2018 11 11 Shrubs Trees Flowers Pollination Pest Control

11/14/18

Special thanks to all of you and the Carolina Farm Stewardship Associa9on for suppor9ng healthy farms & communi9es!!!

Shrubs, Trees, & Flowers for Xerces Society support also provided by: Pollination, Pest Management, Xerces Society Members USDA NRCS & Additional Income Cascadian Farm Ceres Trust Cheerios CS Fund Nancy Lee Adamson, Ph.D. Disney Conserva@on Fund Senior Pollinator Conservation Specialist, Xerces Society, The Dudley Founda@on Nature Valley Partner Biologist, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Endangered Species Chocolate, LLC. Sarah K. de Coizart Ar@cle TENTH Service, Greensboro, NC [email protected] or [email protected] Gaia Fund Perpetual Charitable Trust General Mills Turner Founda@on, Inc. Program copy & resources: Irwin Andrew Porter Founda@on The White Pine Fund https://tinyurl.com/CFSA2018Pollinators J.Crew Whole Foods Market and its Na@onal Co+op Grocers vendors helmeted squash bug nymph, Euthochtha galeator rose mallow bee, Ptilothrix Whole Systems Founda@on © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Photo: Nancy Lee Adamson bombiformis, on okra Photo: Nancy Lee Adamson

Xerces & NRCS partner to support The Xerces Society—Protecting the Life that Sustains Us Farm Bill Pollinator (& other beneficials) habitat provisions

We are a nonprofit The Pollinator Team Pollinators a priority for all Whitted Bowers organization working to USDA land managers & Farm in Orange protect wildlife through the conservationists County, NC conservation of Encouraging inclusion of invertebrates and their pollinators in all USDA conservation programs-- habitat. adding diversity to plant mixes & promoting IPM at Some of us (including Nancy) NRCS are partner-biologists with the USDA Natural Resources Section 205.200 of the Conservation Service. National Organic Program regulations requires The Xerces blue butterfly, operations to maintain or Glaucopsyche xerces, was improve the natural resources of the operation, the first butterfly in the US bumble bee on annual including soil, water quality, known to go extinct due to sunflower, in the and biodiversity. habitat loss. strawberry patch Photo by Nancy Adamson

Photo: ©Xerces blue butterfly by Kim Davis, Mike Strangeland & Andrew Warren http://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/nrcsdocuments.html

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Outline & Objectives Na1ve Plant Resources

Theme: Tools for enhancing diversity

• Native plant resources • Pollinator & wildlife update—your plantings & plant purchases matter!!! • Pollinator, predator, & parasitoid basics • Solitary vs. social • Nesting, food, shelter • Protection from pesticides • Video: Pollinators through the growing season • Diverse native hedgerow at NC A&T planting syrphid fly (aka hover or • Plant highlights & resources flower fly) adult eating • Plant diversity=insect diversity black willow, Salix nigra, (3D structure & species diversity) pollen and maybe nectar • Additional resources pipevine swallowtail bu;erﬂy visi1ng Turk’s cap lily on the © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Blue Ridge Parkway Photo: Nancy Lee Adamson Photo by Nancy Adamson

NC Pollinator Conservation Alliance http://ncpollinatoralliance.org Pollinator Paradise in Pittsboro, NC, with Debbie Roos, NC Extension

Pollinator tours and MISSION STATEMENT workshops throughout the growing season, To support the health and along with lots of other diversity of pollinators in terrific programs and North Carolina through info. protection, restoration and creation of pollinator habitat

Partners: Apiopolis, Burt’s Bees, Virtual tours with her Duke Energy, Nature Conservancy, NC Audubon, NC Botanical Garden, wonderful photos NC Cooperative Extension, NC available 24/7! Department of Agriculture, NC Farm Bureau, NC State University, NC Wildlife Federation, NC Wildlife Resources Commission, NC Zoo, PineGate Renewables, RAFI, Strata Plant lists: native Solar, Syngenta, UNC Greensboro, plants, cover crops… NC Wildlife Action Plan UNCG, US Fish & Wildlife Service, http://www.ncwildlife.org/plan USDA NRCS, Xerces Society Photo: Debbie Roos Photo: Phil Hauck https://growingsmallfarms.ces.ncsu.edu

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NC Audubon has excellent native plant list! The Xerces Society: Pollinator Publications and Outreach

These 3 and others in http://nc.audubon.org/birdfriendlynativeplantslists collaboration with the National Agroforestry Center © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pollinator Conservation Resource Center

Region-specific Information from Xerces, Cooperative Extension, USDA-NRCS, NGO, and other sources, including:

• Regional plant Lists • Conservation Guides • Nest construction guides • Links to identification guides • Pesticide Guidelines • Native Plant Nursery Directory

www.xerces.org/pollinator-resource-center Bee City USA is a volunteer-run organization that recently joined forces with Xerces. Asheville, NC, was the 1st Bee City USA affiliate in nation. Raleigh, Carrboro, and Durham are all Bee Cities. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Nash Community College is the closest Bee Campus USA.

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Nectar sources c/o Wikipedia Additional Resources: The USDA-NRCS

• Core Programs for Pollinators Natural Resources • EQIP, CRP, CSP Conservation Service • Tech Note 78 • Technical Assistance • Using Farm Bill Programs for Pollinator Conserva@on • Financial Support for • Prac9ces for Pollinators Conservation • Forest stand improvement • Prescribed burning Find out more at: • Prescribed grazing www.nrcs.usda.gov • Tree/Shrub Establishment • Conserva@on Cover http://plants.usda.gov/ • Hedgerow Plan@ng //plants.usda.gov/ • Early Successional Habitat Development/ pollinators/ Management NRCSdocuments.html • Riparian forest buﬀer • Alley cropping • Silvopasture http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/ European paper wasp, Polistes OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=37370.wba dominula, on red maple, Acer rubrum

Pollen sources c/o Wikipedia Pollinator & Wildlife Update

Buckeye bu;erﬂy caterpillar mining bee (left), European honey bee (right) Photos: Nancy Adamson on one of its host plants, gerardia, Agalinus purpurea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees

Photo by Nancy Adamson

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European* honey bees & monarch declines have raised awareness & interest in helping Bugs drive the system —native bees most effective pollinators European honey bees (Apis mellifera) are non- Insects & other arthropods are the base of our food webs na@ves introduced in the 1600s.

