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Experimental Hybridization of the New World Quail (Odontophorinae)

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Experimental Hybridization of the New World Quail (Odontophorinae) University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Ornithology Papers in the Biological Sciences 1971 Experimental Hybridization of the New World Quail (Odontophorinae) Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciornithology Part of the Ornithology Commons Johnsgard, Paul A., "Experimental Hybridization of the New World Quail (Odontophorinae)" (1971). Papers in Ornithology. 59. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciornithology/59 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Ornithology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Johnsgard in the Auk (1971) 88. Copyright 1971, University of California. Used by permission. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora EXPERIMENTAL HYBRIDIZATION OF THE NEW WORLD QUAIL (ODONTOPHORINAE) • PAULA. J0tINSGARD ALTHOUGHthe surprisingly high capacity for hybridizationamong species of the odontophorinegenera Colinus, Callipepla, and Lophortyxhas been recognizedfor sometime (Gray, 1958), no systematicattempt has been made to produceand study such hybrid combinations.Those that have occurredhave resultedunder natural conditionsor have been fortuitously producedby game breederswho were interestedneither in the hybrids themselvesnor in determiningtheir relative fertility. As a result, the only positiveinformation so far availableon the fertility of hybridsamong this groupis that of Shore-Baily(1913), who obtaineda broodof Fs hybrids from an originalcross between a male ScaledQuail (Callipepla squamata) and a female California Quail (Lophortyx californica). These second- generationbirds died before their fertility could be determined. Hubbard (1966) reporteda possibleback-cross hybrid involvingScaled Quail back- crossedto Gambel'sQuail (Lophortyxgambelii) taken in New Mexico. To my knowledge,no other case of successfulhybridization beyond the first generation has been reported, although hybrid females of various inter- genericcombinations have been known to produceeggs (Johnsgard, 1970). To gain more satisfactoryinformation on the possiblefertility of such hybrids,and to study behavioraland morphologicalfeatures of thesebirds, an effort has been made to breed interspecifichybrid combinationsinvolv- ing all of the North Americanspecies of thesethree genera. These include the ScaledQuail, Gambel'sQuail, California Quail, Elegant or Douglas Quail (Lophortyxdouglasii), and Bobwhite(Colinus virginianus). Also as the hybrid combinationhas twice been reported to occur in nature, the Mountain Quail (Oreortyx picta) was crossedwith the California Quail. All birdswere kept indoorsin roomsprovided with 17-hourphotoperiods and temperaturesranging from about 70 to 80.øF. Two typesof cageswere usedwith equal success,including standard wood and wire-bottomquail breedingpens measuring24 X 24 X 72 inches,and entirely open welded wire cagesapproximately 18 X 14 X 48 inches. Nest boxeswere also pro- vided, but the birds rarely usedthem. Eggswere collecteddaily, placed temporarily under cool storagein plastic bags, and set in an incubator at weekly intervals. The incubatorwas a forced-airmodel of commercialsize with automatic turning, set for dry bulb and wet bulb readingsof 99.3- x Contribution No. 421 from the Department of Zoology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508. 264 The Auk, 88: 264-275. April 1971 Johnsgard in the Auk (1971) 88. Copyright 1971, University of California. Used by permission. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora April 1971] New World Quail Hybrids 265 100øFand 83-88øF respectively.This setting,which is that recommended for domestic fowl eggs, gave good hatching successwith an incubation periodof slightlyover 23 daysfor all quail speciesand hybrid combinations studied. Eggswere initially candledafter 7 days,when infertile eggsand dead embryos ("early embryonic death" in Table 1) were removed. Subsequentprehatching mortality was recordedas late embryonicdeath, includingfailure to completepipping. Establishmentof hybrid pairingswas usually achievedwith little diffi- culty. Wheneverpossible birds representingthe desiredcrosses were placed togetherbefore they had reachedsexual maturity, and in someinstances as soonas they could be accuratelysexed. Fully adult birds were also used, and with few exceptionsthey soontolerated the new partner. Femalesthat were already producingeggs sometimes did not interrupt their egg-laying schedulewhen placedwith a new male, althoughnone of the eggsdropped shortlyafter new pairingswere made proved fertile. Seriousinjury or the death of a newly introducedfemale occurredin only a few instances,and couldusually be avoidedby early separationof noncompatiblebirds. Pair formationin all the speciesappears to consistof ritualized aggressivepos- tures and inhibited attacks on the female, while the latter assumessubmis- sive posturessuch as crouching.Differences in the vocalizations,postures, and plumage characteristicsof the various speciesthat may serve as iso- lating mechanismsunder natural conditionsare subjectsof future studies and are not considered here. RESULTS Egg production,fertility, and viability.