Chicago. Nguyen Thi Quynh Anh. San Volkan Aytar, New York. Tourism and Nguyen Le Hai. University of Illinois, Francisco State University. Gihan Farag, Cairo. Producing an Chicago. educational video film entitled “An entertainment establishments in Nguyen Tran Lam. University of Extraordinary Day” (Culture and Istanbul: How to create synergies. Nguyen Thi Lan Hoa. Harvard Amsterdam. Health Awards Program). University. Koray Calishan, Brooklyn, NY. Nguyen Thi Thu Lan. San Francisco Elham Fateem, Sahafeen. Producing Locating the market in the age of Nguyen Duc Minh. University of State University. a handbook for media professionals neoliberal reforms: Cotton trade and Washington, Seattle. Nguyen Thi Thu Nam. University of to correct health-related messages production in Egypt and Turkey. Nguyen Kim Xuan Nam. University of Amsterdam. and stereotypes (Culture and Health Nejat Dinc, Palo Alto, CA. Alabama. Nguyen Trong Nam. Columbia Awards Program). Reimagining the nation in the age of Nguyen Cong Nghia. University of University. Fuad M. Hassanen, Aswan. Raising globalization: Rural environmental North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Nguyen Hong Phuong. Emory health awareness of the local com- movements and conflicts over devel- Nguyen To Nhu. University of University. munity in Abu Haga’s village (Culture opment in Turkey. and Health Awards Program). California, Los Angeles. Pham Thi Thanh Hang. London School Cihan Tugal, Ann Arbor, MI. Nguyen Ngoc Thang. Boston of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Yaser Helmi, Nasr City. Designing an Migration, culture, religion, and the Arabic reproductive health Web site making of urban hierarchies. University. Pham Hong Hanh. University of for Egyptian youth (Culture and Bayram Unal, Binghamton, NY. Nguyen Ngoc Thieu. Boston Amsterdam. Health Awards Program). University. Moldovan illegal migrant workers in Phan Thi Thu Hien. University of Sami Hossam, Cairo. Producing a six- Istanbul, Turkey: The “ethnic division of Nguyen Xuan Thuy. University of Amsterdam. minute video film on smoking labor” within the informal economy. Pittsburgh. Tong Hoai Nam. Harvard University. (Culture and Health Awards Nazan Ustundag, Bloomington, IN. Nguyen Viet Xuan. University of Program). Alternative modernities: The case of Alabama. migrant women in Turkey.

36 Asia SOCIAL SCIENCE United States Thailand Palestine FELLOWS Barbara Lacey Andrews. Fieldwork Wassana Im-Em. Postdoctoral toward Ph.D. in anthropological research in population studies, Najwa Rizkallah, Jerusalem. Africa demography, Brown University University of Washington, Seattle. Reproductive history and coronary (DeWitt Wallace fellow). heart disease risk factors among Cameroon Bussarawan Teerawichitchainan. Palestinian women. Sunita Bose. Study toward Ph.D. in Study toward Ph.D. in sociology, Jean-Christopher Fotso. Study sociology, State University of New University of Washington, Seattle. Lisa Taraki, Birzeit. Urban and class toward Ph.D. in population studies, York, Albany. dynamics in Palestine. University of Montreal. Vietnam Mara Leichtman. Fieldwork toward Giang Minh Le. Fieldwork toward Livia Wick, Ramallah. Childbirth in Ethiopia Ph.D. in anthropological demography, Ph.D. in medical anthropology, Palestinian oral history: The transfor- Brown University. mation of health practices and poli- Muluye Desta. Study toward Ph.D. in Columbia University. tics. demography, University of Sara Peracca. Postdoctoral resident Southampton (Parker Mauldin fellow). training in sociology, Population Saudi Arabia Europe Ghana Council, New York (Bernard Berelson Muna El Tahir, Riyadh. Community fellow). Italy Samuel Mills. Study toward Dr.P.H. in participation in housing and urban Catherine Stiff. Study toward Ph.D. in public health, Johns Hopkins Joost DeLaat. Study toward Ph.D. in development, Khartoum. social demography, Brown University. University. gender and development, Brown Turkey Colin West. Fieldwork toward Ph.D. in University (Ritchie Reed fellow). Kenya anthropology, University of Arizona. Ayhan Kaya, Istanbul. Identity forma- tion and articulation among the Daniel Omariba. Study toward Ph.D. Ghana Fellows: Navrongo Circassian diaspora in Turkey: A com- in social demography, University of Asia Health Research Centre parative study in Istanbul, Samsun, Western Ontario (Ritchie Reed Cambodia Ghana and Kayseri. fellow). Bunnak Poch. Postdoctoral research Philip Baba Adongo. Postdoctoral Nuri Zafer Yenal and Caglar Keyder, Malawi in sociology, University of Chicago. research on the Community-based Istanbul. Agrarian change under Flora Nankhuni. Postdoctoral Health Planning and Services initia- globalization: Postnational paths of India research in demography, University tive (Mellon fellow). rural transformation. of Pennsylvania. Farzana Afridi. Fieldwork toward Ph.D. Ayaga A. Bawah. Postdoctoral Murat Yuksel, Istanbul. Forced Zimbabwe in economics, University of Michigan, research in the Navrongo migration of Kurds and the politics of Ann Arbor. Demographic Surveillance System to internal displacement in the making Ravai Marindo. Midcareer resident Japan oversee fieldwork, research, and of modern Turkey. training in medical demography, Population Council, New York Toshiko Kaneda. Postdoctoral resi- computing activities (Mellon fellow). (Bernard Berelson fellow). Cornelius Debpuur. Postdoctoral Europe dent training in sociology, Population Council, New York (Bernard Berelson research in adolescent sexual and United Kingdom The Americas fellow). reproductive health (Rockefeller fel- low). Samer Bagaeen, London. The impact Argentina Lebanon of a sudden and unplanned influx of Malawi Michelle Obeid. Fieldwork toward people on the condition of the built Georgina Binstock. Postdoctoral Ph.D. in social anthropology, London Henry Doctor. Postdoctoral research environment in historic cities: Going research in family demography, School of Economics. on the Community-based Health back to the old city of Jerusalem. Centro de Estudios de Población, Argentina (Parker Mauldin fellow). Planning and Services initiative Njia Bahubashi, Liverpool. Mongolia (Mellon fellow). Assessment of quality of care and Canada Gereltuya Altankhuyag. Study toward Nigeria use of family planning services in Caroline Archambault. Fieldwork Ph.D. in social statistics, University of Sana’a city (Yemen). toward Ph.D. in anthropological Southampton (Parker Mauldin fellow). Kayode O. Egbeleye. Postdoctoral research in communications science Baris Karapinar, London. Rural trans- demography, Brown University. Pakistan formation in Turkey: Relative viability (Mellon fellow). Mexico Nasim Haque. Study toward Dr.P.H. in of small-scale family production in United States agriculture from 1980 to 2003. Vladimir Canudas-Romo. Postdoctoral public health, Johns Hopkins research in demography, Pennsylvania University. Reshma Naik. Predoctoral research Kerem Oktem, Oxford. Modernizing in reproductive health issues (Mellon State University, University Park Philippines Turkey’s periphery: The southeast (DeWitt Wallace fellow). fellow). Anatolia project, Sanliurfa and the Socorro Gultiano. Midcareer training Maya Vaughan-Smith. Predoctoral production of fragmented urban in population studies, University of research in reproductive health spaces. North Carolina, Chapel Hill. issues, Nkwanta Health Development Centre, Ghana (Mellon Ghana fellow).