Pollinator- Pollinator habitat Pollinators are produced fruits European supports other food for other honey bee and seeds wildlife, such as wildlife comprise 25% of songbirds the global bird and mammal diets

na@ve bees

Bear photo: © Sierra Vision Stock; other photos: Nancy Adamson Photos: honey bee and native bees on wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), monarchs on oyamel fir in Mexico by Nancy Adamson Bringing Nature Home by Doug Tallamy & Noah’s Garden by Sara Stein *European honey bees were introduced to the Americas in the 1600s &1700s, © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. probably more for wax for candles and waterproofing than for honey © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

90% of wild plant species rely on pollinators for reproduction. Many species rely on those plants for 2016 UN report highlights continued threats to pollinators & food supply food and shelter.

75% of world food crops depend on animal Saint Francis’ Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii francisci), a rare pollination, as do many forage crops, biofuel oils, Large scale loss of species in North Carolina due to loss of wet meadow habitat. fibers, medicines, and construction materials. pollinator diversity We rely on pollinated plants for healthy air & water. • 16.5% of vertebrate pollinators threatened with extinction globally. • >40% of invertebrate pollinator species Ollerton, J., R. Winfree, and S. Tarrant. 2011. How facing extinction, many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? a green metallic sweat bee particularly bees & Oikos 120: 321-326. doi: 10.1111/j. on whorled milkweed, butterflies 1600-0706.2010.18644.x. Asclepias verticillata NC Wildlife Action Plan Potts, S.G., J.C. Biesmeijer, C. Kremen, P. http://www.ncwildlife.org/planPhoto: Phil Hauck Photo: Brian Hudgens (c/o Wikimedia) Neumann, O. Schweiger, and W. E. Kunin. 2010. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Global pollinator delines: trends, impacts and http://www.ipbes.net/article/press-release-pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat drivers. Trends in Ecology and Evoluntion. 25(6): © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. 345-353. Photo: Nancy Adamson

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Other wildlife depend directly & indirectly on pollinators Overall decline in wildlife populations around the globe Doug Tallamy estimates the adult chickadees feed 52% drop between about 5,000 1970 and 2010 in caterpillars to raise populations of birds, one clutch of mammals, reptiles, chickadee babies (4 amphibians, and fish chicks) around the globe.

World Wide Fund for Nature and Zoological Society of London (ZSL). 2014. Living Planet Report 2014. h]p:// bit.ly/1ssxx5m fox squirrel in hawthorn

Black-throated blue warbler eating beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) fruit by Will Photo by Doug Tallamy, from https://blog.nwf.org/2015/04/chickadees-show-why-birds-need-native-trees/ Photo by Nancy Adamson Stuart www.audubon.org/native-plants © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. www.nwf.org/nativeplantfinder © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evolution ties native plant & wildlife communities together. Native plants have extra value/connections we may not fully Open canopies or understand. forest edges In Doug Tallamy’s have richer talks, he highlights understory floras the specific that support nutrients more diverse & caterpillars provide for birds, including greater numbers carotenoids for of insects, which colorful plumage. reptiles and Native plants host a amphibians also LOT more caterpillars than depend on. non-natives.

Narango DL, Tallamy DW, Marra PP. 2018 Nonnative plants reduce population caterpillar hiding in plain sight anole on winged sumac, Rhus copallinum growth of an on flowering spurge, insectivorous bird. Photo by Nancy Adamson Euphorbia corollata Photo by Nancy Adamson

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Biota within our soils also depend on plant diversity Restored rivers and streams are especially beneficial for pollinators, Springtails (subclass Collembola) other wildlife, and our watersheds. • Es@mated 10,000+ in 1 m2 of soil Plants along creeks flower even in times of drought, help keep • Feed on decaying plant material and fungi pollutants out of the water, and support microbes that help break • Folsomia candida used as soil pollu@on indicator down toxins that do reach the water. Tar Branch, Old Salem Tanner’s Creek, Old Salem

Photos by Michael Hartley

Folsomia candida (about 2 mm) Photo by Martha Hartley Photo Credit: Folsomia candida by Andy Murray via ﬂickr

Help educate your communities: Common arthropods & allies beneficial to agriculture* Most bees & wasps are solitary, not social (or colonial)

Pollinators lacewing larva Bees & wasps on flowers fly blending in on • Bees, flies, wasps, beetles, away if you get too close. wild bergamot bu]erflies, moths, ... Insect Predators Solitary bees and wasps are • Beetles, bugs, flies, lacewings, single moms—they collect solitary & social wasps… food, lay an egg, seal closed Insect Parasitoids the cell; repeat. They never • Solitary wasps, tachinid flies… see their young. No queen or Non-insects live young to defend. No sisters to replace them. • Spiders, harvestmen, cen@pedes, mites, pseudoscorpions, Never defensive! nematodes, entomopathogenic fungi, … Fun & safe to observe up close! Photo: Nancy Adamson *In terms of ecology, everything is beneficial and plays a role in Photo: Andrenid (mining or digger) bee on peach by Nancy Adamson keeping us & our ecosystems healthy. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Native bees are vital for crop & wild plant pollination Native predators & parasitoids (natural enemies of pests) Only a few species are managed (can be brought to crops)—so providing also vital for agriculture & depend on diverse habitat! habitat is key Sand wasps (na@ve solitary wasps) predate 40 brown marmorated s@nk bugs/ day in PA where the na@ve wasps have had more @me to recognize the Bee diet (pollen & nectar) & hairiness introduced s@nkbugs as prey make them especially effective pollinators. The NRCS supports pollinator conservation using Farm Bill Programs.