--A summaryof incubationand rearingresults appears in Table 1. With few exceptionsthe numberof eggs incubatedis lessthan the total laid, as someeggs were cracked,used for albumenanalysis, or not incubatedfor other reasons.As the table shows, successwas achieved in rearing F• hybrids between the Bobwhite and Gambel'sQuail, the Bobwhite and ScaledQuail, the Scaledand Gambel's Quail, the California and Scaled Quail, and between the California and Mountain Quail. Except for the first-namedcross, all thesecombinations havepreviously been reported from the wild or captivity (Johnsgard,1970). The fairly substantiallosses of youngof both hybridsand parental types stemmedprimarily from two sources,cannibalism and accidentalchilling. Even weeklybill-trimming failed to controlcompletely losses from pecking, which causedthe most severelosses. In no casewas the death of any F• hybrid clearly attributed to a weaknessat hatching. The weakestchicks at hatchingwere thoseof the DouglasQuail, of which only 4 out of 32 suc- cessfullycompleted pipping and nonelived beyonda week. Likewiseboth the Scaledand Gambel'sQuail young showeda surprisinglyhigh incidence Johnsgard in the Auk (1971) 88. Copyright 1971, University of California. Used by permission. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora 266 PAUL A. JO•SGARD [Auk, Vol. 88 TABLE 1 RESULTSOF INCUBATION Ot• HYBRIDQUAIL EGGS AS COMPARED WlTlt PARENTALSPECIES Total Early Late eggs embry- embry- incu- Infer- onic onic bated tile death death Hatched Reared Parental Species Bobwhite (B) 28 14 3 0 11 7 Gambel's (G) 62 4 10 20 28 6 California (C) 76 35 39 2 0 0 Douglas (D) 35 1 2 28 4 0 Scaled (S) 83 16 16 26 1 6 Total Parentals 290 70(24.1%) 70(24.1%) 76(26.2%) 74(25.5%) 19 Hybrid Pairings (male X female) BXS 110 43 16 11 40 12 SXB 86 52 34 0 0 0 CXS 47 21 4 3 19 14 BXG 17 0 0 4 13 2 SXG 16 5 0 4 7 1 GXC 13 11 2 0 0 0 GXS 9 6 2 0 1 0 SXD 5 3 0 1 1 0 Mountain X C 34 27 0 4 3 1 Total F• Hybrids 337 168(49.8%) 58(17.2%) 27(8.0%) 84(24.9%) 30 Other Hybrid Pairings F•BG X F•BG 16 6 10 0 0 F•BG X G 28 0 28 0 0 F•GS XF, GS 33 26 7 0 0 S X F• GS 32 11 11 2 8 F• CG X C 32 19 13 0' 0 Fa BC X F_oBC 74 52 22 0 0 F.oBC X B 25 15 10 0 0 F•CSXF•CS 213 211 2 0 0 F• BS X F, BS 228 228 0 0 0 BW X F• BS 44 28 6 10 0 S X F• BS 15 15 0 0 0 Total Other Hybrids 740 611(82.6%) 109(14.7%) 12(1.6%) 8(1.1%) of late embryonicmortality. The low fertility and highincidence of early embryonicdeath in California Quail apparentlywas the result of a subfer- tile male in the singleintraspecies pair that was establishedfor California Quail. The "otherhybrid pairings" included in Table 1 consistmainly of attemptedF2 productionor of backcrosspairings. Records are alsoincluded Johnsgard in the Auk (1971) 88. Copyright 1971, University of California. Used by permission. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora April 1971] New World Quail Hybrids 267 from pairingsof four F2 Bobwhite x California Quail hybrids that were obtainedfrom the San JoaquinGame Farm, Reedley,California. Accord- ing to the manager,R. Davis (in litt.), thesefour hybrids (two of eachsex) were the only onesthat hatchedfrom a very largenumber of eggslaid by a pair of F• birds reared at that farm. I was unable to obtain the F• birds, but did purchasethe F,,s. Both femaleslaid considerablenumbers of eggs (one produced21 eggsin 21 days, the other 103 eggsin 137 days), all of whichwere abnormally small (averageof 10 is 27.1 x 20.0 ram). Of the 74 eggsset, none exhibitedembryonic development beyond the very earliest stage. The only successfulsecond-generation hybrid production thus far achievedin our laboratoryhas been the hatchingof eight backcrosshybrids (none survivingbeyond 6 days) that resulted from pairing a male Scaled Quail to a female F• Gambel's x ScaledQuail. Earlier attempts to obtain F: offspringfrom the F• generationwere unsuccessful.These F• birds had beenproduced by William S. Huey, who informedme (in litt.) that he too had beenunable to obtain F: birds,but did hatch a numberof chickswhen a ScaledQuail male was in the pen alongwith two F• femalesand a single F• male. Theseresults suggest that at least a limited degreeof hybrid fer- tility existsin Scaledx Gambel'sQuail crosses,for which there was only suggestiveevidence
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