37 AWARDS AND CONTRACTS

Tunisia Centro de Promoción y Solidaridad Humana, Puerto Plata wards and contracts are an important means Office National de la Famille et de la Population, Tunis Athrough which the Population Council con- Ecuador ducts research, transfers technology, and strength- Uganda Centro Médico de Orientación y Makerere University, Kampala Planificación Familiar, Quito ens institutional capacity within the population National Agricultural Research Guatemala field. For more than five decades, the Council has Organisation, Entebbe Asociación Guatemalteca de Mujeres collaborated with governments, universities, hospi- Zambia Médicas, Guatemala City tals, research centers, other nongovernmental orga- Central Board of Health, Lusaka Asociación Pro Salud Preventiva para nizations, and individuals in most countries of the la Mujer “Vivamos Mejor,” Guatemala Development Aid from People to City People, Zambia, Ndola developing world. Much of the Council’s work is Centro de Investigación carried out through such collaboration. In 2003, Institute of Economic and Social Epidemiológica en Salud Sexual y Research, Lusaka awards and grants went to 141 institutions in 44 Reproductiva, Sotano National AIDS/STDs/TB and Leprosy Honduras countries, most of them in Africa, the Americas, Control Programme, Central Board of and Asia. Health, Lusaka Asociación Hondureña Mujer y Familia, Marie Stopes, San Pedro Zimbabwe Sula Project Support Group, Harare Asociación Hondureña de Regional Psychosocial Support Planificación de Familia, Tegucigalpa Initiative, Bulawayo Mexico AFRICA Mali Federación Mexicana de Association Malienne de Soutien aux Asociaciones Privadas de Salud y Burkina Faso Activités de Population, Bamako THE AMERICAS Desarrollo Comunitario, AC, Ciudad Mwangaza Action, Ouagadougou Association Malienne pour la Bolivia Juarez L’Unité d’Enseignement et de Promotion et Protection de la Programa de Coordinación en Salud Peru Recherche en Démographie, Famille, Bamako Integral, La Paz Ouagadougou Coopérative des Femmes pour Centro de Información y Educación Taller de Historia y Participación de para la Prevención del Abuso de University of Ouagadougou l’Éducation, la Santé Familiale et la Mujer, La Paz l’Assainissement, Bamako Drogas, Miraflores Egypt Brazil Senegal Escuela de Administración de Cairo Demographic Center, Cairo Associaçao Brasileira de Pos- Negocios para Graduados, Lima Centre de Formation et de Recherche Egyptian Society for Population Graduaçao em Saude Coletiva, Rio de United States Studies and Reproductive Health, en Santé de la Reproduction, Dakar Janeiro Cairo Centre Régional “Paul Correa” de The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Centro de Estudos Augusto Leopoldo Center, New York, NY Save the Children, Cairo Formation sur les MST et le SIDA, Ayrosa Galvão, São Paulo Dakar Duke University, Durham, NC Ethiopia Centro de Pesquisas e Controle das Réseau Africain de Recherche EngenderHealth, New York, NY Family Guidance Association of Doenças Materno-Infantis de sur le SIDA, Dakar Family Health International, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa Campinas, São Paulo South Africa Instituto Fundaça¯o Projecto Mundial Research Triangle Park, NC Ghana Clacherty and Associates Education Para Órfa¯os—PROMUNDO, Rio de Gynuity Health Projects, LLC, New Ghana Health Service, Accra and Social Development (Pty) Ltd., Janeiro York, NY Health Research Unit, Ministry of Auckland Park Sociedade de Estudos e Pesquisas Health Research Association of the Health, Accra Living in Hope, Germiston em Drogadicçao, Rio de Janeiro Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center, Navrongo Health Research Centre Medical Research Council, Durban Canada Los Angeles, CA Regional Institute for Population Medical Research Council, Tygerberg University of British Columbia, Studies, Legon The Milton S. Hershey Medical Medical University of Southern Vancouver Center, The Pennsylvania State University of Cape Coast Africa, Ga-Rankuwa Chile University, Hershey, PA Volta Regional Health Administration, Nanini 273CC Trading as Instituto Chileno de Medicina Ibis Reproductive Health, Inc., Ho, Volta Region Development Research Africa, Reproductiva, Santiago Cambridge, MA Kenya Durban Colombia International Center for Research on Institute of African Studies, Pandamonium Productions, Auckland Women, Washington, DC Park Fundación Educación para la Salud University of Nairobi, Nairobi Ipas, Chapel Hill, NC Reproductive Health Research Unit, Reproductiva, Bogotá International Centre for Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Johannesburg Dominican Republic Reproductive Health, Mombasa MD University of Cape Town Network of AIDS Researchers of Asociación Dominicana Pro-Bienestar The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi University of Natal, Durban de la Familia, Santo Domingo Program for Appropriate Technology Regional AIDS Training Network, Tanzania Centro de Orientación e in Health, Seattle, WA Nairobi Investigación Integral, Santo Muhimbili University College of Domingo Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam

38 Reproductive Health Technologies Deepak Charitable Trust, Baroda Nepal Germany Project, Washington, DC Foundation for Research in Health Center for Research on Environment Institute of Reproductive Medicine of Tulane University, New Orleans, LA Systems, Ahmedabad Health and Population Activities, the University of Münster Kathmandu University of California, San Garhwal Community Development Latvia Francisco, CA and Welfare Society, Uttaranchal Institute for Social and Gender Latvijas G¸imenes Pla¯nos˘anas un Equality, Kathmandu University of Chicago, IL Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi Seksua¯la¯s Veselı¯bas Asocia¯cija University of Connecticut Health International Institute for Population Pakistan “Papardes Zieds,” Riga Center, Farmington, CT Sciences, Mumbai Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi Netherlands University of Illinois at Urbana- K.E.M. Hospital Research Centre, Thailand Centre for Human Drug Research, Champaign, Champaign, IL Pune Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Leiden University of Rochester, NY Mahila SEWA Trust, Ahmedabad Thai Population Association, Bangkok International Antiviral Therapy University of South Carolina, Parivar Seva Sanstha, New Delhi Evaluation Center, Amsterdam Thailand Business Coalition on AIDS, Columbia, SC SAHAI Trust, Tamil Nadu Bangkok Sweden Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra Turkey Institute for Kvinnors och Barns ASIA Self-Employed Women’s Association, Halsa, Stockholm Ahmedabad Istanbul University, Istanbul Bangladesh United Kingdom SHARAN—Society for Service to Vietnam Bangladesh Institute of Development Centre for Reproductive Biology, Urban Poverty, New Delhi Center for Population Studies and Studies, Dhaka Edinburgh Taylor Nelson Sofres Mode Pvt. Ltd., Information, Hanoi Bangladesh Rural Advancement International HIV/AIDS Alliance, New Delhi Counseling Center for Psychological Committee, Dhaka London Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Education, Love, Marriage and Mitra and Associates, Dhaka Research and Education, Chennai Family, Ho Chi Minh City London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine National Institute of Population Iran Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho Chi Minh Research and Training, Dhaka City Medical Research Council, London Hamyaran NGO Resource Center, China Tehran Institute for the Protection of Mother and Newborn, Hanoi Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing Israel OCEANIA Institute of Sociology, Hanoi India Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Australia International Language Academy Jerusalem All India Institute of Medical Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City Centre for Reproductive Health Sciences, New Delhi Lebanon Research, Sydney Centre for Operations Research and American University of Beirut Centre for Virus Research, Training, Vadodara EUROPE Westmead Millennium Institute, Child-In-Need Institute, West Bengal Myanmar Sydney France Christian Medical College and Department of Health, Yangon Center for Training in Reproductive Hospital, Tamil Nadu Department of Medical Research, Health Technologies, Paris Committee of Resource Yangon Groupe de Recherche en Organisations for Literacy, Mumbai Reproduction, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris

39 FINANCIAL REPORT

n 2003, the Population Council recorded expendi- year funding for clinical trials of a microbicide to I tures of $73.3 million and continued to receive prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. strong support from a broad range of donors. Operating expenses of the International Even though overall expenditures were down by Programs Division were down by 8.5 percent, but 1.2 percent from 2002, the Council was successful those of the Center for Biomedical Research were in controlling the management and general expendi- up $1.94 million or 12.3 percent. The expenditures tures, which amounted to 15 percent of total of the Policy Research Division also increased. operating expenses, as in 2002. The proportion On the Balance Sheet, investments, including used for program services, that is, research, technical the John D. Rockefeller 3rd Memorial Fund, enjoyed assistance, and capacity building, remained at a healthy bounce back from the stock market decline 84 percent. in recent years. The Statement of Activities indicates a decline The following pages present summary financial from 2002 to 2003 in grants and gifts, which prima- statements and a list of the generous donors whose rily reflects the receipt in the earlier year of multi- funds supported the Council’s activities in 2003.

SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 2003 ACTIVITIES

TOTAL $73.3 MILLION Internal funds 15%

Foundations, corporations, other nongovernmental organizations, and U.S. government 54% individuals 22%

Multilateral organizations 4% Other governments 5%

USES OF FUNDS IN 2003

Program services 84%

Management and general 15% Fundraising 1%

41 Statement of Activities For the year ended December 31, 2003 with comparative totals for 2002 (in thousands of dollars)

Unrestricted John D. General Rockefeller 3rd and Memorial Fund Temporarily Permanently Total fixed assets and other restricted restricted 2003 2002

OPERATING REVENUE Grants and gifts 1,972 46,269 768 49,009 82,629 Royalties 4,910 4,910 5,301 Other operating revenue 288 866 406 1,560 (4,131) Net assets released from restrictions 61,085 (61,085)

TOTAL OPERATING REVENUE 68,255 866 (14,410) 768 55,479 83,799

OPERATING EXPENSES PROGRAM SERVICES International Programs Division 36,014 36,014 39,340 Center for Biomedical Research 17,653 17,653 15,713 Policy Research Division 5,839 5,839 5,636 Distinguished Colleagues 392 392 474 Publications 1,468 1,468 1,436 TOTAL PROGRAM SERVICES 61,366 61,366 62,599

SUPPORTING SERVICES Management and general 10,918 251 11,169 10,913 Fundraising 730 730 658 TOTAL SUPPORTING SERVICES 11,648 251 11,899 11,571

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES 73,014 251 73,265 74,170

(Deficiency) excess of operating revenue over operating expenses (4,759) 615 (14,410) 768 (17,786) 9,629 Transferred to/from endowment (175) 175 Net gain on sale of asset 9,457 9,457 Net unrealized (loss) gain (19) 12,121 2,454 14,556 (2,468)

INCREASE (DECREASE) IN NET ASSETS 4,504 12,911 (11,956) 768 6,227 7,161

NET ASSETS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR 7,550 51,227 95,965 4,150 158,892 151,731

NET ASSETS AT END OF YEAR 12,054 64,138 84,009 4,918 165,119 158,892

42 Balance Sheet December 31, 2003 and 2002 (in thousands of dollars)

2003 2002

ASSETS

Cash and investments 110,114 100,616

Grants and gifts receivable 57,219 63,435

Other assets 5,381 3,907

Fixed assets, net 13,929 14,423

TOTAL ASSETS 186,643 182,381

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS

LIABILITIES

Accounts payable and accrued expenses 3,584 4,408

Awards, contracts, and fellowships payable 10,282 11,953

Other liabilities 7,658 7,128

TOTAL LIABILITIES 21,524 23,489

NET ASSETS (DEFICIT)

Unrestricted General (1,875) (6,873) Invested in fixed assets 13,929 14,423 John D. Rockefeller 3rd Memorial Fund and other 64,138 51,227

Temporarily restricted 84,009 95,965

Permanently restricted 4,918 4,150

TOTAL NET ASSETS 165,119 158,892

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 186,643 182,381

A complete set of financial statements audited by KPMG LLP can be obtained by writing to the Council Treasurer.

43 SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 2003

he Population Council is fortunate to have the valued years ago to launch research on the enormous potential T support of the governments, multilateral organiza- of the world’s 1.2 billion young people ages 15 to 24 have tions, foundations, and individuals listed below. Their spurred field-based projects in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, generous contributions—including multi-year funding Egypt, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Mali, Pakistan, South awards made in prior years—sustain and make possible Africa, and Vietnam. A wide array of activities are being activities such as those highlighted in this 2003 Annual undertaken to help young people emerge as healthy, Report and other initiatives that are advancing the informed adults with the productive skills needed to be Council’s mission to improve human well-being. full participants in work, family, and community life. The Council relies on a relatively small but critical pool Unrestricted funds have also been instrumental to Council of unrestricted funds to explore emerging trends as well as research on such intensifying concerns as the AIDS pan- innovative approaches to enduring problems. Unrestricted demic, urban growth in developing countries, and popula- support is crucial to the practical application of Council tion aging in both rich and poor countries. research in the design of health technologies and products, Cash contributions in support of the Population service delivery programs, and public policies responsive to Council’s research can be made by check or credit card as the needs of people in the world’s poorest countries. Yet, well as online at www.popcouncil.org/supporting/ unrestricted operating funds always are the most difficult to supporting.html. The Council also welcomes gifts of raise. Today’s economic climate makes securing such appreciated securities, bequests, charitable remainder and resources all the more challenging. lead trusts, and designations of the Council as beneficiary Unrestricted gifts provide the flexibility to cover any of insurance policies or pension plans. Your financial or shortfalls in current projects. They also provide core sup- tax advisor is the best source of guidance on giving options port for the broad dissemination of research results to pol- that can best serve your financial and philanthropic objec- icymakers, program managers, and others concerned with tives. All contributions to the Council are tax deductible in population issues. Such resources have provided essential the United States, and every gift, regardless of the amount, seed funding for some of the Council’s highest-profile can help make a positive difference. research. Proving the validity of a promising approach Contributions or requests for further information should more often than not is the most crucial step toward secur- be sent to Ruth Kalla Ungerer, Director of Development, ing substantial, next-phase funding from public and pri- Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, vate sources. For example, unrestricted funds used six NY 10017 (212-339-0515 or [email protected]).