Mountain mint (Pycnanthemum), spo]ed bee balm (Monarda), and milkweed (Asclepias) are nectar plants for adult wasps

Research by Dave Biddinger, Penn State University

Photos: Alex Surica, Jennifer Hopwood, Nancy Adamson, Sco] Seigfried Photo: brown-belted bumble bee with squash pollen by Nancy Lee Adamson

Native* bee diversity: ~3,600 species in the US, 500+ in the Carolinas 3 Groups of Native Bees

Most are solitary species, not colonial • Ground-nesting Solitary bees are not bees (solitary) defensive around their nests--no sisters, • Cavity/stem/tunnel- young larvae, or nesting bees queen to protect. (solitary) • Bumble bees (social) No bees, wasps or other insects are defensive on flowers —they fly away or southeastern hide if you approach. blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa

Photo: Sam Droege, USGS, Bee Inventory & Monitoring Lab, www.flickr.com/usgsbiml Photos: Elaine Evans; Xerces Society / Nancy Adamson; Rollin Coville *European honey bees were introduced in the 1600s &1700s

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Ground Nesting Bees Rose mallow bee (aka hibiscus, okra, or co]on bee), P9lothrix bombiformis, moistens soil to 70 % of native bees are solitary and nest underground make balls that are easier for her to eject from the nest in the ground she is making. Groundnesting Provide forage, bees may scout for nests, When our na@ve rose mallows, Hibiscus aggregate nests conserve sandy moscheutos Hibiscus coccineus, because only or or, near the soil & bare coast, when our na@ve seashore mallow, certain soils are ground suitable Kosteletzkya virginica, are in flower, look for these bumble bee like bees in the flowers and their nests in dry open areas somewhat near by. You might also see them in your okra, co]on, roselle, or rose of Sharon flowers.

Photos: Underground nest & larva, by Jim Cane, Dennis Briggs; Anthophorid bee, Anthophora abrupta, by Florrie Funk; Mining bee, Andrena Barbara, by Nancy Adamson Video clip from Marie Poteat’s farm in Guilford County, NC, © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. by Nancy Adamson

small carpenter bee larva and adult Plants with pithy stems and leaves with antimicrobial properties Cavity/Stem/Tunnel Nesting Bees are important for leafcutter bees that nest in cavities

Known leaf preferences include woody plants in the rose, legume (redbud esp.), willow About 30% of native bee species nest in (cottonwood esp.) families (Cane, Griswold, and Parker 2007). cavities, stems, or tunnels Mud (for leafcutters, Mason bee (Osmia Pollen mass Egg would be leaf) Wall Mud Cap spp.) example: • Hollow stems, beetle borer holes, snags, rotting wood, snail shells • Provisioning one cell = 15-40 by Edward Ross • Nest tunnel partitions constructed of mud, foraging tips leaf pieces, or sawdust leafcutter bee • Separate flower visits per foraging • Artificially managed for some crops trip = 75

• Repeat to Provide forage, conserve snags, brush piles & provision 5-15 pithy-stemmed plants like sumac, elderberry, cells + mud walls rose, blackberry... Leave dead plant material Cane, J.H, T. Griswold, and F.D. Parker. 2007. Substrates and materials used for nesting by North over winter. American Osmia bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 100(3): by Nancy Adamson 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2007)100[350:SAMUFN]2.0.CO;2 © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Help educate your communities: Bees & wasps on flowers fly away

Only social bees and wasps are defensive near their nests—they have young larvae, a queen, sisters & stores Use a fake wasp nest to deter social wasps from nesting nearby

It doesn’t deter birds from nes@ng!

Thanks to Phyllis S@les of Bee City USA (www.beecityusa.org) for this clip of mason bee “Michaela” Phelps ﬂipping inside her nest in order to deposit pollen for her young. Mason bees, Osmia spp., are solitary, so safe and fun to watch them nest by your front door! They and their close rela@ves, leafcurng bees, Megachile spp., nest in cavi@es. Females can be easily recognized because they carry pollen on their abdomens (most other bees carry pollen on their legs and a few in their crops). An observa@on hive has a plexiglass panel screwed closely to the Photos: Nancy Adamson tunnels and a door that is generally closed to keep the sun out and let them have some privacy most of the @me. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Many native bees are pollen specialists-- Other cavity-nesters: solitary predatory & parasitoid wasps—not defensive! they collect pollen only from one species, genus, or family

• asters (various genera) • Cirsium, native thistles • Chrysopsis, goldenaster Mason bees are earliest • Cucurbita, squash cavity nesters. • Helianthus, sunflowers • Hibiscus, rose mallow Leafcutter bees and • Ipomoea, wild potato vine predatory wasps use • Oenothera, primroses • Passiflora lutea, yellow the cavities later in the passionflower season. • Physalis, ground cherry • Pityopsis, silkgrass <3/8” Parasitoids may seek • Salix, willows prey in the nests. • Strophostyles, fuzzy bean • Vaccinium, blueberry • Vernonia, ironweed • Viola, violet >1/8” hibiscus (aka okra) bee, …many more Ptilothrix bombiformis mining bee, Andrena sp., on willow

Photo: Predatory wasp (bottom left) and parasitoid wasp, by Nancy Adamson Pollen specialist bees: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/Photos, by Nancy Lee Adamson http://jarrodfowler.com/specialist_bees.html

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Lepidoptera food needs: Many caterpillars are host specific Pawpaw is an excellent fruit tree for riparian areas that is also a butterfly host

The adult is laying eggs just as leaves are emerging. Tiny flies are , the main pollinators, but bees and Co-evolution has led to beetles also visit. many specialists like these yucca moths, Though it grows naturally in moist By Margie Tegeticula yuccasella. Adamson sites, it grows fine in average soils.

