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302 Genus Anthene Doubleday 14th edition (2015). Genus Anthene Doubleday, 1847 List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum 2: 27 (57 pp.). London. Type-species: Papilio larydas Cramer, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935. In: Carpenter, 1935 (Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 83: 435 (313-447).). = Lycaenesthes Moore, 1866. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1865: 773 (755-823). Type-species: Lycaenesthes bengalensis Moore, by monotypy [extralimital]. = Pseudoliptena Stempffer, 1946. Revue Française d’Entomologie 13: 8 (8-19). Type- species: Pseudoliptena bitje Stempffer (a chimera of Anthene ?lachares Hewitson, 1878 and Liptena modesta Kirby, 1890, not Druce, 1910), by original designation. See Hemming, 1963 (Entomologist 96: ? (292-293)) and 1967 (Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Suppl. 9: ? (509 pp.)). Anthene sylvanus. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson. A largely Afrotropical genus, with weak extension into the Oriental Region. There are 72 species in the Afrotropical Region (Libert, 2010). Generic revision by Libert, 2010: 25. Two extralimital species of Anthene have been misattributed to the Afrotropical (Madagascan) fauna. These are the Indo-Malasian Anthene emolus (Godart) (see Stempffer, 1954) and the Bornean taxon Anthene lycaenina miya (see Lees et al., 2003). Trimen (1866a) erroneously recorded Lycaena emolus Godart (= Anthene emolus) from South Africa. 1 Species groups in the Afrotropical Anthene species (Libert, 2010: 26). A. larydas group: A. larydas, A. crawshayi, A. suquala A. ligures group: A. ligures subgroup: A. ligures, A. agumatsa A. sylvanus complex: A. sylvanus, A. ukerewensis, A. lemnos, A. indefinite A. butleri subgroup: A. butleri, A. livida, A. definita, A. perspicua A. montana complex: A. montana, A. uzungwae, A. bamptoni, A. congdoni A. afra subgroup: A. afra, A. yevui, A. alberta, A. hobleyi A. rubrimaculata group: A. rubrimaculata A. rubricinctus group: A. rubricinctus subgroup: A. rubricinctus complex: A. rubricinctus, A. jeanneli, A. ituria, A. ochreofascia, A. lasti, A. anadema A. nigropunctata complex: A. nigropunctata, A. starki, A. mpanda A. princeps subgroup: A. princeps, A. smithi A. lunulata subgroup: A. lunulata A. liodes subgroup: A. liodes A. hodsoni group: A. hodsoni, A. usamba A. amarah group: A. amarah A. otacilia group: A. otacilia subgroup: A. otacilia complex: A. otacilia, A. pitmani A. kikuyu complex: A. kikuyu, A. confusa, A. talboti, A. kenyensis, A. robertsi, A. opalina, A. benadirensis A. dulcis subgroup: A. dulcis, A. contrastata A. chojnackii group: A. chojnackii A. minima group: A. minima, A. lindae, A. rhodesiana, A. gardineri A. levis group: A. levis subgroup: A. levis, A. preussi, A. leonina, A. akoae A. irumu subgroup: A. irumu, A. eliasi, A. mocquerysi, A. vorgasi A. millari group: A. millari, A. wilsoni, A. warrengashi, A. merioli, A. maesseni, A. arnoldi, A. cottrelli A. ysobelae group: A. ysobelae, A. pungusei A. quadricaudata group: A. quadricaudata *Anthene larydas (Cramer, 1780)# Forest Hairtail Left: Male Spotted Hairtail (Anthene larydas), Burman Bush, Durban. Right: Female underside. 2 Images courtesy Steve Woodhall (left) and Raimund Schutte (right). Papilio larydas Cramer, 1780. In: Cramer, 1779-80. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia Africa en America 3: 160 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Lycaena kersteni Gerstaecker, 1871. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 1871 (1): 359 (345-363). Lycaenesthes larydas (Cramer, 1782). Trimen & Bowker, 1887b. Anthene larydas Cramer, 1780. Swanepoel, 1953a. Anthene larydas (Cramer, 1780). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Anthene kersteni (Gerstaecker, 1871). Carcasson, 1981. Anthene kersteni (Gerstaecker, 1871). Pringle et al., 1994: 230. Anthene larydas Cramer, 1780. d’Abrera, 2009: 792. Anthene kersteni Gerstaecker, 1871. d’Abrera, 2009: 792. = Lycaena kersteni Gerstaecker, 1871. Libert, 2010: 29 n. syn. Anthene larydas (Cramer, 1780). Libert, 2010: 28. Anthene larydas. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Anthene larydas. Male (Wingspan 27 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. La Lucia, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. March, 2000. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Anthene larydas. Female (Wingspan 27 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. La Lucia, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. March, 2000. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. 