GOVERNMENTS AND MULTILATERAL Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Population Services International GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS General Service Foundation Princeton University European Union Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Program for Appropriate Technology in AGENCIES Foundation Health Joint United Nations Programme on Government of Australia Gynuity Health Projects, LLC The Rockefeller Foundation Government of Canada HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) United Nations Children’s Fund The Lita Annenberg Hazen Foundation The Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller —Canadian International The William and Flora Hewlett Fund Development Agency (UNICEF) United Nations Population Fund Foundation The Rockefeller University —International Development The William Talbot Hillman Foundation Roger and Vicki Sant Fund of The Research Centre (UNFPA) The World Bank Institute for Population and Social Community Foundation for the Government of Denmark National Capital Region World Health Organization Research, Mahidol University Government of Japan International Council on Management Save the Children, Inc. —Japanese International of Population Programmes The Spencer Foundation Cooperation Agency FOUNDATIONS, George Frederick Jewett Foundation Stanford University Government of the Netherlands CORPORATIONS, F. M. Kirby Foundation Sidney Stern Memorial Trust Government of New Zealand AND OTHER The Libra Foundation The Summit Foundation Government of Norway NONGOVERNMENTAL The John D. and Catherine T. United Nations Foundation Government of the United Kingdom ORGANIZATIONS MacArthur Foundation University of California, Berkeley —Department for International Macro International Inc. University of California, Davis Development Anonymous (2) American University of Beirut The Abby R. Mauzé Trust University of California Institute for Government of the United States The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Mexico and the United States —Agency for International The Fred H. Bixby Foundation Cornell University The Moriah Fund University of Michigan Development The Noopolis Foundation University Research Co., LLC —National Institutes of Health Defined Health The Dickler Family Foundation Open Society Institute The Warren F. Weck, Jr. Charitable —National Science Foundation Trust Duke University The David and Lucile Packard Government of Vietnam Foundation The Mildred Wohlford Fund of the Eastern Virginia Medical School —Ministry of Health The Parthenon Trust Tides Foundation, on the recom- EcoTrust Pathfinder International mendation of Mr. Jude Damasco EngenderHealth and Ms. Mardi Kildebeck Polisher Research Institute Family Health International The Woodcock Foundation Population Reference Bureau The Ford Foundation 44 COUNCIL ENDOWMENT Barbara and James Gerson $100 – $499 Mary W. and Peter S. Heller FUNDS Arthur and Carol W. Graham Anonymous (4) Susan E. Hetherington Center for Biomedical Research Yoshio Hatano Rosalind S. Abernathy Douglas W. Holdridge Endowment Rafael G. Heller Donald J. and Dena C. Abrams Frederick W. Hollmann The George J. Hecht Fund DeWitt Hornor Joel W. Ager Merriman H. Holtz, Jr. New Capital Fund Fred C. and Doris M. Iklé Lindsay S. Alger Thomas J. Hooley Policy Research Division Endowment Frances B. Jackson Fund of the Vanguard Philip and Marjorie Appleman David S. P. Hopkins The John D. Rockefeller 3rd Memorial Fund Charitable Endowment Program F. Douglas Baker Richard R. and Elizabeth C. Howe Christopher Tietze Fellowship William H. Kearns Foundation William N. and Margaret E. Bancroft Jerrold W. Huguet Endowment Fund Barbara C. Lachelt Jonathan and Judith Baron William P. Huxley, Jr. Christian R. Lehew Helen W. Bastedo Monwhea Jeng SPECIAL GIFTS TO John M. and Renate E. Mirsky Rachel G. Beck and Jeremy Naftel Steven Jervis Samarendranath and Rekha Mitra John R. Bermingham Diane and Theodore R. Johnson, Jr. THE ENDOWMENTS Batya R. Monder The Fred H. Bixby Foundation Caroline H. Bledsoe Denis F. and Lois R. Johnston Virginia P. and Robert Montgomery John and Zenaida Bongaarts Boorstein Family Fund Elise F. Jones David and Janet Offensend Anne E. Donadeo Sylvia Boris Tammy G. Kaehler Ostgrodd Foundation Barbara B. Ebert Harriet B. Borton Martin D. Kahn Mary C. Phinney The William and Flora Hewlett Claire and John Bossung, Sr. Audrey and Norman M. Kaplan Foundation Helen M. Ranney Robert R. and Theodosia C. Bowie The Mike B. Keary Fund of Fidelity Linda G. Martin Alison J. Renner Penny R. Boyce Investments Charitable Gift Fund The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Julie A. Robichaud Eugenie Rowe Bradford Deborah L. and Richard A. Keefe Julie A. Robichaud David Rockefeller Lyman B. Brainerd Paul M. Killough James M. and Carol Tuite Felix G. and Elizabeth Rohatyn Harriet B. Brittain Leo R. Klohr and Judy Occhetti-Klohr Ruth Kalla and Richard A. Ungerer The Seventh Street Fund of the Donald E. Bronkema C. H. and Irene Lee Minneapolis Foundation Leonard Broom Sang-Keun Lee Vikki Sloviter Tom A. Lehrer INDIVIDUAL DONORS AND Alice C. Brown Cherida C. Smith Diane Bruce Edwin D. Leonard FAMILY FOUNDATIONS Sue S. Stewart Mary L. Bundy Jack G. Levine and Jeanette W. Melley Lucy R. Waletzky John