Best to learn what species are native in

your area. By Megan McCarty via Wikimedia ,

carolinabutterflysociety.org

Photo by Nancy Adamson By Robert Barber via Wikimedia

Lepidoptera nesting Beneficial insects* that eat insects & weed seeds depend on the same habitat as as easy to miss as bees nesting…more fire sensitive bees

“Beneﬁcial Insects” Besides specific host • AKA plants for eggs, butterflies and moths « “Natural Enemies” utilize a lot of different « habitats for nesting “Biocontrol Agents” (eggs & pupation)— • Support our ecosystems herbaceous and woody plants, other • Regulate insect pests structures. Some overwinter as adults, some as pupae, Many are also pollinators: and some migrate. Flies, wasps, beetles Mourning cloak butterfly eggs Nymphalis antiopa on elm, Ulmus parviflora crab spider on Barbara’s bu]ons, Marshallia sp. Photo: Nancy Lee Adamson Photo: Mark Rose / NC Native Plant Society *We use the term to refer to all arthropods that are beneﬁcial for agricultural produc@on—pollinators, predators, & parasitoids—not just true insects. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Many predators/parasitoids eat nectar & syrphid fly on rosinweed pollen Biocontrol Agents show up where they find prey (pests), but can be easy to miss! Floral Resources as Food • Needed for certain life stages—many adults/some larvae The es@mated value of pest control Parasitoid wasp a]acking a mo]led tortoise beetle • Small flowers for shorter tongues than bees by wild beneficial insects is $4.5–12 • Alternate food source billion annually for U.S. crops, and • Plants’ “invita@ons” $100 billion worldwide.

predatory wasp on bean extraﬂoral Losey & Vaughan. 2006. The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects. nectary Bioscience 56 (4). Pimental et al. 1997. Economic and Environmental Beneﬁts of Biodiversity. BioScience:47 (11)

lady beetle ea@ng pollen

Beetle photo by Thelma Heidel-Baker; others by Nancy Lee Adamson Photo © Margy Green, www.margygreen.com © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Habitat supports alternate prey when crop pests are absent or crops Parasitoids are especially sensitive to pesticides since they live in their hosts (crop pests) harvested

A parasi@zed host may not show any signs of Pests=prey. We need them to parasi@za@on, like this sustain predatory popula@ons hornworm, that remains green even ayer the wasp larvae emerged and Lady beetle larva on milkweed, pupated ea@ng oleander aphids (not a crop pest). …Yet most of the chemicals No@ce the aphid mummies—a sign now used kill all insects, our they have been parasi@zed by a friends and enemies alike. wasp. The wasp larva pupates -- Rachel Carson using the aphid body as its pupal case. Silent Spring

Photo: tomato hornworm parasi@zed by a braconid wasp, Cotesia congregatus Photo: Alex Wild Thelma Heidel-Baker

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Pollinators & other insects depend on diverse plants for food & shelter Videos: Na@ve plants of the mid- Insects & other Atlan@c support diverse animals need: pollinators • Food • Shelter h]ps://www.youtube.com/ bees wasps ﬂies • Water watch?v=HhC5iY0ijJM • Protection from pesticides or disturbance (some Crop pollinators, highlights disturbance, such as mowing or buzz pollina@on: burning may help maintain diversity h]ps://www.youtube.com/ over time) bu]erﬂies moths beetles watch?v=l_etyEdu9fQ Photos: Nancy Lee Adamson

New Demonstration Garden: NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Site Preparation

In fall of 2017, in John Kimes, Organic Unit Farm Manager Plowed & planted with collaboration with Dr. smother crops. Sanjun Gu, Extension For organic site, prep, an Specialist, alternative is solarization. Horticulture, we planted a native Dr. Sanjun Gu at the site pre-plan@ng. hedgerow at the NC Strong winds come from the east A&T Research Farm Organic Unit in across the pond, so the hedgerow is Free designed to Greensboro, NC, for download • Reduce wind • Pollination from • Support pollinators & natural • Pest management www.xerces .org enemies of pests • Wind reduction • Provide refuge • Host alternate prey for predators and parasitoids N

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NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Site Preparation NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Planting

For a fall planting, best to start November planting, 160’x6’ area site preparation previous fall or • 135 shrubs & small trees spring. • 86 forbs (wildflowers) • 36 grasses Till/Smother Crop Method • Cost ~$750 for plants • In spring, after first flush of weeds Small plants (mainly wholesale) - Till, let regrow • Increased diversity for - Till & plant with smother demonstration (dense cover) crop. • Less likely to suffer drought Depending on timing, of stress planting, plant 2nd smother/ cover. Do not till pre- planting. We planted tillage radish, partridge pea, lacey phacelia, and flax as Solarization Method smother crops. • Use UV stabilized clear (high tunnel grade) plastic to solarize - Till, let regrow Photo: Nancy Adamson Photo: Nancy Adamson © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Planting NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Mulch or cover crops

Mulching to make it look neater Container sizes for woody plants —not really necessary with cover • Tublings crops • 1 gallon (looks like a kitchen quart) An advantage of leaving the cover crops is early spring forage Forb sizes (wildflower & grasses) for pollinators, predators and • Tublings parasitoids • Quart (looks like ~2 cups) CAUTION: • A few bare root Rather than starting with a • Be sure to pull mulch away plant list, may be best to get from base of woody plants. current availability lists from • Best to mulch after several the nurseries you plan to buy frosts, so that voles have from, then choose plants already found homes for the winter away from your plants.

Wesley Brown, Brandon Lewis, John Kimes, Sushil Nyaupane @llage radish William Lashley, Sushil Nyaupane, Brandon Lewis, Amy Ballard, John Kimes

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NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Early spring 2018 before leafout NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Early spring 2018, even some tublings flowered!