3 Alternative common names: Spotted Hairtail; Common Ciliate Blue; Spotted Ciliate Blue. Type locality: Ghana: “Côte d’or de l’Afrique; Sierra Leone: “à la Sierra Leona”. Neotype (male), Papase, Ghana (Th. Maessen); M.N.H.N., Paris (designated by Libert, 2010: 30). Neallotype (female), Kpandu, Ghana, 15 XI 1949 (Th. Maessen); M.N.H.N., Paris (designated by Libert, 2010: 30). Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin,Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (north), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal – coast), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999) [Libert, 2010]. Specific localities: Ghana – ‘Cote d’Or’ (TL); Mole National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009); Papase (Libert, 2010); Kpandu (Libert, 2010). Nigeria – Kaduna area (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Yaounde-Bezirk (TL of abruptus); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Practically throughout (van de Weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Ethiopia – Koulala (TL for rothschildi). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Mount Elgon (Jackson, 1937); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – In most parts, except very dry areas (Kielland, 1990d); Mbaramu (TL of kersteni); Eastern, central and northern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Mwekera (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Maputo (Pringle et al., 1994); Dondo (Pringle et al., 1994); Vila Gouveia (Pringle et al., 1994); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (Pringle et al., 1994). KwaZulu-Natal – Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St. Lucia (Swanepoel, 1953); Umhlanga Rocks (Clark & Dickson, 1971); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); La Lucia near Durban (Williams; male and female illustrated above). Habitat: Forest, extending into the Guinea savanna (Larsen, 2005a). Also in heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes of 300 to 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). For kersteni (synonym) – Coastal forest and bush (Pringle et al., 1994). Also in woodland (Heath et al., 2002). From near sea-level to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common species in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a) but rare in [western] Kenya (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes may be found perching on leaves or visiting flowers. Males are also avid mud- puddlers, arriving at damp patches as early as 07h30 (Larsen, 1991c; Larsen, 2005a). Males are also attracted to sand soaked by urine, as well as by human sweat (Larsen, 2005a). Females rarely stray far from forest (Larsen, 2005a). For “kersteni” – Usually found at the edges of forest, often perching low down on vegetation in shady spots (Pringle et al., 1994). Specimens may also be seen feeding from flowering bushes (Kielland, 1990d). Flight period: For “kersteni” – All year but commoner during the warmer months (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Lamborn & Poulton, 1911: civ [Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911]. Lamborn, 1914: 477. Larva green and onisciform and ate leaves. Both DNO and active TO’s are present. Pupal period 7 to 9 days. Jackson, 1937: 226 [as Anthene larydas; Mount Elgon, Kenya]. “The larva feeds on the young terminal shoots of the food-plant, resting on the undersides of the leaflets. Egg. Very pale green, circular and flattened above with fluted sides and a small dark central dot. Diameter 0.5 mm. Laid singly on the upper or under surface of the leaflets, always near the end of a shoot. Larva. The larva 4 is onisciform, coloured pale green with pink or reddish markings, exactly resembling the coloration of the food- plant. The dorsum is ridged, though only bluntly so, with the segment divisions clearly defined, and it has a red dorsal line. The sides are faintly striped with yellow and darker green, the edges of the carapace being pink and squarely scalloped. The anal segments are flattened and shield-shaped and carry tubercles, placed rather far anteriorly and near the outside edges of the shield. The tubercles are about 0.5 mm long, whitish, with a large, spiny, terminal rosette, and are exserted laterally to the vertical. The gland is plainly visible as a small darkened patch with raised lips, placed about half-way between and just above the tubercles. Length 15 mm. Pupa. Dirty green with minute black speckling and a well-defined black dorsal line which encloses a white triangular
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