Burton Marion F. Levy $10,000 AND ABOVE Dennis and Marion Weatherstone Katherine Lewis and Richard A. Chasman Anonymous (2) Jerry D. Busch Effie E. Westervelt William R. and Martha Y. Campbell Loknath Trust Fund of the Fidelity Donors to the Combined Federal Rena J. Zieve and Greg J. Kuperberg Investments Charitable Gift Fund Campaign Sarah A. Case and Robert K. Pelz David Chandler Luigi Mastroianni, Jr. Virginia R. Glidden Charitable Lead $500 – $999 Paul F. Chaveriat Peter J. Mayer Trust Anonymous (1) Thomas H. Clewe Louise H. McCagg Polly W. and John Guth James R. and Louise C. Arnold Barber B. Conable, Jr. Julia S. Meyer Charles D. and Jane Klein Ned W. Bandler Sean Connor Frances B. and Harry K. Miller, Jr. Elizabeth J. McCormack and Andrew Boas Jerry I. Aron David C. Crafts Geraldine P. and D. E. Mineau Alan Clarke The Shenandoah Foundation Christopher S. Cronan Elsie P. Mitchell Jean M. Cluett Ernest E. Stempel Foundation Roberto Cuca Joseph H. Moreng, Jr. Edward M. Cohen John C. and Eliese S. Cutler Lloyd N. and Mary P. Morrisett Peter J. and Nancy R. Donaldson Noel and Klancy de Nevers Stephen Q. Muth $5,000 – $9,999 Strachan Donnelley Andrew YQ Ding Ann and William T. Naftel Anonymous (3) Glen M. Feighery Jill H. and Morris Dixon, Jr. Charles B. Nam Sheila Gamble Cook Robert W. Gillespie Mary H. Dodge Murray L. and Belle C. Nathan Jan Ezra and Yvonne Petersen Abby A. Gilmore Elvira Doman LeRoy E. and Anita L. Nelson Lynn A. Foster Gordon and Llura Gund David K. Donaldson, Jr. Robert L. Newton Golden Family Foundation Guy Harris Daniel Nixon Gumpel-Lury Foundation Deborah Dugan and Edward M. Rachel and Michael Hines Keating, Jr. The Roger and Joyce Nussbaum Hotchkis Foundation John Hirschi Foundation Abner Kingman John L. Durr Ali Kouaouci Leon and Carola Eisenberg William E. O’Connor Linda G. Martin Margaret J. LeMaster Valerie K. Oppenheimer Mark A. and Tania Walker Michael H. Elkin Nancy A. Marks John M. Ely, Jr. Bradley Ormes McBride Family & Aspen Business Peter V. Erickson Harry Ostrer Center Foundation $1,000 – $4,999 Claire B. Ernhart and Edward Psotta Ruth Hyde Paine Phil McWilliams Anonymous (1) Joyce E. and Garold L. Faber L. Allen Parker Constance Marks Miller Sandra D. and Ethan D. Alyea, Jr. H. K. and Nancy W. Faulkner Suzannah C. Parker Michael and Joyce Rappeport Sandra P. and Lawrence Arnold Philip L. Ferro Catherine Parks and David R. Loevner Jane P. Relyea and Robert Y. Welles William L. Berg Richard Friedberg Jeffrey S. Passel David M. and Ann Reynolds John and Zenaida Bongaarts John A. Galbraith Tomas J. Pavel Thomas Richie Marna Broida and Ian Weiss Nancy J. Geiss David W. K. Peacock, Jr. Steven Schmitt Charles S. Carignan Kristina and William J. Georges Serena F. Pelissier Paul C. Schwartz Evelyn C. Clarkson Marcella A. Gilmore and Edward S. Muehl Richard B. and Ruth R. Philbrick Jutta R. Scott Cowles Family Foundation Robert F. Goheen Clyde C. Phillips, III Robert L. and Elizabeth H. Scott Sarah and Ben Crane Mr. and Mrs. Homer B. Goldberg John C. Pock Sylvia C. and Donald F. Stanat Sara E. and James E. Culhane June E. Grade Margaret Poole Barbara H. Stanton Peggy B. Danziger Robert Guliford Robert T. Porter Barbara B. Ebert Claire Highan Thomas and Laura Quigg and Bjorn Flesaker Rees D. Thomas Demissie Habte Ronald Freedman Suzanne H. Hampton Frank and Victoria Radoslovich Andrew L. Frey The Westport Fund John P. and Brenda L. Raphael Oliver Wolcott and Helen M. Wolcott Aljean and Richard S. Harmetz Susannah T. Gardiner and Dorothy Hawksley Habib Rathle David L. Kornblau Karen K. Hein Edward C. and Phyllis C. Reinfranck 45 $100 – $499 continued Elizabeth W. and Ellery Sedgwick Janet M. and Allen Throop Martha G. Werle William Seltzer Harriet B. Todd Harris Weston Joseto M. Reoma Martha H. Seneta Michael J. and Marina Todd Linda B. Williams Michael Rich and Debra Granfield Cynthia L. Sevilla Paul H. Todd Linda P. Williams Esther Leah Ritz Peter Sheldon George P. Topulos and Robert V. and Maralys K. Wills Roger W. and Susan Rochat Lance Shoemaker Janet M. Pelerossi M. Kraemer Winslow Kenneth W. and Virginia J. Rogers Lawrence P. Simms and Alison G. Ho William J. Towle Ellen Wisdom and Robert L. Ira Rosenwaike Peter Sinclaire James M. and Carol Tuite Griswold Kenneth W. Ross Frank W. Sinden Richard B. Tweedy Joel Wolcoski Penelope and Cornelius Rosse Daniel S. Smith Ruth Kalla and Richard A. Ungerer Warren Wong Alice S. Rossi John T. Smith Donors of the United Way of Tricia L. Wurtz Susan T. and George I. Rudnicki Marthe E. Smith America Barbara Yanni Michael Saks and Roselle Wissler Carleton B. and Sylvia K. Spotts S. Jean and Herman G. Van Der Tak Ellen W. Zegura Alexander Sanger Martha F. Steel Judson J. and Persis Van Wyk Colleen Zeitz and Kevin A. Nancy J. Schieffelin Jacob and Hilde R. Stempel Norman and Kelley Verhoog Lindamood Frederick H. Schmidt Craig Stine Shari Woods Villarosa H. Neil Zimmerman Daniel L. and Lisbeth B. Schorr Francis X. and Jacqueline Y. Sutton Tim Walter The Margot and Paul Zimmerman F. Yvonne Schulman Fund of The Community Jerry D. Tate Foundation for the Sloan R. and Mayneal M. Wayland Connie Schwarzkopf D. Reid Weedon, Jr. Foundation for the National Environment Capital Region Leslie J. Scott Clifford W. and Mary K. Terry Kim S. and Kathleen W. Wennesland