The few shrubs & trees that Early spring blooms included died looked like they had viburnum, blueberry, and been planted too deeply snowbell

We flagged herbaceous Lesson learned: materials that would die back • Set separate planting days for woody plants (that in winter so we wouldn’t cannot tolerate being loose track of them planted too deep) and herbaceous species (that generally are ok planted a bit more deeply, unless they have a rosette or crown)

NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—August 2018 NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Wildflowers & Grasses

By August 2018 , things had threadwaisted ambush bug on goldenrod filled out pretty nicely—first wasps on mountain Mountain mint, year’s growth! mint goldenrod, partridge pea, and milkweed supported LOTS of pollinators and predators in the first season of growth. sweat bee on partridge pea honey bee on swamp milkweed

hibiscus bee in the rose mallow, Hibiscus moscheutos

Photos: Nancy Adamson Janae Ramos, Sadia Pollard, Amy Ballard, William Lashley, John Kimes https://tinyurl.com/DiverseNativeHedgerow Photos: Nancy Adamson © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

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NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Visitors Welcome—Check in at farm office! NC A&T Diverse Native Hedgerow—Some August visitors…

Par@cipants from the Greensboro Conserva@on Biocontrol Course, August 2018 Par@cipants from the Greensboro Conserva@on Biocontrol Course, August 2018, no@ced a few visitors on the willows and beautyberries.

rus@c sphinx moth* red-spo]ed purple caterpillar on caterpillar on beatyberry willow Photos: Nancy Adamson *NOTE: the rus@c sphinx moth caterpillar looks similar to the tomato Photo: Nancy Adamson and tobacco hornworm, but is not a crop pest © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

How can we better support pollinators & other wildlife? Habitat through the growing season—native trees, shrubs, wildflowers & grasses

Strengthen habitat and pesticide protection to support diverse pollinators & other wildlife Pollinators, predators, & parasitoids need food (nectar, pollen, or prey) & refuge* Plant & conserve native plants (or cover crops, herbs, and other non-invasive plants); Reduce pesticide use

Photos: Nancy Adamson National invasive spp info: Plant Conservation Alliance pca.sites.usa.gov NC invasives list: www.ncwildflower.org/plant_galleries/invasives_list *refuge when crops are harvested or pesticides used See Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants by Colston Burrell © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Keep part of farms and home gardens in permanent cover Keep part of the farm or home garden in permanent cover

. • Design for mul@ple beneﬁts—wildlife, IPM, visual Field borders, Hedgerows screen, aesthe@cs, and erosion control. • Diverse plants for bloom all season long & 3D insectaries & structure. • Ancient practice, beetle banks living fences

• Permanent • Attract beneficial wildflower & native birds for a 33% grass strips reduction of some pests • Daytime and overwintering • Pest management & pollination value habitat offsets costs in 5 – 10 years Photos: Nancy Adamson Van Burne]e, Hop ‘n Blueberry Farm, Black Mountain, NC

Design for multiple benefits—wildlife, IPM, visual screen, aesthetics, and erosion control. • Photos: Nancy Adamson Photo: Grinnell Heritage Farm Kross, S. , T.R. Kelsey, C. McColl, J. Townsend. 2016.Diverse Field-scale plants for habitatbloom all complexity season long enhances& 3D structure. avian conservation and avian –mediated pest-control services in an intensive agricultural crop. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 225:140-149. *Morandin, L., R. Long, and C. Kremen. 2014. Hedgerows enhance beneficial insects on adjacent tomato fields in an © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. intensive agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment. 189: 164-170. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

For cavity-nesting bees, plant or conserve pithy-stemmed species For bumble bees & birds, plant or conserve native grasses, leaves, brush piles

Native grasses, leaves, and Tall grasses Straw mulch brush piles provide Stem nests • Shelter from rain & • Pithy (hollow) predators stemmed plants provide nest sites, • Space for movement as well as pollen and • nectar Also great for spiders & groundnesting beetles that • Sumac, blackberry, reduce crop pest and weed Raised bed with lots of Woodlands black raspberry, seed populations organic ma]er rose, elderberry, boxelder… Sarah said all these nests showed evidence of being abandoned mouse nests.

Photo: Leafcutter bee, Megachile sp., and large sweat bee, Halictus parallelus, on Photos: Sarah Foltz Jordan, Xerces Society staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina, by Xerces Society / Nancy Adamson

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Woody plants for farm income & watershed protection Trozzo’s woody native plants for streamsides & additional income

Native woody floral (for cut stems) species Native fruit & nut tree species National Agroforestry Center resources are all Scien9fic name Common name Scien9fic name Common name free online and many can be ordered for free Aronia arbu9folia* Red chokeberry Asimina triloba Pawpaw www.fs.usda.gov/nac Callicarpa americana American beautyberry Amelanchier spp. Serviceberry Calycanthus floridus Carolina allspice Diospyros virginiana American persimmon Virginia Tech’s conservation buffers Cornus sericea Red/yellow twig dogwood Carya ovata Shagbark hickory with native fruit and nut Hydrangea spp. Hydrangea Corylus Americana American hazelnut trees, and woody floral shrubs http:// Salix discolor** Pussy willow Juglans nigra Black walnut pubs.ext.vt.edu/ Morus rubra Red mulberry content/dam/ *Aronia melanocarpa, black chokeberry, is a very high value berry pubs_ext_vt_edu/ANR/ h]ps://www.agmrc.org/commodi@es-products/fruits/aronia-berries. Prunus Americana American plum ANR-69/ Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry ANR-69_pdf.pdf **Salix discolor, pussy willow, is na@ve in the northeast, but not NC & SC. Other species may be worth trying. Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry

Other species to consider: winterberry holly (ornamental berries), Sambucus canadensis Elderberry yaupon (tea), crab apples (jellies)…lots of woody honey plants © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

southern crab apple Early spring-blooming native trees Malus angustifolia

• Acer spp., maple We have two • Amelanchier spp., species of native serviceberry crab apples in NC, • Asimina spp., pawpaw but only southern crab apple is found • Celtis spp., hackberry in the piedmont. • Crataegus spp., hawthorn • Halesia spp., silverbell Hackberries,

• Ilex spp., holly hawthorns and

Magnolia other fruit- bearing • spp., sweetbay, umbrella & other magnolias shrubs and trees • Malus spp., crab apple are important for • Prunus spp., cherry mining bee on birds and other hawthorn, wildlife. • Salix spp., willow Crataegus sp. Photo by Nancy Adamson

