Disposable Women in Postcolonial Narratives of Sexual Trafficking/Abduction
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Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Dissertations Department of English Spring 4-12-2012 Commodified Anatomies: Disposable Women in Postcolonial Narratives of Sexual Trafficking/Abduction Maria Laura Barberan Reinares Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss Recommended Citation Barberan Reinares, Maria Laura, "Commodified Anatomies: Disposable Women in Postcolonial Narratives of Sexual Trafficking/Abduction." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2012. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss/84 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMMODIFIED ANATOMIES: DISPOSABLE WOMEN IN POSTCOLONIAL NARRATIVES OF SEXUAL TRAFFICKING/ABDUCTION by M. LAURA BARBERAN REINARES Under the direction of Renée Schatteman ABSTRACT This dissertation explores postcolonial fiction that reflects the structural situation of a genocidal number of third-world women who are being trafficked for sexual purposes from postcolonial countries into the global north—invariably, gender, class and race play a crucial role in their exploitation. Above all, these women share a systemic disposability and invisibility, as the business relies on the victim’s illegality and criminality to generate maximum revenues. My research suggests that the presence of these abject women is not only recognized by ideological and repressive state apparatuses on every side of the trafficking scheme (in the form of governments, military establishments, juridical systems, transnational corporations, etc.) but is also understood as necessary for the current neoliberal model to thrive undisturbed by ethical imperatives. Beginning with the turn of the twentieth century, then, I analyze sexual slavery transnationally by looking at James Joyce’s “Eveline,” Therese Park’s A Gift of the Emperor, Mahasweta Devi’s “Douloti the Bountiful,” Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon, Chris Abani’s Becoming Abigail, and Roberto Bolaño’s 2666, concentrating on the political, economic, and social discourses in which the narratives are immersed through the lens of Marxist, feminist, and postcolonial theory. By interrogating these postcolonial narratives, my project reexamines the sex slave-trafficker-consumer triad in order to determine the effect of each party’s presence or absence from the text and the implications in terms of the discourses their representations may tacitly legitimize. At the same time, this work investigates the type of postcolonial stories the West privileges and the reasons, and the subjective role postcolonial theory plays in overcoming subaltern women’s exploitation within the current neocolonial context. Overall, I interrogate the role postcolonial literature plays as a means of achieving (or not) social change, analyze the purpose of artists in representing exploitative situations, identify the type of engagement readers have with these characters, and seek to understand audiences’ response to such literature. I look at authors who have attempted to discover fruitful avenues of expression for third-world women, who, despite increasingly constituting the bulk of the work force worldwide, continue to be exploited and, in the case of sex trafficking, brutally violated. INDEX WORDS: James Joyce, Therese Park, Mahasweta Devi, Amma Darko, Chris Abani, Roberto Bolaño, Sex Trafficking, Abduction, Kidnapping, (Forced) Prostitution, Postcolonial, Neocolonial, New Historicism, Capitalism, Anti-capitalism, Development, Transnational, Feminism, Orientalism, Ideological State Apparatus (ISA), Repressive State Apparatus (RSA), White Slavery, Military, Comfort Women, Sex Slaves, Immigration, Femicides, Kamala Kempadoo, Jo Doezema, Kathleen Barry, Donna Hughes, Hugh Kenner, Katherine Mullin, Ivette Trochón, Gerardo Bra, Andrés Carretero, Cynthia Enloe, Cathy Caruth, Anne McClintock, Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, Chandra Mohanty, Inderpal Grewal, Caren Kaplan, Gloria Anzaldúa, Fregoso Rosa Linda, J. K. Gibson-Graham, Fredric Jameson COMMODIFIED ANATOMIES: DISPOSABLE WOMEN IN POSTCOLONIAL NARRATIVES OF SEXUAL TRAFFICKING/ABDUCTION by M. LAURA BARBERAN REINARES A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2012 Copyright by M. Laura Barberán Reinares 2012 COMMODIFIED ANATOMIES: DISPOSABLE WOMEN IN POSTCOLONIAL NARRATIVES OF SEXUAL TRAFFICKING/ABDUCTION by M. LAURA BARBERAN REINARES Committee Chair: Renée Schatteman Committee: Ian Almond Marilynn Richtarik Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2012 iv Dedication To the three wonderful advisers in my committee, for their generosity, immense support, multiple readings, and invaluable suggestions. I want to thank all of you for believing in me and my project. I couldn’t have done it without you. To my family in Argentina, who always supported me from afar and gave me the confidence to pursue and accomplish what I love. To my second family in the US, all the friends who helped me, understood me, and encouraged me throughout. All of you contributed to make this process of discovery one of the most fruitful moments of my life: in helping me find my voice, you helped me find a vision. v Acknowledgements I want to acknowledge the immense help of my dissertation committee: Dr. Schatteman, Dr. Richtarik, and Dr. Almond. Their insights were critical in the development of this project. I also want to thank Dr. Matthew Roudané for his advice and support throughout, Dr. Randy Malamud for his valuable suggestions on one of my chapters, and Dr. Amira Jarmakani for recommending sources central to the progress of this analysis. Finally, I want to thank my friends Irasema Huerta, who first talked to me about the women of Juárez and generated in me the urge to write about them; Ana Bustios-Tuesta, who gently offered her balanced perspective on the topic; and Alessandra Favoretto, who always reminded me to keep the faith. vi Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... v 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 2 James Joyce’s “Eveline” and the Emergence of Global Sex Trafficking in the Early 1900s ............................................................................................................................................. 24 2.1 Like “a helpless animal”? Like a Cautious Woman ............................................................ 30 2.2 Frankly speaking, “The men that is now is only all palaver and what they can get out of you” ................................................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 54 3 Sex Trafficking, War, and the Military in Therese Park’s A Gift of the Emperor ............ 58 3.1 Camouflaged Procurers: When the Military Runs the Brothel ............................................ 61 3.2 “We were bones to the dogs”: Portrait of a Young Comfort Woman ................................. 66 3.3 “Unspeakable things” (Park, A Gift 27): (Not) Representing Rape ..................................... 73 3.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 78 4 Sex Trafficking, Development, and the National Government in Mahasweta Devi’s “Douloti the Bountiful” .............................................................................................................. 84 4.1 “I was born the year after independence”: Whose? ............................................................. 92 4.2 Sex Trafficking and the National Government: When the Sow Eats her Own Farrow ..... 101 4.3 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 105 5 Sex Trafficking and the Legal System in Destination Countries in Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon and Chris Abani’s Becoming Abigail .................................................... 109 vii 5.1 Sex Trafficking in Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon: “…too illegal and too black for any proper job” ............................................................................................................... 115 5.2 Sex Trafficking in Chris Abani’s Becoming Abigail: “Imagine how lucky those children are!”................................................................................................................................. 134 5.3 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 147 6 Sex Trafficking, State Patriarchy, and Transnational Capital in Roberto Bolaño’s 2666 ..................................................................................................................................................... 151 6.1 The Semantics of