POLICY RESEARCH DIVISION ENDOWMENT CAMPAIGN he Population Council offers special thanks once ty worldwide. Former PRD fellows now occupy influ- T again to The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for ential positions at leading population research and its generous $1 million challenge grant to create an training institutions, government agencies, and non- endowment to provide an ongoing funding stream for governmental organizations throughout the world. the Policy Research Division (PRD). Gratitude also is extended to The William and The division is a leading source for analysis of demo- Flora Hewlett Foundation, The Fred H. Bixby graphic patterns and trends. Its innovative methodologies Foundation, and the friends and staff who have bring the “big picture” into focus. Research on the rela- helped the Population Council make additional tionship between population change and socioeconomic progress in 2003 toward meeting the Mellon development generates knowledge that has practical challenge. Endowment gifts made between now application for policies and programs to improve human and 2005 will be matched dollar for dollar, up to well-being. Fellowships build population research capaci- $1 million. A total of $345,000 remains to be raised.

CRITICAL COUNTRIES FUND or the past half century, Population Council juncture when the need for assistance is compelling F research has focused squarely on issues central to yet resources are unavailable to sustain in-country the well-being of individuals in the poorest countries Council research operations. Limited funds from and their daily struggle for survival. The Council has general support contributions can sometimes a core presence in Latin America and the Caribbean, provide stop-gap funding. However, the Council Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Currently, actually has had to end research in some countries 18 Council offices within these regions support the because of the lack of sufficient funding. It is costly work of over half of the Council’s research staff. Staff to move in and out of a country, and momentum is members hail from 38 countries. Their expertise lost. Funds are being sought through the Critical ranges from biochemistry to medicine, public health, Countries Fund to preclude curtailment of Council economics, and other social sciences. Their sustained activities or the abandonment of critical research on-the-ground presence has enabled the Council to projects between grant cycles. build trust and establish effective collaborations with Our preference is to obtain gifts for the Critical local government officials and nongovernmental Countries Fund as a whole, rather than gifts organizations. Staff members identify evidence of earmarked for specific countries. Having such a what works in the real world, providing technical pool of funds will allow the Council to anticipate assistance and building capacity at the local level to emerging problems and channel resources to where develop and implement programs that improve lives. they are most needed. Current priorities include At any given time one or more of the 70 countries such countries as Cambodia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, in which the Council is working may reach a critical and Pakistan.