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magnolia serviceberry, Juneberry, shadbush Magnolia spp. Amelanchier spp. Magnolias are known for their One of the very first trees to bloom in beetle connections, spring, they are visited by all sorts of but bees are also pollinators. The berries turn dark attracted to the blue when ripe and are delicious flowers and may be fresh, plus can be used to make more in tune with pemmican. floral signals. In Amherst County, sweetbay (Magnolia virginia) and umbrella (Magnolia tripetala) magnolias scavenger fly are the natives, although southern is often planted. They don’t require pollinators, but benefit from cross- pollination. Out west, they’re also called saskatoon. Allain LK, Zavada MS, Matthews DG. 1999. The reproductive biology of Magnolia grandiflora. Rhodora 1:143-162. Photos: Nancy Adamson Photo: Nancy Adamson

black cherry, eastern redbud Prunus serotina Cercis canadensis

Doug Tallamy found that after oaks, black cherries supported the greatest number of caterpillars

red-spotted purple butterfly laying eggs

southeastern blueberry bee, Photo by Judy Stierand, NC Native Plant Society Habropoda laboriosa Photo: Nancy Adamson

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silverbell Halesia sp. Mid-late spring-blooming native trees

• Diospyros virginiana, persimmon • Ilex spp., holly • Liriodendron tulipifera, tulip tree • Nyssa spp., black gum • Oxydendron arboreum, sourwood • Robinia pseudoacacia, black locust • Tillia spp., basswood

bumble bee Bumble bee on black locust by Nancy Adamson) Bombus sp.

Is it native? Check, Weakley’s Flora, PLANTS or yaupon holly Ilex vomitoria BONAP Early spring-blooming native shrubs & small trees Is it invasive? Check the Southeast Exotic Pest Plant • Acer Council spp., maple Beetles can be effective pollinators https://www.se-eppc.org/ • Amelanchier spp., serviceberry Yaupon is only found in the coastal plain, brown-belted bumble bee but considered exotic in the piedmont. Bombus griseocollis • Aronia spp., chokeberry Generally best to focus on common • Cersis canadensis, redbud natives to benefit wildlife the most. Lots • Gaylussacia spp., huckleberry of other hollies available, but yaupon • Ilex spp., holly, gallberry does have cultural interest for the • Rhododendron spp., azalea, southeast: roast leaves for caffeinated rhododendron tea (potential income). • Salix spp., willow

But,. in the face of climate change...? • Staphylea trifolia, bladdernut flower scarab beetle, • Vaccinium spp., blueberry, Valgus caniculatus, cranberry, sparkleberry on Staphylea trifolia, American bladdernut Photo: Nancy Adamson

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Staphylea trifolia, pinxterbloom azalea American bladdernut Rhododendron periclymenoides

Pinxterbloom and other early spring- blooming azaleas are vital for bees, butterflies, and the ruby-throated hummingbird, our most important (and only) bird pollinator.

mining bee, Andrena sp. on eastern tiger swallowtails Photo: Nancy Adamson American bladdernut Photo: Nancy Adamson

dwarf azalea sparkleberry Rhododendron atlanticum Vaccinium arboreum

bumble bee, Bombus sp.

Photo: Nancy Adamson Photo: Nancy Adamson

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blueberry Mid-late spring-blooming native shrubs and small trees Vaccinium • Aesculus spp., mountain rosebay, buckeye Rhododendron • Ceanothus americanus, NJ tea catawbiense • Eubotrys spp., doghobble with bumble bee • Fothergilla spp., fothergilla* • Ilex spp., holly • Lyonia spp., maleberry • Rhododendron spp., azalea, rhododendron • Rhus spp., sumac • Rosa spp., rose • Rubus spp., blackberry, black raspberry, dewberry • Viburnum spp., blackhaw, virburnum

anthophorid bee, Photo: Nancy Adamson Anthophora abrupta, on blueberry *Not native in Virginia, so only appropriate in home gardens, not for natural areas. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Photo: Nancy Adamson

flowering raspberry Rubus odoratus Summer-blooming native shrubs and trees

• Aralia spinosa, Devil’s walkingstick black swallowtail on buttonbush, • Ceanothus americanus, NJ tea Cephalanthus • Cephalanthus occidentalis, occidentalis— buttonbush notice the pollen! • Clethra alnifolia, sweet pepperbush • Diervilla sessilifolia, bush- honeysuckle* • Hydrangea spp., wild hydrangea • Itea virginica, sweetspire • Rosa spp., wild rose (pasture & Carolina) • Sambucus nigra, elderberry bumble bee • Spiraea, meadowsweet

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yellow birch Betula Dutchman’s pipe allegheniensis Aristolochia macrophylla black cherry, Vines Prunus serotina

• Apios americana, groundnut variegated fritillary caterpillar on passionvine, Passiflora incarnata • Aristolochia (Isotrema), snakeroot, Dutchman’s pipe • Bignonia capreoleta, crossvine • Dioscorea spp., wild yam • Campsis radicans, trumpet creeper pipevine swallowtail chrysalis • Clematis spp., leather flower, & caterpillar virgin’s bower • Ipomoea, wild potato vine • Lonicera sempervirens, coral honeysuckle • Passiflora spp., passionvine, Maypops (purple*, yellow) • Smilax spp., carrionflower Photo: Nancy Adamson *Delicous fruit that could provide additional income.

trumpet creeper trumpet creeper Campsis radicans Campsis radicans

Photo by Annette Meredith, NCNPS and http://www.natureonourdoorstep.com/ Photo by Annette Meredith, NCNPS and http:// d /

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Wildflowers through the season for pollinators & other wildlife Native milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) ~80% decline in monarch butterflies since ~2000 in corn/soybean ag regions and ~60% decline in milkweeds Tremendous diversity in milkweeds--great potential to expand use

Beardtongue, golden Alexanders, blackeyed Susan, spiderwort, goat’s rue, coneflower, coreopsis, spider bee balm, wild bergamot, violet, mountain mint, lilies, fleabane, sneezeweed, wingstem, goldenrod, tick

trefoil,Photo: Nancy Joe- Adamsonpye weed, milkweed, blazing star, passionflower, sunflower, ironweed, gentian, bidens, aster… Green milkweed (A.viridiflora), poke milkweed (A.exalta), purple milkweed (top) (A.purpurascens), fourleaf milkweed (A.quadrifolia), swamp milkweed (A. incarnata) by Nancy Adamson

AGer all this focus on na1ves, now we are shiGing gears to cover crops, herbs, Cover Crop Diversity

and annuals • Pollina@on that may be • Pest Control cover crops, for • Soil Health cut ﬂowers, or • Addi@onal Income fallow crops and/or weeds…

honey bee on bumble bee on lacy phacelia, aka the bee plant crimson clover Photo: Nancy Adamson Photo: Nancy Adamson

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Interrelated benefits of cover crops Common cover crops, herbs, & annuals for beneficials

crimson clover 1. Support pest predators & parasitoids Cover crops 2. Support pollinators • Legumes: red, white, crimson clover; Austrian winter pea; alfalfa; alfalfa, vetch, soybean 3. Support soil life • Broadleaf forbs: buckwheat, phacelia 4. Weed suppression • Grasses: rye, oats, Sudangrass a. Smother crops borage buckwheat b. Support weed seed Herbs consumers • Annual: basil, borage, tulsi (holy basil), dill, 5. Prevent soil erosion cilantro 6. Increase water filtration • Perennial: catmint, spearmint, oregano, sage 7. Improve soil health Annuals 8. Increase farm biodiversity sunﬂower • Annual sunﬂower, zinnia, cosmos, scarlet sage 9. Supports IPM; reduces inputs of chemical red fertilizers & pesticides Photo: Thelma Heidel-Baker clover

partridge pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata) Flowering legumes Edible flowering legumes

Multipurpose: Nitrogen-fixing, attract beneficials, Multi-purpose: Fix nitrogen, attract beneficials good eating (cash crop)! • Warm season Cool season annuals − Soybeans (edamame) • Crimson clover − Cowpeas Austrian winter pea • − Fava beans − Field peas Warm season annuals − Chickpeas (has anyone tried?) • Partridge pea--use in rotation with cash crops For more on extrafloral nectaries: • Cool season http://www.extrafloralnectaries.org/ − Austrian winter pea (according to Patryk one of the best Perennials for pea tips) • Red clover • White clover Example: Flint Farm in NC • Cow peas, like many peas, may not need a pollinator and only a few pollinators can open the flower to reach the floral nectaries • Extrafloral nectaries provide nectar that attracts predators such as wasps and ants

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Edible annual* herbs or seeds Other Forbs

Multipurpose: Most edible, some help reduce disease or break pest cycles, some Multi-purpose: Edible, assassin bug on fennel support beneficial for cutting, attract beneficials, some for insects, some good for honey production cut flowers • Edible • Borage • Buckwheat • Caraway • Brassicas: Canola, kale, mustard, • Cilantro radish, rutabaga, turnip, • Cumin • Chicory • Dill • Flax • Fennel • Safflower • Holy basil, tulsi • Sunflower • Sesame Study in France: Phacelia, buckwheat, and dill best for • Phacelia (excellent for honey) increasing hoverfly oviposition success for pest control *Perennials also excellent Photo: Nancy Adamson Laubertie, E.A., Wratten, S.D. and Hemptinne, J.L. 2012. The Photo: Nancy Adamson contribution of potential beneficial insectary plant species to adult © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) fitness. Biological Control, 61(1):1-6. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other annual (or short-lived) forbs for cut flowers & beneficials Cool and warm season grasses

Useful for beneficial Multipurpose: Fibrous- insects & for cut flowers rooted, some deep- • Plains coreopsis rooted, attract beneficials, green • Annual blanket flower manure & living mulch • Alyssum • Bachelor’s button* • Cosmos* • Zinnia Example: Small Farm in MA Annual ryegrass and white clover between pick-your- own vegetables and flowers *Can be aggressive

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“Mixes” can be side-by-side Grass covers (not just corn) provide food and shelter

CAUTION: Keep Example: adjacent crops or crop Living Web Farm in rotation in mind Mills River, NC Dunbar, M.W., O’Neal, M.E. and Gassmann, A.J. Buckwheat and winter 2016. Increased risk of rye between cash insect injury to corn crops following rye cover crop. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1-7. DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow101.

Photo: Patryk Battle bumble bee loading up on corn pollen—many bees, including honey bees will gather the pollen Photo: Nancy Adamson

Multiple benefits of flowering cover crops Cover crop insectary strips*

Healthy soils ensure Example: Whitted Bowers Farm, NC Flowering strips healthy plants Buckwheat between eggplant between crop rows • Fewer insect and • Promote movement disease problems of beneficial insects in the INTERIOR of the Georgia NRCS State farm Agronomist James Dangler • Can be perennial or shared this crimson clover photo by Georgia’s Extension annual, native or non- Horticulture Agent Dr. Lenny native Wells. For more on clover • Must maintain free management in pecans, visit Georgia http:// from pesticides or extension.uga.edu/ drift publications/detail.cfm? Naranjo, S., Ellsworth, P., and Frisvold, G. 2015. Economic value of biological number=B1360 control in integrated pest management of managed plant systems. Annual Review of Entomology 60:621-645. Photo: Nancy Photo: Dr. Lenny Wells Adamson *Insectary strips created with annuals are cover crops © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Cover crop insectary strips & smother crops Crops left to flower

Simply letting your kale, collards, onions, mustards, cress, or other crops flower can be Example: Ayrshire especially valuable for early spring bees and other insects such as lady beetles. Farm, North Carolina • Lettuce, fennel, and greens intercropped with crimson clover • Multipurpose: Insect forage, nitrogen- fixing, weed control, added biodiversity, honey production

Rebek, EJ, Frank, SD, Royer, TA and Bográn, CE. 2012. Alternatives to chemical EuropeanPhoto: Nancy Adamson honey bee (Apis mellifera), mason bee (Osmia sp.), sweat bee (Augochlora pura) control of insect pests. Insecticides–Basic and Other Applications, p.171. Photo: Debbie Roos

Natural areas “disturbed” periodically Areas left unmown Farm edges, roadsides, and rights-of-way can be especially valuable habitat. Weeds or natural habitat left unmown can provide valuable floral resources for pollinators, Periodic mowing, burning, herbicide, or tree falls can help revitalize. predators and parasitoids, shelter, habitat for spiders and for alternate prey, and refuge when Burning, beaver, and tree falls are parts of natural cycles that open forest crops are harvested. canopies and enhance/recycle nutrients.