46 POPULATION COUNCIL OFFICES

UNITED STATES SOUTH AND EAST ASIA KENYA Population Council HEADQUARTERS REGIONAL OFFICE—INDIA General Accident House Population Council Population Council Ralph Bunche Road One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Zone 5A, Ground Floor P.O. Box 17643 New York, New York 10017 USA India Habitat Centre Nairobi 005, Kenya telephone: (212) 339-0500 Lodi Road telephone: (254-2) 271-3480 facsimile: (212) 755-6052 New Delhi 110003, India facsimile: (254-2) 271-3479 telephone: (91-11-2) 464-2901/2, 464-4008/9, e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] www.popcouncil.org 465-2502/3, 465-6119 facsimile: (91-11-2) 464-2903 MALI CENTER FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH e-mail: [email protected] Population Council 1230 York Avenue BP E.666 Hamadallaye New York, New York 10021 USA BANGLADESH Population Council Avenue Cheick Zayed telephone: (212) 327-8731 Immeuble ABK1, Apartment 203 facsimile: (212) 327-7678 P.O. Box 6016 Bamako, Mali e-mail: [email protected] House CES (B) 21, Road 118 Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh telephone: (223) 229-27-64/7 WASHINGTON, DC telephone: (880-2) 882-1227/6657, facsimile: (223) 229-94-35 Population Council 881-1964/2384 e-mail: [email protected] 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 280 facsimile: (880-2) 882-3127/32 SENEGAL Washington, DC 20008 USA e-mail: [email protected] telephone: (202) 237-9400 Population Council facsimile: (202) 237-8410 INDONESIA BP 21027 e-mail: [email protected] Population Council Dakar, Senegal Menara Dea Building, 3rd Floor, Suite 303 telephone: (221) 865-1255 Jl. Mega Kuningan Barat, Kav. E4.3, No. 1 facsimile: (221) 824-1998 LATIN AMERICA Jakarta 12950, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected] AND THE CARIBBEAN telephone: (62-21) 576-1011/2 SOUTH AFRICA facsimile: (62-21) 576-1013 Population Council REGIONAL OFFICE—MEXICO e-mail: [email protected] Population Council P.O. Box 411744 Apartado Postal 12-152 THAILAND Craighall 2024 C.P. 04021 México Population Council Johannesburg, South Africa telephone: (52-55) 5999-8630 37/1 Soi 15 telephone: (27-11) 325-0518/760/766 facsimile: (52-55) 5554-1226, 5999-8673 Petchaburi Road facsimile: (27-11) 325-0647 e-mail: [email protected] Phayathai e-mail: [email protected] Bangkok 10400, Thailand BOLIVIA telephone: (66-2) 653-8586/7, 251-4766/7066, ZAMBIA Population Council 253-9166 Population Council Calle F. Guachalla No. 342 facsimile: (66-2) 255-5513 Hotel Intercontinental Edificio Víctor, 3rd Floor e-mail: [email protected] Haile Selassie Avenue La Paz, Bolivia P.O. Box 32201 telephone and facsimile: (591-2) 244-0287 VIETNAM Lusaka, Zambia e-mail: [email protected] Population Council telephone: (260) 1-250-600, ext. 264 2 Dang Dung Street facsimile: (260) 1-251-880 BRAZIL Ba Dinh District e-mail: [email protected] Population Council Hanoi, Vietnam Caixa Postal 6509 telephone: (84-4) 716-1716/7/8/9 Cidade Universitária facsimile: (84-4) 716-1707 WEST ASIA AND Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil e-mail: [email protected] NORTH AFRICA Cep. 13084-970 REGIONAL OFFICE—EGYPT telephone: (55-19) 3249-0121/2, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3289-4890/5864 Population Council 59, Misr-Helwan Agricultural Road, Maadi facsimile: (55-19) 3249-0122 REGIONAL OFFICE—GHANA e-mail: [email protected] Cairo, Egypt Population Council telephone: (20-2) 525-5965/7/8 GUATEMALA Medlab Building, 14B Roma Road facsimile: (20-2) 525-5962 Population Council Roman Ridge, Accra, Ghana e-mail: [email protected] 4a Avenida 6-74 telephone: (233-21) 780711/2 PAKISTAN Zona 14, Colonia El Campo facsimile: (233-21) 780713 Ciudad de Guatemala 01013, Guatemala e-mail: [email protected] Population Council House No. 7, Street No. 62, Section F-6/3 telephone and facsimile: (502) 333-4554 BURKINA FASO e-mail: [email protected] Islamabad, Pakistan Population Council telephone: (92-051) 227-7439 01 BP 6250 facsimile: (92-051) 282-1401 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso e-mail: [email protected] telephone: (226) 31-12-42/3 facsimile: (226) 31-12-46 e-mail: [email protected]

47 AFFIRMATIVE ACTION STATEMENT OF POLICY The Population Council provides equal opportunity; it does not discriminate against any person with regard to age, color, creed, national origin, disability, political belief, veteran status, religion, sex, or sexual orientation. Decisions on employment will be based on an individual’s qualifications as related to the position for which s/he is being considered. The Council has an affirmative action program and especially encourages applications from qualified women and members of minority groups. The Population Council is international in the composition of its board of trustees and its staff, as well as in the nature and deployment of its activities.

STAFF Writer: Jill Pope Art Director/Designer: Y. Christina Tse Editors: Gina Duclayan, Suzie Elliot, Robert Heidel, Melissa May Staff Photographer: Karen Tweedy-Holmes Editorial, Design, and Production Assistant: Jared B. Stamm

PHOTO CREDITS All photos courtesy of staff photographer Karen Tweedy-Holmes and other Population Council staff except on the following pages:

Page 8: Joseph Mboloi (Demissie Habte, Yoshio Hatano); Oxygen House LLC (Elizabeth J. McCormack, Charles D. Klein, Werner Holzer, Robert B. Millard); H.R.H. Princess Basma Bint Talal (H.R.H. Princess Basma Bint Talal); University of Pennsylvania (Samuel H. Preston).

Page 9: Donald Graham (Linda G. Martin, Elof D.B. Johansson, James M. Tuite).

Page 17 (top): Richard Lord.

Library of Congress Catalog Number 78-617856 ISSN 0361-7858

© 2004 The Population Council, Inc.

Cover and text printed on recycled paper in the USA. POPOne Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, New York 10017 USA www.popcouncil.org ULA TION COUNCIL