EuropeanPhoto: Nancy Adamson honey bee (Apis mellifera), mason bee (Osmia sp.), sweat bee (Augochlora pura) Male sweat bees roosting together and trying, pretty successfully, to blend in and not be noticed by anyone... © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Photos: Nancy Adamson

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Add signs to connect with your community: Protection from Pesticides Artwork & hand-made signs can be the most engaging

Protect habitat from pesticide contamination Signs • Place habitat away from sites of application (e.g., • Help start conversations crops) • Help neighbors learn • Create a spray set-back about habitat values • 40 feet minimum for ground applications • Let people know that unmown or unpruned • 125 ft. from neonicotinoid applications including areas are intentional seed treatments • Can be changed through • Keep applications on target and reduce drift the season-- laminated letter-size pages are • Avoid aerial spraying easiest Available online at: • Kids & grandkids can http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ help—kids signs are the ProtectingHabitatFromPesticideContamination_oct2016- best!!! 02.pdf New organic-approved pesticides guide coming soon, Posters by Nate Williams (n8w.com) (left) and Marcella Kriebel (marcellakriebel.com) (center). visit http://xerces.org/pesticides/

Additional Resources Involve the grounds crew from the get-go for long term success

One of the hardest lessons to implement can be ensuring the landscape/ground maintenance team is part of the planning team—this benefits long term management

Frederick Maryland Master Gardeners (by Nancy Adamson) Bee hotel at Ruffner Mountain Nature Preserve, Birmingham, © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Alabama © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. Allby rightsNancy reserved Adamson.

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Na9ve Pollinators in NC c/o EcoIPM.org Community & Schoolyard Habitat Resources Outreach program: - Bee Matching Game Maryland’s Department of Natural Resources has created a great - Specimen Box set of resources, working closely with the USFWS and Chesapeake - Take-home Bee Hotel Kits Bay Trust - Resin Block Bee Specimens • Set up a Habitat Team - Who will help with implementation? - Pollinator Trading Cards • Create a Vision - What are your site goals? - Handouts • Survey Existing Elements - What do you already have in place? What can Developed by Elsa Youngsteadt & be improved upon? April Hamblin c/o Steve Frank Lab at • Assemble a Plan - What needs to be accomplished? What is your NCSU moving to new Youngstedt Lab budget and timeframe? Where can you find the resources needed to complete your project? • Assemble the Elements – Where can you find materials? How will you engage students and volunteers in the creation of the project? • Integrate Learning - What outdoor learning opportunities will students engage in? How can these activities fit in with classroom learning? http://dnr2.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/ • Ensure Continued Success - How will the site be maintained? Who will Education/Schoolyard-Wildlife-Habitat- Specialist bees eat pollen only from one genus or family, but may collect nectar from other plants. monitor the site? How can parents get involved? Create.aspx Solitary bees are not defensive around their nests--no sisters, young larvae, or queen to protect. No bees, wasps or other insects are defensive on ﬂowers—they ﬂy away or hide if you approach. h]p://ecoipm.org/na@ve-pollinators/ © 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All rights reserved. All photos from lab website. Upper ley is April Hamblin teaching about bee-pollinated foods.

More resources on na9ve pollinators c/o EcoIPM.org Na9ve bee and plant guides Resources (: - Gardening for Pollinatos Guide - Cavity Nes@ng Guide - Successful Cavity Nest Guide (addi@onal @ps) - Gardening for Bees Brochure - Make Your Own Bee Matching Game - Garden Signs - Info for Recipients of Specimen Boxes - Powerpoint Slides on Na@ve Bees - Na@ve Bee Webinar w/ Elsa Youngsteadt and Debbie Roos

Specialist bees eat pollen only from one genus or family, but may collect nectar from other plants. Solitary bees are not defensive around their nests--no sisters, young larvae, or queen to protect. No bees, wasps or other insects are defensive on ﬂowers—they ﬂy away or hide if you approach. All photos from lab website. h]p://ecoipm.org/na@ve-pollinators/protec@on/

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Na9ve bee and plant guides: DiscoverLife.org Na9ve bee and plant guides: BugGuide.net

Na9ve bee and plant guides: iNaturalist.org Remember: Pollinator Habitat Needs

Whether you are planting for pollinators in the backyard or the back forty, habitat must include: • Shelter: nest sites, refuge, overwintering sites • Food: nectar, pollen, caterpillar host plants, specialist bee host plants • Protection/Management: best management practices (this might be prescribed fire) and pesticide risk mitigation

Black form of the eastern tiger swallowtail on apple by Nancy Adamson

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Ques9ons? Thoughts? I’d love to hear from you! Nancy Lee Adamson, PhD

The Xerces Society & NRCS East Na@onal Technology Support Center

[email protected]

337-370-3443

Butterflies are pollinators, too! Look at that pollen! green metallic sweat bee on Helen’s ﬂower, Helenium amarum pipevine swallowtail Photo by Nancy Adamson Photo: Nancy Lee Adamson

© 2017 The Xerces Society, Inc. All content, including text, images and graphics, as well as the arrangement of these elements within this presentation is either the intellectual property of The Xerces Society, Inc. or is used in this presentation with the permission of the copyright holder. Neither this presentation, nor any individual element from this presentation, may be used without the prior written consent of the the applicable copyright holder. All rights reserved.